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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South African recipient of the first human heart transplant (1912–1967)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+Washkansky%22">"Louis Washkansky"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+Washkansky%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+Washkansky%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+Washkansky%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+Washkansky%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+Washkansky%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis Washkansky</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1912<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1912-04-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kovno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Governorate" title="Kovno Governorate">Kovno Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-12-21)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ann Sklar</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Joshua Washkansky</b> (12 April 1912<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 21 December 1967) was a South African man who was the recipient of the world's first human-to-human <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart transplant">heart transplant</a>, and the first patient to regain consciousness following the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washkansky lived for 18 days and was able to speak with his wife and reporters.<sup id="cite_ref-review_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washkansky was the second human recipient of a heart transplant overall, in that <a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)">James Hardy</a> had done a transplant in 1964 in which <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Rush" title="Boyd Rush">Boyd Rush</a> received a chimpanzee's heart, although the patient in that case only survived an hour and did not regain consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA-June-29-1964_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-June-29-1964-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Every-Second-Counts-Mississippi-Gambling_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every-Second-Counts-Mississippi-Gambling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washkansky was a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jew">Lithuanian Jew</a>, the youngest of the four children of Abe Washkansky and his wife, Chana Yentel Kemelgor. In 1912, when Washkansky was three months old, his father emigrated to South Africa without his family and started a business as a produce merchant. As a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and its aftermath, Chana and the children were not able to re-unite with Abe in Cape Town until 1923. Washkansky attended <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_High_School" title="Cape Town High School">Cape Town High School</a>, where he passed the standard eight, before entering the grocery business in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw active service in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and Italy. </p><p>Washkansky was an avid sportsman. He took part in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">weightlifting</a>. Later on in life, he suffered heart problems and required a heart transplant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_background">Medical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washkansky's health declined substantially: he was <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetic</a>, and had an incurable heart disease, causing him to suffer three <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>. The last of these heart attacks led to <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>. </p><p>In April 1966, Washkansky visited <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> due to his pre-existing illness. He was first seen by Barry Kaplan, who in July 1966 had asked if <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a> would be willing to treat Washkansky. Barnard had performed a number of laboratory tests and an in-depth examination on Washkansky and came to the conclusion that nothing could be done to help him.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1967, Washkansky was referred to <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Gotsman" title="Mervyn Gotsman">Mervyn Gotsman</a>, a cardiologist at the Cardiac Clinic in Groote Schuur Hospital, due to refractory heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washkansky underwent cardiac catheterisation confirming severe heart failure, and was subsequently referred to Barnard for possible surgery. </p><p>Washkansky was re-admitted to Groote Schuur on 14 September 1967, which was also the Jewish New Year. As a result of heart attacks in 1965, approximately only one third of his heart was still functioning. In late October, he went into a diabetic coma, but regained consciousness. Once, when he was swollen with fluid and in considerable pain, his wife Ann asked him in a whisper how he was doing. He managed a smile and whispered, "I'm on top of the world." He was also suffering from kidney and liver failure. On 10 November, Val Schrire put forward Washkansky as a possible heart transplant candidate. </p><p>When Barnard met with Washkansky, Barnard explained the possibility of a transplant and Washkansky was agreeable to the possibility. Afterwards, Ann found her husband Louis to be "oddly buoyant." When Barnard later explained the possibility of a transplant to both of them, the idea was so new that Ann initially worried her husband might absorb some of the personality of the donor heart.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard stated to Ann and Louis Washkansky that the proposed transplant had an 80% chance of success,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been criticised as "misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the pre-op procedure was to take swabs from Washkansky's skin, nose, mouth, throat, and rectum to find out what bacteria lived on and in his body, so that the most effective antibiotics could be given after the transplant. He was also frequently washed down with <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophene" title="Hexachlorophene">Phisohex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_transplant_in_November_1967">Potential transplant in November 1967</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Potential transplant in November 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late November 1967, a potential donor was identified. A young black man had fallen off a truck and suffered a catastrophic head injury. Although the Chief of Cardiology, Val Schrire, had previously expressed a strong preference to avoid a "coloured" donor, police approached the young man's family for permission for him to be a heart donor. McRae writes that the family was "in shock after they were confronted by a policeman". The EKG of the donor heart, however, showed <a href="/wiki/ST_depression" title="ST depression">depressed ST segments</a>, meaning that it might have been damaged or was not receiving enough oxygenated blood and gave the reluctant Val Schrire a medical reason not to continue with the transplant of a "<a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a>" donor heart in apartheid South Africa. Washkansky, who had been cleaned and shaved for the possible attempt, felt let down and disappointed when it did not go forward. He felt his future chances were slim.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_and_outcome">Operation and outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation and outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washkansky received his <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart transplant">heart transplant</a> on 3 December 1967, at the <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The operation lasted approximately six hours,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This_Day_in_Jewish_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_African_History_Online-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning at 01:00, with <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a> leading a team of thirty surgeons, anaesthetists, nurses and technicians. His brother <a href="/wiki/Marius_Barnard_(surgeon)" title="Marius Barnard (surgeon)">Marius Barnard</a> assisted with the surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_African_History_Online-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Denise_Darvall" title="Denise Darvall">Denise Darvall</a> and her mother had been struck by a drunk driver while crossing a busy street on a Saturday afternoon. Her mother died at the scene. Denise was taken to Groote Schuur. Peter Rose-Innis, the hospital's senior neurosurgeon, attended to her. A skull X-ray showed two serious fractures. She showed no sign of pain when ice water was poured in her ear. In addition, her brain had no sign of electrical activity. A blood transfusion and respirator maintained the beat of her heart. Coert Venter and Bertie Bosman were the doctors who approached Denise's father Edward Darvall and asked for permission to use her heart for a possible transplant. He had been at the scene of the original accident and had been sedated after being brought to the hospital. As he waited, he thought they were still trying to save his daughter's life. Bosman told him there was a man in the hospital who was desperately ill and in need of a heart transplant, and perhaps Edward could do him a great kindness if they would allow them to transplant his Denise's heart. Bosman and Venter withdrew from the room, saying that he should take as long as needed to consider their request and that they would understand if he declined to give his consent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the four minutes Edward Darvall took to reach his decision he thought of his daughter, a birthday, and a gift she had given to him from a first salary. He began to cry and decided what needed to be done. He composed himself and summoned the doctors back to the small room. He told them that if they could not save his daughter, they must try to save this man.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Washkansky died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> eighteen days after the transplant because of a weakened immune system,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard regarded the surgery as a success because the heart was "not being stimulated by an electrical machine".<sup id="cite_ref-review_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Barnard related in his book, <i>One Life</i>, a decision was made on the fifth postoperative day to bombard Washkansky's system with immunosuppressants to guard against a potential rejection of the new heart. As later heart transplants would reveal, the signs noted at that time were part of a resettling program for the new heart and not necessarily an indication of rejection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeyers1981" class="citation book cs1">Beyers, C. J. (1981). <i>Dictionary of South African Biography: Vol IV</i>. Pretoria: National Council for Social Research (South Africa). p. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-624-00856-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-624-00856-8"><bdi>0-624-00856-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20937">20937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+South+African+Biography%3A+Vol+IV&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Social+Research+%28South+Africa%29&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20937&rft.isbn=0-624-00856-8&rft.aulast=Beyers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Washkansky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hart in S.A. Oorgeplant [Hart Transplanted in S.A.]". <i>Die Burger</i>. 4 December 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Burger&rft.atitle=Hart+in+S.A.+Oorgeplant+%5BHart+Transplanted+in+S.A.%5D&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-12-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Washkansky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-review_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-review_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Obituaries-and-Inventions/12303074818188-14/">1967 Year In Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S Afr Med J</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandroundsjournal.com/articles/gr049002/grhist-001-barnard.pdf">A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town</a>", Barnard CN, 1967 Dec 30; <i>41</i>(48): 1271–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/louiswashkansky">Louis Washkansky (1913 – 1967)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404034534/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/louiswashkansky">Archived</a> 4 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science Museum. Louis was born in Lithuania in 1913 and moved to South Africa in 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMA-June-29-1964-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAMA-June-29-1964_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1163619">Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case</a>, <i>JAMA</i> (<i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>), James D. Hardy, MD; Carlos M. Chavez, MD; Fred D. Kurrus, MD; William A. Neely, MD; Sadan Eraslan, MD; M. Don Turner, PhD; Leonard W. Fabian, MD; Thaddeus D. Labecki, MD; 188(13): 1132-1140; 29 June 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every-Second-Counts-Mississippi-Gambling-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Every-Second-Counts-Mississippi-Gambling_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald McRae, <i>Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart</i>, Chapter 7 "Mississippi Gambling," Penguin Group (G.P. Putnam's Sons), 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Hardy+said+he+would+ask+each+of+them+to+vote+in+an+informal+poll%22&pg=PT110">pages bottom 122 through 127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418170749/http://www.heart-transplant.co.uk/louis.html">"To Transplant and Beyond"</a>. Heart-transplants. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heart-transplant.co.uk/louis.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Transplant+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Heart-transplants&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heart-transplant.co.uk%2Flouis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Washkansky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piller, Laurence William. The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital 1951-1972. The Schrire Years. Published by comPress, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Ann+Washkansky+found+her+husband+to+be+oddly+buoyant%22&pg=PT152">pages 174-76</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, pages 176, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10yfCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22calculated+risks%22+Barnard+Washkansky&pg=PA27">Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You</a>, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_e03TWSl1OIC&dq=lung+1963+%22John+Russell%22&pg=PT542">A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition</a>, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, page 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&pg=PT157">pages 158–158</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, 2006, pages 191-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-This_Day_in_Jewish_History-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.561467">1967: First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife</a>, <i>Haaretz</i>, This Day in Jewish History, David B. Green, 3 December 2013. " . . When he was 9, his mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his three siblings to Cape Town, to join their father, who had come ahead of the family . . "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_African_History_Online-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/christiaan-neethling-barnard">Christiaan Neethling Barnard</a>, South African History Online, updated 11 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press1967" class="citation news cs1">The Associated Press (4 December 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE2D71131E53ABC4C53DFB467838C679EDE">"Heart Transplant Keeps Man Alive in South Africa"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. Front Page<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Heart+Transplant+Keeps+Man+Alive+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=Front+Page&rft.date=1967-12-04&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A0CE2D71131E53ABC4C53DFB467838C679EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Washkansky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, pages 188–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBYTCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bosman+and+Venter+withdrew%2C+stressing+that+he+should+take+as+long+as+he+needed+to+consider+their+request.++They+would+understand+if+he+declined+to+give+his+consent.%22&pg=PA189">page 189</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/22/archives/pneumonia-blamed-in-transplant-patients-death-new-candidate.html">"Pneumonia Blamed in Transplant Patient's Death"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 21 December 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pneumonia+Blamed+in+Transplant+Patient%27s+Death&rft.date=1967-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F12%2F22%2Farchives%2Fpneumonia-blamed-in-transplant-patients-death-new-candidate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Washkansky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609071944/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/Louis-w.htm">South African history: Louis Washkansky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hilton-t/4841585950/">World's First Heart Transplant1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hilton-t/4841018237/">World's First Heart Transplant2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hilton-t/5346184936/">Denise Darvall the donor for the World's First Heart Transplant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123095011/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844322,00.html">Article from Time Magazine, 29 December 1967</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23-IA1">Article from Life Magazine, 15 December 1967</a></li></ul> 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609967905606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&oldid=1261055387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Washkansky&oldid=1261055387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" 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