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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_catalogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_catalogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Union catalogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_catalogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97" title="অনলাইন পাবলিক অ্যাকসেস ক্যাটালগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনলাইন পাবলিক অ্যাকসেস ক্যাটালগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Электронны каталог – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронны каталог" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27acc%C3%A9s_p%C3%BAblic_en_l%C3%ADnia" title="Catàleg d'accés públic en línia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catàleg d'accés públic en línia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC_2.0" title="OPAC 2.0 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OPAC 2.0" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δημόσιος διαδικτυακός κατάλογος ανοιχτής πρόσβασης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσιος διαδικτυακός κατάλογος ανοιχτής πρόσβασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_en_l%C3%ADnea" title="Catálogo en línea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catálogo en línea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فهرست برخط دسترسی همگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست برخط دسترسی همگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Online public access catalog" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalog_akses_daring_perpustakaan" title="Katalog akses daring perpustakaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katalog akses daring perpustakaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קטלוג ציבורי מקוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטלוג ציבורי מקוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC_(Online_Public_Access_Catalog)" title="OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Public_Access_Catalog" title="Online Public Access Catalog – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Online Public Access Catalog" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_acesso_p%C3%BAblico_online" title="Catálogo de acesso público online – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catálogo de acesso público online" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Электронный библиотечный каталог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронный библиотечный каталог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_katal%C3%B3g_kni%C5%BEnice" title="Online katalóg knižnice – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Online katalóg knižnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Public_Access_Catalog" title="Online Public Access Catalog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Online Public Access Catalog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="โอแพ็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอแพ็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evrimi%C3%A7i_genel_eri%C5%9Fim_katalo%C4%9Fu" title="Çevrimiçi genel erişim kataloğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevrimiçi genel erişim kataloğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAC" title="OPAC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OPAC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" title="線上公用目錄 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Library catalog on the Web</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Special:EditPage/Online public access catalog">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22">"Online public access catalog"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Online+public+access+catalog%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>online public access catalog</b> (<b>OPAC</b>), now frequently synonymous with <i><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalog</a></i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Online_database" title="Online database">online database</a> of materials held by a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> or <a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">group of libraries</a>. Online catalogs have largely replaced the analog <a href="/wiki/Card_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Card catalog">card catalogs</a> previously used in libraries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_online">Early online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/220px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/330px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/440px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of a <a href="/wiki/Dynix_(software)" title="Dynix (software)">Dynix</a> menu. First introduced in 1983, Dynix was one of the first and most popular commercial library automation systems ever released, enjoying nearly twenty years of dominance in libraries worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a handful of experimental systems existed as early as the 1960s, the first large-scale online catalogs were developed at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> in 1975 and the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Public_Library" title="Dallas Public Library">Dallas Public Library</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These and other early online catalog systems tended to closely reflect the <a href="/wiki/Card_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Card catalog">card catalogs</a> that they were intended to replace.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> client, users could search a handful of pre-coordinate indexes and browse the resulting display in much the same way they had previously navigated the card catalog. </p><p>Throughout the 1980s, the number and sophistication of online catalogs grew. The first commercial systems appeared, and would by the end of the decade largely replace systems built by libraries themselves. Library catalogs began providing improved search mechanisms, including Boolean and keyword searching, as well as ancillary functions, such as the ability to place holds on items that had been checked-out. </p><p>At the same time, libraries began to develop applications to automate the purchase, cataloging, and circulation of books and other library materials. These applications, collectively known as an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">integrated library system</a> (ILS) or library management system, included an online catalog as the public interface to the system's inventory. Most library catalogs are closely tied to their underlying ILS system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stagnation_and_dissatisfaction">Stagnation and dissatisfaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stagnation and dissatisfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990s saw a relative stagnation in the development of online catalogs. Although the earlier character-based interfaces were replaced with ones for the Web, both the design and the underlying search technology of most systems did not advance much beyond that developed in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, organizations outside of libraries began developing more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> systems. Web search engines like <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and popular e-commerce websites such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> provided simpler to use (yet more powerful) systems that could provide relevancy ranked search results using probabilistic and vector-based queries. </p><p>Prior to the widespread use of the Internet, the online catalog was often the first information retrieval system library users ever encountered. Now accustomed to web search engines, newer generations of library users have grown increasingly dissatisfied with the complex (and often arcane) search mechanisms of older online catalog systems. </p><p>This has, in turn, led to vocal criticisms of these systems within the library community itself, and in recent years to the development of newer (often termed 'next-generation') catalogs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Next-generation_catalogs">Next-generation catalogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Next-generation catalogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newer generations of library catalog systems, typically called <a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">discovery systems</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Discovery_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery layer">discovery layer</a>), are distinguished from earlier OPACs by their use of more sophisticated search technologies, including relevancy ranking and <a href="/wiki/Faceted_search" title="Faceted search">faceted search</a>, as well as features aimed at greater user interaction and participation with the system, including tagging and reviews. These new features rely heavily on existing <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> which may be poor or inconsistent, particularly for older records. </p><p>Newer catalog platforms may be independent of the organization's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">integrated library system</a> (ILS), instead providing drivers that allow for the synchronization of data between the two systems. While the original online catalog interfaces were almost exclusively built by ILS vendors, libraries have increasingly sought next-generation catalogs built by <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_search" title="Enterprise search">enterprise search</a> companies and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> projects, often led by libraries themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_catalogs">Union catalogs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Union catalogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">Union catalog</a></div> <p>Although library catalogs typically reflect the holdings of a single library, they can also contain the holdings of a group or <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of libraries. These systems, known as <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalogs</a>, are usually designed to aid the borrowing of books and other materials among the member institutions via <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a>. Examples of this type of catalogs include <a href="/wiki/COPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="COPAC">COPAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNCAT" title="SUNCAT">SUNCAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/NLA_Trove" class="mw-redirect" title="NLA Trove">NLA Trove</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>—the latter catalogs the collections of libraries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCatstatistics_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCatstatistics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_systems">Related systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of systems that share much in common with library catalogs, but have traditionally been distinguished from them. Libraries utilize these systems to search for items not traditionally covered by a library catalog, although these systems are sometimes integrated into a more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">discovery system</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">Bibliographic databases</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Medline" class="mw-redirect" title="Medline">Medline</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC">ERIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PsycINFO" title="PsycINFO">PsycINFO</a>, and many others—index journal articles and other research data. </p><p>There are also a number of applications aimed at managing documents, photographs, and other digitized or <a href="/wiki/Born-digital" title="Born-digital">born-digital</a> items such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Commons">Digital Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/DSpace" title="DSpace">DSpace</a>. Particularly in academic libraries, these systems (often known as <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a> systems or <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repository</a> systems) assist with efforts to preserve documents created by faculty and students. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a> helps librarians to track selection, acquisition, and licensing of a library's electronic information resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Cataloguing_Principles" title="International Cataloguing Principles">International Cataloguing Principles</a> (ICP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_public_access_catalog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorgman_C1996" class="citation journal cs1">Borgman C (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3mz7h8hr/qt3mz7h8hr.pdf?t=p7cad8">"Why are Online Catalogs Still Hard to Use?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science</i>. <b>47</b> (7): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4571%28199607%2947%3A7%3C493%3A%3Aaid-asi3%3E3.3.co%3B2-y">10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199607)47:7<493::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science&rft.atitle=Why+are+Online+Catalogs+Still+Hard+to+Use%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=499&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4571%28199607%2947%3A7%3C493%3A%3Aaid-asi3%3E3.3.co%3B2-y&rft.au=Borgman+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3mz7h8hr%2Fqt3mz7h8hr.pdf%3Ft%3Dp7cad8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusainAlam_Ansari2006" class="citation journal cs1">Husain R, Alam Ansari M (2006). "From Card Catalog to Web OPACs". <i>DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 41–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14429%2Fdbit.26.2.3679">10.14429/dbit.26.2.3679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DESIDOC+Bulletin+of+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=From+Card+Catalog+to+Web+OPACs&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14429%2Fdbit.26.2.3679&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Alam+Ansari%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borgman C (1996), 493-503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntelmanLynemaPace2006" class="citation journal cs1">Antelman K, Lynema E, Pace AK (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/view/3342">"Toward a Twenty-First Century Library Catalog"</a>. <i>Information Technology and Libraries</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 128–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6017%2Fital.v25i3.3342">10.6017/ital.v25i3.3342</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Technology+and+Libraries&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Twenty-First+Century+Library+Catalog&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=128-139&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6017%2Fital.v25i3.3342&rft.aulast=Antelman&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lynema%2C+E&rft.au=Pace%2C+AK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fital%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeding_M2008" class="citation journal cs1">Breeding M (2008). "Open Source Library Automation". <i>Library Technology Reports</i>. <b>44</b> (8): 5–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Technology+Reports&rft.atitle=Open+Source+Library+Automation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Breeding+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanseman_J2015" class="citation conference cs1">Ganseman J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.muziekcollecties.be/images/IAML2015_JG.pdf"><i>Refactoring a Library's Legacy Catalog: a Case Study</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IAML 2015. New York City, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Refactoring+a+Library%27s+Legacy+Catalog%3A+a+Case+Study&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+USA&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Ganseman+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.muziekcollecties.be%2Fimages%2FIAML2015_JG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCatstatistics-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCatstatistics_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oclc.org/ca/en/worldcat/statistics/default.htm">"WorldCat facts and statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">Online Computer Library Center</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorldCat+facts+and+statistics&rft.pub=Online+Computer+Library+Center&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclc.org%2Fca%2Fen%2Fworldcat%2Fstatistics%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+public+access+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Category:Library science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libraries">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img 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