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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MP_and_minister_(1919–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>MP and minister (1919–1931)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-MP_and_minister_(1919–1931)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle MP and minister (1919–1931) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-MP_and_minister_(1919–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_from_the_backbench" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_from_the_backbench"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise from the backbench</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_from_the_backbench-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1931–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1931–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1931–1937)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1931–1937)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chancellor of the Exchequer (1931–1937) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1931–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Welfare spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Defence spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_abdication_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_abdication_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Role in the abdication crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_abdication_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1937–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1937–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prime Minister (1937–1940)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1937–1940)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1937–1940) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1937–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relations with Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_days_(May_1937_–_March_1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_days_(May_1937_–_March_1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Early days (May 1937 – March 1938)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_days_(May_1937_–_March_1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_to_Munich_(March_1938_–_September_1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_to_Munich_(March_1938_–_September_1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Road to Munich (March 1938 – September 1938)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_to_Munich_(March_1938_–_September_1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_1938:_Munich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_1938:_Munich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>September 1938: Munich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_1938:_Munich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Preliminary meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munich_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Munich conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Aftermath and reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path_to_war_(October_1938_–_August_1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_to_war_(October_1938_–_August_1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Path to war (October 1938 – August 1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_to_war_(October_1938_–_August_1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_leader_(1939–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_leader_(1939–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>War leader (1939–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_leader_(1939–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Declaration of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Phoney_War"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Phoney_War""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>"Phoney War"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Phoney_War"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_President_of_the_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_President_of_the_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lord President of the Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_President_of_the_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Academic honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Freedoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Honorary military appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Parliamentary election results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neville Chamberlain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيفيل تشامبرلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيفيل تشامبرلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_%C3%87emberlen" title="Nevill Çemberlen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nevill Çemberlen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="নেভিল চেম্বারলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেভিল চেম্বারলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невіл Чэмберлен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Невіл Чэмберлен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нэвіл Чэмбэрлен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэвіл Чэмбэрлен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Невил Чембърлейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Невил Чембърлейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Νέβιλ Τσάμπερλεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέβιλ Τσάμπερλεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نویل چمبرلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویل چمبرلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%B9%8C_%EC%B2%B4%EC%9E%84%EB%B2%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="네빌 체임벌린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네빌 체임벌린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D6%87%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նևիլ Չեմբեռլեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նևիլ Չեմբեռլեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="आर्थर नेविल चाम्बरलेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्थर नेविल चाम्बरलेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A6%27%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="נוויל צ'מברלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוויל צ'מברלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნევილ ჩემბერლენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნევილ ჩემბერლენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невилл Чемберлен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Невилл Чемберлен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevils_%C4%8Cemberlens" title="Nevils Čemberlens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nevils Čemberlens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="നെവിൽ ചേംബർലീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെവിൽ ചേംബർലീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="नेव्हिल चेम्बरलेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेव्हिल चेम्बरलेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნევილ ჩემბერლენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნევილ ჩემბერლენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيفيل تشامبرلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيفيل تشامبرلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="ネヴィル・チェンバレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネヴィル・チェンバレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨੇਵਿਲ ਚੈਂਬਰਲੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਵਿਲ ਚੈਂਬਰਲੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نوائل چیمبرلین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوائل چیمبرلین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیویل چمبرلین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیویل چمبرلین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arthur Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Чемберлен, Невилл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чемберлен, Невилл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невил Чемберлен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Невил Чемберлен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="நெவில் சேம்பர்லேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெவில் சேம்பர்லேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невилл Чемберлен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Невилл Чемберлен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เนวิล เชมเบอร์ลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนวิล เชมเบอร์ลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Невил Чамберлин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Невил Чамберлин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Чемберлен, Невилл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чемберлен, Невилл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невілл Чемберлен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Невілл Чемберлен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نوائل چیمبرلین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوائل چیمبرلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%A0%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="内维尔·张伯伦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内维尔·张伯伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="נעוויל טשעמבערליין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעוויל טשעמבערליין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Neville Chamberlain" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%B5%E4%BC%AF%E5%80%AB" title="尼維爾張伯倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼維爾張伯倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%A0%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="内维尔·张伯伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内维尔·张伯伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Neville Chamberlain, see <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Neville Chamberlain (disambiguation)">Neville Chamberlain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Neville Chamberlain</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/220px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/330px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/440px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stoneman" title="Walter Stoneman">Walter Stoneman</a>, 1921</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 May 1937 – 10 May 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 May 1937 – 9 October 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Sir Douglas Hacking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Winston Churchill </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1940 – 3 October 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Winston Churchill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Anderson">Sir John Anderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 November 1931 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li>Stanley Baldwin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 August 1923 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Philip Snowden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (United Kingdom)">Minister of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 August 1931 – 5 November 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Young">Hilton Young</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Greenwood</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 March 1923 – 27 August 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></li> <li>Stanley Baldwin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Joynson-Hicks">Sir William Joynson-Hicks</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymaster General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 February 1923 – 15 March 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bonar Law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Tudor_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tudor Walters">Sir Tudor Walters</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir William Joynson-Hicks</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postmaster General of the United Kingdom">Postmaster General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 October 1922 – 12 March 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bonar Law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kellaway" title="Frederick Kellaway">Frederick Kellaway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir William Joynson-Hicks </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Edgbaston</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 May 1929 – 9 November 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Lowe,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Lowe, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Lowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter Bennett">Sir Peter Bennett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Ladywood</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 December 1918 – 10 May 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Constituency established</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Whiteley" title="Wilfrid Whiteley">Wilfrid Whiteley</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Arthur Neville Chamberlain</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1869-03-18</span>)</span>18 March 1869<br /><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-11-09)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heckfield" title="Heckfield">Heckfield</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Vere_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Vere Cole">Anne de Vere Cole</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="5 January 1911">1911</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mason_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason College">Mason College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Businessman</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neville Chamberlain's signature"><img alt="A neatly written "Neville Chamberlain"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg/128px-Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg/192px-Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg/256px-Neville_Chamberlain_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="47" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg" title="File:Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg">Neville Chamberlain's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg/Chamberlain-war-declaration.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChamberlain-war-declaration.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChamberlain-war-declaration.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Chamberlain declaring war on Germany<br />Recorded 3 September 1939</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; 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text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; 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18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a British politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> from May 1937 to May 1940 and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> from May 1937 to October 1940. He is best known for his foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>, and in particular for his signing of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> on 30 September 1938, ceding the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Chamberlain announced the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">declaration of war on Germany</a> two days later and led the United Kingdom through the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">first eight months</a> of the war until his resignation as prime minister on 10 May 1940. </p><p>After working in business and local government, and after a short spell as <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Service" title="Director of National Service">Director of National Service</a> in 1916 and 1917, Chamberlain followed his father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> and elder half-brother <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> in becoming a Member of Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a> for the new <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)#Elections_in_the_1910s" title="Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Ladywood</a> division at the age of 49. He declined a junior ministerial position, remaining a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbencher</a> until 1922. He was rapidly promoted in 1923 to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (United Kingdom)">Minister of Health</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. After a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>-led government, he returned as Minister of Health, introducing a range of reform measures from 1924 to 1929. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">National Government</a> in 1931. </p><p>Chamberlain succeeded <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> as prime minister on 28 May 1937. His premiership was dominated by the question of policy towards an increasingly aggressive Germany, and his actions at Munich were widely popular among the British at the time. In response to Hitler's continued aggression, Chamberlain pledged the United Kingdom to defend Poland's independence if the latter were attacked, an alliance that brought his country into war after the German invasion of Poland. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">failure of Allied forces</a> to prevent the German invasion of Norway caused the House of Commons to hold the historic <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a> in May 1940. Chamberlain's conduct of the war was heavily criticised by members of all parties and, in a vote of confidence, his government's majority was greatly reduced. Accepting that a national government supported by all the main parties was essential, Chamberlain resigned the premiership because the Labour and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> parties would not serve under his leadership. Although he still led the Conservative Party, he was succeeded as prime minister by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. Until ill health forced him to resign on 22 September 1940, Chamberlain was an important member of the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">war cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, heading the government in Churchill's absence. His support for Churchill proved vital during the <a href="/wiki/May_1940_war_cabinet_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1940 war cabinet crisis">May 1940 war cabinet crisis</a>. Chamberlain died aged 71 on 9 November of cancer, six months after leaving the premiership. </p><p>Chamberlain's reputation remains controversial among historians, the initial high regard for him being entirely eroded by books such as <i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i>, published in July 1940, which blamed Chamberlain and his associates for the Munich accord and for allegedly failing to prepare the country for war. Most historians in the generation following Chamberlain's death held similar views, led by Churchill in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Gathering Storm</a></i>. Some later historians have taken a more favourable perspective of Chamberlain and his policies, citing government papers released under the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">thirty-year rule</a> and arguing that going to war with Germany in 1938 would have been disastrous as the UK was unprepared. Nonetheless, Chamberlain is still <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">unfavourably ranked</a> amongst British prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_political_career_(1869–1918)"><span id="Early_life_and_political_career_.281869.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Early life and political career (1869–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and political career (1869–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Rise of Neville Chamberlain">Rise of Neville Chamberlain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_businessman">Childhood and businessman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and businessman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jchamberlain-achamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joseph Chamberlain and Austen Chamberlain, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jchamberlain-achamberlain.jpg/170px-Jchamberlain-achamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Jchamberlain-achamberlain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> (seated) and <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamberlain was born on 18 March 1869 in a house called Southbourne in the <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrozier2004–09_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrozier2004–09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only son of the second marriage of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Mayors of Birmingham">Mayor of Birmingham</a> and a Cabinet minister. His mother was Florence Kenrick, a cousin of <a href="/wiki/William_Kenrick_(Birmingham_MP)" title="William Kenrick (Birmingham MP)">William Kenrick MP</a>; she died when he was a small boy. Joseph Chamberlain had had another son, <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, by his first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200611_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200611-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chamberlain family were Unitarian, though Joseph lost personal religious faith by the time Neville was six years old and never required religious adherence of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-lapsed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapsed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neville, who disliked attending worship services of any kind and showed no interest in organised religion, described himself as a Unitarian with no stated faith and also a "reverent agnostic".<sup id="cite_ref-lapsed_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapsed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neville Chamberlain was educated at home by his elder sister <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Chamberlain" title="Beatrice Chamberlain">Beatrice Chamberlain</a> and later at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart20102–3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart20102–3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Chamberlain then sent Neville to <a href="/wiki/Mason_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason College">Mason College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart20105–6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart20105–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Neville Chamberlain had little interest in his studies there, and in 1889 his father apprenticed him to a firm of accountants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart20106–8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart20106–8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within six months he became a salaried employee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200621_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200621-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to recoup diminished family fortunes, Joseph Chamberlain sent his younger son to establish a <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a> plantation on <a href="/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros, Bahamas">Andros Island in the Bahamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200622_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200622-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neville Chamberlain spent six years there but the plantation was a failure, and Joseph Chamberlain lost £50,000<sup id="cite_ref-plantation_lose_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plantation_lose-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton20019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton20019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to £7,295,000 in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to England, Neville Chamberlain entered business, purchasing (with assistance from his family) Hoskins & Company, a manufacturer of metal ship berths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201033_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201033-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain served as managing director of Hoskins for 17 years during which time the company prospered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201033–34_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201033–34-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also involved himself in civic activities in Birmingham. In 1906, as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_General_Hospital" title="Birmingham General Hospital">Birmingham General Hospital</a>, and along with "no more than fifteen" other dignitaries, Chamberlain became a founding member of the national United Hospitals Committee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200631_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At forty, Chamberlain was expecting to remain a bachelor, but in 1910 he fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Anne_Chamberlain" title="Anne Chamberlain">Anne Cole</a>, a recent connection by marriage, and married her the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200633–35_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200633–35-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met through his Aunt Lilian, the Canadian-born widow of Joseph Chamberlain's brother Herbert, who in 1907 had married Anne Cole's uncle <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clayton_Cole" title="Alfred Clayton Cole">Alfred Clayton Cole</a>, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilks1984115–116_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks1984115–116-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She encouraged and supported his entry into local politics and was to be his constant companion, helper, and trusted colleague, fully sharing his interests in housing and other political and social activities after his election as an MP. The couple had a son and a daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200633–35_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200633–35-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entry into politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlain initially showed little interest in politics, though his father and half-brother were in Parliament. During the "<a href="/wiki/Khaki_election" title="Khaki election">Khaki election</a>" of <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a> he made speeches in support of Joseph Chamberlain's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionists">Liberal Unionists</a>. The Liberal Unionists were allied with the Conservatives and later merged with them<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201039_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201039-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the name "Unionist Party", which in 1925 became known as the "Conservative and Unionist Party". In 1911, Neville Chamberlain successfully stood as a Liberal Unionist for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a> for the All Saints' Ward,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200640_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200640-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located within <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency)">his father's parliamentary constituency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201053_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201053-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg/220px-Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg/330px-Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg/440px-Hughes_and_Chamberlain_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Chamberlain as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Birmingham">Lord Mayor of Birmingham</a> in May 1916, alongside Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> of Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamberlain was made chairman of the Town Planning Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200640–41_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200640–41-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his direction, Birmingham soon adopted one of the first town planning schemes in Britain. The start of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914 prevented implementation of his plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200641_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200641-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Chamberlain became <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Birmingham">Lord Mayor of Birmingham</a>. Apart from his father Joseph, five of Chamberlain's uncles had also attained the chief Birmingham civic dignity: they were Joseph's brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain_(MP_for_Islington_West)" title="Richard Chamberlain (MP for Islington West)">Richard Chamberlain</a>, William and George Kenrick, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Beale" title="Charles Gabriel Beale">Charles Beale</a>, who had been four times Lord Mayor and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Martineau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Martineau">Sir Thomas Martineau</a>. As a lord mayor in wartime, Chamberlain had a huge burden of work and he insisted that his councillors and officials work equally hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200642–43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200642–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He halved the lord mayor's expense allowance and cut back on the number of civic functions expected of the incumbent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201062_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201062-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Chamberlain was appointed a member of the Central Control Board on liquor traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-www_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1916, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> offered Chamberlain the new position of <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Service" title="Director of National Service">Director of National Service</a>, with responsibility for co-ordinating <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and ensuring that essential war industries were able to function with sufficient workforces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201067_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201067-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure was marked by conflict with Lloyd George; in August 1917, having received little support from the Prime Minister, Chamberlain resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201077–79_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201077–79-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Chamberlain and Lloyd George would, thereafter, be one of mutual hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201070_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201070-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain decided to stand for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200668_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200668-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was adopted as Unionist candidate for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Ladywood">Birmingham Ladywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilks1984262_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks1984262-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war ended, <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a> was called almost immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilks1984262_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks1984262-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign in this constituency was notable because his Liberal Party opponent was <a href="/wiki/Margery_Corbett_Ashby" title="Margery Corbett Ashby">Margery Corbett Ashby</a>, one of the seventeen women who stood for Parliament at the first election at which women were eligible to do so. Chamberlain reacted to this intervention by being one of the few male candidates to specifically target women voters deploying his wife, issuing a special leaflet headed "A word to the Ladies" and holding two meetings in the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain was elected with almost 70% of the vote and a majority of 6,833.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200673_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200673-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 49 years old, which was at the time the greatest age at which any future prime minister had first been elected to the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglefield1995388_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglefield1995388-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MP_and_minister_(1919–1931)"><span id="MP_and_minister_.281919.E2.80.931931.29"></span>MP and minister (1919–1931)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MP and minister (1919–1931)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_from_the_backbench">Rise from the backbench</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise from the backbench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Rise of Neville Chamberlain">Rise of Neville Chamberlain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg/220px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg/330px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg/440px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_William_Orpen_-_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a>, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was unable to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in March 1920, <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> offered him a junior post at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Health</a> on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200679–80_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200679–80-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201094–95_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201094–95-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unionist leaders were willing to fight the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 election</a> in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">Lloyd George National Liberals</a>, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting,_19_October_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Club meeting, 19 October 1922">a meeting</a> at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart201096_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart201096-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many high-ranking Unionists refused to serve under Law to the benefit of Chamberlain, who rose over the course of ten months from backbencher to Chancellor of the Exchequer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200687_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200687-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law initially appointed Chamberlain <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postmaster General of the United Kingdom">Postmaster General</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200687–88_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200687–88-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chamberlain was sworn of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a>, the Minister of Health, lost his seat in the 1922 election and was defeated in a by-election in March 1923 by future <a href="/wiki/Home_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Home secretary">home secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">James Chuter Ede</a>, Law offered the position to Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf200689_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf200689-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, Law was diagnosed with advanced, terminal throat cancer. He immediately resigned and was replaced by Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. In August 1923, Baldwin promoted Chamberlain to the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010106–07_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010106–07-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain served only five months in the office before the Conservatives were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 general election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> became the first-ever Labour prime minister, but his government fell within months, necessitating <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">another general election</a>. By a margin of only 77 votes, Chamberlain narrowly defeated the Labour candidate, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>, who later led the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200624–25_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200624–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing he would lose if he stood again in Birmingham Ladywood, Chamberlain arranged to be adopted for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Edgbaston">Birmingham Edgbaston</a>, the district of the city where he was born and which was a much safer seat, which he would hold for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006103_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006103-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unionists won the election, but Chamberlain declined to serve again as chancellor, preferring his former position as Minister of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200114_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200114-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within two weeks of his appointment as Minister of Health, Chamberlain presented the Cabinet with an agenda containing 25 pieces of legislation he hoped to see enacted. Before he left office in 1929, 21 of the 25 bills had passed into law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006106_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006106-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain sought the abolition of the elected <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">Poor Law</a> <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Boards of Guardians">Boards of Guardians</a> which administered relief—and which in some areas were responsible for <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rates</a>. Many of the boards were controlled by Labour, and such boards had defied the government by distributing relief funds to the able-bodied unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006116–18_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006116–18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Chamberlain initiated the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1929" title="Local Government Act 1929">Local Government Act 1929</a> to abolish the Poor Law boards entirely. Chamberlain spoke in the Commons for two and a half hours on the <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a> of the bill, and when he concluded he was applauded by all parties. The bill passed into law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010139–40_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010139–40-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Chamberlain struck a conciliatory note during the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a>, in general he had poor relations with the Labour opposition. Future Labour prime minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> complained that Chamberlain "always treated us like dirt," and in April 1927 Chamberlain wrote: "More and more do I feel an utter contempt for their lamentable <i>stupidity</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006115_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006115-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poor relations with the Labour Party later played a major part in his downfall as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006429_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006429-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1931–1937)"><span id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_.281931.E2.80.931937.29"></span>Chancellor of the Exchequer (1931–1937)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer (1931–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin called <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a> for 30 May 1929, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> with Labour holding the most seats. Baldwin and his government resigned and Labour, under MacDonald, again took office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilks1984584–86_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks1984584–86-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the MacDonald government faced a serious crisis as the <a href="/wiki/May_Report" title="May Report">May Report</a> revealed that the budget was unbalanced, with an expected shortfall of £120 million. The Labour government resigned on 24 August, and MacDonald formed a <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">National Government</a> supported by most Conservative MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010160–62_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010160–62-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain once again returned to the Ministry of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006161_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006161-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>, in which supporters of the National Government (mostly Conservatives) won an overwhelming victory, MacDonald designated Chamberlain as Chancellor of the Exchequer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006161–62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006161–62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain proposed a 10% tariff on foreign goods and lower or no tariffs on goods from the colonies and the <a href="/wiki/Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions">Dominions</a>. Joseph Chamberlain had advocated a similar policy, "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preference" title="Imperial Preference">Imperial Preference</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006163_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006163-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neville Chamberlain laid his bill before the House of Commons on 4 February 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006165–66_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006165–66-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concluded his address by noting the appropriateness of his seeking to enact his father's proposal. At the end of the speech, Sir Austen Chamberlain walked down from the backbenches and shook his brother's hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200117_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200117-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Import_Duties_Act_1932" title="Import Duties Act 1932">Import Duties Act 1932</a> passed Parliament easily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010173_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010173-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain presented his first budget in April 1932. He maintained the severe budget cuts that had been agreed at the inception of the National Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200632_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200632-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest on the war debt was a major cost. Chamberlain reduced the annual interest rate on <a href="/wiki/War_bond#United_Kingdom" title="War bond">most of Britain's war debt</a> from 5% to 3.5%. Between 1932 and 1938, Chamberlain halved the percentage of the budget devoted to interest on the war debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010174_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010174-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_debt">War debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlain hoped that a cancellation of the war debt owed to the United States could be negotiated. In June 1933, Britain hosted the <a href="/wiki/London_Economic_Conference" title="London Economic Conference">World Monetary and Economic Conference</a>, which came to nothing as US president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> sent word that he would not consider any war <a href="/wiki/Debt_cancellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt cancellation">debt cancellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010174_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010174-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1934, Chamberlain was able to declare a budget surplus and reverse many of the cuts in unemployment compensation and civil servant salaries he had made after taking office. He told the Commons, "We have now finished the story of <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i> and are sitting down this afternoon to enjoy the first chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200117_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200117-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare_spending">Welfare spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Welfare spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unemployed Assistance Board (UAB, established by the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Act_1934" title="Unemployment Act 1934">Unemployment Act 1934</a>) was largely Chamberlain's creation, and he wished to see the issue of unemployment assistance removed from party political argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce1968_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce1968-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Chamberlain "saw the importance of 'providing some interest in life for the large numbers of men never likely to get work', and out of this realisation was to come the responsibility of the UAB for the 'welfare', not merely the maintenance, of the unemployed."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_spending">Defence spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Defence spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defence spending had been heavily cut in Chamberlain's early budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200636_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200636-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1935, faced with <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">a resurgent Germany</a> under Hitler's leadership, he was convinced of the need for rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200118_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200118-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain especially urged the strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, realising that Britain's historical bulwark, the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, was no defence against air power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200636–42_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200636–42-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, MacDonald stood down as prime minister, and Baldwin became prime minister for the third time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010199–200_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010199–200-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935 general election</a>, the Conservative-dominated National Government lost 90 seats from its massive 1931 majority, but still retained an overwhelming majority of 255 in the House of Commons. During the campaign, deputy Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> had attacked Chamberlain for spending money on rearmament, saying that the rearmament policy was "the merest scaremongering; disgraceful in a statesman of Mr Chamberlain's responsible position, to suggest that more millions of money needed to be spent on armaments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200140_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200140-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_abdication_crisis">Role in the abdication crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role in the abdication crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlain is believed to have had a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">1936 abdication crisis</a>. He wrote in his diary that <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, Edward VIII's intended wife, was "an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes. She has already ruined him in money and jewels ..."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with the rest of the Cabinet, except <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>, he agreed with Baldwin that the King should abdicate if he married Simpson, and on 6 December he and Baldwin both stressed that the King should make his decision before Christmas; by one account, he believed that the uncertainty was "hurting the Christmas trade".<sup id="cite_ref-wctwy_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wctwy-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King abdicated on 10 December, four days after the meeting. </p><p>Soon after the abdication Baldwin announced that he would remain until shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth">coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth</a>. On 28 May, two weeks after the Coronation, Baldwin resigned, advising the King to send for Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200644–45_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200644–45-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austen did not live to see his brother's appointment as prime minister having died two months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart1999148_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1999148-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1937–1940)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281937.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Prime Minister (1937–1940)<span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1937–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1937%E2%80%931939)" title="National Government (1937–1939)">National Government (1937–1939)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_war_ministry" title="Chamberlain war ministry">Chamberlain war ministry</a></div> <p>Upon his appointment, Chamberlain considered calling a general election, but with three and a half years remaining in the current Parliament's term he decided to wait. At 68 he was the second-oldest person in the 20th century (after Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>) to become prime minister for the first time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006261_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006261-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was widely seen as a caretaker who would lead the Conservative Party until the next election and then step down in favour of a younger man, with Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> a likely candidate. From the start of Chamberlain's premiership a number of would-be successors were rumoured to be jockeying for position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010224–25_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010224–25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain had disliked what he considered to be the overly sentimental attitude of both Baldwin and MacDonald on Cabinet appointments and reshuffles. Although he had worked closely with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a>, on the tariff issue, Chamberlain dismissed him from his post, instead offering him the token position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>, which an angry Runciman declined. Chamberlain thought Runciman, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_(UK,_1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal National Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National Party</a>, to be lazy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006261_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006261-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after taking office Chamberlain instructed his ministers to prepare two-year policy programmes. These reports were to be integrated with the intent of co-ordinating the passage of legislation through the current Parliament, the term of which was to expire in November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006264_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006264-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his appointment, Chamberlain's personality was not well known to the public, though he had made annual budget broadcasts for six years. According to Chamberlain biographer Robert Self, these appeared relaxed and modern, showing an ability to speak directly to the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006261_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006261-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain had few friends among his parliamentary colleagues; an attempt by his <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary_to_the_Prime_Minister" title="Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister">parliamentary private secretary</a>, Lord Dunglass (later prime minister himself as <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>), to bring him to the Commons Smoking Room to socialise with colleagues ended in embarrassing silence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008171_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008171-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain compensated for these shortcomings by devising the most sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Spin_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin doctor">press management system</a> employed by a prime minister up to that time, with officials at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">Number 10</a>, led by his chief of press George Steward, convincing members of the press that they were colleagues sharing power and insider knowledge, and should espouse the government line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008172_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008172-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg/220px-INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg/330px-INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg/440px-INF3-46_Neville_Chamberlain_Artist_Wooding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Chamberlain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Chamberlain saw his elevation to the premiership as the final glory in a career as a domestic reformer, not realising that he would be remembered for foreign policy decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200648_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200648-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason he sought the settlement of European issues was the hope it would allow him to concentrate on domestic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200652_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200652-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after attaining the premiership, Chamberlain obtained passage of the <a href="/wiki/Factories_Act_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories Act 1937">Factories Act 1937</a>. This Act was aimed at bettering working conditions in factories, and placed limits on the working hours of women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Parliament enacted the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Act_1938" title="Coal Act 1938">Coal Act 1938</a>, which allowed for nationalisation of coal deposits. Another major law passed that year was the <a href="/wiki/Holidays_with_Pay_Act_1938" title="Holidays with Pay Act 1938">Holidays with Pay Act 1938</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Act only recommended that employers give workers a week off with pay, it led to a great expansion of <a href="/wiki/Holiday_camp" title="Holiday camp">holiday camps</a> and other leisure accommodation for the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2006_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2006-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Housing Act 1938 provided subsidies aimed at encouraging <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> and maintained <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006158-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain's plans for the reform of local government were shelved because of the outbreak of war in 1939. Likewise, the raising of the school-leaving age to 15, scheduled for implementation on 1 September 1939, did not go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965406_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965406-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Ireland">Relations with Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relations with Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> had been strained since the 1932 appointment of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Trade_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish Trade War">Anglo-Irish Trade War</a>, sparked by the withholding of money that Ireland had agreed to pay the United Kingdom, had caused economic losses on both sides, and the two nations were anxious for a settlement. The de Valera government also sought to sever the remaining ties between Ireland and the UK, such as ending the King's status as Irish Head of State. As chancellor, Chamberlain had taken a hard-line stance against concessions to the Irish, but as premier sought a settlement with Ireland, being persuaded that the strained ties were affecting relations with other Dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talks had been suspended under Baldwin in 1936 but resumed in November 1937. De Valera sought not only to alter the constitutional status of Ireland, but to overturn other aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, most notably the issue of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition</a>, as well as obtaining full control of the three "<a href="/wiki/Treaty_Ports_(Ireland)" title="Treaty Ports (Ireland)">Treaty Ports</a>" which had remained in British control. Britain, on the other hand, wished to retain the Treaty Ports, at least in time of war, and to obtain the money that Ireland had agreed to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish proved very tough negotiators, so much so that Chamberlain complained that one of de Valera's offers had "presented United Kingdom ministers with a three-leafed shamrock, none of the leaves of which had any advantages for the UK."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the talks facing deadlock, Chamberlain made the Irish a final offer in March 1938 which acceded to many Irish positions, though he was confident that he had "only given up the small things," and the agreements were signed on 25 April 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of partition was not resolved, but the Irish agreed to pay £10 million to the British. There was no provision in the treaties for British access to the Treaty Ports in time of war, but Chamberlain accepted de Valera's oral assurance that in the event of war the British would have access.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative backbencher <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> attacked the agreements in Parliament for surrendering the Treaty Ports, which he described as the "sentinel towers of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches" title="Western Approaches">Western Approaches</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When war came, de Valera denied Britain access to the Treaty Ports under <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">Irish neutrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006298–99-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill railed against these treaties in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Gathering Storm</a></i>, stating that he "never saw the House of Commons more completely misled" and that "members were made to feel very differently about it when our existence hung in the balance during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200664_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200664-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain believed that the Treaty Ports were unusable if Ireland was hostile, and deemed their loss worthwhile to assure friendly relations with Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965406_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965406-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Chamberlain_ministry" title="European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry">European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_days_(May_1937_–_March_1938)"><span id="Early_days_.28May_1937_.E2.80.93_March_1938.29"></span>Early days (May 1937 – March 1938)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early days (May 1937 – March 1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlain sought to conciliate Germany and make the Nazi state a partner in a stable Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010225_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010225-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed Germany could be satisfied by the restoration of some of its colonies, and during the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Rhineland crisis</a> of March 1936 he had stated that "if we were in sight of an all-round settlement the British government ought to consider the question" of restoration of colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006279_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006279-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new prime minister's attempts to secure such a settlement were frustrated because Germany was in no hurry to talk to Britain. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> was supposed to visit Britain in July 1937 but cancelled his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010225_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010225-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, visited Germany privately in November and met Hitler and other German officials. Both Chamberlain and British Ambassador to Germany <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a> pronounced the visit a success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010226_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010226-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign Office officials complained that the Halifax visit made it appear Britain was too eager for talks, and the Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, felt that he had been bypassed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010225–26_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010225–26-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain also bypassed Eden while the latter was on holiday by opening direct talks with Italy, an international pariah for its <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion and conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006273–74_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006273–74-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a Cabinet meeting on 8 September 1937, Chamberlain indicated that he saw "the lessening of the tension between this country and Italy as a very valuable contribution toward the pacification and appeasement of Europe" which would "weaken the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Rome–Berlin axis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006274_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006274-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain also set up a private line of communication with the Italian "Duce" <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> through the Italian Ambassador, Count <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010228–29_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010228–29-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1938, Hitler began to press the Austrian government to accept <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> or union between Germany and Austria. Chamberlain believed that it was essential to cement relations with Italy in the hope that an Anglo–Italian alliance would forestall Hitler from imposing his rule over Austria. Eden believed that Chamberlain was being too hasty in talking with Italy and holding out the prospect of <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> recognition of Italy's conquest of Ethiopia. Chamberlain concluded that Eden would have to accept his policy or resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010230–32_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010230–32-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabinet heard both men out but unanimously decided for Chamberlain, and despite efforts by other Cabinet members to prevent it, Eden resigned from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006286_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006286-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Eden tried to portray his resignation as a stand against appeasement (Churchill described him in <i>The Second World War</i> as "one strong young figure standing up against long, dismal, drawling tides of drift and surrender")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008103_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008103-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many ministers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006286_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006286-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MPs believed there was no issue at stake worth resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010232_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010232-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain appointed Lord Halifax as foreign secretary in Eden's place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010232_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010232-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road_to_Munich_(March_1938_–_September_1938)"><span id="Road_to_Munich_.28March_1938_.E2.80.93_September_1938.29"></span>Road to Munich (March 1938 – September 1938)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Road to Munich (March 1938 – September 1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1938, Austria became a part of Germany in the <i>Anschluss</i>. Though the beleaguered Austrians requested help from Britain, none was forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain did send Berlin a strong note of protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008148_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008148-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addressing the Cabinet shortly after German forces crossed the border, Chamberlain placed blame on both Germany and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain noted, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It is perfectly evident now that force is the only argument Germany understands and that "collective security" cannot offer any prospect of preventing such events until it can show a visible force of overwhelming strength backed by the determination to use it. ... Heaven knows I don't want to get back to alliances but if Germany continues to behave as she has done lately she may drive us to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On 14 March, the day after the <i>Anschluss</i>, Chamberlain addressed the House of Commons and strongly condemned the methods used by the Germans in the takeover of Austria. Chamberlain's address met with the approval of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008148_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008148-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12967%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Chamberlain arrives in Munich, September 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>With Austria absorbed by Germany, attention turned to Hitler's obvious next target, the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> region of Czechoslovakia. With three million ethnic Germans, the Sudetenland represented the largest German population outside the "Reich"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006302_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006302-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hitler began to call for the union of the region with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008156_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008156-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain had no military obligations toward Czechoslovakia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010237_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010237-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but France and Czechoslovakia had a mutual assistance pact<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both the French and Czechoslovaks also had an alliance with the Soviet Union. After the fall of Austria, the Cabinet's Foreign Policy Committee considered seeking a "grand alliance" to thwart Germany or, alternatively, an assurance to France of assistance if the French went to war. Instead, the committee chose to advocate that Czechoslovakia be urged to make the best terms it could with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008159–60_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008159–60-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full Cabinet agreed with the committee's recommendation, influenced by a report from the chiefs of staff stating that there was little that Britain could do to help the Czechs in the event of a German invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008159–60_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008159–60-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain reported to an amenable House that he was unwilling to limit his government's discretion by giving commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008160_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008160-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Easter_Accords" title="Easter Accords">Britain and Italy signed an agreement</a> on 16 April 1938. In exchange for <i>de jure</i> recognition of Italy's Ethiopian conquest, Italy agreed to withdraw some Italian "volunteers" from the Nationalist (pro-<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>) side of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. By this point, the Nationalists strongly had the upper hand in that conflict, and they completed their victory the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010234_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010234-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, the new French prime minister, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>, came to London for talks with Chamberlain, and agreed to follow the British position on Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008162_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008162-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, Czech border guards shot two Sudeten German farmers who were trying to cross the border from Germany into Czechoslovakia without stopping for border controls. This incident caused unrest among the Sudeten Germans, and Germany was then said to be moving troops to the border. In response to the report, Prague moved troops to the German border. Halifax sent a note to Germany warning that if France intervened in the crisis on Czechoslovakia's behalf, Britain might support France. Tensions appeared to calm, and Chamberlain and Halifax were applauded for their "masterly" handling of the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was not known at the time, it later became clear that Germany had had no plans for a May invasion of Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006304_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006304-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Chamberlain government received strong and almost unanimous support from the British press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008189_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008189-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations between the Czech government and the Sudeten Germans dragged on through mid-1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008202–03_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008202–03-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They achieved little result; Sudeten leader <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a> was under private instructions from Hitler not to reach an agreement. On 3 August, Walter Runciman (by now Lord Runciman) travelled to Prague as a <a href="/wiki/Runciman_Mission" title="Runciman Mission">mediator</a> sent by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008199–200_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008199–200-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two weeks, Runciman met separately with Henlein, Czechoslovak president <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>, and other leaders, but made no progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008211–14_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008211–14-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 August, Chamberlain met his Cabinet and Ambassador Henderson and secured their backing—with only <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> Duff Cooper dissenting against Chamberlain's policy to pressure Czechoslovakia into making concessions, on the ground that Britain was then in no position to back up any threat to go to war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008230–34_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008230–34-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain realised that Hitler would likely signal his intentions in his 12 September speech at the annual <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a>, and so he discussed with his advisors how to respond if war seemed likely. In consultation with his close advisor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Horace_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Horace Wilson">Sir Horace Wilson</a>, Chamberlain set out "Plan Z". If war seemed inevitable, Chamberlain would fly to Germany to negotiate directly with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006308_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006308-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_1938:_Munich">September 1938: Munich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: September 1938: Munich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preliminary_meetings">Preliminary meetings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preliminary meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Runciman continued his work, attempting to pressure the Czechoslovak government into concessions. On 7 September there was an altercation involving Sudeten members of the Czechoslovak parliament in the North Moravian city of <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> (<i>Mährisch-Ostrau</i> in German). The Germans made considerable propaganda out of the incident, though the Prague government tried to conciliate them by dismissing Czech police who had been involved. As the tempest grew, Runciman concluded that there was no point in attempting further negotiations until after Hitler's speech. The mission never resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008244–46_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008244–46-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486,_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British prime minister Neville Chamberlain and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12486%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Chamberlain_auf_dem_Flugplatz_Oberwiesenfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Chamberlain (centre, hat and umbrella in hands) walks with German foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> (right) as the Prime Minister leaves for home after the Berchtesgaden meeting, 16 September 1938. On the left is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_D%C3%B6rnberg" title="Alexander von Dörnberg">Alexander von Dörnberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There was tremendous tension in the final days before Hitler's speech on the last day of the Rally, as Britain, France, and Czechoslovakia all partially mobilised their troops. Thousands gathered outside 10 Downing Street on the night of the speech. At last Hitler addressed his wildly enthusiastic followers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The condition of the Sudeten Germans is indescribable. It is sought to annihilate them. As human beings they are oppressed and scandalously treated in an intolerable fashion ... The depriving of these people of their rights must come to an end. ... I have stated that the "Reich" would not tolerate any further oppression of these three and a half million Germans, and I would ask the statesmen of foreign countries to be convinced that this is no mere form of words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008263–66_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008263–66-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The following morning, 13 September, Chamberlain and the Cabinet were informed by Secret Service sources that all German embassies had been told that Germany would invade Czechoslovakia on 25 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008277_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008277-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that the French would not fight (Daladier was privately proposing a three-Power summit to settle the Sudeten question), Chamberlain decided to implement "Plan Z" and sent a message to Hitler that he was willing to come to Germany to negotiate. Hitler accepted and Chamberlain flew to Germany on the morning of 15 September; this was the first time, excepting a short jaunt at an industrial fair, that Chamberlain had ever flown. Chamberlain flew to Munich and then travelled by rail to Hitler's retreat at <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>, (see <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchtesgaden meeting">Berchtesgaden meeting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006310–12_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006310–12-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The face-to-face meeting lasted about three hours. Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland, and through questioning him, Chamberlain was able to obtain assurances that Hitler had no designs on the remainder of Czechoslovakia or on the areas in Eastern Europe which had German minorities. After the meeting Chamberlain returned to London, believing that he had obtained a breathing space during which agreement could be reached and the peace preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006312–14_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006312–14-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the proposals made at Berchtesgaden the Sudetenland would be annexed by Germany if a plebiscite in the Sudetenland favoured it. Czechoslovakia would receive international guarantees of its independence which would replace existing treaty obligations—principally the French pledge to the Czechoslovaks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010242_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010242-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French agreed to the requirements. Under considerable pressure the Czechoslovaks also agreed, causing the Czechoslovak government to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008319–24_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008319–24-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751,_Godesberg,_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chamberlain and Hitler leave the Bad Godesberg meeting, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12751%2C_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Chamberlain (left) and Hitler leave the Bad Godesberg meeting, 23 September 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamberlain flew back to Germany, meeting Hitler in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Godesberg" title="Bad Godesberg">Bad Godesberg</a> on 22 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006316_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006316-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler brushed aside the proposals of the previous meeting, saying "that won't do any more".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006316_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006316-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler demanded immediate occupation of the Sudetenland and that Polish and Hungarian territorial claims on Czechoslovakia be addressed. Chamberlain objected strenuously, telling Hitler that he had worked to bring the French and Czechoslovaks into line with Germany's demands, so much so that he had been accused of giving in to dictators and had been booed on his departure that morning. Hitler was unmoved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006316_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006316-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That evening, Chamberlain told Lord Halifax that the "meeting with Herr Hitler had been most unsatisfactory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008334_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008334-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, Hitler kept Chamberlain waiting until mid-afternoon, when he sent a five-page letter, in German, outlining the demands he had made orally the previous day. Chamberlain replied by offering to act as an intermediary with the Czechoslovaks, and suggested that Hitler put his demands in a memorandum which could be circulated to the French and Czechoslovaks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008337_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008337-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders met again late on the evening of 23 September—a meeting which stretched into the early morning hours. Hitler demanded that fleeing Czechs in the zones to be occupied take nothing with them. He extended his deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland to 1 October—the date he had long before secretly set for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The meeting ended amicably, with Chamberlain confiding to Hitler his hopes they would be able to work out other problems in Europe in the same spirit. Hitler hinted that the Sudetenland fulfilled his territorial ambitions in Europe. Chamberlain flew back to London, saying "It is up to the Czechs now."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008340–42_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008340–42-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Munich_conference">Munich conference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Munich conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hitler's proposals met with resistance not only from the French and Czechoslovaks, but also from some members of Chamberlain's cabinet. With no agreement in sight, war seemed inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006318–20_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006318–20-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain issued a press statement calling on Germany to abandon the threat of force in exchange for British help in obtaining the concessions it sought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006321_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006321-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of 27 September, Chamberlain addressed the nation by radio, and after thanking those who wrote to him, stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas-masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. It seems still more impossible that a quarrel that has already been settled in principle should be the subject of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008375–76_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008375–76-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On 28 September, Chamberlain called on Hitler to invite him to Germany again to seek a solution through a summit involving the British, French, Germans, and Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008382_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008382-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler replied favourably, and word of this response came to Chamberlain as he was winding up a speech in the House of Commons which sat in gloomy anticipation of war. Chamberlain informed the House of this in his speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006323_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006323-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response was a passionate demonstration, with members cheering Chamberlain wildly. Even diplomats in the galleries applauded. Lord Dunglass later commented, "There were a lot of appeasers in Parliament that day."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006323_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006323-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian foreign minister Count Ciano as they prepared to sign the Munich Agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>From left to right, Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Italian foreign minister Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> as they prepare to sign the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 29 September Chamberlain left <a href="/wiki/Heston_Aerodrome" title="Heston Aerodrome">Heston Aerodrome</a> (to the east of today's <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>) for his third and final visit to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006324_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006324-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On arrival in Munich the British delegation was taken directly to the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbau" title="Führerbau">Führerbau</a></i>, where Daladier, Mussolini, and Hitler soon arrived. The four leaders and their translators held an informal meeting; Hitler said that he intended to invade Czechoslovakia on 1 October. Mussolini distributed a proposal similar to Hitler's Bad Godesberg terms. In reality, the proposal had been drafted by German officials and transmitted to Rome the previous day. The four leaders debated the draft and Chamberlain raised the question of compensation for the Czechoslovak government and citizens, but Hitler refused to consider this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008403–07_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008403–07-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders were joined by advisors after lunch, and hours were spent on long discussions of each clause of the "Italian" draft agreement. Late that evening the British and French left for their hotels, saying that they had to seek advice from their respective capitals. Meanwhile, the Germans and Italians enjoyed the feast which Hitler had intended for all the participants. During this break, Chamberlain advisor Sir Horace Wilson met with the Czechoslovaks; he informed them of the draft agreement and asked which districts were particularly important to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008407–10_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008407–10-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference resumed at about 10 pm and was mostly in the hands of a small drafting committee. At 1:30 am the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> was ready for signing, though the signing ceremony was delayed when Hitler discovered that the ornate inkwell on his desk was empty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008410–11_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008410–11-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain and Daladier returned to their hotel and informed the Czechoslovaks of the agreement. The two prime ministers urged quick acceptance by the Czechoslovaks of the agreement, since the evacuation by the Czechs was to begin the following day. At 12:30 pm the Czechoslovak government in Prague objected to the decision but agreed to its terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008413–14_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008413–14-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_and_reception">Aftermath and reception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aftermath and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MunichAgreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd on an airfield; British prime minister Neville Chamberlain presents an assurance from German chancellor Adolf Hitler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MunichAgreement.jpg/260px-MunichAgreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MunichAgreement.jpg/390px-MunichAgreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MunichAgreement.jpg/520px-MunichAgreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Chamberlain holding up the paper signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heston_Aerodrome" title="Heston Aerodrome">Heston Aerodrome</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor,_Herr_Hitler.ogg" title="File:Another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler.ogg">Chamberlain's return to Britain after Munich</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="69" data-mwtitle="Another_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor,_Herr_Hitler.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Another_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor%2C_Herr_Hitler.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Another_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor%2C_Herr_Hitler.ogg/Another_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor%2C_Herr_Hitler.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnother_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor%2C_Herr_Hitler.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnother_talk_with_the_German_Chancellor%2C_Herr_Hitler.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Neville Chamberlain speaks to the crowd upon arrival at Heston Aerodrome, 30 September 1938.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Before leaving the <i>Führerbau</i>, Chamberlain requested a private conference with Hitler. Hitler agreed, and the two met at Hitler's apartment in the city later that morning. Chamberlain urged restraint in the implementation of the agreement and requested that the Germans not bomb Prague if the Czechs resisted, to which Hitler seemed agreeable. Chamberlain took from his pocket a paper headed "Anglo–German Agreement", which contained three paragraphs, including a statement that the two nations considered the Munich Agreement "symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war again." According to Chamberlain, Hitler interjected "<i>Ja! Ja!</i>" ("Yes! Yes!").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006324–25_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006324–25-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men signed the paper then and there. When, later that day, German foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> remonstrated with Hitler for signing it, the Führer replied, "Oh, don't take it so seriously. That piece of paper is of no further significance whatever."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008417_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008417-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain, on the other hand, patted his breast pocket when he returned to his hotel for lunch and said, "I've got it!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006325_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006325-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word leaked of the outcome of the meetings before Chamberlain's return, causing delight among many in London but gloom for Churchill and his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008417–18_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008417–18-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain returned to London in triumph. Large crowds mobbed Heston, where he was met by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_6th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon">the Earl of Clarendon</a>, who gave him a letter from <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> assuring him of the Empire's lasting gratitude and urging him to come straight to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> to report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber20085_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber20085-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streets were so packed with cheering people that it took Chamberlain an hour and a half to journey the nine miles (14 km) from Heston to the Palace. After reporting to the King, Chamberlain and his wife appeared on the Palace balcony with the King and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen</a>. He then went to Downing Street; both the street and the front hall of Number 10 were packed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he headed upstairs to address the crowd from a first-floor window, someone called to him, "Neville, go up to the window and say 'peace for our time'."<sup id="cite_ref-Peace_in_our_time_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peace_in_our_time-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain turned around and responded, "No, I don't do that sort of thing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in his statement to the crowd, Chamberlain recalled the words of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, upon the latter's return from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Disraeli_peace_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disraeli_peace-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> My good friends, this is the second time there has come back from Germany to Downing Street peace with honour. I believe it is <a href="/wiki/Peace_for_our_time" title="Peace for our time">peace for our time</a>. We thank you from the bottom of our hearts. Now I recommend you go home, and sleep quietly in your beds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber20085–7-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>King George issued a statement to his people, "After the magnificent efforts of the Prime Minister in the cause of peace it is my fervent hope that a new era of friendship and prosperity may be dawning among the peoples of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the King met Duff Cooper, who resigned as First Lord of the Admiralty over the Munich Agreement, he told Cooper that he respected people who had the courage of their convictions, but could not agree with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>, that "the Prime Minister was delighted with the results of his mission, as are we all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber20086_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber20086-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She responded to her son with anger against those who spoke against Chamberlain: "He brought home peace, why can't they be grateful?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most newspapers supported Chamberlain uncritically, and he received thousands of gifts, from a silver dinner service to many of his trademark umbrellas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420–21_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008420–21-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commons discussed the Munich Agreement on 3 October. Though Cooper opened by setting forth the reasons for his resignation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006330_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006330-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Churchill spoke harshly against the pact, no Conservative voted against the government. Only between 20 and 30 abstained, including Churchill, Eden, Cooper, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber2008424–25_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2008424–25-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path_to_war_(October_1938_–_August_1939)"><span id="Path_to_war_.28October_1938_.E2.80.93_August_1939.29"></span>Path to war (October 1938 – August 1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Path to war (October 1938 – August 1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of Munich, Chamberlain continued to pursue a course of cautious rearmament. He told the Cabinet in early October 1938, "[I]t would be madness for the country to stop rearming until we were convinced that other countries would act in the same way. For the time being, therefore, we should relax no particle of effort until our deficiencies had been made good."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006333_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006333-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in October, he resisted calls to put industry on a war footing, convinced that such an action would show Hitler that Chamberlain had decided to abandon Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006333_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006333-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain hoped that the understanding he had signed with Hitler at Munich would lead toward a general settlement of European disputes, but Hitler expressed no public interest in following up on the accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010249_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010249-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having considered a general election immediately following Munich,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006334–35_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006334–35-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain instead <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle" title="Cabinet reshuffle">reshuffled his Cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010250_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010250-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year, public concerns caused Chamberlain to conclude that "to get rid of this uneasy and disgruntled House of Commons by a General Election" would be "suicidal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006341_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006341-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Hitler's relative quietness as the "Reich" absorbed the Sudetenland, foreign policy concerns continued to preoccupy Chamberlain. He made trips to Paris and Rome, hoping to persuade the French to hasten their rearmament and Mussolini to be a positive influence on Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010250–51_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010250–51-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of his Cabinet members, led by Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, began to draw away from the appeasement policy. Halifax was by now convinced that Munich, though "better than a European war," had been "a horrid business and humiliating".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006339_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006339-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public revulsion over the pogrom of <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> on 9 November 1938 made any attempt at a "rapprochement" with Hitler unacceptable, though Chamberlain did not abandon his hopes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006344–45_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006344–45-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still hoping for reconciliation with Germany, Chamberlain made a major speech in Birmingham on 28 January 1939, in which he expressed his desire for international peace, and had an advance copy sent to Hitler at Berchtesgaden. Hitler seemed to respond; in his "<a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>" speech on 30 January 1939, he stated that he wanted a "long peace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006345–46_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006345–46-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain was confident that improvements in British defence since Munich would bring the dictator to the bargaining table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006345–46_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006345–46-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief was reinforced by a German official's conciliatory speech welcoming Ambassador Henderson back to Berlin after an absence for medical treatment in Britain. Chamberlain responded with a speech in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> on 22 February hoping that the nations would resolve their differences through trade, and was gratified when his comments were printed in German newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006347_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006347-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With matters appearing to improve, Chamberlain's rule over the House of Commons was firm and he was convinced the government would "romp home" in a late 1939 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006348_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006348-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 1939, Germany invaded the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, including Prague. Though Chamberlain's initial parliamentary response was, according to biographer Nick Smart, "feeble," within 48 hours he had spoken more forcefully against the German aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010254_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010254-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another Birmingham speech, on 17 March, Chamberlain warned that Hitler was attempting to "dominate the world by force" and that "no greater mistake could be made than to suppose that because it believes war to be a senseless and cruel thing the nation has so lost its fibre that it will not take part to the utmost of its power in resisting such a challenge if it were ever made."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006352–53_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006352–53-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister questioned whether the invasion of Czechoslovakia was "the end of an old adventure, or the beginning of a new" and whether it was "a step in the direction of an attempt to dominate the world by force."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200158_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200158-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a> said, "whereas the Prime Minister was once a strong advocate of peace, he has now definitely swung around to the war point of view."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006353_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006353-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This speech was met with widespread approval in Britain and recruitment for the armed services increased considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourcy194098_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourcy194098-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain set out to build an interlocking series of defence pacts among the remaining European countries as a means of deterring Hitler from war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006354_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006354-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought an agreement among Britain, France, the USSR, and Poland, whereby the first three would go to the assistance of Poland if her independence were threatened, but Polish mistrust of the Soviet Union caused those negotiations to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006354_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006354-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, on 31 March 1939, Chamberlain informed an approving House of Commons of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">British and</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish military alliance">French guarantees</a> that they would lend Poland all possible aid in the event of any action which threatened Polish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006357_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006357-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing debate, Eden stated that the nation was now united behind the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200158–59_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200158–59-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Churchill and Lloyd George praised Chamberlain's government for issuing the guarantee to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006358_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006358-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prime Minister took other steps to deter Hitler from aggression. He doubled the size of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a>, created a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> to expedite the provision of equipment to the armed forces, and instituted peacetime conscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010255_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010255-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> on 7 April 1939 led to guarantees being given to Greece and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006358–59_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006358–59-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 June 1939, <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page" title="Handley Page">Handley Page</a> received an order for 200 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a> twin-engined medium bombers, and by 3 September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">chain of radar stations</a> girding the British coast was fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain was reluctant to seek a military alliance with the Soviet Union; he distrusted <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ideologically and felt that there was little to gain, given the recent massive purges in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Much of his Cabinet favoured such an alliance, and when Poland withdrew her objection to an Anglo–Soviet alliance, Chamberlain had little choice but to proceed. The talks with Soviet foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, to which Britain sent only a low-level delegation, dragged on over several months and eventually foundered on 14 August 1939 when Poland and Romania refused to allow Soviet troops to be stationed on their territories. A week after the failure of these talks, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, committing the countries to non-aggression toward each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006367–69_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006367–69-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secret agreement divided up Poland in the event of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1997_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1997-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain had disregarded rumours of a Soviet–German "rapprochement" and was dismissive of the publicly announced pact, stating that it in no way affected British obligations toward Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006369_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006369-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 1939, Chamberlain had Henderson deliver a letter to Hitler telling him that Britain was fully prepared to comply with its obligations to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010261_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010261-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler instructed his generals to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Fall_Weiss_(1939)" title="Fall Weiss (1939)">an invasion of Poland</a>, telling them, "Our enemies are small worms. I saw them at Munich."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006369_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006369-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_leader_(1939–1940)"><span id="War_leader_.281939.E2.80.931940.29"></span>War leader (1939–1940)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War leader (1939–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Declaration of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany <a href="/wiki/Invaded_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Invaded Poland">invaded Poland</a> in the early morning of 1 September 1939. The British Cabinet met late that morning and issued a warning to Germany that unless it withdrew from Polish territory the UK would carry out its obligations to Poland. When the House of Commons met at 6:00 pm, Chamberlain and Labour deputy leader Arthur Greenwood (deputising for the sick Clement Attlee) entered the chamber to loud cheers. Chamberlain spoke emotionally, laying the blame for the conflict on Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006378_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006378-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No formal declaration of war was immediately made. French foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> stated that France could do nothing until its parliament met on the evening of 2 September. Bonnet was trying to rally support for a Munich-style summit proposed by the Italians to be held on 5 September. The British Cabinet demanded that Hitler be given an ultimatum at once and if troops were not withdrawn by the end of 2 September, war would be declared forthwith. Chamberlain and Halifax were convinced by Bonnet's pleas, from Paris, that France needed more time for mobilisation and evacuation. Chamberlain postponed the expiry of the ultimatum which had, in fact, not yet been served.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006378–79_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006378–79-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain's lengthy statement to the House of Commons made no mention of an ultimatum and was consequently poorly received by the House. When Greenwood rose to "speak for the working classes," Conservative backbencher and former First Lord of the Admiralty <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> shouted, "Speak for England, Arthur!" implying that the Prime Minister was not doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010263_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010263-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain replied that telephone difficulties were making it hard to communicate with Paris and tried to dispel fears that the French were weakening. He had little success; too many members knew of Bonnet's efforts. National Labour MP and diarist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> later wrote, "In those few minutes he flung away his reputation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006380_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006380-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeming delay gave rise to fears that Chamberlain would again seek a settlement with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200159_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200159-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain's last peacetime Cabinet met at 11:30 that night, with a thunderstorm raging outside, and determined that the ultimatum would be presented in Berlin at nine o'clock the following morning—to expire two hours later, before the House of Commons convened at noon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006380_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006380-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 11:15 am, 3 September 1939, Chamberlain addressed the nation by radio, stating that the United Kingdom was at war with Germany: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I am speaking to you from the cabinet room at 10 Downing Street. This morning the British ambassador in Berlin handed the German government a final note stating that unless we heard from them by 11 o'clock that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland, a state of war would exist between us. I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received, and that consequently this country is at war with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... We have a clear conscience, we have done all that any country could do to establish peace, but a situation in which no word given by Germany's ruler could be trusted, and no people or country could feel itself safe had become intolerable ... Now may God bless you all and may He defend the right. For it is the evil things that we shall be fighting against, brute force, bad faith, injustice, oppression, and persecution. And against them I am certain that the right will prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970416_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970416-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>That afternoon Chamberlain addressed the House of Commons' first Sunday session in over 120 years. He spoke to a quiet House in a statement which even opponents termed "restrained and therefore effective": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Everything that I have worked for, everything that I have hoped for, everything that I have believed in during my public life has crashed into ruins. There is only one thing left for me to do: that is devote what strength and power I have to forwarding the victory of the cause for which we have sacrificed so much.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006382_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006382-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Phoney_War""><span id=".22Phoney_War.22"></span>"Phoney War"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: "Phoney War""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamberlain instituted a <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet#Chamberlain_war_ministry" title="War cabinet">War Cabinet</a> and invited the Labour and Liberal parties to join his government, but they declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006382_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006382-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He restored Churchill to the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty, with a seat in the War Cabinet. Chamberlain also gave Eden a government post (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Dominions">dominions secretary</a>) but not a seat in the small War Cabinet. The new First Lord deluged the Prime Minister with a sea of lengthy memos. Chamberlain castigated Churchill for sending so many memos, as the two met in War Cabinet every day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006386–87_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006386–87-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain suspected, correctly as it proved after the war, that "these letters are for the purpose of quotation in the Book that he will write hereafter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006387–88_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006387–88-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain also deterred some of Churchill's plans, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Catherine" title="Operation Catherine">Operation Catherine</a>, which would have sent three heavily armoured battleships into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> with an aircraft carrier and other support vessels as a means of stopping shipments of iron ore to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010269_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010269-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the naval war the only significant front involving the British in the early months of the conflict, the First Lord's obvious desire to wage a ruthless, victorious war established him as a leader-in-waiting in the public consciousness and among parliamentary colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010265_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010265-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With little land action in the west, the initial months of the war were dubbed the "Bore War", later renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>" by journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006383_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006383-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain, in common with most Allied officials and generals, felt the war could be won relatively quickly by keeping economic pressure on Germany through a blockade while continuing rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010268_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010268-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister was reluctant to go too far in altering the British economy. The government submitted an emergency war budget about which Chamberlain stated, "the only thing that matters is to win the war, though we may go bankrupt in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006390_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006390-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government expenditures rose by little more than the rate of inflation between September 1939 and March 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006390_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006390-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these difficulties, Chamberlain still enjoyed approval ratings as high as 68%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006391_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006391-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost 60% in April 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200161_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200161-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downfall">Downfall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1940 <a href="/wiki/Plan_R_4" title="Plan R 4">the Allies approved</a> a naval campaign designed to seize the northern part of Norway, a neutral country, including the key port of <a href="/wiki/Narvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narvik">Narvik</a>, and possibly also to seize the iron mines at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4llivare" title="Gällivare">Gällivare</a> in northern Sweden, from which Germany obtained much of its iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010273_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010273-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Baltic froze in winter, the iron ore was then sent south by ship from Narvik. The Allies planned to begin by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">mining Norwegian waters</a>, thus provoking a German reaction in Norway, and then would occupy much of the country. Unforeseen by the Allies, Germany had also planned to occupy Norway, and on 9 April German troops occupied Denmark and began an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invasion of Norway</a>. German forces quickly overran much of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006415–16_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006415–16-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies sent troops to Norway, but they met with little success, and on 26 April the War Cabinet ordered a withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006415–16_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006415–16-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister's opponents decided to turn the <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_debate" title="Adjournment debate">adjournment debate</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a> recess into a challenge to Chamberlain, who soon heard about the plan. After initial anger, Chamberlain determined to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006420–21_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006420–21-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Norway_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway debate">Norway debate</a>" opened on 7 May, and lasted for two days. The initial speeches, including Chamberlain's, were nondescript, but Admiral of the Fleet <a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Keyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Roger Keyes">Sir Roger Keyes</a>, member for <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth North">Portsmouth North</a>, in full uniform, delivered a withering attack on the conduct of the Norway campaign, though he excluded Churchill from criticism. Leo Amery then delivered a speech which he concluded by echoing <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s words on dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>: "You have sat here too long for any good you are doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006423_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006423-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Labour announced that they would call for a division of the House of Commons, Chamberlain called upon his "friends—and I still have some friends in this House—to support the Government tonight."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006424–25_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006424–25-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the use of the word "friends" was a conventional term to refer to party colleagues, and, according to biographer Robert Self, many MPs took it that way, it was an "error of judgment" for Chamberlain to refer to party loyalty "when the gravity of the war situation required national unity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006425_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006425-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lloyd George joined the attackers, and Churchill concluded the debate with a vigorous speech in support of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006425_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006425-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the division took place, the government, which had a normal majority of over 200, prevailed by only 81, with 38 MPs in receipt of the government whip voting against it, with between 20 and 25 abstaining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006426_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006426-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain spent much of 9 May in meetings with his Cabinet colleagues. Many Conservative MPs, even those who had voted against the government, indicated on 9 May and in the days following that they did not wish Chamberlain to depart but rather would seek to reconstruct his government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200163–64_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200163–64-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain decided that he would resign unless the Labour Party was willing to join his government, and so he met with Attlee later that day. Attlee was unwilling, but agreed to consult his National Executive then meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>. Chamberlain favoured Halifax as the next prime minister, but Halifax proved reluctant to press his own claims thinking that his position in the House of Lords would limit his effectiveness in the House of Commons, and Churchill emerged as the choice. The following day, Germany invaded the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and Chamberlain considered remaining in office. Attlee confirmed that Labour would not serve under Chamberlain, though they were willing to serve under someone else. Accordingly, Chamberlain went to Buckingham Palace to resign and advise the King to send for Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006428–30_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006428–30-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill later expressed gratitude to Chamberlain for not advising the King to send for Halifax, who would have commanded the support of most government MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001118_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001118-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a resignation broadcast that evening, Chamberlain told the nation, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamberlain_resignation.ogg" title="File:Chamberlain resignation.ogg">Neville Chamberlain resigns</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Chamberlain_resignation.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chamberlain_resignation.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chamberlain_resignation.ogg/Chamberlain_resignation.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChamberlain_resignation.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AChamberlain_resignation.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Neville Chamberlain speaks to the nation following his resignation as prime minister, 10 May 1940.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> For the hour has now come when we are to be put to the test, as the innocent people of Holland, Belgium, and France are being tested already. And you and I must rally behind our new leader, and with our united strength, and with unshakable courage fight, and work until this wild beast, which has sprung out of his lair upon us, has been finally disarmed and overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970441_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970441-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> told Chamberlain that her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a>, wept as she heard the broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006428–30_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006428–30-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill wrote to express his gratitude for Chamberlain's willingness to stand by him in the nation's hour of need, and Baldwin, the only living former prime minister besides Chamberlain and Lloyd George, wrote, "You have passed through fire since we were talking together only a fortnight ago, and you have come out pure gold."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970442_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970442-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_President_of_the_Council">Lord President of the Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lord President of the Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a departure from usual practice, Chamberlain did not issue any <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">resignation Honours list</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970443_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiling1970443-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Chamberlain remaining leader of the Conservative Party, and with many MPs still supporting him and distrusting the new prime minister, Churchill refrained from any purge of Chamberlain loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006431–32_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006431–32-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill wished Chamberlain to return to the Exchequer, but he declined, convinced that this would lead to difficulties with the Labour Party. Instead, he accepted the post of Lord President of the Council with a seat in the shrunken five-member War Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006432_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006432-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Chamberlain entered the House of Commons on 13 May 1940, for the first time since his resignation, "MPs lost their heads, they shouted, they cheered, they waved their order papers, and his reception was a regular ovation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006432_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006432-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House received Churchill coolly;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006432_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006432-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of his great speeches to the chamber, such as "<a href="/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">We shall fight on the beaches</a>," met with only half-hearted enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006433_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006433-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain's fall from power left him deeply depressed; he wrote, "Few men can have known such a reversal of fortune in so short a time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010279_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010279-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He especially regretted the loss of <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a> as "a place where I have been so happy," though after a farewell visit there by the Chamberlains on 19 June, he wrote, "I am content now that I have done that, and shall put Chequers out of my mind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006435_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006435-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As lord president, Chamberlain assumed vast responsibilities over domestic issues and chaired the War Cabinet during Churchill's many absences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006435_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006435-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attlee later remembered him as "free from any of the rancour he might have felt against us. He worked very hard and well: a good chairman, a good committeeman, always very businesslike."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200690_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200690-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_President%27s_Committee" title="Lord President's Committee">Lord President's Committee</a>, he exerted great influence over the wartime economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006436_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006436-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax reported to the War Cabinet on 26 May 1940, with the Low Countries conquered and French prime minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> warning that France might have to sign an armistice, that diplomatic contacts with a still-neutral Italy offered the possibility of a negotiated peace. Halifax urged following up and seeing if a worthwhile offer could be obtained. The <a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">battle over the course of action within the war cabinet</a> lasted three days; Chamberlain's statement on the final day, that there was unlikely to be an acceptable offer and that the matter should not be pursued at that time, helped persuade the War Cabinet to reject negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006435–36_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006435–36-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="David Lloyd George" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/170px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/255px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/340px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, prime minister 1916–22, whose contempt for Chamberlain was reciprocated.</figcaption></figure> <p>Twice in May 1940, Churchill broached the subject of bringing Lloyd George into the government. Each time, Chamberlain indicated that due to their longtime antipathy he would immediately retire if Lloyd George were appointed a minister. Churchill did not appoint Lloyd George, but brought up the subject with Chamberlain again early in June. This time, Chamberlain agreed to Lloyd George's appointment provided Lloyd George gave a personal assurance to put aside the feud. Lloyd George declined to serve in Churchill's government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006440–42_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006440–42-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain worked to bring his Conservative Party in line behind Churchill, working with the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Margesson" class="mw-redirect" title="David Margesson">David Margesson</a>, to overcome members' suspicions and dislikes of the Prime Minister. On 4 July, after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">British attack on the French fleet</a>, Churchill entered the chamber to a great cheer from Conservative MPs orchestrated by the two, and the Prime Minister was almost overcome with emotion at the first cheer he had received from his own party's benches since May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006433_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006433-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill returned the loyalty, refusing to consider Labour and Liberal attempts to expel Chamberlain from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006436_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006436-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When criticisms of Chamberlain appeared in the press, and when Chamberlain learned that Labour intended to use an upcoming secret session of Parliament as a platform to attack him, he told Churchill that he could only defend himself by attacking Labour. The Prime Minister intervened with the Labour Party and the press and the criticism ceased, according to Chamberlain, "like turning off a tap".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006439–41_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006439–41-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, a polemic titled <i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i> was released by "Cato"—a pseudonym for three journalists (future Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, former Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Frank_Owen_(politician)" title="Frank Owen (politician)">Frank Owen</a>, and the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Peter_Howard_(journalist)" title="Peter Howard (journalist)">Peter Howard</a>). It attacked the record of the National Government, alleging that it had failed to prepare adequately for war. It called for the removal of Chamberlain and other ministers who had allegedly contributed to the British disasters of the early part of the war. The short book sold more than 200,000 copies, many of which were passed from hand-to-hand, and went into 27 editions in the first few months, despite not being carried by several major bookshops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200174_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200174-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian David Dutton, "its impact upon Chamberlain's reputation, both among the general public and within the academic world, was profound indeed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200171–72_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200171–72-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain had long enjoyed excellent health, except for occasional attacks of gout,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200118_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200118-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by July 1940 he was in almost constant pain. He sought treatment, and later that month entered hospital for surgery. Surgeons discovered that he was suffering from terminal <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a>, but they concealed it from him, instead telling him that he would not require further surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006442–43_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006442–43-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain resumed work in mid-August. He returned to his office on 9 September, but renewed pain, compounded by the night-time bombing of London which forced him to go to an air raid shelter and denied him rest, sapped his energy, and he left London for the last time on 19 September, returning to <a href="/wiki/Highfield_Park,_Heckfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Highfield Park, Heckfield">Highfield Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heckfield" title="Heckfield">Heckfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006443–44_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006443–44-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain offered his resignation to Churchill on 22 September 1940. The Prime Minister was initially reluctant to accept, but as both men realised that Chamberlain would never return to work, Churchill finally allowed him to resign. The Prime Minister asked if Chamberlain would accept the highest order of British chivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, of which his brother had been a member. Chamberlain refused, saying he would "prefer to die plain 'Mr Chamberlain' like my father before me, unadorned by any title."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006445_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006445-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the short time remaining to him, Chamberlain was angered by the "short, cold and for the most part depreciatory" press comments on his retirement, according to him written "without the slightest sign of sympathy for the man or even any comprehension that there may be a human tragedy in the background."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006445_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006445-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King and Queen drove down from <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor</a> to visit the dying man on 14 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006446_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006446-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain received hundreds of sympathetic letters from friends and supporters. He wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, who had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Chamberlain's government: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [I]t was the hope of doing something to improve the conditions of life for the poorer people that brought me at past middle life into politics, and it is some satisfaction to me that I was able to carry out some part of my ambition even though its permanency may be challenged by the destruction of war. For the rest I regret nothing that I have done & I can see nothing undone that I ought to have done. I am therefore content to accept the fate that has so suddenly overtaken me.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006446_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006446-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Chamberlain died of <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a> on 9 November 1940 at the age of 71. A funeral service took place at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> five days later on Thursday, 14 November. Due to wartime security concerns, the date and time were not widely publicised. Chamberlain's former private secretary John Colville functioned as the service's usher, whilst both Winston Churchill and Lord Halifax acted as pallbearers.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After cremation, his ashes were interred in the Abbey next to those of Bonar Law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006447–48_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006447–48-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill eulogised Chamberlain in the House of Commons three days after his death:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Whatever else history may or may not say about these terrible, tremendous years, we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority, which were powerful, to save the world from the awful, devastating struggle in which we are now engaged. This alone will stand him in good stead as far as what is called the verdict of history is concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006447_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006447-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Although some Chamberlain supporters found Churchill's oratory to be <a href="/wiki/Damn_with_faint_praise" class="mw-redirect" title="Damn with faint praise">faint praise</a> of the late prime minister,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006446–47_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006446–47-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill added less publicly, "Whatever shall I do without poor Neville? I was relying on him to look after the Home Front for me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006439_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006439-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst others who paid tribute to Chamberlain in the Commons and in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> on 12 November 1940 were Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax (1st Earl of Halifax, Edward Wood), the Leader of the Labour Party, Clement Attlee, and the Liberal Party leader and Air Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Archibald Sinclair</a>. David Lloyd George, the only former prime minister remaining in the Commons, had been expected to speak, but absented himself from the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniell1940_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniell1940-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever close to his family, the executors of Chamberlain's will were his cousins, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Byng_Kenrick" title="Wilfred Byng Kenrick">Wilfred Byng Kenrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martineau_family" title="Martineau family">Sir Wilfrid Martineau</a>, both of whom, like Chamberlain, were <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">lord mayors</a> of Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reputation">Legacy and reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevilleplaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Round blue plaque on a brick wall. It says "BIRMINGHAM CIVIC SOCIETY", "NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN M.P.", "LIVED NEAR HERE 1911–1940", "PRIME MINISTER 1937–1940"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nevilleplaque.jpg/220px-Nevilleplaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nevilleplaque.jpg/330px-Nevilleplaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nevilleplaque.jpg/440px-Nevilleplaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> honouring Chamberlain, Edgbaston, Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>A few days before his death, Neville Chamberlain wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> So far as my personal reputation is concerned, I am not in the least disturbed about it. The letters which I am still receiving in such vast quantities so unanimously dwell on the same point, namely without Munich the war would have been lost and the Empire destroyed in 1938 ... I do not feel the opposite view ... has a chance of survival. Even if nothing further were to be published giving the true inside story of the past two years I should not fear the historian's verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006449_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006449-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><i>Guilty Men</i> was not the only Second World War tract that damaged Chamberlain's reputation. <i>We Were Not All Wrong</i>, published in 1941, took a similar tack to <i>Guilty Men</i>, arguing that Liberal and Labour MPs, and a small number of Conservatives, had fought against Chamberlain's appeasement policies. The author, Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Mander" title="Geoffrey Mander">Geoffrey Mander</a>, had voted against conscription in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001116_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001116-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another polemic against Conservative policies was <i>Why Not Trust the Tories</i> (1944, written by "Gracchus", who was later revealed to be future Labour minister <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>), which castigated the Conservatives for the foreign policy decisions of Baldwin and Chamberlain. Though a few Conservatives offered their own versions of events, most notably MP <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Quintin Hogg</a> in his 1945 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i>, by the end of the war, there was a very strong public belief that Chamberlain was culpable for serious diplomatic and military misjudgements that had nearly caused Britain's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton200176–80_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton200176–80-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamberlain's reputation was devastated by these attacks from the left. In 1948, with the publication of <i>The Gathering Storm</i>, the first volume of Churchill's six-volume set, <i>The Second World War</i>, Chamberlain sustained an even more serious assault from the right. While Churchill stated privately, "this is not history, this is my case", his series was still hugely influential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001105–06_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001105–06-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill depicted Chamberlain as well-meaning but weak, blind to the threat posed by Hitler, and oblivious to the fact that (according to Churchill) Hitler could have been removed from power by a grand coalition of European states. Churchill suggested that the year's delay between Munich and war worsened Britain's position, and criticised Chamberlain for both peacetime and wartime decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001108–09_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001108–09-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the publication of Churchill's books, few historians questioned his judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001106_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001106-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anne Chamberlain, the former premier's widow, suggested that Churchill's work was filled with matters that "are not real misstatements that could easily be corrected, but wholesale omissions and assumptions that certain things are now recognised as facts which actually have no such position".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001107_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001107-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Chamberlain's family letters and his extensive personal papers were bequeathed by his family in 1974 to the Birmingham University Archives.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, the Chamberlain family had commissioned historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Feiling" title="Keith Feiling">Keith Feiling</a> to produce an official biography, and gave him access to Chamberlain's private diaries and papers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Feiling had the right of access to official papers as the official biographer of a recently deceased person, he may not have been aware of the provision, and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)">Cabinet Secretary</a> denied his requests for access.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006vii_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006vii-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Feiling produced what historian David Dutton described in 2001 as "the most impressive and persuasive single-volume biography" of Chamberlain (completed during the war and published in 1946), he could not repair the damage already done to Chamberlain's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>'s 1961 biography of Chamberlain was the first major biography of a revisionist school of thought on Chamberlain. The same year, <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i>, found that Chamberlain had adequately rearmed Britain for defence (though a rearmament designed to defeat Germany would have taken massive additional resources) and described Munich as "a triumph for all that was best and most enlightened in British life ... [and] for those who had courageously denounced the harshness and short-sightedness of Versailles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001143–44_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001143–44-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adoption of the "<a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">thirty-year rule</a>" in 1967 made available many of the papers of the Chamberlain government over the subsequent three years, helping to explain why Chamberlain acted as he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001181_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001181-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant works greatly fuelled the revisionist school, although they also included books that strongly criticised Chamberlain, such as <a href="/wiki/Keith_Middlemas" title="Keith Middlemas">Keith Middlemas</a>'s 1972 <i>Diplomacy of Illusion</i> (which portrayed Chamberlain as a seasoned politician with strategic blindness when it came to Germany). Released papers indicated that, contrary to claims made in <i>Guilty Men</i>, Chamberlain had neither ignored the advice of the Foreign Office nor had he disregarded and run roughshod over his Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001157–61_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001157–61-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other released papers showed that Chamberlain had considered seeking a grand coalition amongst European governments like that later advocated by Churchill, but had rejected it on the ground that the division of Europe into two camps would make war more, not less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001162–64_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001162–64-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also showed that Chamberlain had been advised that the Dominions, pursuing independent foreign policies under the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, had indicated that Chamberlain could not depend on their help in the event of a Continental war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001167–68_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001167–68-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chiefs of Staff report, which indicated that Britain could not forcibly prevent Germany from conquering Czechoslovakia, was first publicly known at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001172_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001172-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction to the revisionist school of thought regarding Chamberlain a post-revisionist school emerged beginning in the 1990s, using the released papers to justify the initial conclusions of <i>Guilty Men</i>. Oxford historian <a href="/wiki/R._A._C._Parker" title="R. A. C. Parker">R. A. C. Parker</a> argued that Chamberlain could have forged a close alliance with France after the <i>Anschluss</i>, in early 1938, and begun a policy of containment of Germany under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. While many revisionist writers had suggested that Chamberlain had had few or no choices in his actions, Parker argued that Chamberlain and his colleagues had chosen appeasement over other viable policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001182–84_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001182–84-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his two volumes, <i>Chamberlain and Appeasement</i> (1993) and <i>Churchill and Appeasement</i> (2000), Parker stated that Chamberlain, due to his "powerful, obstinate personality" and his skill in debate, caused Britain to embrace appeasement instead of effective deterrence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker also suggested that had Churchill held high office in the second half of the 1930s Churchill would have built a series of alliances which would have deterred Hitler, and perhaps would have caused Hitler's domestic opponents to procure his removal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07_246-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutton observes that Chamberlain's reputation, for good or ill, will probably always be closely tied to evaluation of his policy toward Germany: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Whatever else may be said of Chamberlain's public life his reputation will in the last resort depend upon assessments of this moment [Munich] and this policy [appeasement]. This was the case when he left office in 1940 and it remains so sixty years later. To expect otherwise is rather like hoping that <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> will one day be judged as a successful provincial administrator of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton20017_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton20017-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_honours">Academic honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Academic honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) – 1938<sup id="cite_ref-www_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadley1941_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadley1941-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> – <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">DCL</a><sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> – LLD<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham University">Birmingham University</a> – LLD<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol University</a> – LLD<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds University">Leeds University</a> – LLD<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading University">Reading University</a> – DLitt<sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedoms">Freedoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Honorary Freedom <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Birmingham">City of Birmingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-dnb_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Freedom <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> – conferred 1940 but died before acceptance, the scroll being presented to his widow in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_military_appointments">Honorary military appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Honorary military appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1939: Honorary Air Commodore, No 916 (County of Warwick) Balloon Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Air Force">Auxiliary Air Force</a><sup id="cite_ref-kellys_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellys-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_election_results">Parliamentary election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parliamentary election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">General election 1918</a>: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Ladywood">Birmingham Ladywood</a> (new seat)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197787_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197787-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">9,405 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">69.5 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Kneeshaw" title="John Kneeshaw">John Kneeshaw</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,572 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">19.0 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Margery_Corbett_Ashby" title="Margery Corbett Ashby">Margery Corbett Ashby</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,552 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">11.5 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6,833 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">50.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13,529 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">40.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">General election 1922</a>: Birmingham Ladywood </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13,032 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">55.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−14.3 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunstan" title="Robert Dunstan">Robert Dunstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10,589 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">44.8 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">25.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,443 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">10.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−40.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23,621 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">71.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+30.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">-15.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">General election 1923</a>: Birmingham Ladywood </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12,884 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">53.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−2.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunstan" title="Robert Dunstan">Robert Dunstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">11,330 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">46.8 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,554 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">24,214 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">72.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">-2.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">General election 1924</a>: Birmingham Ladywood </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13,374 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">49.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−4.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13,297 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">48.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </td> <td class="fn">Alfred William Bowkett </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">539 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">77 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">27,200 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">80.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">-3.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">General election 1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Edgbaston">Birmingham Edgbaston</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197783_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197783-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23,350 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">63.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−12.9 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn">William Henry Dashwood Caple </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,590 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </td> <td class="fn">Percy Reginald Coombs Young </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,720 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">14,760 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">40.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−12.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">36,166 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">70.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">-6.5 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">General election 1931</a>: Birmingham Edgbaston </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">33,085 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">86.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">22.8 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn">W.W. Blaylock </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5,157 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−9.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">27,928 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">73.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−40.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">38,242 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">70.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">+16.4 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">General election 1935</a>: Birmingham Edgbaston </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">Neville Chamberlain </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">28,243 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">81.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−4.9 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn">Jerrold Adshead </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6,381 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">21,862 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">63.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">34,624 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">62.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #0087DC"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">-4.9 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Neville Chamberlain">Cultural depictions of Neville Chamberlain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Explanatory notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plantation_lose-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plantation_lose_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Joseph Chamberlain's loss is equivalent to <span class="nowrap">£29.1 million</span> if measured as <i>per capita</i> gross domestic product; <span class="nowrap">£4.2 million</span> if measured as an RPI equivalent. See <a href="#CITEREFMeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peace_in_our_time-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peace_in_our_time_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Peace in our time", a common misquotation, is a quotation from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, and can be found as a misquotation in <i>The New York Times</i> as early as 2 October 1938. <a href="#CITEREFFaber2008">Faber 2008</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disraeli_peace-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disraeli_peace_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Disraeli (or more properly Lord Beaconsfield) had stated "Lord Salisbury and I have brought you peace—but a peace, I hope, with honour." See <a href="#CITEREFKeyes2006">Keyes 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160">160</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2013" class="citation book cs1">Strangio, Paul; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC&pg=PA226"><i>Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 224, 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966642-3"><bdi>978-0-19-966642-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617080346/https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prime-Ministerial+Performance%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=224%2C+226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966642-3&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMu2nAZmMbEC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrozier2004–09-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrozier2004–09_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrozier2004–09">Crozier 2004–09</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin200611-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin200611_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacklin2006">Macklin 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapsed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapsed_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapsed_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuston" class="citation web cs1">Ruston, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221213453/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/nevillechamberlain.html">"Neville Chamberlain"</a>. Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/nevillechamberlain.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart2010160–62-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart2010160–62_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2010">Smart 2010</a>, pp. 160–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006161-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006161_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelf2006">Self 2006</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006161–62-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006161–62_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelf2006">Self 2006</a>, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006163-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006163_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelf2006">Self 2006</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006165–66-58"><span 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Family correspondence and other papers. NC1/2 (Transcribed Chamberlain family letters)"</a>. National Archives – University of Birmingham<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>The letters were transcribed in 1915 by Norah Kenrick [wife of Neville Chamberlain's cousin and friend, W. Byng Kenrick] from the original letters then in the possession of Clara Martineau [daughter of Chamberlain's uncle, Sir Thomas Martineau].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XNC+%E2%80%93+Papers+of+Neville+Chamberlain.+1.+Family+correspondence+and+other+papers.+NC1%2F2+%28Transcribed+Chamberlain+family+letters%29&rft.pub=National+Archives+%E2%80%93+University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXNC%252f1%252f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XNC%2F13%2F17">"NC13/17/197-237 XNC Papers of Neville Chamberlain"</a>. Birmingham University Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NC13%2F17%2F197-237+XNC+Papers+of+Neville+Chamberlain&rft.pub=Birmingham+University+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXNC%252F13%252F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36_237-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001133–36_237-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 133–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelf2006vii-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelf2006vii_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelf2006">Self 2006</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001143–44-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001143–44_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 143–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001181-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001181_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001157–61-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001157–61_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 157–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001162–64-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001162–64_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 162–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001167–68-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001167–68_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 167–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001172-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001172_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton2001182–84-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton2001182–84_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, pp. 182–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07_246-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacklin2006106–07_246-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacklin2006">Macklin 2006</a>, pp. 106–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton20017-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutton20017_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutton2001">Dutton 2001</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadley1941-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadley1941_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadley1941">Hadley 1941</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_249-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_249-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham_Legg1949" class="citation book cs1">Wickham Legg, L. G., ed. (1949). <i>Dictionary of National Biography 1931–1940</i>. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography+1931%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197787-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197787_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1977">Craig 1977</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197783-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197783_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1977">Craig 1977</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allport, Alan. (2020) <i>Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941</i> (Knopf).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourcy1940" class="citation book cs1">Courcy, John de (1940). <i>Searchlight on Europe</i>. Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searchlight+on+Europe&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Courcy&rft.aufirst=John+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._W._S._Craig" title="F. W. S. Craig">Craig, F. W. S.</a> (1977). <i>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949</i> (revised ed.). The Macmillan Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Parliamentary+Election+Results+1918%E2%80%931949&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=F.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniell1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Daniell" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Daniell">Daniell, Raymond</a> (13 November 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10713FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3">"Commons tribute paid Chamberlain"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Commons+tribute+paid+Chamberlain&rft.date=1940-11-13&rft.aulast=Daniell&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10713FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Dawson_(academic)" title="Sandra Dawson (academic)">Dawson, Sandra</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwm005">"Working-Class Consumers and the Campaign for Holidays with Pay (TCBH Postgraduate Essay Prize Winner for 2006)"</a>. <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>18</b> (3). Oxford University: 277–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwm005">10.1093/tcbh/hwm005</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=Working-Class+Consumers+and+the+Campaign+for+Holidays+with+Pay+%28TCBH+Postgraduate+Essay+Prize+Winner+for+2006%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-305&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwm005&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftcbh%252Fhwm005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilks1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Dilks" title="David Dilks">Dilks, David</a> (1984). <i>Neville Chamberlain, Volume 1: Pioneering and Reform, 1869–1929</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89401-2"><bdi>978-0-521-89401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain%2C+Volume+1%3A+Pioneering+and+Reform%2C+1869%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89401-2&rft.aulast=Dilks&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2001" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, David (2001). <i>Neville Chamberlain</i>. Hodder Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70627-5"><bdi>978-0-340-70627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain&rft.pub=Hodder+Arnold&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-340-70627-5&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglefield1995" class="citation book cs1">Englefield, Dermot (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsaboutbritis0000engl"><i>Facts About the British Prime Ministers</i></a>. H. W. Wilson Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0863-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0863-9"><bdi>978-0-8242-0863-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+About+the+British+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0863-9&rft.aulast=Englefield&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsaboutbritis0000engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Faber_(politician)" title="David Faber (politician)">Faber, David</a> (2008). <i>Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-006-6"><bdi>978-1-84739-006-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich%3A+The+1938+Appeasement+Crisis&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84739-006-6&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiling1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Feiling" title="Keith Feiling">Feiling, Keith</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176384"><i>The Life of Neville Chamberlain</i></a> (Second ed.). Archon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Neville+Chamberlain&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Feiling&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadley1941" class="citation journal cs1">Hadley, W. W. (December 1941). "Neville Chamberlain. 1869–1940". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>3</b> (10): 731–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0030">10.1098/rsbm.1941.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153945780">153945780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Neville+Chamberlain.+1869%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=731-34&rft.date=1941-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153945780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1997" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Paul, ed. (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html">"Modern History Sourcebook: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939."</a>. <i>Internet Modern History Sourcebook</i>. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook%3A+The+Molotov-Ribbentrop+Pact%2C+1939.&rft.btitle=Internet+Modern+History+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1939pact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Keyes_(author)" title="Ralph Keyes (author)">Keyes, Ralph</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quoteverifierwho00keye"><i>The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34004-9"><bdi>978-0-312-34004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quote+Verifier%3A+Who+Said+What%2C+Where%2C+and+When&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-312-34004-9&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquoteverifierwho00keye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacklin2006" class="citation book cs1">Macklin, Graham (2006). <i>Chamberlain</i>. Haus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-62-2"><bdi>978-1-904950-62-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chamberlain&rft.pub=Haus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904950-62-2&rft.aulast=Macklin&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margerie,_Roland_de" class="mw-redirect" title="Margerie, Roland de">Margerie, Roland de</a>, <i>Journal, 1939–1940</i>, Paris, Éditions Grasset et Fasquelle, 2010, 416 p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2246770411" title="Special:BookSources/978-2246770411">978-2246770411</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelf2000–2002" class="citation book cs1">Self, Robert, ed. (2000–2002). <i>The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, 1915-1933 (3 vols.)</i>. Ashgate Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neville+Chamberlain+Diary+Letters%2C+1915-1933+%283+vols.%29&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2000%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelf2006" class="citation book cs1">Self, Robert (2006). <i>Neville Chamberlain: A Biography</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5615-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5615-9&rft.aulast=Self&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1999" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Nick (1999). <i>The National Government</i>. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22329-8"><bdi>978-0-312-22329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Government&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22329-8&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2010" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Nick (2010). <i>Neville Chamberlain</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45865-8"><bdi>978-0-415-45865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45865-8&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishhistory1900tayl"><i>English History, 1914–1945</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+History%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishhistory1900tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="font-weight:bold;">Online sources</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier2004–09" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crozier, Andrew J. (September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32347">"Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville (1869–1940), prime minister"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32347">10.1093/ref:odnb/32347</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chamberlain%2C+%28Arthur%29+Neville+%281869%E2%80%931940%29%2C+prime+minister&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32347&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F32347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeasuringWorth" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/">"Purchasing Power of British Pounds 1264–2008"</a>. MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchasing+Power+of+British+Pounds+1264%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fppoweruk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAster1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Aster" title="Sidney Aster">Aster, Sidney</a> (1997). "Guilty Man: the Case of Neville Chamberlain". In Finney, Patrick (ed.). <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>. Edward Arnold. pp. 62–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-67640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-67640-0"><bdi>978-0-340-67640-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guilty+Man%3A+the+Case+of+Neville+Chamberlain&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=62-77&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-340-67640-0&rft.aulast=Aster&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Aster, Sidney (September 2002). "Viorel Virgil Tilea and the Origins of the Second World War: An Essay in Closure". <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 153–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714000341">10.1080/714000341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154954097">154954097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Viorel+Virgil+Tilea+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%3A+An+Essay+in+Closure&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-74&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714000341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154954097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aster&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ball, Stuart, ‘Neville Chamberlain’, in C. Clarke, T. James, T. Bale & P. Diamond (eds), <i>British Conservative Leader</i>s (London: Biteback, 2015), 211–236.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bond" title="Brian Bond">Bond, Brian</a> (1983). "The Continental Commitment in British Strategy in the 1930s". In Mommsen, Wolfgang; Kettenacker, Lothar (eds.). <i>The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement</i>. George Allen & Unwin. pp. 197–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940068-9"><bdi>978-0-04-940068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Continental+Commitment+in+British+Strategy+in+the+1930s&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Challenge+and+the+Policy+of+Appeasement&rft.pages=197-207&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940068-9&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charmley, John, <i>Chamberlain and the Lost Peace</i> (1989)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier1988" class="citation book cs1">Crozier, Andrew J. (1988). <i>Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies</i>. Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-01546-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-01546-6"><bdi>978-0-312-01546-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appeasement+and+Germany%27s+Last+Bid+for+Colonies&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-312-01546-6&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dilks, David, ‘The twilight war and the fall of France: Chamberlain and Churchill in 1940’, in Dilks, David (ed.), <i>Retreat From Power: Volume 2, After 1939</i> (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1981), 36–65.</li> <li>Dilks, David, <i>Neville Chamberlain: Volume 1, 1869-1929</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)</li> <li>Dutton, David, <i>Neville Chamberlain</i> (London: Arnold, 2001)</li> <li>Eccleshall, Robert, and Graham Walker, eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (1998) pp. 289–294. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_k7v1">online</a></li> <li>Feiling, Keith, <i>The Life of Neville Chamberlain</i> (London, Macmillan, 1946)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1966). <i>The Roots of Appeasement</i>. New American Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Appeasement&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (1999). "Neville Chamberlain, The British Official Mind and the Munich Crisis". In Mommsen, Wolfgang; Kettenacker, Lothar (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/munichcrisis193800igor"><i>The Munich Crisis 1938: Prelude to World War II</i></a></span>. Frank Cass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/munichcrisis193800igor/page/276">276–92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8056-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-8056-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neville+Chamberlain%2C+The+British+Official+Mind+and+the+Munich+Crisis&rft.btitle=The+Munich+Crisis+1938%3A+Prelude+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=276-92&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8056-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmunichcrisis193800igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1999" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Sean (1999). "The Phantom Crisis: Danzig, 1939". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0"><i>The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0/page/225">225–46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phantom+Crisis%3A+Danzig%2C+1939&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered%3A+A.J.P.+Taylor+and+the+Historians&rft.pages=225-46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16325-5&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00gord_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, H. Montgomery</a> (1976). <i>Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Ministers)</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29777-229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29777-229-3"><bdi>978-0-29777-229-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain+%28British+Prime+Ministers%29&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-29777-229-3&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, Bernard. (2009) "Drifting Towards War: The British Chiefs of Staff, the USSR and the Winter War, November 1939 – March 1940", <i>Contemporary British History,</i> (2009) 23:3 pp. 267–91, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619460903080010">10.1080/13619460903080010</a></li> <li>James, Michael F., <i>Neville Chamberlain's Domestic Policies: Social Reform, Tariffs and Financial Orthodoxy</i> (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010), ISBN 0773436421</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyImlay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, Paul</a>; Imlay, Talbot (1999). "Appeasement". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0"><i>The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0/page/116">116–34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appeasement&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered%3A+A.J.P.+Taylor+and+the+Historians&rft.pages=116-34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16325-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Imlay%2C+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00gord_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loades,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Loades, David">Loades, David</a>, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 1: 244–45; historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McDonough" title="Frank McDonough">McDonough, Frank</a> (1998). <i>Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4832-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4832-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-4832-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain%2C+Appeasement+and+the+British+Road+to+War&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4832-6&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2001" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Frank (2001). <i>Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00048-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Chamberlain+and+Appeasement&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00048-2&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macklin, Graham, <i>Chamberlain</i> (London: Haus, 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2019" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Nicholas (2019). <i>Neville Chamberlain's Legacy: Hitler, Munich and the Path to War</i>. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-526-73225-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-526-73225-5"><bdi>978-1-526-73225-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neville+Chamberlain%27s+Legacy%3A+Hitler%2C+Munich+and+the+Path+to+War&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-526-73225-5&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macleod, Iain, <i>Neville Chamberlain</i> (London: Muller, 1961)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Petrie,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Petrie, 3rd Baronet">Petrie, Charles</a> (1938). <i>The Chamberlain Tradition</i> (First American ed.). Frederick A. Stokes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chamberlain+Tradition&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Redihan, Erin. "Neville Chamberlain and Norway: The Trouble with 'A Man of Peace' in a Time of War." <i>New England Journal of History</i> (2013) 69#1/2 pp. 1–18.</li> <li>Self, Robert, <i>Neville Chamberlain</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006)</li> <li>Smart, Nick, Neville Chamberlain (London: Routledge, 2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2000" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Graham (2000). <i>Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain, and the Battle for the Tory Party</i> (revised ed.). Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1060-6"><bdi>978-0-7538-1060-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+Caesar%3A+Churchill%2C+Chamberlain%2C+and+the+Battle+for+the+Tory+Party&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1060-6&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang1996" class="citation journal cs1">Strang, Bruce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949603100406">"Once More unto the Breach: Britain's Guarantee to Poland, March 1939"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 721–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949603100406">10.1177/002200949603100406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159558319">159558319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Once+More+unto+the+Breach%3A+Britain%27s+Guarantee+to+Poland%2C+March+1939&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=721-52&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949603100406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159558319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F002200949603100406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._C._Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="D. C. Watt">Watt, D. C.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwarcameimmedi00dona"><i>How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939</i></a>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57916-0"><bdi>978-0-394-57916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+War+Came%3A+The+Immediate+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1938%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57916-0&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwarcameimmedi00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (2010). <i>Hitler's Foreign Policy, 1933–1939: The Road to World War II</i>. Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-91-9"><bdi>978-1-929631-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Foreign+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931939%3A+The+Road+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-91-9&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, John</a> (1948). <i>Munich: Prologue to Tragedy</i>. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich%3A+Prologue+to+Tragedy&rft.pub=Duell%2C+Sloan+and+Pearce&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neville_Chamberlain" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Neville Chamberlain">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Neville_Chamberlain" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Neville Chamberlain">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-neville-chamberlain">contributions in Parliament by Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425010220/http://www.videoworldonline.eu/video/-CAAqfS8lUQ/neville-chamberlain-appeasement-world-war-ii.html">Video: Neville Chamberlain Appeasement World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.special-coll.bham.ac.uk/">University of Birmingham Special Collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828141622/http://www.special-coll.bham.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 28 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: the political papers of Neville Chamberlain</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Chamberlain%2C%20Neville%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Neville%20Chamberlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlain%2C%20Neville%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Neville%20Chamberlain%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Neville%20Chamberlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chamberlain%2C%20Neville%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Neville%20Chamberlain%22%29%20OR%20%28%221869-1940%22%20AND%20Chamberlain%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Neville Chamberlain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Chamberlain%2C%20Neville">Works by Neville Chamberlain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9879">Works by Neville Chamberlain</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256826">"Archival material relating to Neville Chamberlain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Neville+Chamberlain&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeville+Chamberlain" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10664#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00824">Portraits of (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10664#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003127">Newspaper clippings about Neville Chamberlain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/collections-second-world-war/parliamentarians-and-people/neville-chamberlain/">Portrait of Neville Chamberlain in the UK Parliamentary Collections</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Ladywood">Birmingham Ladywood</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a>–<a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Whiteley" title="Wilfrid Whiteley">Wilfrid Whiteley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Lowe,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Lowe, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Lowe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Edgbaston">Birmingham Edgbaston</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a>–<a href="/wiki/1940_Birmingham_Edgbaston_by-election" title="1940 Birmingham Edgbaston by-election">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter Bennett">Sir Peter Bennett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kellaway" title="Frederick Kellaway">Frederick Kellaway</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> </b><br />1922–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joynson-Hicks">William Joynson-Hicks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Walters" title="Tudor Walters">Tudor Walters</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymaster General</a> </b><br />1923 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health (United Kingdom)">Minister for Health</a> </b><br />1923 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1923–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health (United Kingdom)">Minister for Health</a> </b><br />1924–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health (United Kingdom)">Minister for Health</a> </b><br />1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Young">Hilton Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1931–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1937–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1937–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1937–1940 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Anderson">Sir John Anderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">J. C. C. Davidson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairman of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1930–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">The Lord Stonehaven</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1937–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neville_Chamberlain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neville_Chamberlain" title="Template:Neville Chamberlain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neville_Chamberlain" title="Template talk:Neville Chamberlain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/100px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/150px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg/200px-Neville_Chamberlain_by_Walter_Stoneman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Ladywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)">Birmingham Edgbaston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Chamberlain" title="Beatrice Chamberlain">Beatrice Chamberlain</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Chamberlain" title="Ida Chamberlain">Ida Chamberlain</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Chamberlain" title="Hilda Chamberlain">Hilda Chamberlain</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Chamberlain" title="Anne Chamberlain">Anne Chamberlain</a> (wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Neville_Chamberlain" title="Rise of Neville Chamberlain">Career before 1937</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Chamberlain_ministry" title="European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry">European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_for_our_time" title="Peace for our time">Peace for our time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">Declaration of war on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Anglo-Polish alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(1974_film)" title="The Gathering Storm (1974 film)">The Gathering Storm</a></i> (TV, 1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a></i> (TV, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countdown_to_War" title="Countdown to War">Countdown to War</a></i> (Film, 1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heil_Honey_I%27m_Home!" title="Heil Honey I'm Home!">Heil Honey I'm Home!</a></i> (TV, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(TV_series)" title="Dunkirk (TV series)">Dunkirk</a></i> (TV, 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></i> (TV, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(film)" title="Darkest Hour (film)">Darkest Hour</a></i> (Film, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Health_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Template:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Template talk:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Health_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Health secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Ministers of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Christopher Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mond,_1st_Baron_Melchett" title="Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett">Alfred Mond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">William Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">Hilton Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Kingsley Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(British_politician)" title="Ernest Brown (British politician)">Ernest Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Hilary Marquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Turton,_Baron_Tranmire" title="Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire">Robin Turton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vosper,_Baron_Runcorn" title="Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn">Dennis Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith,_Baron_Broxbourne" title="Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne">Derek Walker-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services" title="Secretary of State for Social Services">Secretaries of State for Social Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Sir Keith Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ennals,_Baron_Ennals" title="David Ennals, Baron Ennals">David Ennals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Patrick Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Norman Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Lower_Marsh" title="John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh">John Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Secretaries of State for Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill" title="William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill">William Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Stephen Dorrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson" title="Frank Dobson">Frank Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Milburn" title="Alan Milburn">Alan Milburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Patricia Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Alan Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Andrew Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Atkins" title="Victoria Atkins">Victoria Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Streeting" title="Wes Streeting">Wes Streeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paymasters_general_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paymaster_General" title="Template:Paymaster General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paymaster_General" title="Template talk:Paymaster General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paymaster_General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paymaster General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paymasters_general_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymasters general of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parnell,_1st_Baron_Congleton" title="Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton">Parnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Knatchbull,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet">Knatchbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingham_Baring,_2nd_Baron_Ashburton" title="Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_2nd_Baron_Colchester" title="Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pleydell-Bouverie" title="Edward Pleydell-Bouverie">Pleydell-Bouverie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hely-Hutchinson,_4th_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of Donoughmore">Donoughmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_6th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland">Lovaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper-Temple,_1st_Baron_Mount_Temple" title="William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple">Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_(politician)" title="William Hutt (politician)">Hutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monsell,_1st_Baron_Emly" title="William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly">Monsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cave" title="Stephen Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Dufferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Patrick_Adam" title="William Patrick Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cave" title="Stephen Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Plunket,_1st_Baron_Rathmore" title="David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore">Plunket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Glyn,_2nd_Baron_Wolverton" title="George Glyn, 2nd Baron Wolverton">Wolverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lygon,_6th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp">Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce,_5th_Baron_Thurlow" title="Thomas Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 5th Baron Thurlow">Thurlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lygon,_6th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp">Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Brownlow-Cust,_3rd_Earl_Brownlow" title="Adelbert Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Child_Villiers,_7th_Earl_of_Jersey" title="Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Windsor-Clive,_1st_Earl_of_Plymouth" title="Robert Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seale-Hayne" title="Charles Seale-Hayne">Seale-Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope,_7th_Earl_of_Hopetoun" title="John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun">Hopetoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer-Churchill,_9th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savile_Crossley,_1st_Baron_Somerleyton" title="Savile Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton">Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Causton,_1st_Baron_Southwark" title="Richard Causton, 1st Baron Southwark">Causton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Strachey,_1st_Baron_Strachie" title="Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie">Strachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Legh,_2nd_Baron_Newton" title="Thomas Legh, 2nd Baron Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Compton-Rickett" title="Joseph Compton-Rickett">Compton-Rickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Walters" title="Tudor Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Boyd-Carpenter" title="Archibald Boyd-Carpenter">Boyd-Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gosling" title="Harry Gosling">Gosling</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_5th_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_5th_Earl_of_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 5th Earl of Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Arnold,_1st_Baron_Arnold" title="Sydney Arnold, 1st Baron Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Walters" title="Tudor Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lamb,_1st_Baron_Rochester" title="Ernest Lamb, 1st Baron Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchison,_1st_Baron_Hutchison_of_Montrose" title="Robert Hutchison, 1st Baron Hutchison of Montrose">Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_FitzClarence,_5th_Earl_of_Munster" title="Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster">Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Turnour,_6th_Earl_Winterton" title="Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton">Winterton</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Hankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Cherwell</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Marquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Macdonald,_1st_Baron_Macdonald_of_Gwaenysgor" title="Gordon Macdonald, 1st Baron Macdonald of Gwaenysgor">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Cherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas-Hamilton,_10th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk">Selkirk</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Mills,_1st_Viscount_Mills" title="Percy Mills, 1st Viscount Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">H. Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd-Carpenter,_Baron_Boyd-Carpenter" title="John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter">Boyd-Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wigg" title="George Wigg">Wigg</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hart" title="Judith Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan" title="Maurice Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maude" title="Angus Maude">A. Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">J. Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">P. Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair,_20th_Earl_of_Caithness" title="Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness">Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryder,_Baron_Ryder_of_Wensum" title="Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ganzoni,_2nd_Baron_Belstead" title="John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead">Belstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cope,_Baron_Cope_of_Berkeley" title="John Cope, Baron Cope of Berkeley">Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Heathcoat-Amory" title="David Heathcoat-Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bates,_Baron_Bates" title="Michael Bates, Baron Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robinson_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Robinson (politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Primarolo" title="Dawn Primarolo">Primarolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Jowell" title="Tessa Jowell">Jowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">F. Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gummer" title="Ben Gummer">B. Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Norman" title="Jesse Norman">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellis_(British_politician)" title="Michael Ellis (British politician)">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Argar" title="Edward Argar">Argar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Philp" title="Chris Philp">Philp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Quin" title="Jeremy Quin">Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glen_(politician)" title="John Glen (politician)">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Thomas-Symonds" title="Nick Thomas-Symonds">Thomas-Symonds</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Munich_Agreement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Munich_Agreement" title="Template:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Munich_Agreement" title="Template talk:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Munich_Agreement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Munich Agreement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Munich_Agreement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Prelude</li><li><span class="nobold">(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1935_Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Czechoslovak parliamentary election">Parliamentary election, 1935</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications">Border fortifications</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_Gr%C3%BCn_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)"><i>Fall Grün</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum">Hossbach Memorandum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Runciman_Mission" title="Runciman Mission">Runciman Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Runciman_Report_(1938)" title="Runciman Report (1938)">Runciman Report</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Memorandum" title="Godesberg Memorandum">Godesberg Memorandum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster Conspiracy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_uprising" title="Sudeten German uprising">Sudeten German uprising</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Consequences</li><li><span class="nobold">(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine#Hungarian_invasion" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovak invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost#Phases_of_the_plan_and_its_implementation" title="Generalplan Ost"><i>Generalplan Ost</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nullification</li><li><span class="nobold">(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_evacuation_from_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe">German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">German expulsion from Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prague_(1973)" title="Treaty of Prague (1973)">Treaty of Prague</a> (1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Events preceding the war in Europe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Chamberlain_ministry" title="European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry">European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Peace_for_our_time" title="Peace for our time">Peace for our time</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal#Czechoslovakia" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant">Arms and the Covenant</a></i> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a></i> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chamberlain_War_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chamberlain War Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_Cabinet_of_Neville_Chamberlain_(1939–1940)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_war_ministry" title="Chamberlain war ministry">War Cabinet</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1939–1940)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha,_1st_Baron_Hore-Belisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Minister for Co-ordination of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">Lord Chatfield</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Winston Churchill"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/100px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Sir John Anderson</a> (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Sir John Anderson</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Viscount Halifax</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aircraft_Production" title="Minister of Aircraft Production">Minister of Aircraft Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1940–1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1942–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_Resident_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister Resident Middle East (page does not exist)">Minister Resident Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne" title="Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne">Lord Moyne</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> (1940–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Reconstruction" title="Minister of Reconstruction">Minister of Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Lord Woolton</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply" title="Minister of Supply">Minister of Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1941–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Production" title="Minister of Production">Minister of Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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data-file-height="4627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Lord Cave</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Lord Peel</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Lord Novar</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Phillip Lloyd-Greame</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders,_1st_Baron_Bayford" title="Robert Sanders, 1st Baron Bayford">Sir Robert Sanders</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">E. F. L. Wood</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anderson_Montague-Barlow,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Conservative and Unionist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a><br />(1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a><br />(1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><small><i>vacant</i> (1848–1849)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders (1922–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party"><span style="color:white;">Chairmen (1911–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10664#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10664#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10664#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22318481">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12589/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhwMKxMyCJFPVJPgPRKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118520024">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036961">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13621130g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13621130g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35027116">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040512003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4704727">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/711598">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069696632">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90254669">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000069558&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000187813">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2441c802rktld">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810557416705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/134881">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/331311">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259697805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14549990">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08100177?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/98866a66-5452-4bb3-a480-95a7e344c39e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/800630">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118520024.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118520024">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027895718">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583137">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60s0p2x">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/36134">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41008139">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&oldid=1259537963">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neville_Chamberlain&oldid=1259537963</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neville_Chamberlain" title="Category:Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_births" title="Category:1869 births">1869 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_deaths" title="Category:1940 deaths">1940 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom">20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a 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