CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Muhammad Usman</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Muhammad Usman"> <meta name="keywords" content="Muhammad Usman"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Muhammad Usman" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Muhammad Usman"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 318</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Muhammad Usman</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">318</span> Subjective Quality Assessment for Impaired Videos with Varying Spatial and Temporal Information</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Rehan%20Usman">Muhammad Rehan Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Arslan%20Usman"> Muhammad Arslan Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Soo%20Young%20Shin"> Soo Young Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The new era of digital communication has brought up many challenges that network operators need to overcome. The high demand of mobile data rates require improved networks, which is a challenge for the operators in terms of maintaining the quality of experience (QoE) for their consumers. In live video transmission, there is a sheer need for live surveillance of the videos in order to maintain the quality of the network. For this purpose objective algorithms are employed to monitor the quality of the videos that are transmitted over a network. In order to test these objective algorithms, subjective quality assessment of the streamed videos is required, as the human eye is the best source of perceptual assessment. In this paper we have conducted subjective evaluation of videos with varying spatial and temporal impairments. These videos were impaired with frame freezing distortions so that the impact of frame freezing on the quality of experience could be studied. We present subjective Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for these videos that can be used for fine tuning the objective algorithms for video quality assessment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frame%20freezing" title="Frame freezing">Frame freezing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mean%20opinion%20score" title=" mean opinion score"> mean opinion score</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=objective%0D%0Aassessment" title=" objective assessment"> objective assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=subjective%20evaluation." title=" subjective evaluation."> subjective evaluation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/subjective-quality-assessment-for-impaired-videos-with-varying-spatial-and-temporal-information" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1794</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">317</span> The Impact of Temporal Impairment on Quality of Experience (QoE) in Video Streaming: A No Reference (NR) Subjective and Objective Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Arslan%20Usman">Muhammad Arslan Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Rehan%20Usman"> Muhammad Rehan Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Soo%20Young%20Shin"> Soo Young Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Live video streaming is one of the most widely used service among end users, yet it is a big challenge for the network operators in terms of quality. The only way to provide excellent Quality of Experience (QoE) to the end users is continuous monitoring of live video streaming. For this purpose, there are several objective algorithms available that monitor the quality of the video in a live stream. Subjective tests play a very important role in fine tuning the results of objective algorithms. As human perception is considered to be the most reliable source for assessing the quality of a video stream subjective tests are conducted in order to develop more reliable objective algorithms. Temporal impairments in a live video stream can have a negative impact on the end users. In this paper we have conducted subjective evaluation tests on a set of video sequences containing temporal impairment known as frame freezing. Frame Freezing is considered as a transmission error as well as a hardware error which can result in loss of video frames on the reception side of a transmission system. In our subjective tests, we have performed tests on videos that contain a single freezing event and also for videos that contain multiple freezing events. We have recorded our subjective test results for all the videos in order to give a comparison on the available No Reference (NR) objective algorithms. Finally, we have shown the performance of no reference algorithms used for objective evaluation of videos and suggested the algorithm that works better. The outcome of this study shows the importance of QoE and its effect on human perception. The results for the subjective evaluation can serve the purpose for validating objective algorithms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Objective%20evaluation" title="Objective evaluation">Objective evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=subjective%20evaluation" title=" subjective evaluation"> subjective evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=quality%0D%0Aof%20experience%20%28QoE%29" title=" quality of experience (QoE)"> quality of experience (QoE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=video%20quality%20assessment%20%28VQA%29." title=" video quality assessment (VQA)."> video quality assessment (VQA).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/the-impact-of-temporal-impairment-on-quality-of-experience-qoe-in-video-streaming-a-no-reference-nr-subjective-and-objective-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002091.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1632</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">316</span> Impact of Brand Origin on Brand Loyalty: A Case of Personal Care Products in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aimen%20Batool%20Bint-E-Rashid">Aimen Batool Bint-E-Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Syed%20Muhammad%20Dawood%20Ali%20Shah"> Syed Muhammad Dawood Ali Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman%20Farooq"> Muhammad Usman Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahgul%20Anwar"> Mahgul Anwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>As the world is progressing, the needs and demands of the consumer market are also changing. Nowadays the trends of consumer purchase decisions are dependent upon multiple factors. This study aims to identify the influential impact of country of origin over the perception and devotion towards daily personal care products specifically in reference to the knowledge and awareness regarding that particular brand in Pakistan. To corroborate this study, a 30-item brand origin questionnaire has been used with 300 purchase decision makers belonging to different age groups. To illustrate this study, a model has been developed based on brand origin, brand awareness and brand loyalty. Correlation and regression analysis have been used to find out the results which conclude the findings on the perspective of Pakistan’s consumer market as that brand origin has a direct relationship with brand loyalty provided that the consumer has a positive brand awareness. Support for the fact that brand origin impacts brand loyalty through brand awareness has been presented in this study.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Brand%20awareness" title="Brand awareness">Brand awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=brand%20loyalty" title=" brand loyalty"> brand loyalty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=brand%20origin" title=" brand origin"> brand origin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=personal%20care%20products" title=" personal care products"> personal care products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P%26G" title=" P&G"> P&G</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Unilever." title=" Unilever. "> Unilever. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/impact-of-brand-origin-on-brand-loyalty-a-case-of-personal-care-products-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">315</span> Analysis of Poverty Reduction Strategies as Mechanism for Development in Nigeria from 1999-2014</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmed%20Usman%20Egye">Ahmed Usman Egye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hamza%20Muhammad"> Hamza Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poverty alleviation is one of the most difficult challenges facing third world countries in their development efforts. Evidences in Nigeria showed that the number of those in poverty has continued to increase. This paper is aimed at analyzing the performance of poverty alleviation measures undertaken by successive administrations in Nigeria with a view to addressing the quagmire. The study identified the whole gamut of factors that served as stumbling blocks to the implementation of each of the strategies and recommended the involvement of local people in the identification and design of projects so that sufficient participation could be achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=strategies" title=" strategies"> strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nigeria." title=" Nigeria."> Nigeria.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/analysis-of-poverty-reduction-strategies-as-mechanism-for-development-in-nigeria-from-1999-2014" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2773</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">314</span> Simulating Gradient Contour and Mesh of a Scalar Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Usman%20Ali%20Khan">Usman Ali Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bismah%20Tariq"> Bismah Tariq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Khalida%20Raza"> Khalida Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saima%20Malik"> Saima Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aoun%20Muhammad"> Aoun Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper is based upon the simulation of gradient of mathematical functions and scalar fields using MATLAB. Scalar fields, their gradient, contours and mesh/surfaces are simulated using different related MATLAB tools and commands for convenient presentation and understanding. Different mathematical functions and scalar fields are examined here by taking their gradient, visualizing results in 3D with different color shadings and using other necessary relevant commands. In this way the outputs of required functions help us to analyze and understand in a better way as compared to just theoretical study of gradient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gradient" title=" Gradient"> Gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Contour" title=" Contour"> Contour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Scalar%20Field" title=" Scalar Field"> Scalar Field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesh" title=" Mesh"> Mesh</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/simulating-gradient-contour-and-mesh-of-a-scalar-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">313</span> Value Co-Creation in Used-Car Auctions: A Service Scientific Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Safdar%20Muhammad%20Usman">Safdar Muhammad Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Youji%20Kohda"> Youji Kohda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Katsuhiro%20Umemoto"> Katsuhiro Umemoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Electronic market place plays an important intermediary role for connecting dealers and retail customers. The main aim of this paper is to design a value co-creation model in used-car auctions. More specifically, the study has been designed in order to describe the process of value co-creation in used-car auctions, to explore the co-created values in used-car auctions, and finally conclude the paper indicating the future research directions. Our analysis shows that economic values as well as non-economic values are co-created in used-car auctions. In addition, this paper contributes to the academic society broadening the view of value co-creation in service science.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Value%20co-creation" title="Value co-creation">Value co-creation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Used-car%20auctions" title=" Used-car auctions"> Used-car auctions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Non-economic%0D%0Avalues" title=" Non-economic values"> Non-economic values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Service%20science." title=" Service science."> Service science.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/value-co-creation-in-used-car-auctions-a-service-scientific-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">312</span> Studies on Seasonal Variations of Physico- Chemical Parameters of Fish Farm at Govt. Nursery Unit, Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Naeem">Muhammad Naeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdus%20Salam"> Abdus Salam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Ashraf"> Muhammad Ashraf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Imran"> Muhammad Imran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mehtab%20Ahmad"> Mehtab Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Jamshed%20Khan"> Muhammad Jamshed Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Mazhar%20Ayaz"> Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muzaffar%20Ali"> Muzaffar Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arshad%20Ali"> Arshad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Memoona%20Qayyum%20Abir%20Ishtiaq"> Memoona Qayyum Abir Ishtiaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The present study was designed to demonstrate the seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of fish farm at Govt. Nursery Unit, Muzaffargarh, Department of Fisheries Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan for a period of eight months from January to August 2008. Water samples were collected on fifteen days basis and have been analyzed for estimation of Air temperature, Water temperature, Light penetration, pH, Total dissolved oxygen, Clouds, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Total carbonates, Total dissolved solids, Chlorides, Calcium and Hardness. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in all the physico-chemical parameters of fish farm. The overall physicochemical parameters of fish pond water remained within the tolerable range throughout the study period.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Freshwater" title="Freshwater">Freshwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fish%20farm" title=" Fish farm"> Fish farm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Water%20quality" title=" Water quality"> Water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seasonal%20variation" title=" Seasonal variation"> Seasonal variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chemical%20factor" title=" Chemical factor"> Chemical factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/studies-on-seasonal-variations-of-physico-chemical-parameters-of-fish-farm-at-govt-nursery-unit-muzaffargarh-punjab-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">311</span> Impact of Solar Energy Based Power Grid for Future Prospective of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammd%20Usman%20Sardar">Muhammd Usman Sardar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mazhar%20Hussain%20Baloch"> Mazhar Hussain Baloch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Shahbaz%20Ahmad"> Muhammad Shahbaz Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zahir%20Javed%20Paracha"> Zahir Javed Paracha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Shortfall of electrical energy in Pakistan is a challenge adversely affecting its industrial output and social growth. As elsewhere, Pakistan derives its electrical energy from a number of conventional sources. The exhaustion of petroleum and conventional resources, the rising costs coupled with extremely adverse climatic effects are taking its toll especially on the under-developed countries like Pakistan. As alternate, renewable energy sources like hydropower, solar, wind, even bio-energy and a mix of some or all of them could provide a credible alternative to the conventional energy resources that would not only be cleaner but sustainable as well. As a model, solar energy-based power grid for the near future has been attempted to offset the energy shortfalls as a mix with our existing sustainable natural energy resources. An assessment of solar energy potential for electricity generation is being presented for fulfilling the energy demands with higher level of reliability and sustainability. This model is based on the premise that solar energy potential of Pakistan is not only reliable but also sustainable. This research estimates the present & future approaching renewable energy resource specially the impact of solar energy based power grid for mitigating energy shortage in Pakistan.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Powergrid%20network" title="Powergrid network">Powergrid network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solar%20photovoltaic%20%28SPV%29%20setups" title=" solar photovoltaic (SPV) setups"> solar photovoltaic (SPV) setups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solar%20power%20generation" title=" solar power generation"> solar power generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solar%20energy%20technology%20%28SET%29." title=" solar energy technology (SET)."> solar energy technology (SET).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/impact-of-solar-energy-based-power-grid-for-future-prospective-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">310</span> Use of Pesticides and Their Role in Environmental Pollution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Jamil%20Khan">Muhammad Jamil Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Sharif%20Zia"> Muhammad Sharif Zia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Qasim"> Muhammad Qasim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Insect pests are the major source of crop damage, yield and quality reduction in Pakistan and else where in the world. Cotton crop is the most hit crop in Pakistan followed by rice and the second most important foreign exchange earning crop. A wide variety of staple, horticultural and cash crops grown, reflect serious problems of many types of insect pests. To overcome the insect pest problem, pesticide use in Pakistan has increased substantially which has now been further intensified. Pesticides worth more than billions of rupees are imported every year. This paper reviews the over all pesticide use in Pakistan in relation to pesticide prices, support price of cotton and rice, pesticide use in different provinces of Pakistan on different crops and their impact on crop productivity. The environmental pollution caused by the use of pesticides, contamination of soil and water resources and the danger associated with the disposal of their empty containers is also discussed in detail. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pesticide%20use" title="Pesticide use">Pesticide use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=crop%20productivity" title=" crop productivity"> crop productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=environmentalpollution" title=" environmentalpollution"> environmentalpollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/use-of-pesticides-and-their-role-in-environmental-pollution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3506</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">309</span> The Malacca Empire: Sayings of Prophet Muhammad in Sulalat Al-Salatin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdur-Rahman%20M.%20A.">Abdur-Rahman M. A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20M.%20Mohd.%20Ali"> R. M. Mohd. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20A.%20I.%20R.%20Yaacob."> R. A. I. R. Yaacob.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the fifteenth century, the Malacca Empire emerged as the centre of Islamic civilization in the Malay Archipelago. The history had been recorded in Sulalat Al-Salatin, an important literary source about the genealogy of all Kings in Malacca. The objective of this study was to analyze the understanding of sayings from Prophet Muhammad among Malays in Malacca during the fifteenth century through all of the hadith quoted in Sulalat Al-Salatin. This study used content analysis methodology to validate the sayings where all of them were critically analyzed and compared with the classical hadith sources from prominent Muslim scholars. As a result, only two out of the four quotations were considered as authentic sayings of Prophet Muhammad. This study also showed the importance of the palace as the centre of the Islamic education system and the role played by Muslim preachers from outside of Malacca to propagate Islam in Malacca. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hadith%20in%20Malay%20Annals" title="Hadith in Malay Annals">Hadith in Malay Annals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Malay%20Annals" title=" Malay Annals"> Malay Annals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SejarahMelayu" title=" SejarahMelayu"> SejarahMelayu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sulalat%20Al-Salatin." title=" Sulalat Al-Salatin."> Sulalat Al-Salatin.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/the-malacca-empire-sayings-of-prophet-muhammad-in-sulalat-al-salatin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1714</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">308</span> Low Resolution Single Neural Network Based Face Recognition </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jahan%20Zeb">Jahan Zeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Younus%20Javed"> Muhammad Younus Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Usman%20Qayyum"> Usman Qayyum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper deals with the implementation of face recognition using neural network (recognition classifier) on low-resolution images. The proposed system contains two parts, preprocessing and face classification. The preprocessing part converts original images into blurry image using average filter and equalizes the histogram of those image (lighting normalization). The bi-cubic interpolation function is applied onto equalized image to get resized image. The resized image is actually low-resolution image providing faster processing for training and testing. The preprocessed image becomes the input to neural network classifier, which uses back-propagation algorithm to recognize the familiar faces. The crux of proposed algorithm is its beauty to use single neural network as classifier, which produces straightforward approach towards face recognition. The single neural network consists of three layers with Log sigmoid, Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid and Linear transfer function respectively. The training function, which is incorporated in our work, is Gradient descent with momentum (adaptive learning rate) back propagation. The proposed algorithm was trained on ORL (Olivetti Research Laboratory) database with 5 training images. The empirical results provide the accuracy of 94.50%, 93.00% and 90.25% for 20, 30 and 40 subjects respectively, with time delay of 0.0934 sec per image. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Average%20filtering" title="Average filtering">Average filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bicubic%20Interpolation" title=" Bicubic Interpolation"> Bicubic Interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Neurons" title=" Neurons"> Neurons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=vectorization." title=" vectorization."> vectorization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/low-resolution-single-neural-network-based-face-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1750</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">307</span> Optimization of Growth Conditions for Acidic Protease Production from Rhizopus oligosporus through Solid State Fermentation of Sunflower Meal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdul%20Rauf">Abdul Rauf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Irfan"> Muhammad Irfan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Nadeem"> Muhammad Nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ishtiaq%20Ahmed"> Ishtiaq Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Nasir%20Iqbal">Hafiz Muhammad Nasir Iqbal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rhizopus oligosporus was used in the present study for the production of protease enzyme under SSF. Sunflower meal was used as by-product of oil industry incorporated with organic salts was employed for the production of protease enzyme. The main purpose of the present was to study different parameters of protease productivity, its yields and to optimize basal fermentation conditions. The optimal conditions found for protease production using sunflower meal as a substrate in the present study were inoculum size (1%), substrate (Sunflower meal), substrate concentration (20 g), pH (3), cultivation period (72 h), incubation temperature (35oC), substrate to diluent-s ratio (1:2) and tween 81 (1 mL). The maximum production of protease in the presence of cheaper substrate at low concentration and stability at acidic pH, these characteristics make the strain and its enzymes useful in different industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acidic%20protease" title="Acidic protease">Acidic protease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rhizopus%20oligosporus" title=" Rhizopus oligosporus"> Rhizopus oligosporus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mediaoptimization" title=" Mediaoptimization"> Mediaoptimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Solid%20state%20Fermentation" title=" Solid state Fermentation"> Solid state Fermentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/optimization-of-growth-conditions-for-acidic-protease-production-from-rhizopus-oligosporus-through-solid-state-fermentation-of-sunflower-meal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3002</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">306</span> New Simultaneous High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of NSAIDs and Opioid Analgesics in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Human Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Asad%20Ullah%20Madni">Asad Ullah Madni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahmood%20Ahmad"> Mahmood Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Naveed%20Akhtar"> Naveed Akhtar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman"> Muhammad Usman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new and cost effective RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of non steroidal anti inflammatory dugs Diclofenac sodium (DFS), Flurbiprofen (FLP) and an opioid analgesic Tramadol (TMD) in advanced drug delivery systems (Liposome and Microcapsules), marketed brands and human plasma. Isocratic system was employed for the flow of mobile phase consisting of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in molar ratio of 67: 33 with adjusted pH of 3.2. The stationary phase was hypersil ODS column (C18, 250×4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) with controlled temperature of 30 C°. DFS in liposomes, microcapsules and marketed drug products was determined in range of 99.76-99.84%. FLP and TMD in microcapsules and brands formulation were 99.78 - 99.94 % and 99.80 - 99.82 %, respectively. Single step liquid-liquid extraction procedure using combination of acetonitrile and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as protein precipitating agent was employed. The detection limits (at S/N ratio 3) of quality control solutions and plasma samples were 10, 20, and 20 ng/ml for DFS, FLP and TMD, respectively. The Assay was acceptable in linear dynamic range. All other validation parameters were found in limits of FDA and ICH method validation guidelines. The proposed method is sensitive, accurate and precise and could be applicable for routine analysis in pharmaceutical industry as well as in human plasma samples for bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Diclofenac%20Sodium" title="Diclofenac Sodium">Diclofenac Sodium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flurbiprofen" title=" Flurbiprofen"> Flurbiprofen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tramadol" title=" Tramadol"> Tramadol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HPLCUV%0Adetection" title=" HPLCUV detection"> HPLCUV detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Validation." title=" Validation."> Validation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/new-simultaneous-high-performance-liquid-chromatographic-method-for-determination-of-nsaids-and-opioid-analgesics-in-advanced-drug-delivery-systems-and-human-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1859</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">305</span> Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis at Different Harvest Time on Some Liver and Kidney Function Indices of Diabetic Rats </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=O.%20Soji-Omoniwa">O. Soji-Omoniwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20O.%20Muhammad"> N. O. Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20A.%20Usman"> L. A. Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20P.%20Omoniwa"> B. P. Omoniwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the leaf essential oil of <em>C. sinensis</em> harvested at 7.00a.m and 4.00p.m on some Liver and Kidney function indices of diabetic rats as well as investigate the effect of time of harvest on the observed effect. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D). Diabetes mellitus was induced in all animals, except the normal control group (Group A), by injecting 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally. Group A received distilled water while group B (diabetic control group) was not treated. Group C and D were treated with leaf essential oil of <em>C. sinensis</em> harvested at 7.00 a.m and 4.00p.m respectively at a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight every other day for 15 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) activity was evaluated in the serum, Liver and Kidney of studied animals. Total and Direct Bilirubin level, Total Protein and Globulin, Creatinine and Urea level were also evaluated. Result showed that creatinine and urea, serum ALP, AST and ALT levels was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while the levels of total Protein and Globulin increased significantly (p < 0.05) for the treated animals compared to the diabetic control group. In conclusion, the leaf essential oil of <em>Citrus sinensis</em> ameliorated the impaired renal and liver function; however, the time of harvest of the leaf does not significantly affect its ameliorative effect.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20sinensis" title="C. sinensis">C. sinensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Function%20indices" title=" Function indices"> Function indices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Harvest%20time" title=" Harvest time"> Harvest time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Leaf%20essential%20oil." title=" Leaf essential oil."> Leaf essential oil.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/effect-of-leaf-essential-oil-of-citrus-sinensis-at-different-harvest-time-on-some-liver-and-kidney-function-indices-of-diabetic-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">304</span> Pharmaceutical Microencapsulation Technology for Development of Controlled Release Drug Delivery systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahmood%20Ahmad">Mahmood Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Asadullah%20Madni"> Asadullah Madni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman"> Muhammad Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abubakar%20Munir">Abubakar Munir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Naveed%20Akhtar"> Naveed Akhtar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Haji%20M.%20Shoaib%20Khan"> Haji M. Shoaib Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article demonstrated development of controlled release system of an NSAID drug, Diclofenac sodium employing different ratios of Ethyl cellulose. Diclofenac sodium and ethyl cellulose in different proportions were processed by microencapsulation based on phase separation technique to formulate microcapsules. The prepared microcapsules were then compressed into tablets to obtain controlled release oral formulations. In-vitro evaluation was performed by dissolution test of each preparation was conducted in 900 ml of phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2 maintained at 37 ± 0.5 °C and stirred at 50 rpm. At predetermined time intervals (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hrs). The drug concentration in the collected samples was determined by UV spectrophotometer at 276 nm. The physical characteristics of diclofenac sodium microcapsules were according to accepted range. These were off-white, free flowing and spherical in shape. The release profile of diclofenac sodium from microcapsules was found to be directly proportional to the proportion of ethylcellulose and coat thickness. The in-vitro release pattern showed that with ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (drug: polymer), the percentage release of drug at first hour was 16.91 and 11.52 %, respectively as compared to 1:3 which is only 6.87 % with in this time. The release mechanism followed higuchi model for its release pattern. Tablet Formulation (F2) of present study was found comparable in release profile the marketed brand Phlogin-SR, microcapsules showed an extended release beyond 24 h. Further, a good correlation was found between drug release and proportion of ethylcellulose in the microcapsules. Microencapsulation based on coacervation found as good technique to control release of diclofenac sodium for making the controlled release formulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Diclofenac%20sodium" title="Diclofenac sodium">Diclofenac sodium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Microencapsulationtechnology" title=" Microencapsulationtechnology"> Microencapsulationtechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ethylcellulose" title=" Ethylcellulose"> Ethylcellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=In-Vitro%20Release%20Profile" title=" In-Vitro Release Profile"> In-Vitro Release Profile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/pharmaceutical-microencapsulation-technology-for-development-of-controlled-release-drug-delivery-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">303</span> Effect of Varying Diets on Growth, Development and Survival of Queen Bee (Apis mellifera L.) in Captivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Anjum%20Aqueel">Muhammad Anjum Aqueel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zaighum%20Abbas"> Zaighum Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mubasshir%20Sohail"> Mubasshir Sohail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Abubakar"> Muhammad Abubakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hafiz%20Khurram%20Shurjeel"> Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abu%20Bakar%20Muhammad%20Raza"> Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Afzal"> Muhammad Afzal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sami%20Ullah"> Sami Ullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Keeping in view the increasing demand, queen of <em>Apis mellifera</em> L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was reared artificially in this experiment at varying diets including royal jelly. Larval duration, pupal duration, weight, and size of pupae were evaluated at different diets including royal jelly. Queen larvae were raised by Doo Little grafting method. Four different diets were mixed with royal jelly and applied to larvae. Fructose, sugar, yeast, and honey were provided to rearing queen larvae along with same amount of royal jelly. Larval and pupal duration were longest (6.15 and 7.5 days, respectively) at yeast and shortest on honey (5.05 and 7.02 days, respectively). Heavier and bigger pupae were recorded on yeast (168.14 mg and 1.76 cm, respectively) followed by diets having sugar and honey. Due to production of heavier and bigger pupae, yeast was considered as best artificial diet for the growing queen larvae. So, in the second part of experiment, different amounts of yeast were provided to growing larvae along with fixed amount (0.5 g) of royal jelly. Survival rates of the larvae and queen bee were 70% and 40% in the 4-g food, 86.7% and 53.3% in the 6-g food, and 76.7% and 50% in the 8-g food. Weight of adult queen bee (1.459±0.191 g) and the number of ovarioles (41.7±21.3) were highest at 8 g of food. Results of this study are helpful for bee-keepers in producing fitter queen bees.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Apis%20melifera%20L." title="Apis melifera L.">Apis melifera L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dietary%20effect" title=" dietary effect"> dietary effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=survival%20and%20development" title=" survival and development"> survival and development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=honey%20bee%20queen." title=" honey bee queen."> honey bee queen.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/effect-of-varying-diets-on-growth-development-and-survival-of-queen-bee-apis-mellifera-l-in-captivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">302</span> A NXM Version of 5X5 Playfair Cipher for any Natural Language (Urdu as Special Case)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Salam">Muhammad Salam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nasir%20Rashid"> Nasir Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shah%20Khalid"> Shah Khalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Raees%20Khan"> Muhammad Raees Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper a modified version NXM of traditional 5X5 playfair cipher is introduced which enable the user to encrypt message of any Natural language by taking appropriate size of the matrix depending upon the size of the natural language. 5X5 matrix has the capability of storing only 26 characters of English language and unable to store characters of any language having more than 26 characters. To overcome this limitation NXM matrix is introduced which solve this limitation. In this paper a special case of Urdu language is discussed. Where # is used for completing odd pair and * is used for repeating letters.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cryptography" title="cryptography">cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=decryption" title=" decryption"> decryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=playfair%0D%0Acipher" title=" playfair cipher"> playfair cipher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=traditional%20cipher." title=" traditional cipher."> traditional cipher.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/a-nxm-version-of-5x5-playfair-cipher-for-any-natural-language-urdu-as-special-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">301</span> Analysis of Fixed Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Umair%20Shahid">Muhammad Umair Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdul%20Rehman"> Abdul Rehman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mudassir%20Mukhtar"> Mudassir Mukhtar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Nauman"> Muhammad Nauman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The smart antenna is the prominent technology that has become known in recent years to meet the growing demands of wireless communications. In an overcrowded atmosphere, its application is growing gradually. A methodical evaluation of the performance of Fixed Beamforming algorithms for smart antennas such as Multiple Sidelobe Canceller (MSC), Maximum Signal-to-interference ratio (MSIR) and minimum variance (MVDR) has been comprehensively presented in this paper. Simulation results show that beamforming is helpful in providing optimized response towards desired directions. MVDR beamformer provides the most optimal solution.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fixed%20weight%20beamforming" title="Fixed weight beamforming">Fixed weight beamforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=array%20pattern" title=" array pattern"> array pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=signal%20to%20interference%20ratio" title=" signal to interference ratio"> signal to interference ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=power%20efficiency" title=" power efficiency"> power efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=element%20spacing" title=" element spacing"> element spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=array%20elements" title=" array elements"> array elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optimum%20weight%20vector." title=" optimum weight vector."> optimum weight vector.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/analysis-of-fixed-beamforming-algorithms-for-smart-antenna-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">780</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">300</span> Effect of Body Size and Condition Factor on Whole Body Composition of Hybrid (Catla catla ♂x Labeo rohita ♀) from Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Naeem">Muhammad Naeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdus%20Salam"> Abdus Salam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Asghar%20Bashir"> Muhammad Asghar Bashir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abir%20Ishtiaq"> Abir Ishtiaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qurat-ul-Ane%20Gillani%20and%0D%0AAsma%20Salam"> Qurat-ul-Ane Gillani and Asma Salam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, 49 Hybrid (Catla catla ♂ x Labeo rohita ♀) were sampled from Al-Raheem Fish Hatchery, Village Ali Pure Shamali, Jhang Road, 18 Km from Muzaffar Garh using a cast net and Live fishes were transported to research laboratory. Mean percentage for water found 79.13 %, ash 6.58 %, fat 2.22 % and protein content 12.06 % in whole wet body weight. It was observed that body constituents were found increasing in the same proportion with an increase in body weight while significant proportional increase was observed with total length. However, condition factor remained insignificant (P>0.05) with body constituents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hybrid%20fish" title="Hybrid fish">Hybrid fish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Body%20composition" title=" Body composition"> Body composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Condition%20factor" title=" Condition factor"> Condition factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Predictive%20equations" title=" Predictive equations"> Predictive equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/effect-of-body-size-and-condition-factor-on-whole-body-composition-of-hybrid-catla-catla-x-labeo-rohita-from-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1808</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">299</span> Fabrication and Characterization of Al/Methyl Orange/n-Si Heterojunction Diode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Tahir">Muhammad Tahir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20H.%20Sayyad"> Muhammad H. Sayyad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dil%20N.%20Khan"> Dil N. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fazal%20Wahab"> Fazal Wahab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herein, the organic semiconductor methyl orange (MO), is investigated for the first time for its electronic applications. For this purpose, Al/MO/n-Si heterojunction is fabricated through economical cheap and simple “drop casting” technique. The currentvoltage (I-V) measurements of the device are made at room temperature under dark conditions. The I-V characteristics of Al/MO/n-Si junction exhibits asymmetrical and rectifying behavior that confirms the formation of diode. The diode parameters such as rectification ratio (RR), turn on voltage (Vturn on), reverse saturation current (I0), ideality factor (n), barrier height ( b f ), series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) are determined from I-V curves using Schottky equations. These values of these parameters are also extracted and verified by applying Cheung’s functions. The conduction mechanisms are explained from the forward bias I-V characteristics using the power law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Electrical%20properties" title="Electrical properties">Electrical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Organic%2Finorganic%0D%0Aheterojunction%20diode" title=" Organic/inorganic heterojunction diode"> Organic/inorganic heterojunction diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Methyl%20Orange" title=" Methyl Orange"> Methyl Orange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cheungs%20Functions" title=" Cheungs Functions"> Cheungs Functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/fabrication-and-characterization-of-almethyl-orangen-si-heterojunction-diode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1930</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">298</span> External Morphological Study of Wild Labeo calbasu with Reference to Body Weight' Total Length and Condition Factor from the River Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Naeem">Muhammad Naeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Asif%20Hussain%20Bhatti"> Asif Hussain Bhatti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Fahad%20Nouman"> Muhammad Fahad Nouman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 115 samples of Labeo calbasu ranged 8.0-17.9cm length with mean11.90±1.96 and 4.9-68.5g weight with mean 22.25±12.54 from the River Chenab, Southern Punjab, Pakistan were analyzed to investigate length-weight relationships (LWR) of fish in relation to condition factor (K). Standard length (SL), fork length (FL), head length (HL) head width (HW), body girth (BG), dorsal fin length (DFL), dorsal fin base (DFB), pectoral fin length (PcFL), pelvic fin length (PvFL) and anal fin length (AFL) are found to be highly correlated with increasing total length and wet body weight (r > 0.500). Wet body weight has positive (r=0.540) and total length has no correlation (r=0.344) with calculated Condition factor (K). The slope “b" in the relationship is 3.27 and intercepts -2.2258. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Labeo%20calbasu" title="Labeo calbasu">Labeo calbasu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Length-weight%20relationship" title=" Length-weight relationship"> Length-weight relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Body%0Aweight" title=" Body weight"> Body weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=condition%20factor" title=" condition factor"> condition factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/external-morphological-study-of-wild-labeo-calbasu-with-reference-to-body-weight-total-length-and-condition-factor-from-the-river-chenab-punjab-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2085</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">297</span> Applications of AUSM+ Scheme on Subsonic, Supersonic and Hypersonic Flows Fields</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Yamin%20Younis">Muhammad Yamin Younis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Amjad%20Sohail"> Muhammad Amjad Sohail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tawfiqur%20Rahman"> Tawfiqur Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zaka%20Muhammad"> Zaka Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saifur%20Rahman%20Bakaul"> Saifur Rahman Bakaul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The performance of Advection Upstream Splitting Method AUSM schemes are evaluated against experimental flow fields at different Mach numbers and results are compared with experimental data of subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flow fields. The turbulent model used here is SST model by Menter. The numerical predictions include lift coefficient, drag coefficient and pitching moment coefficient at different mach numbers and angle of attacks. This work describes a computational study undertaken to compute the Aerodynamic characteristics of different air vehicles configurations using a structured Navier-Stokes computational technique. The CFD code bases on the idea of upwind scheme for the convective (convective-moving) fluxes. CFD results for GLC305 airfoil and cone cylinder tail fined missile calculated on above mentioned turbulence model are compared with the available data. Wide ranges of Mach number from subsonic to hypersonic speeds are simulated and results are compared. When the computation is done by using viscous turbulence model the above mentioned coefficients have a very good agreement with the experimental values. AUSM scheme is very efficient in the regions of very high pressure gradients like shock waves and discontinuities. The AUSM versions simulate the all types of flows from lower subsonic to hypersonic flow without oscillations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Subsonic" title="Subsonic">Subsonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supersonic" title=" supersonic"> supersonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hypersonic" title=" Hypersonic"> Hypersonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=AUSM%2B" title=" AUSM+"> AUSM+</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Drag%0ACoefficient" title=" Drag Coefficient"> Drag Coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lift%20Coefficient" title=" lift Coefficient"> lift Coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pitching%20moment%20coefficient" title=" Pitching moment coefficient"> Pitching moment coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pressure%0ACoefficient" title=" pressure Coefficient"> pressure Coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=turbulent%20flow." title=" turbulent flow."> turbulent flow.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/applications-of-ausm-scheme-on-subsonic-supersonic-and-hypersonic-flows-fields" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">296</span> A Novel Approach for Tracking of a Mobile Node Based on Particle Filter and Trilateration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Haroon%20Siddiqui">Muhammad Haroon Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Rehan%20Khalid"> Muhammad Rehan Khalid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper evaluates the performance of a novel algorithm for tracking of a mobile node, interms of execution time and root mean square error (RMSE). Particle Filter algorithm is used to track the mobile node, however a new technique in particle filter algorithm is also proposed to reduce the execution time. The stationary points were calculated through trilateration and finally by averaging the number of points collected for a specific time, whereas tracking is done through trilateration as well as particle filter algorithm. Wi-Fi signal is used to get initial guess of the position of mobile node in x-y coordinates system. Commercially available software “Wireless Mon" was used to read the WiFi signal strength from the WiFi card. Visual Cµ version 6 was used to interact with this software to read only the required data from the log-file generated by “Wireless Mon" software. Results are evaluated through mathematical modeling and MATLAB simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Particle%20Filter" title="Particle Filter">Particle Filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tracking" title=" Tracking"> Tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wireless%20Local%20Area%0ANetwork" title=" Wireless Local Area Network"> Wireless Local Area Network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=WiFi" title=" WiFi"> WiFi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Trilateration" title=" Trilateration"> Trilateration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/a-novel-approach-for-tracking-of-a-mobile-node-based-on-particle-filter-and-trilateration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2067</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">295</span> Factors Paving the Way towards Islamic Banking in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Mazhar%20Manzoor">Muhammad Mazhar Manzoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Aqeel"> Muhammad Aqeel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdul%20Sattar"> Abdul Sattar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Islamic banking is one the most blossoming doctrine in economic system of the world. The Fast growing awareness about Islamic financial system has brought strong feeling to Muslims to confront the western interest-based economic cycle. The Islamic economic system is emerging as a reliable alternative to the interest based system. This study is proposed to ascertain the motivational factors encouraging people to go for Islamic banking in Pakistan. These pulsing factors are determined by generation of hypothesis that there are certain factors which are urging people to opt Islamic banking system and to see the differences in their ranking by applying Friedman test. These factors include: Economically derived factors such as stability of Islamic banks in crisis, profit and loss sharing doctrine and equity sharing etc. This study also highlights the religiously derived factors such as interest free banking, Shariah tenets and supervisory of Islamic Shariah board and sociopsychological factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=motivational%20factors" title=" motivational factors"> motivational factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=religiousfactors" title=" religiousfactors"> religiousfactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=socio-psychological%20factors%20and%20economic%20factors" title=" socio-psychological factors and economic factors"> socio-psychological factors and economic factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/factors-paving-the-way-towards-islamic-banking-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">294</span> Cultural Diversity and Challenges for Female Entrepreneurs: Empirical Study of an Emerging Economy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amir%20Ikram">Amir Ikram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qin%20Su"> Qin Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Fiaz"> Muhammad Fiaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Waqas%20Shabbir"> Muhammad Waqas Shabbir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Women entrepreneurship witnessed a healthy rise in the last decade or so, and the scenario in Pakistan is not different. However female leaders are facing various, cultural, career oriented, and professional challenges. The study investigates the impact of social and industry-specific challenges on female entrepreneurship; social challenges was evaluated in terms of culture, and industry-specific challenges was measured in terms of team management and career growth. Purposive sampling was employed to collect data from 75 multicultural organizations operating in the culturally diverse and historic city of Lahore, Pakistan. Cronbach’s alpha was conducted to endorse the reliability of survey questionnaire, while correlation and regression analysis were used to test hypotheses. Industry-specific challenges were found to be more significant as compared to cultural factors. The paper also highlights the importance of female entrepreneurship for emerging economies, and suggests that bringing women to mainstream professions can lead to economic success. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cultural%20challenges" title="Cultural challenges">Cultural challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emerging%20economy" title=" emerging economy"> emerging economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=female%20entrepreneurship" title=" female entrepreneurship"> female entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=leadership." title=" leadership."> leadership.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/cultural-diversity-and-challenges-for-female-entrepreneurs-empirical-study-of-an-emerging-economy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1925</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">293</span> Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Soluble Transferrin Receptor-Ferritin Index Tests in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Obaid">Hafiz Muhammad Obaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bilal%20Wajid"> Bilal Wajid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nauman%20Haider"> Nauman Haider</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Zafrullah"> Muhammad Zafrullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this research article, a comprehensive analysis is performed to compare the diagnostic performance of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR/log ferritin index tests in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic disease (ACD). The analysis is performed for both sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index using a set of 11 studies. The overall odds ratios for sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index were 36.79 and 119.32 respectively, using 95% confidence interval. The relative sensitivity, specificity. positive likelihood ratio (LR) and negative LR values for sTfR in relation to sTfR/log ferritin index were 81% vs 85%, 84% vs 93%, 6.31 vs 13.95 and 0.18 vs 0.14 respectively. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves are also plotted for both sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index. The area under SROC curves for sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index was found to be 0.9296 and 0.9825 respectively. Although both tests are useful, the sTfR/log ferritin index seems to be more effective when compared with sTfR.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sTfR" title=" sTfR"> sTfR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=iron%20deficiency" title=" iron deficiency"> iron deficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ferritin" title=" ferritin"> ferritin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=odds%20ratio" title=" odds ratio"> odds ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sensitivity." title=" sensitivity. "> sensitivity. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/comparison-of-diagnostic-performance-of-soluble-transferrin-receptor-and-soluble-transferrin-receptor-ferritin-index-tests-in-the-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-anemia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">965</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">292</span> Image Authenticity and Perceptual Optimization via Genetic Algorithm and a Dependence Neighborhood </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Imran%20Usman">Imran Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Asifullah%20Khan"> Asifullah Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rafiullah%20Chamlawi"> Rafiullah Chamlawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdul%20Majid"> Abdul Majid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Information hiding for authenticating and verifying the content integrity of the multimedia has been exploited extensively in the last decade. We propose the idea of using genetic algorithm and non-deterministic dependence by involving the un-watermarkable coefficients for digital image authentication. Genetic algorithm is used to intelligently select coefficients for watermarking in a DCT based image authentication scheme, which implicitly watermark all the un-watermarkable coefficients also, in order to thwart different attacks. Experimental results show that such intelligent selection results in improvement of imperceptibility of the watermarked image, and implicit watermarking of all the coefficients improves security against attacks such as cover-up, vector quantization and transplantation.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Digital%20watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">Digital watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fragile%20watermarking" title=" fragile watermarking"> fragile watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=geneticalgorithm" title=" geneticalgorithm"> geneticalgorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20authentication." title=" Image authentication."> Image authentication.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/image-authenticity-and-perceptual-optimization-via-genetic-algorithm-and-a-dependence-neighborhood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">291</span> A Four Method Framework for Fighting Software Architecture Erosion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sundus%20Ayyaz">Sundus Ayyaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saad%20Rehman"> Saad Rehman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Usman%20Qamar"> Usman Qamar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Software Architecture is the basic structure of software that states the development and advancement of a software system. Software architecture is also considered as a significant tool for the construction of high quality software systems. A clean design leads to the control, value and beauty of software resulting in its longer life while a bad design is the cause of architectural erosion where a software evolution completely fails. This paper discusses the occurrence of software architecture erosion and presents a set of methods for the detection, declaration and prevention of architecture erosion. The causes and symptoms of architecture erosion are observed with the examples of prescriptive and descriptive architectures and the practices used to stop this erosion are also discussed by considering different types of software erosion and their affects. Consequently finding and devising the most suitable approach for fighting software architecture erosion and in some way reducing its affect is evaluated and tested on different scenarios.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Software%20Architecture" title="Software Architecture">Software Architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Architecture%20Erosion" title=" Architecture Erosion"> Architecture Erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Prescriptive%20Architecture" title=" Prescriptive Architecture"> Prescriptive Architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Descriptive%20Architecture." title=" Descriptive Architecture."> Descriptive Architecture.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/a-four-method-framework-for-fighting-software-architecture-erosion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">290</span> Hyperspectral Mapping Methods for Differentiating Mangrove Species along Karachi Coast </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sher%20Muhammad">Sher Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mirza%20Muhammad%20Waqar"> Mirza Muhammad Waqar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>It is necessary to monitor and identify mangroves types and spatial extent near coastal areas because it plays an important role in coastal ecosystem and environmental protection. This research aims at identifying and mapping mangroves types along Karachi coast ranging from 24.79<sup>0</sup> to 24.85<sup>0</sup> in latitude and 66.91<sup>0</sup> to 66.97<sup>0</sup> in longitude using hyperspectral remote sensing data and techniques. Image acquired during February, 2012 through Hyperion sensor have been used for this research. Image pre processing includes geometric and radiometric correction followed by Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) and Pixel Purity Index (PPI). The output of MNF and PPI has been analyzed by visualizing it in n-dimensions for end member extraction. Well distributed clusters on the n-dimensional scatter plot have been selected with the region of interest (ROI) tool as end members. These end members have been used as an input for classification techniques applied to identify and map mangroves species including Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF) and Spectral Information Diversion (SID). Only two types of mangroves namely Avicennia Marina (White Mangroves) and <em>Avicennia germinans</em> (Black Mangroves) have been observed throughout the study area.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hyperspectral" title=" Hyperspectral"> Hyperspectral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SAM" title=" SAM"> SAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SFF" title=" SFF"> SFF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SID." title=" SID."> SID.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/hyperspectral-mapping-methods-for-differentiating-mangrove-species-along-karachi-coast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2906</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">289</span> Automated Heart Sound Classification from Unsegmented Phonocardiogram Signals Using Time Frequency Features</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nadia%20Masood%20Khan">Nadia Masood Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Salman%20Khan"> Muhammad Salman Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gul%20Muhammad%20Khan"> Gul Muhammad Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cardiologists perform cardiac auscultation to detect abnormalities in heart sounds. Since accurate auscultation is a crucial first step in screening patients with heart diseases, there is a need to develop computer-aided detection/diagnosis (CAD) systems to assist cardiologists in interpreting heart sounds and provide second opinions. In this paper different algorithms are implemented for automated heart sound classification using unsegmented phonocardiogram (PCG) signals. Support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN) and cartesian genetic programming evolved artificial neural network (CGPANN) without the application of any segmentation algorithm has been explored in this study. The signals are first pre-processed to remove any unwanted frequencies. Both time and frequency domain features are then extracted for training the different models. The different algorithms are tested in multiple scenarios and their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Results indicate that SVM outperforms the rest with an accuracy of 73.64%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pattern%20recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=computer%20aided%0D%0Adiagnosis" title="computer aided diagnosis">computer aided diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=heart%20sound%20classification" title=" heart sound classification"> heart sound classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=and%20feature%20extraction." title=" and feature extraction."> and feature extraction.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/automated-heart-sound-classification-from-unsegmented-phonocardiogram-signals-using-time-frequency-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1282</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=11">11</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>