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data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-역사-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>역사 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-폭발원_후보천체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#폭발원_후보천체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>폭발원 후보천체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-폭발원_후보천체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-잔유휘광" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#잔유휘광"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>잔유휘광</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-잔유휘광-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-분류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#분류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>분류</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-분류-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>분류 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-분류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-단기지속_감마선_폭발" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#단기지속_감마선_폭발"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>단기지속 감마선 폭발</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-단기지속_감마선_폭발-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-장기지속_감마선_폭발" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#장기지속_감마선_폭발"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>장기지속 감마선 폭발</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-장기지속_감마선_폭발-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-초장기지속_감마선_폭발" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#초장기지속_감마선_폭발"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>초장기지속 감마선 폭발</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-초장기지속_감마선_폭발-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-엄청난_에너지" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#엄청난_에너지"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>엄청난 에너지</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-엄청난_에너지-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-감마선_폭발의_전구체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#감마선_폭발의_전구체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>감마선 폭발의 전구체</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-감마선_폭발의_전구체-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>감마선 폭발의 전구체 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-감마선_폭발의_전구체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-조석교란" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#조석교란"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>조석교란</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-조석교란-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-방출_기작" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#방출_기작"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>방출 기작</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-방출_기작-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-발생_빈도와_지구에_대한_위협" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#발생_빈도와_지구에_대한_위협"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>발생 빈도와 지구에 대한 위협</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-발생_빈도와_지구에_대한_위협-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>발생 빈도와 지구에 대한 위협 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-발생_빈도와_지구에_대한_위협-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-지구에_미칠_영향" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#지구에_미칠_영향"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>지구에 미칠 영향</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-지구에_미칠_영향-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-과거에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미쳤을_가능성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#과거에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미쳤을_가능성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>과거에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-과거에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미쳤을_가능성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-미래에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미칠_가능성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#미래에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미칠_가능성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>미래에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미칠 가능성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-미래에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미칠_가능성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참고_자료" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고_자료"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>참고 자료</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고_자료-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">감마선 폭발</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 56개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaflits" title="Gammaflits – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gammaflits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="انفجار أشعة غاما – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انفجار أشعة غاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltu_de_rayu_gamma" title="Biltu de rayu gamma – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biltu de rayu gamma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гама експлозия – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гама експлозия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="গামা-রশ্মি বিস্ফোরণ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গামা-রশ্মি বিস্ফোরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclat_de_raigs_gamma" title="Esclat de raigs gamma – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclat de raigs gamma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_z%C3%A1blesk" title="Gama záblesk – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gama záblesk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaglimt" title="Gammaglimt – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gammaglimt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammablitz" title="Gammablitz – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gammablitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%88%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B3" title="Εκλάμψεις ακτίνων γ – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλάμψεις ακτίνων γ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gamma-ray burst" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo-radia_ekbrilo" title="Gamo-radia ekbrilo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gamo-radia ekbrilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brote_de_rayos_gamma" title="Brote de rayos gamma – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brote de rayos gamma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammas%C3%A4hvatus" title="Gammasähvatus – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gammasähvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_izpien_eztanda" title="Gamma izpien eztanda – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gamma izpien eztanda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="انفجار پرتو گاما – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انفجار پرتو گاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="추천 항목"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammapurkaus" title="Gammapurkaus – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gammapurkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sursaut gamma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromo_de_raios_gamma" title="Gromo de raios gamma – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gromo de raios gamma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%90" title="התפרצות גמא – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרצות גמא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bljesak_gama-zra%C4%8Denja" title="Bljesak gama-zračenja – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bljesak gama-zračenja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-kit%C3%B6r%C3%A9s" title="Gamma-kitörés – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gamma-kitörés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semburan_sinar_gama" title="Semburan sinar gama – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semburan sinar gama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_gbawara" title="Gamma-ray gbawara – 이그보어" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Gamma-ray gbawara" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="이그보어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampo_gamma" title="Lampo gamma – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampo gamma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ガンマ線バースト – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガンマ線バースト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Гамма-сәуле шығару – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гамма-сәуле шығару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammabl%C3%ABtz" title="Gammablëtz – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gammablëtz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_%C5%BEybsnis" title="Gama žybsnis – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gama žybsnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_uzliesmot%C4%81js" title="Gamma uzliesmotājs – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gamma uzliesmotājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гама-изблик – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гама-изблик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letusan_sinar_gama" title="Letusan sinar gama – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Letusan sinar gama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaflits" title="Gammaflits – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gammaflits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaglimt" title="Gammaglimt – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammaglimt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaglimt" title="Gammaglimt – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammaglimt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozb%C5%82ysk_gamma" title="Rozbłysk gamma – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozbłysk gamma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%90_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ګاما وړانګې چاودنه – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ګاما وړانګې چاودنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erup%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_raios_gama" title="Erupção de raios gama – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erupção de raios gama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explozie_de_raze_gama" title="Explozie de raze gama – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Explozie de raze gama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гамма-всплеск – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамма-всплеск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_gamma" title="Lampu gamma – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lampu gamma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gamma-ray burst" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1blesk_gama_%C5%BEiarenia" title="Záblesk gama žiarenia – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záblesk gama žiarenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbruh_%C5%BEarkov_gama" title="Izbruh žarkov gama – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izbruh žarkov gama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bljesak_gama-zra%C4%8Denja" title="Bljesak gama-zračenja – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bljesak gama-zračenja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammablixt" title="Gammablixt – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gammablixt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="காமா கதிர் வெடிப்பு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காமா கதிர் வெடிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="แสงวาบรังสีแกมมา – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แสงวาบรังสีแกมมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1_patlamas%C4%B1" title="Gama ışını patlaması – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gama ışını patlaması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Гамма-спалахи – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамма-спалахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="گاما شعاعوں کا اخراج – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گاما شعاعوں کا اخراج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%9Bp_gamma" title="Chớp gamma – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chớp gamma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伽玛射线暴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伽玛射线暴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-kng_po%CC%8Dk-hoat" title="Gamma-kng po̍k-hoat – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gamma-kng po̍k-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%9A%B4" title="伽瑪射線暴 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伽瑪射線暴" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gamma-ray_bursts" hreflang="en"><span>위키미디어 공용</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22247" title="데이터 저장소에 연결된 항목을 가리키는 링크 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>위키데이터 항목</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Gamma_ray_burst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gamma_ray_burst.jpg/300px-Gamma_ray_burst.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gamma_ray_burst.jpg/450px-Gamma_ray_burst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gamma_ray_burst.jpg/600px-Gamma_ray_burst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>질량이 큰 항성의 일생. 항성은 가벼운 원소를 무거운 원소로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%9C%B5%ED%95%A9" title="핵융합">핵융합</a> 하여 내부 압력을 유지면서 삶을 유지한다 더 이상 핵융합이 불가능해지면 압력이 유지되지 않아 자체 중력으로 인해 항성은 급격히 붕괴하여 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>을 형성한다. 이론적으로, 이 붕괴가 일어날 때 항성의 자전축 방향으로 분출되는 에너지가 감마선 폭발을 형성할 것으로 생각된다.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>감마선 폭발</b>(<span lang="en">gamma ray burst; GRB</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>이란 멀리 떨어진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="은하">은하</a>들에서 관측되는 에너지의 폭발로 인한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0" title="감마선">감마선</a>의 섬광이다. 감마선 폭발을 일으킨 천체를 <b>감마선 폭발체</b>(<span lang="En">gamma ray burster</span>)라고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 감마선 폭발은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="우주">우주</a>에서 일어나는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="전자기 복사">전자기 복사</a> 현상 중 가장 밝다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 폭발 지속 시간은 짧으면 10 밀리초에서 길면 수 시간까지 지속될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 최초의 폭발이 있고 나서 감마선보다 파장이 긴 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%A0" title="엑스선">엑스선</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="가시광선">가시광선</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="적외선">적외선</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C" title="마이크로파">마이크로파</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%8C%8C" title="전파">전파</a>의 "잔유휘광(afterglow)"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>이 감마선 폭발 자체보다 더 긴 시간동안 지속된다.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>관측된 대부분의 GRB는 매우 빠르게 자전하는 질량이 큰 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="항성">항성</a>이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성">극초신성</a>으로 짜부라져 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%B3%84" title="쿼크별">쿼크별</a>, 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>을 형성하면서 방출되는 강렬한 복사선이 집중된 좁은 빛줄기로 생각된다. GRB의 하위 종류 중 어떤 것들은 초신성 폭발이 아닌 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a> 두 개가 서로 충돌, 융합하여 발생하는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 사건이 일어나면 GRB 전구체인 항성의 껍질과 핵 사이에 공명이 발생, 불과 수 초 동안 엄청난 조석력이 작용하여 별의 껍질 전체를 찢어발겨 흩어놓아 폭발의 원인이 되는 것 같다.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>대부분의 감마선 폭발체들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구">지구</a>에서 수십억 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%85%84" title="광년">광년</a> 떨어져 있다. GRB는 그 에너지가 무지막지하게 크며(일반적인 GRB는 태양이 1백억 년 동안 낼 수 있는 에너지를 불과 수 초에 걸쳐 방출한다), 또 극도로 드물다(수백만 년 동안 몇 개 은하에 한두 번).<sup id="cite_ref-rates_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rates-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 지금까지 관측된 모든 GRB들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" class="mw-redirect" title="우리은하">우리은하</a> 바깥에서 폭발했으나, 유사 현상인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C%EC%9B%90" title="연감마선 연속 방출원">연감마선 연속 방출원</a>(SGR)은 우리은하 안의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%83%80" title="마그네타">마그네타</a>와 관련된 현상인 것으로 생각된다. 우리은하 내부에서 발생한 GRB의 축이 지구를 똑바로 향하고 있으면 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%9F%89%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="대량절멸">대량절멸</a>을 일으킬 수 있다는 설이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Melott2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melott2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1967년 비밀 핵실험을 탐지하기 위해 쏘아올렸던 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="벨라 위성">벨라 위성</a>이 GRB를 처음 포착했다. 이후 수 년에 걸쳐 GRB의 정체를 밝히기 위한 수백 가지의 가설들이 제기되었는데, 그 정체로 거론된 천체는 가깝게는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%9C%EC%84%B1" title="혜성">혜성</a>에서 멀게는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a>에 이르기까지 다양했다.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 이러한 가설들을 검증하기에는 정보가 너무 적었다. 1997년에 이르러서야 GRB의 엑스선-가시광선 잔유휘광을 포착하고 가시광 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="분광학">분광학</a>으로 그 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="적색편이">적색편이</a>를 직접 측정함으로써 GRB의 거리와 에너지를 알아낼 수 있었다. 이 발견들과 뒤따른 은하 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a> 연구에 의해 GRB의 거리와 광도가 더욱 정확히 밝혀졌다. 그 결과 GRB가 먼 외부은하들에서 발생한 현상이며 그 원인은 질량이 큰 항성의 폭발과 관련이 있다는 이해가 정립되었다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:BATSE_2704.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BATSE_2704.jpg/250px-BATSE_2704.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BATSE_2704.jpg/375px-BATSE_2704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/BATSE_2704.jpg/500px-BATSE_2704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>BATSE가 감지한 전천의 모든 감마선 폭발 위치를 나타낸 그림. 그 분포는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%B1" title="등방성">등방</a>적이며 우리은하 원반(그림 가운데를 수평하게 지나감)에 집중되는 경향이 없다.</figcaption></figure> <p>감마선 폭발은 1960년대 말 미국의 인공위성 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC_(%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="벨라 (인공위성)">벨라</a>에 의해 처음 발견되었다. 미국은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8" title="소련">소련</a>이 1963년 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98_%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="핵실험 금지 조약">핵실험 금지 조약</a>에 조인해 놓고 비밀리에 핵실험을 하고 있는 것이 아닌지 의심했다. 그리고 벨라는 핵무기 실험 때 발생하는 감마선 펄스를 우주에서 감지하기 위해 만들어진 군사위성이었다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9C" title="협정 세계시">협정 세계시</a> 기준 1967년 7월 2일 14시 19분, 벨라 4호와 벨라 3호가 감마선 섬광을 감지했으나, 이는 그전까지 알려진 모든 핵무기와 양상이 달랐다.<sup id="cite_ref-FlashVela_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlashVela-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 무슨 일이 벌어진 것인지 확실히 알 수 없었으나 그다지 시급한 일은 아니라고 판단한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="로스앨러모스 국립 연구소">로스앨러모스 연구소</a>의 팀(팀장 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%B2%A0%EC%82%AC%EB%8D%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="레이 클레베사델 (없는 문서)">레이 클레베사델</a>)은 데이터를 기입만 해 두었다. 이후 보다 좋은 장비를 탑재한 새 벨라 위성이 발사되었고, 로스앨러모스 팀은 이번에도 설명이 불가능한 감마선 폭발들이 감지됨을 발견했다. 서로 다른 위성들에 폭발이 감지된 시각이 제각각 달랐기에 이를 통해 팀은 폭발체 16개의 대략적인 천구상 위치를 가늠할 수 있었고,<sup id="cite_ref-FlashVela_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlashVela-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 감마선이 지구나 태양에서 나온 것이 아님을 확신했다. 이 발견은 1973년 기밀이 해제되어 《<a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">천체물리학 저널</a>》에 〈우주기원 감마선 폭발의 관측〉이라는 제목의 논문으로 투고되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>이 폭발체들이 무엇인지 설명하고자 하는 많은 가설들이 제기되었는데, 대부분의 가설들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" class="mw-redirect" title="우리은하">우리은하</a> 안에서 폭발체를 찾으려 했었다. 그래서 1991년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EA%B4%80%EC%B8%A1%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="콤프턴 감마선 관측선">콤프턴 감마선 관측선</a>이 발사되기 전까지는 관련된 진척이 거의 없었다. 콤프턴 관측선에 탑재된 순간적폭발원탐색기(Burst and Transient Source Explorer; <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EA%B4%80%EC%B8%A1%EC%84%A0#장비" class="mw-redirect" title="콤프턴 감마선 관측선">BATSE</a>)는 매우 민감한 감마선 검출기로, GRB들이 우주의 어느 방향(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%ED%8F%89%EB%A9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="은하평면">은하평면</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="은하중심">은하중심</a> 등)으로도 편향되지 않고 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="등방적">등방적</a>으로 분포한다는 결정적 자료를 제공했다.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 우리은하는 납작한 모양을 하고 있기에 만일 폭발원이 우리은하 안의 천체라면 그 분포가 은하평면 안 또는 근처에 매우 집중되어 있어야 한다. 그러나 그러한 패턴이 나타나지 않음은 GRB가 우리은하 외부에서 오는 감마선임을 뒷받침하는 강력한 증거를 제공했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._16–40_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedrenne_p._16–40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piran92_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piran92-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 일부 우리은하 모형 역시 등방적 분포에 합치되기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._16–40_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedrenne_p._16–40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="폭발원_후보천체"><span id=".ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C.EC.9B.90_.ED.9B.84.EB.B3.B4.EC.B2.9C.EC.B2.B4"></span>폭발원 후보천체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 폭발원 후보천체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRB가 처음 발견된 이후 수십년 동안 천문학자들은 감마선 이외의 대역에서 동일한 천체가 관측된 적이 없는지, 즉 최근 관측된 감마선 폭발과 위치적으로 같은 곳에 위치한 천체가 있는지 조사했다. 천문학자들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%84%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="맥동전파원">맥동전파원</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%83%81%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%A8" title="구상성단">구상성단</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC" title="퀘이사">퀘이사</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="세이퍼트 은하">세이퍼트 은하</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_BL_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="도마뱀자리 BL 천체">도마뱀자리 BL 천체</a>에 이르기까지 다양한 천체들을 GRB의 후보로 고려했다.<sup id="cite_ref-spatial_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spatial-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 모든 노력은 허사였고,<sup id="cite_ref-790305b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-790305b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>주 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그 위치가 높은 정확도로 관측된 몇 안되는 GRB들은 감마선 위성들이 발견한 위치에 다른 밝은 천체가 없음이 분명했다. 이것은 즉 GRB가 매우 어두운 항성에서 발생한 것이거나 또는 극히 멀리 떨어진 은하에서 발생한 것임을 시사했다.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 가장 정확하게 측정된 GRB 위치에서도 수많은 어두운 항성과 은하들이 존재했다. 이윽고 우주에서 오는 감마선 폭발의 기원을 밝히기 위해서는 새로운 인공위성과 보다 빠른 커뮤니케이션이 필요하다는 결론이 널리 받아들여지게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-CFishman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFishman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:BeppoSAX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg/220px-BeppoSAX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>1996년 4월 발사된 이탈리아-네덜란드 인공위성 <a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a>는 최초로 감마선 폭발체의 정확한 위치를 측정해낸 인공위성이다.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="잔유휘광"><span id=".EC.9E.94.EC.9C.A0.ED.9C.98.EA.B4.91"></span>잔유휘광</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 잔유휘광"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_gamma-ray_burst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>감마선 제트와 주위 잔유휘광이 발생하는 모습의 상상도.</figcaption></figure> <p>GRB의 기원을 찾기 위한 여러 모형들은 감마선이 처음 폭발한 이후 사출물과 성간 기체가 충돌하여 감마선보다 긴 파장의 빛을 방출할 것이고 이것이 점차 어두워진다고 상정하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 어두워지는 방출광을 "잔유휘광(afterglow)"이라고 부를 것이다. 이 잔유휘광을 찾기 위한 탐색의 초기 시도는 성공적이지 못했는데, 이는 폭발위치에 대한 장파장 관측을 최초 폭발 직후 수행하기가 어려운 탓이 컸다. 돌파구가 마련된 것은 1997년 2월로 <a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> 인공위성이 한 GRB(<a href="/wiki/GRB_970228" title="GRB 970228">GRB 970228</a><sup id="cite_ref-grbnames_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grbnames-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>주 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)를 발견한 순간 위성의 엑스선 카메라가 GRB가 발생한 그 방향을 가리키고 있었고, 엑스선 잔유휘광을 감지했다. 20시간 뒤에는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%97%88%EC%85%9C_%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="윌리엄 허셜 망원경">윌리엄 허셜 망원경</a>이 가시광선 대역에서 잔유휘광을 감지했다.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB가 어두워지고 나면 가시광선 잔유휘광을 이용해 심원화상 상에 GRB의 모은하 위치를 비정할 수 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._90_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedrenne_p._90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>모은하의 광도가 매우 어두웠기 때문에, 그 정확한 거리는 여러 해 동안 측정되지 못했다. 한편 BeppoSAX가 그 다음으로 발견한 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_970508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 970508 (없는 문서)">GRB 970508</a>을 통해서도 중요한 돌파구가 마련되었다. 이 GRB는 발견되고 4시간 안에 그 위치가 비정되었기에 연구진들이 매우 이른 관측을 수행할 수 있었다. 천체의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%A1%EC%88%98_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="흡수 스펙트럼">흡수선</a> 분석 결과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="적색편이">적색편이</a> z = 0.835로 이는 곧 거리 약 60억 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%85%84" title="광년">광년</a>을 의미했다.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이것은 GRB의 거리가 정확히 결정된 최초의 사례이며, 이 거리측정에 GRB 970228의 모은하 발견이 더해지면서 GRB가 극히 멀리 떨어진 은하에서 발생함을 입증하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._90_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedrenne_p._90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이후 몇 개월에 걸쳐 GRB 거리척도 논쟁이 종식되었다. GRB는 무지막지하게 먼 거리에 떨어져 있는 어두운 은하에서 발생하는 외부은하현상이라는 이해가 정립되었다. 이듬해 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_980425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 980425 (없는 문서)">GRB 980425</a>가 발생하고 하루 안에 밝은 초신성 <a href="/wiki/SN_1998bw" title="SN 1998bw">SN 1998bw</a>가 같은 위치에서 발생했다. 이는 GRB와 무거운 항성의 죽음 사이에 분명한 연결점이 있음을 시사했다. 이 GRB는 GRB를 만들어내는 자연체계에 관한 최초의 강한 실마리를 제공했다.<sup id="cite_ref-98bw_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98bw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Swift_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Swift_spacecraft.jpg/220px-Swift_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Swift_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EC%9E%84%EB%AC%B4" title="스위프트 감마선 폭발 임무">스위프트 인공위성</a>. 2004년 11월 발사되었다.</figcaption></figure> <p>BeppoSAX는 2000년 작동을 중지하였고 2002년에는 BATSE를 탑재한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EA%B4%80%EC%B8%A1%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="콤프턴 감마선 관측선">콤프턴 감마선 관측선</a>(CGRO)이 궤도를 이탈, 태평양에 낙하해 파괴되었다. 그러나 GRB 연구의 혁명적 성과는 GRB의 성질, 특히 폭발 직후의 가장 이른 순간을 탐구하는 데 특화된 새로운 장비를 개발하도록 하는 동기가 되었다. 그러한 임무 중 최초의 것은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%A0%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="일시적 고에너지 탐사선 (없는 문서)">일시적 고에너지 탐사선</a>(HETE) 2호로,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000년 발사되어 2006년 작동을 중지했다. 이 6년간의 주요한 발견들 대부분은 HETE 2호가 수집한 자료에 기반하고 있다. 현재까지 가장 성공적인 우주임무는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EC%9E%84%EB%AC%B4" title="스위프트 감마선 폭발 임무">스위프트</a>로, 2004년 발사되어 2014년에도 작동 중이다.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 스위프트는 매우 민감한 감마선 감지기는 물론 엑스선 및 가시광선 망원경을 탑재하고 있다. 이 망원경들은 매우 빠른 선회가 가능하여 폭발 이후의 잔유휘광 방출선을 신속하고 자동적으로 관측할 수 있다. 보다 최근에는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="페르미 감마선 우주망원경">페르미 감마선 우주망원경</a>이 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EA%B0%90%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="페르미 감마선 폭발 감시기 (없는 문서)">감마선 폭발 감시기</a>를 탑재하고 있다. 이 장비는 1년에 수백 개의 폭발을 감지하고 있다. 이 폭발들 중 일부는 너무 밝아서(에너지가 너무 커서) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EA%B0%90%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="페르미 감마선 폭발 감시기 (없는 문서)">광면적 망원경</a>(LAT)으로도 관측될 수 있다. 한편 지상에서는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EB%A7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="감마선 좌표관계망 (없는 문서)">감마선 좌표관계망</a>에서 보내온 신호에 즉각 반응하는 로봇제어 소프트웨어를 탑재한 광학망원경들이 새로이 만들어지거나 기존 망원경들이 그러한 기능을 추가하고 있다. 이로써 지상망원경들도 신속하게 GRB 방향으로 선회할 수 있다. 때로는 신호를 받고 수 초 안에 망원경 정렬이 완료되어 감마선 방출이 아직 진행중인 극초기에 관측이 개시되기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>과거 수 년 동안 기술의 진보가 이루어졌고, 그 결과 단기지속 GRB를 초신성이 아닌 중성자별의 융합이 원인인 별개의 현상으로 분류해내는 성과를 얻었다. 또한 대부분의 GRB가 발생한 뒤 엑스선 대역에서 수 분 동안 불규칙적인 섬광 활동이 지속되는 점도 발견되었고, 가장 밝은 GRB(<a href="/wiki/GRB_080319B" title="GRB 080319B">GRB 080319B</a>), 가장 먼 GRB(<a href="/wiki/GRB_090423" title="GRB 090423">GRB 090423</a>)도 발견되었다. GRB 090423은 GRB 발생 당시까지 발견된 우주의 천체들 중 지구에서 가장 멀리 떨어진 천체였다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 현재 발견된 GRB 중 가장 멀리 떨어져 있는 것은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_090429B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 090429B (없는 문서)">GRB 090429B</a>이며, 적색편이 z =9.4인<sup id="cite_ref-cucchiara_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cucchiara-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 GRB는 현재까지 발견된 우주의 천체들 중 지구에서 가장 멀리 떨어진 천체이다.<sup id="cite_ref-SD-2011-05-27_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-2011-05-27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다만 이 추정치는 오차 범위가 상당히 커서 오차의 하한이 z > 7이나 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-cucchiara_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cucchiara-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB 090429B의 보다 정밀한 관측 결과가 하한에 가깝다면 z = 8.4인<sup id="cite_ref-tanvir_paper_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanvir_paper-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB 090423가 다시 가장 멀리 떨어진 GRB이자 알려진 천체 중 가장 멀리 떨어진 천체가 될 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="분류"><span id=".EB.B6.84.EB.A5.98"></span>분류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 분류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png/200px-GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png/300px-GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png/400px-GRB_BATSE_12lightcurves.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>감마선 폭발의 광도곡선들</figcaption></figure> <p>감마선 폭발의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%8F%84%EA%B3%A1%EC%84%A0" title="광도곡선">광도곡선</a>은 매우 다양하고 복잡하다.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 동일한 광도곡선을 가지는 서로 다른 두 개의 감마선 폭발체는 없으며,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 관측된 거의 모든 성질에서 큰 차이가 있다. 관측 가능한 방출의 지속시간은 수 밀리초에서 수 십분 정도 범위에 걸쳐 있으며, 그 사이에도 단일한 절정을 갖거나 또는 여러 번 맥동칠 수도 있다. 또 맥동칠 때 각각의 극대값은 밝아졌다 어두워지는 속도가 대칭적일 수도 있고 빠르게 밝아졌다가 천천히 어두워질 수도 있다. 어떤 GRB는 "전조(precursor)"가 되는 약한 폭발이 먼저 일어나고 수 초에서 수 분 동안 아무런 방출이 없다가 훨씬 격렬한 "진짜" 폭발이 일어나기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazzati_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazzati-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 어떤 GRB의 광도곡선은 너무 혼란스럽고 복잡해서 인식할 수 있는 유의미한 패턴이 거의 없는 지경일 때도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-CFishman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFishman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>일부 광도곡선은 단순화된 모형을 사용해 대략적으로 재현해 볼 수 있으나,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그래도 관측된 GRB들의 다양성을 모두 이해할 수 있을 만한 진척은 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 다양한 분류법이 제안되었으나 이러한 분류법은 대개 광도곡선의 외형으로만 분류한 것이거나 폭발 이전 전구체의 물성을 항상 제대로 반영한다고 보장할 수 없다. 하지만 관측된 GRB들의 지속시간<sup id="cite_ref-T90_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T90-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>주 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>의 분포를 플롯해 보면 상당히 많은 수의 GRB가 뚜렷한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B4%89%EB%B6%84%ED%8F%AC" title="다봉분포">쌍봉분포</a>를 나타낸다. 이에 바탕해 GRB의 종류를 크게 두 개로 나눌 수 있다. 하나는 지속시간이 약 0.3초 정도인 "단기지속(short)" 종류이고, 다른 하나는 지속시간이 약 30초 정도인 "장기지속(long)" 종류이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Kouveliotou_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kouveliotou-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 두 종류 모두 매우 넓게 분포하고 있고 상당히 넓은 영역에 걸쳐 서로 겹치기 때문에 어떤 GRB는 그것만 봐서는 단기지속인지 장기지속인지 알 수 없는 경우도 있다. 이 이원분류체계를 넘어선 새로운 분류법들이 관측적·이론적 견지에서 제안되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Horvath98_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath98-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hakkila_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakkila-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Virgili_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virgili-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="단기지속_감마선_폭발"><span id=".EB.8B.A8.EA.B8.B0.EC.A7.80.EC.86.8D_.EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C"></span>단기지속 감마선 폭발</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 단기지속 감마선 폭발"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg/220px-Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg/330px-Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg/440px-Hubble_captures_infrared_glow_of_a_kilonova_blast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B8%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="허블우주망원경">허블우주망원경</a>이 포착한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94" title="킬로노바">킬로노바</a>의 적외선 잔유휘광.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>지속시간이 약 2초 이하인 GRB를 단기지속 감마선 폭발(short gamma-ray burst)로 분류한다. 전체 GRB 중 단기지속 유형은 약 30%를 차지하지만, 2005년 이전까지도 단기지속 GRB의 잔유휘광을 제대로 포착해낸 적이 없으며 그 기원에 대해서도 밝혀진 것이 거의 없었다.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2005년 이후로는 단기지속 GRB의 잔유휘광이 여러 번 감지되었고, 그 중 일부는 대형 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="타원은하">타원은하</a>나 대형 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A8" title="은하단">은하단</a>의 중심지역처럼 항성형성이 거의 또는 아예 일어나지 않는 곳에서 발생한 것도 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이것은 단기지속 GRB의 원인이 무거운 항성일 가능성을 배제시키며, 이로써 단기지속 GRB와 장기지속 GRB가 물리적으로 서로 다른 현상임이 확실해졌다. 또한 단기지속 GRB는 초신성과도 연관이 없다.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>이 천체들의 정체가 무엇인지, 그리고 현재의 장기-단기 이원분류가 옳은 것인지조차 알 수 없다. 현재 선도적인 가설은 쌍성계의 중성자별 두 개의 융합<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 또는 중성자별과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>의 융합이 원인이라는 설이다. 이러한 융합이 일어나면 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94" title="킬로노바">킬로노바</a>가 발생한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2010_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB 130603B에서 킬로노바가 관계된 증거가 발견되기도 했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanvir2013_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanvir2013-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger2013_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger2013-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dnews_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dnews-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 단기지속 GRB의 평균 지속시간은 0.2초이다. 이는 발생원의 물리적 직경이 우주적 수준에서 매우 작음(0.2 광초; 지구 직경의 약 4배)을 시사한다. 또한 여기서 시사되는 점은 발생원이 매우 밀도가 높은 천체라는 것이다. 단기지속 GRB에 뒤이어 엑스선 섬광이 분 단위에서 시간 단위로 관측되는 결과는 중성자별 따위 천체가 2초 이내에 블랙홀에 집어삼켜지면 뒤 중성자별을 구성하던 물질(더이상 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%9B%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="뉴트로니움 (없는 문서)">뉴트로니움</a>이 아님)의 파편들이 조석력에 의해 교란되어 블랙홀 주위를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%84%A0" title="와선">와선</a>을 그리며 오랫동안 공전하게 되고 수 시간에 걸쳐 저에너지 현상이 발생하는 점과 일치한다.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 단기지속 GRB 중 소수는 가까운 은하의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C%EC%9B%90" title="연감마선 연속 방출원">연감마선 연속 방출원</a>에서 방출된 거대 섬광에 의한 것이라고 추측되기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederiks_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederiks-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="장기지속_감마선_폭발"><span id=".EC.9E.A5.EA.B8.B0.EC.A7.80.EC.86.8D_.EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C"></span>장기지속 감마선 폭발</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 장기지속 감마선 폭발"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>관측된 감마선 폭발체 중 대부분(70%)은 지속 시간이 2초 이상이며 장기지속 감마선 폭발(long gamma-ray bursts)로 분류된다. 수적으로도 다수를 차지하고 있고 잔유휘광이 매우 밝은 경향이 있기 때문에 단기지속 GRB에 비교할 때 상당히 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 괜찮은 연구가 이루어진 GRB 중 거의 전부는 항성형성이 빠르게 진행중인 은하와 관계되어 있으며, 많은 경우 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1#중심핵_붕괴" title="초신성">중심핵 붕괴형 초신성</a>과도 유관하다. 때문에 장기지속 GRB가 거대한 항성의 죽음과 관련이 있음은 명료하다.<sup id="cite_ref-Woosley06_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woosley06-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 장기지속 GRB의 잔유휘광 관측은 높은 적색편이를 나타내며, 항성형성 영역에서 발생한 GRB와 일치한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Pontzen_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pontzen-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="초장기지속_감마선_폭발"><span id=".EC.B4.88.EC.9E.A5.EA.B8.B0.EC.A7.80.EC.86.8D_.EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C"></span>초장기지속 감마선 폭발</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 초장기지속 감마선 폭발"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>장기지속 GRB의 마지막 단계인 분포상 "꼬리"가 10,000 초 이상 오래 지속될 경우 초장기지속 감마선 폭발(ultra-long gamma-ray burst)이라 한다. 초장기지속 GRB는 다른 GRB와 구분되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%83%89%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="청색초거성">청색초거성</a>의 붕괴 결과일 가능성이 제기된다.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 현재까지 발견된 초장기지속 GRB는 매우 적으며, 이것들을 다른 GRB와 구분시켜주는 가장 주된 특징은 감마선 방출 시간이다. 현재까지 연구가 이루어져 그 성질이 잘 이해된 초장기지속 GRB로는 GRB 091024A, GRB 101225A, GRB 111209A가 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다만 최근의 연구 결과에서는 초장기지속 GRB가 별개의 분류로 존재할 수 있는 증거가 있는지 여부가 불확실하다.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이를 보다 명확히 결론내기 위해서는 여러 파장 대역에 걸친 관찰이 이루어져야 할 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="엄청난_에너지"><span id=".EC.97.84.EC.B2.AD.EB.82.9C_.EC.97.90.EB.84.88.EC.A7.80"></span>엄청난 에너지</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 엄청난 에너지"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg/250px-GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg/375px-GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg/500px-GRB080319B_illustration_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>항성형성 영역에서 발생한 밝은 GRB를 묘사한 천체예술가의 그림. 폭발 에너지는 서로 반대 방향으로 뻗어나가는 두 개의 좁은 제트 빔에 집중된다.</figcaption></figure> <p>GRB는 매우 밝기 때문에 엄청 멀리 떨어져 있음에도 지구에서 관측이 가능하다. 장기지속 GRB의 평균적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8C%80%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="절대등급">절대</a>선속은 우리 은하의 가장 밝은 항성들에 필적한다. 그러나 눈에 보이는 항성들이 멀어 봤자 수십 광년 거리에 있음에 비해 GRB들은 수십억 광년씩 떨어져 있다. 이 거대한 에너지의 대부분은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0" title="감마선">감마선</a> 대역으로 방출되지만, 일부 GRB는 가시광선 대역에서도 극도로 밝은 광도를 나타낸다. 예컨대 <a href="/wiki/GRB_080319B" title="GRB 080319B">GRB 080319B</a>은 가시광 대역이 가장 밝을 때 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" class="mw-redirect" title="실시등급">실시등급</a>이 5.8등급이었고,<sup id="cite_ref-Racusin_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racusin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 지구에서 75억 광년 떨어져 있음에도 육안으로 볼 수 있는 가장 어두운 항성과 같은 밝기로 보였다. 이 밝기와 거리를 종합해 보면 GRB는 엄청난 에너지원이라는 결론에 다다른다. 감마선 폭발이 구형으로 이루어진다 가정하면, GRB 080319B의 에너지 출력은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91" title="태양">태양</a>의 모든 질량을 동시에 복사 에너지로 전환(<a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89%E2%80%93%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80" class="mw-redirect" title="질량–에너지 등가">질량–에너지 등가</a>)했을 때 얻을 수 있는 에너지의 2배 이내이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>이렇게 짧은 시간 동안 이렇게 많은 에너지를 생산할 수 있는 기작은 현재까지 밝혀진 바가 없다. 하여 감마선 폭발이 균일한 구형이 아니라 특정 방향으로 집중된 형태, 즉 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="빛의 속력">광속</a>의 99.995% 속력으로 운동하는 좁은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="상대론적 제트">제트</a> 형태의 폭발일 것으로 생각된다.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 제트의 각크기 추정치는 잔유휘광 광도곡선의 "제트 약화(jet break)"를 살펴보아 추산할 수 있다. 제트 약화란 잔유휘광이 서서히 어두워지기 시작한 시점부터, 효율적인 분사출 복사가 더 이상 이루어지지 않아 밝기가 갑자기 크게 감소할 때까지의 시간을 말한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Sari99_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sari99-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 관측 결과 GRB들의 분사출 각크기는 작으면 2도에서 크면 20도까지 매우 다양하게 나타났다.<sup id="cite_ref-Frail_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frail-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GRB의 에너지가 제트 줄기에만 거의 집중되어 있기 때문에 GRB가 내뿜는 감마선의 대부분은 지구에 도달하지 않고 아예 감지조차 되지 않는다. GRB의 제트가 지구를 가리키는 방향을 향하면 폭발의 에너지가 상대론적 분사출에 집중됨으로 인해 폭발이 구형으로 균일하게 일어날 경우보다 더 밝게 보인다. 이 효과를 고려할 때, 전형적인 GRB의 에너지 참값은 약 10<sup>44</sup> J로 관측된다. 이는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="태양질량">태양질량</a>의 2000분의 1이 복사에너지로 등가전환된 것과 같다.<sup id="cite_ref-Frail_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frail-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 태양질량 전체와 비교했을 때 작은 양이지만, 그래도 그 양은 여전히 엄청난 것이라 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="지구질량">지구질량</a> 전체를 복사에너지로 등가전환(약 5.5 × 10<sup>41</sup>)한 것의 200배에 달한다. 이는 밝은 <a href="/wiki/Ib%ED%98%95_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ib형 초신성">Ib/c형</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a>의 에너지에 필적하는 것이며 이론적 모형의 범위 안에도 들어맞는다. 가장 가까운 GRB들 주위에서 매우 밝은 초신성들이 동반되는 것이 관측된 사례가 여럿 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-98bw_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98bw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB의 에너지가 집중 방출된다는 설을 지지하는 또다른 증거로는 주위의 <a href="/wiki/Ic%ED%98%95_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ic형 초신성">Ic형 초신성</a>들의 스펙트럼에 나타나는 강한 비대칭성과<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 폭발 이후 충분히 긴 시간이 지나 제트가 더 이상 상대론적이 아니게 되었을 때 전파 대역에서 관측한 결과가 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>단기지속 GRB는 장기지속 GRB에 비해 적색편이가 작고(i.e. 거리가 가깝고) 광도가 작다.<sup id="cite_ref-SHBhosts_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHBhosts-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 단기지속 GRB의 분사출이 정확히 측정된 적은 아직 없으나, 장기지속 GRB보다 에너지 집중이 헐겁거나<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 또는 일부 경우 아예 집중되지 않을 가능성이 제기되어 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="감마선_폭발의_전구체"><span id=".EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C.EC.9D.98_.EC.A0.84.EA.B5.AC.EC.B2.B4"></span>감마선 폭발의 전구체</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 감마선 폭발의 전구체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Wolf_rayet2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wolf_rayet2.jpg/220px-Wolf_rayet2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wolf_rayet2.jpg/330px-Wolf_rayet2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wolf_rayet2.jpg/440px-Wolf_rayet2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84-%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="볼프-레이에별">볼프-레이에별</a> <a href="/wiki/WR_124" title="WR 124">WR 124</a>와 그 주위의 성운을 촬영한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B8%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="허블우주망원경">허블우주망원경</a> 사진. 볼프-레이에별은 장기지속 GRB의 전구체 후보들 중 하나이다.</figcaption></figure> <p>대부분의 감마선 폭발체가 지구에서 매우 멀리 떨어져 있기 때문에, 그 전구체가 무엇인지 폭발을 일으키는 시스템이 무엇인지 아는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 장기지속 GRB들 일부가 초신성과 연관이 있고 그 숙주 은하들이 항성형성이 매우 빠르게 일어나는 은하라는 점은 장기지속 GRB가 질량이 큰 항성과 관계된 현상임을 뒷받침하는 강력한 증거이다. 장기지속 GRB의 기원 기작으로 가장 널리 받아들여지는 것은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성">중력붕괴성</a> 모형이다.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 질량이 매우 크면서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="금속성">금속성</a>은 낮고 빠르게 자전하는 항성이 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="항성진화">항성진화</a>의 마지막 단계에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>로 붕괴한다. 항성의 핵 근처에 있던 질량들은 중심을 향해 쏟아져 내리면서 고밀도로 소용돌이치는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B0%A9%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="강착원반">강착원반</a>을 형성한다. 강착원반의 물질이 블랙홀로 낙하하면 자전축을 따라 한 쌍의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="상대론적 제트">상대론적 제트</a>가 방출되고, 그 결과 제트가 항성의 외피층을 헤치고 표면을 뚫고 나오면서 감마선으로 방출된다. 다른 모형에서는 블랙홀을 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%83%80" title="마그네타">마그네타</a>로 대체하기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 무거운 항성의 중심붕괴와 뒤이은 상대론적 제트 형성이라는 골자는 거의 대동소이하다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" class="mw-redirect" title="우리은하">우리은하</a>의 천체들 중 감마선 폭발체의 가장 강력한 후보는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84-%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="볼프-레이에별">볼프-레이에별</a>들이다. 볼프-레이에별은 매우 뜨겁고 질량이 큰 항성으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC%EC%95%95" title="복사압">복사압</a>에 의해 수소를 대부분 또는 모두 바깥으로 날려버린 항성이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EA%B3%A8%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%97%90%ED%83%80" title="용골자리 에타">용골자리 에타</a>, <a href="/wiki/WR_104" title="WR 104">WR 104</a>가 근시일 내에 감마선 폭발을 일으킬 수 있는 후보천체로 꼽히고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 우리은하의 항성들 중 감마선 폭발을 일으킬 수 있는 적절한 특징을 갖춘 항성이 확실히 존재하는지 여부는 불분명하다.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanek_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanek-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>거대질량 항성 모형이 모든 유형의 GRB를 다 설명하지는 못할 것이다. 일부 단기지속 GRB는 항성형성이 일어나지 않고, 무거운 별도 없는 곳, 예컨대 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="타원은하">타원은하</a>나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C" title="은하헤일로">은하헤일로</a>에서 발생한다는 강력한 증거가 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-SHBhosts_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHBhosts-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 두개의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a>로 이루어진 쌍성계에서 두 중성자별이 융합하는 것이 단기지속 GRB의 기원을 설명하는 데 선호되는 가설이다. 이 모형에 따르면, 쌍성계의 두 별은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="중력복사">중력복사</a>를 통해 에너지를 내보내기 때문에 서서히 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%84%A0" title="와선">와선</a>을 그리며 서로에게 가까워지게 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그리고 어느 순간이 되면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%9D%EB%A0%A5" title="조석력">조석력</a>으로 인해 서로를 파괴하고 단일한 블랙홀로 융합 및 붕괴한다. 새로이 생성된 블랙홀로 낙하한 물질은 강착원반을 형성하고 에너지를 방출한다. 이 외에도 중성자별과 블랙홀의 융합, 단일 중성자별의 강착유도 붕괴, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="원시 블랙홀">원시 블랙홀</a>의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%A6%9D%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="블랙홀 증발 (없는 문서)">증발</a> 등 많은 모형들이 단기지속 GRB의 기원을 설명하기 위해 제기되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cline_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cline-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>독일계 미국 학자 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%88%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="프리트바르트 빈터베르크 (없는 문서)">프리트바르트 빈터베르크</a>는 중력붕괴가 일어나 블랙홀의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" title="사건의 지평선">사건의 지평선</a>에 다다르면 모든 물질이 감마선 폭발로 분해된다는 또다른 가설을 제기하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="조석교란"><span id=".EC.A1.B0.EC.84.9D.EA.B5.90.EB.9E.80"></span>조석교란</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 조석교란"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2011년 3월 28일 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EC%9E%84%EB%AC%B4" title="스위프트 감마선 폭발 임무">스위프트 감마선 폭발 임무</a> 위성이 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_110328A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 110328A (없는 문서)">GRB 110328A</a>를 감지하면서 새로운 GRB적 현상이 발견되었다. 당시 감마선은 2일간 지속되었으며, 이는 초장기지속 GRB보다도 훨씬 긴 것이다. 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%A0" title="엑스선">엑스선</a> 대역에서는 몇 개월에 걸쳐 잔유휘광이 지속되었다. 현상이 일어난 곳은 적색편이 z = 0.3534의 소형 타원은하의 중심이었다. 이 폭발현상이 항성붕괴의 결과인지 상대론적 제트를 수반한 조석교란인지 논쟁이 현재까지도 분분한데, 후자가 좀더 많은 지지를 받고 있다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%9D%EA%B5%90%EB%9E%80" title="조석교란">조석교란</a>이란 어떤 항성이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="초대질량 블랙홀">초대질량 블랙홀</a>과 상호작용할 때 일어나는 현상이다. 항성은 국수효과를 겪으면서 조각나고, 일부 경우 상대론적 제트가 형성되어 밝은 감마선 복사를 방출하기도 한다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_110328A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 110328A (없는 문서)">GRB 110328A</a>(스위프트 J1644+57)는 처음에는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="주계열성">주계열성</a>이 수백만 태양질량 체급의 블랙홀에 의해 조석교란을 받은 것이라고 주장되었으나,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levan11_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levan11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloom11_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom11-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 현재는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>이 1만 태양질량 체급의 블랙홀에 교란을 받았다는 쪽이 보다 가능성이 있는 것으로 생각된다.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="방출_기작"><span id=".EB.B0.A9.EC.B6.9C_.EA.B8.B0.EC.9E.91"></span>방출 기작</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 방출 기작"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>감마선 폭발체가 에너지를 복사로 바꾸는 수단에 대해서는 거의 이해가 제대로 이루어져 있지 않다. 2010년 현재에도 여전히 이 과정을 설명할 수 있는 널리 받아들여지는 모형은 존재하지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRB 방출에 대한 모형이 성공적이려면, 감마선 방출을 발생시키는 물리적 과정을 설명하면서 동시에 관측된 다양한 광도곡선, 스펙트럼 등 다른 특징들과도 일치해야 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 특히 어려운 문제는 일부 폭발에서 나타나는 매우 높은 에너지 효율이다. 일부 GRB는 폭발 에너지 중 절반 이상을 감마선으로 전환시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_990123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 990123 (없는 문서)">GRB 990123</a>에서 <a href="/wiki/GRB_080319B" title="GRB 080319B">GRB 080319B</a>에 이르기까지 감마선 스펙트럼을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EC%82%BD%EB%B2%95" class="mw-redirect" title="외삽법">외삽</a>하여 가시광선 대역의 광도곡선을 얻어냈는데,<sup id="cite_ref-Racusin_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racusin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 관측결과들은 일부 GRB에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4_%EC%82%B0%EB%9E%80" title="콤프턴 산란">역콤프턴 효과</a>가 주요한 과정일 가능성을 시사한다. 이 모형에서는 기존에 존재하던 저에너지 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>가 폭발 시 상대론적 전자에 의해 산란되어 그 에너지가 대규모로 증대되어 감마선이 된다고 해석한다.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>감마선 폭발 이후 따라오는 감마선보다 파장이 긴 잔유휘광(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%A0" title="엑스선">엑스선</a>-<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%8C%8C" title="전파">전파</a>)의 성질은 감마선 폭발 자체보다는 잘 이해되고 있다. 폭발로 방출되는 에너지 중 폭발 자체의 형태로 방출되는 것을 제외한 에너지는 아광속으로 별 바깥을 향해 움직이는 물질 또는 에너지의 형태를 갖게 된다. 이 물질이 주위의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B0%84%EB%A7%A4%EC%A7%88" title="성간매질">성간매질</a>과 충돌하면 상대론적 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EA%B2%A9%ED%8C%8C" title="충격파">충격파</a>가 발생해 성간공간에 전파된다. 2차 충격파인 역충격이 분출된 물질 속으로 진행할 수도 있다. 충격파 속에 포함된 무지막지하게 큰 에너지의 전자들이 강력한 국소 자기장에 의해 가속되면 거의 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="전자기 스펙트럼">전자기 스펙트럼</a> 대역에 걸쳐 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%B1%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="싱크로트론 (없는 문서)">싱크로트론</a> 복사가 일어나는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 모형은 최근 관측된 GRB 이후 수 시간 ~ 수 일 만에 나타나는 잔유휘광들의 양태를 일반적으로 성공적으로 설명하고 있다. 그러나 GRB 자체가 발생하고 그 직후 나타나는 잔유휘광들의 특징을 설명하는 데는 다소의 어려움이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="발생_빈도와_지구에_대한_위협"><span id=".EB.B0.9C.EC.83.9D_.EB.B9.88.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EC.A7.80.EA.B5.AC.EC.97.90_.EB.8C.80.ED.95.9C_.EC.9C.84.ED.98.91"></span>발생 빈도와 지구에 대한 위협</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 발생 빈도와 지구에 대한 위협"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg/220px-GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg/330px-GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg/440px-GROND_image_of_the_gamma-ray_burst_GRB_151027B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>2015년 10월 27일 그리니치 표준시 22시 40분, NASA/ASI/UKSA 스위프트 위성이 1000번째로 GRB를 발견했다.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>감마선 폭발은 생명체에게 해롭거나 파괴적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 우주 전체적으로 보았을 때 지구의 생명체와 유사한 생명체에게 가장 안전한 환경은 대형 은하의 외곽의 항성밀도가 낮은 영역일 것이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="은하">은하</a>와 그 분류에 대한 우리의 지식은 우리가 아는 형태의 생명체는 모든 은하 중 약 10%에만 존재할 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 적색편이 z ≥ 5인 은하들은 우리가 아는 바에 따르면 GRB 발생률이 높고 항성밀도가 높기에 생명체에게 부적합하다.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>현재까지 관측된 모든 GRB는 우리은하 외부에서 발생했으며, 지구에 무해했다. 그러나 GRB가 우리은하 내부에서 일어나고, 그 방출 줄기가 지구를 똑바로 향한다면, 그 영향은 파멸적일 것이다. 현재 지구를 공전하는 인공위성들은 평균적으로 하루에 한 개의 GRB를 감지하고 있다. 2014년 3월 현재 가장 최근에 관측된 GRB는 1998년 관측된 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_980425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 980425 (없는 문서)">GRB 980425</a>로, 지구로부터 40 메가파섹(1억 3천만 광년)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 떨어진(<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="적색편이">z=0.0085</a>) SBc형 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%9C%EC%86%8C%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="왜소은하">왜소은하</a>에서 발생했다.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_980425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 980425 (없는 문서)">GRB 980425</a>는 평균적인 GRB보다 에너지가 훨씬 적었으며, <a href="/wiki/Ib%ED%98%95_%EB%B0%8F_Ic%ED%98%95_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="Ib형 및 Ic형 초신성">Ib형 초신성</a> <a href="/wiki/SN_1998bw" title="SN 1998bw">SN 1998bw</a>가 그 폭발 원인이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Kippen_et_al._(1998)_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kippen_et_al._(1998)-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GRB 발생 빈도를 정확하게 추산하기는 어렵지만, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" class="mw-redirect" title="우리은하">우리은하</a>와 같은 대략 크기의 은하에서 예상되는 장기지속 GRB의 발생 빈도는 대략 100,000 ~ 1,000,000년에 한 번 꼴이다.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다시 이것들 중에서 자전축이 지구를 향하는 것은 더욱 매우 소수일 것이다. 단기지속 GRB의 발생률은 더욱 알기 힘들지만 아마 비슷한 수준일 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GRB가 서로 반대 방향으로 방출되는 빛줄기와 관련된 현상으로 이해되는 고로, 그 제트의 경로상에 존재하는 행성만이 고에너지 감마선의 영향을 받게 될 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>지금까지 알려진 생명체 중 자외선에 대한 저항력이 가장 뛰어난 세균 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EB%91%90%EB%9E%80%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="데이노코쿠스 라디오두란스">데이노코쿠스 라디오두란스</a>는 인간보다 자외선을 2,000배 더 잘 견디지만, GRB의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="자외선 복사">자외선 복사</a>는 지구에서의 거리에 따라 이마저 파괴시킬 수 있다. 최초 폭발이 지구를 휩쓸고 지나가면 감마선 폭발로 인한 자외선 폭격으로 대기 중의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A1%B4%EC%B8%B5" title="오존층">오존층</a>이 고갈될 것이기 때문에, 폭발에 직격한 면 뿐 아니라 직격을 피한 지구의 반대쪽 면도 생명유지에 치명적인 후유증을 겪게 될 공산이 크다.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="지구에_미칠_영향"><span id=".EC.A7.80.EA.B5.AC.EC.97.90_.EB.AF.B8.EC.B9.A0_.EC.98.81.ED.96.A5"></span>지구에 미칠 영향</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 지구에 미칠 영향"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>대체로 수 파섹 이내에서 지구를 향해 에너지를 방출한 GRB가 생명체에게 해를 끼치는 것은 대부분 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a> 준위 상승이 이유일 것이다. 모형들은 이 효과가 파괴적일 경우 DNA 파괴가 정상 수준의 16배까지 증가할 수 있음을 보여준다. 생물학 분야와 실험실 자료의 불확정성이 존재하기에 이러한 효과가 지구 생태계에 어떤 영향을 미칠지 신빙성 있는 평가를 내리는 것은 어려운 일이다.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a> 폭발도 GRB와 마찬가지 효과를 지구 대기에 가할 수 있다. 일반 초신성은 GRB보다 훨씬 빈번한 현상이고 지구 근처에서 일어날 확률도 높다. 초신성 발생률 및 그 분포는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="우주생물학">우주생물학</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EA%B1%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="은하거주가능지역">은하거주가능지역</a> 개념을 정의하는 데 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="과거에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미쳤을_가능성"><span id=".EA.B3.BC.EA.B1.B0.EC.97.90_.EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C.EC.9D.B4_.EC.A7.80.EA.B5.AC.EC.97.90_.EC.98.81.ED.96.A5.EC.9D.84_.EB.AF.B8.EC.B3.A4.EC.9D.84_.EA.B0.80.EB.8A.A5.EC.84.B1"></span>과거에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 과거에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>생명에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 만큼 가까운 GRB는 약 5백만 년에 한 번 꼴로 발생하며, 즉 지구가 탄생한 이래로 약 천여 번의 근지구 GRB가 있었다는 계산이 나온다.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4억 5천만 년 전의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EA%B8%B0-%EC%8B%A4%EB%A3%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B8%B0_%EB%8C%80%EB%9F%89%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="오르도비스기-실루리아기 대량절멸">오르도비스기-실루리아기 대량절멸</a>의 원인이 GRB라는 설이 있다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EA%B8%B0_%EB%A7%90%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="오르도비스기 말기 (없는 문서)">오르도비스기 말기</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%97%BD%EC%B6%A9" title="삼엽충">삼엽충</a> 중 해수면 근처 플랑크톤 층 아래에 살던 종들이 깊은 곳에 사는 종들보다 더 큰 피해를 입었다. 대절멸의 상황에서 보다 잘 살아남은 것은 널리 퍼져 있는 종들이었으며, 이 특이 패턴은 GRB를 통해 설명될 수 있다. 지상에 살거나 해수면 가까이 살던 생물들은 특히 파멸적 영향을 받았으나, 심해의 생물들은 상대적으로 무해했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Melott2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melott2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=774%EB%85%84%E2%80%93775%EB%85%84_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C-14_%EA%B8%89%EC%A6%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="774년–775년 탄소-14 급증 (없는 문서)">774년–775년 탄소-14 급증</a>의 원인이 단기지속 GRB라는 설이 제기되어 있으나,<sup id="cite_ref-pavlov_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pavlov-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hamb_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamb-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그보다는 매우 강한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%96%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="태양플레어">태양플레어</a>였을 가능성이 더 높다.<sup id="cite_ref-mek15_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mek15-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="미래에_감마선_폭발이_지구에_영향을_미칠_가능성"><span id=".EB.AF.B8.EB.9E.98.EC.97.90_.EA.B0.90.EB.A7.88.EC.84.A0_.ED.8F.AD.EB.B0.9C.EC.9D.B4_.EC.A7.80.EA.B5.AC.EC.97.90_.EC.98.81.ED.96.A5.EC.9D.84_.EB.AF.B8.EC.B9.A0_.EA.B0.80.EB.8A.A5.EC.84.B1"></span>미래에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미칠 가능성</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 미래에 감마선 폭발이 지구에 영향을 미칠 가능성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>가장 큰 위협은 천문학자들에게 GRB 후보로 지목되는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%E2%80%93%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%B3%84" title="볼프–레이에별">볼프–레이에별</a>들이다. WR별이 초신성 폭발을 일으키면 강렬한 감마선 빛줄기를 방출할 것이고, 그 빛줄기의 진행선상에 지구가 존재한다면 파멸적 효과가 발생할 것이다. 감마선이 지구의 대기를 뚫고 표면에 직접 영향을 미치지는 못하겠지만, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%B8%B5%EA%B6%8C" title="성층권">성층권</a>에 화학적 파괴가 일어날 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Melott2004_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melott2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>예컨대 지구로부터 8천 광년 떨어져 있는 <a href="/wiki/WR_104" title="WR 104">WR 104</a>이 감마선 폭발을 일으켜 10초 동안 지구가 감마선에 노출된다면, 전 세계의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A1%B4%EC%B8%B5" title="오존층">오존층</a>의 25%가 벗겨질 것이다. 이는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%9F%89%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="대량절멸">대량절멸</a>, 먹이사슬 붕괴, 기아로 이어질 수 있다. 지구의 양면 중 GRB 쪽을 바로 바라보게 되는 면은 치명적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="전리방사선">전리방사선</a>에 노출될 것이며, 이는 단기적으로는 방사능병을, 장기적으로는 오존층 감쇠로 인한 심각한 영향을 초래할 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Melott2004_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melott2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WR 104는 향후 5십만 년 내에 장기지속 GRB를 동반한 초신성으로 폭발할 것으로 생각된다.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="감마선천문학">감마선천문학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="감마선 폭발 목록">감마선 폭발 목록</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_020813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 020813 (없는 문서)">GRB 020813</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_130427A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 130427A (없는 문서)">GRB 130427A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_080916C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 080916C (없는 문서)">GRB 080916C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C%EC%9B%90" title="연감마선 연속 방출원">연감마선 연속 방출원</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="항성진화">항성진화</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%83%81_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%EC%84%AC%EA%B4%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="지구상 감마선섬광 (없는 문서)">지구상 감마선섬광</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>내용주</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-790305b-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-790305b_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">예외적인 경우는 1979년 3월 5일의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_790305b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 790305b (없는 문서)">GRB 790305b</a>이다. 매우 밝은 감마선 폭발을 보여준 이 GRB는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%88%EC%A0%A4%EB%9E%80%EC%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="대마젤란운">대마젤란운</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%94%ED%95%B4" title="초신성잔해">초신성잔해</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LMC_N49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LMC N49 (없는 문서)">N49</a>에서 발생하는 것임이 성공적으로 밝혀졌다. 현재 이 현상은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%83%80" title="마그네타">마그네타</a> 거대섬광으로서, "진짜" 감마선 폭발보다는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C%EC%9B%90" title="연감마선 연속 방출원">연감마선 연속 방출원</a>(SGR)에 가까운 것으로 생각된다.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grbnames-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-grbnames_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">GRB는 발견된 날짜에 따라 명명된다. 첫 두 숫자는 연도, 그 다음 두 숫자는 월, 그 다음 두 숫자는 일을 의미한다. 당일 복수의 GRB가 발견되었다면 날짜일련번호 뒤에 ABC 순서로 로마자를 붙여 구분한다. 2010년 이전에 발견된 GRB들은 당일 발견된 GRB가 그것 하나 뿐이라면 로마자가 붙지 않았다.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T90-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-T90_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">감마선 폭발의 지속시간은 대개 T90로 측정된다. T90이란 폭발 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a>의 90%가 방출되는 데 걸리는 시간이다.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>참조주</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">한국천문학회 편 천문학용어집 204쪽 우단 21째줄</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">한국천문학회 편 천문학용어집 204쪽 우단 22째줄</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502232209/http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays.html">“Gamma Rays”</a>. 《NASA》. 2012년 5월 2일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 5월 28일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Gamma+Rays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissionscience.nasa.gov%2Fems%2F12_gammarays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Atkinson, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/101486/new-kind-of-gamma-ray-burst-is-ultra-long-lasting/">“New Kind of Gamma Ray Burst is Ultra Long-Lasting”</a>. Universetoday.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2015년 5월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Kind+of+Gamma+Ray+Burst+is+Ultra+Long-Lasting&rft.pub=Universetoday.com&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F101486%2Fnew-kind-of-gamma-ray-burst-is-ultra-long-lasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gendre, B.; Stratta, G.; Atteia, J. L.; Basa, S.; Boër, M.; Coward, D. M.; Cutini, S.; d'Elia, V.; Howell, E. J; Klotz, A.; Piro, L. (2013). “The Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: The Collapse of a Blue Supergiant?”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 <b>766</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1212.2392">1212.2392</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...766...30G">2013ApJ...766...30G</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F30">10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ultra-Long+Gamma-Ray+Burst+111209A%3A+The+Collapse+of+a+Blue+Supergiant%3F&rft.volume=766&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1212.2392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F30&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...766...30G&rft.aulast=Gendre&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Stratta%2C+G.&rft.au=Atteia%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Basa%2C+S.&rft.au=Bo%C3%ABr%2C+M.&rft.au=Coward%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Cutini%2C+S.&rft.au=d%27Elia%2C+V.&rft.au=Howell%2C+E.+J&rft.au=Klotz%2C+A.&rft.au=Piro%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Graham, J. F.; Fruchter, A. S. (2013). “The Metal Aversion of LGRBs”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 <b>774</b> (2): 119. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1211.7068">1211.7068</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...774..119G">2013ApJ...774..119G</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F774%2F2%2F119">10.1088/0004-637X/774/2/119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Metal+Aversion+of+LGRBs&rft.volume=774&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.7068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F774%2F2%2F119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...774..119G&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.au=Fruchter%2C+A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">한국천문학회 편 《천문학용어집》 151쪽</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#VedrenneAtteia">Vedrenne & Atteia 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tsang, David and Read, Jocelyn S. and Hinderer, Tanja and Piro, Anthony L. and Bondarescu, Ruxandra (2012). “Resonant Shattering of Neutron Star Crust”. 《Physical Review Letters》 <b>108</b>. 5면. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.011102">10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.011102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Resonant+Shattering+of+Neutron+Star+Crust&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.011102&rft.au=Tsang%2C+David+and+Read%2C+Jocelyn+S.+and+Hinderer%2C+Tanja+and+Piro%2C+Anthony+L.+and+Bondarescu%2C+Ruxandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rates-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rates_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Podsiadlowski">Podsiadlowski 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melott2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Melott2004_11-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Melott2004_11-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Melott2004_11-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Melott2004_11-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Melott">Melott 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#HurleyBib">Hurley 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlashVela-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FlashVela_13-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FlashVela_13-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schilling">Schilling 2002</a>, p.12–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klebesadel R.W.; Strong I.B.; Olson R.A. (1973). “Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin”. <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i> <b>182</b>: L85. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ApJ...182L..85K">1973ApJ...182L..85K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F181225">10.1086/181225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Observations+of+Gamma-Ray+Bursts+of+Cosmic+Origin&rft.volume=182&rft.pages=L85&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F181225&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973ApJ...182L..85K&rft.au=Klebesadel+R.W.&rft.au=Strong+I.B.&rft.au=Olson+R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Meegan">Meegan 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedrenne_p._16–40-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._16–40_16-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._16–40_16-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#VedrenneAtteia">Vedrenne & Atteia 2009</a>, p. 16–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schilling">Schilling 2002</a>, p.36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pac95">Paczyński 1999</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piran92-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Piran92_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Piran92">Piran 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lamb">Lamb 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spatial-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-spatial_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#HurleyConf">Hurley 1986</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pedersen">Pedersen 1987</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hurley92">Hurley 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFishman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CFishman_25-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CFishman_25-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CFishman">Fishman & Meegan 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pac93">Paczynski 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Paradijs">van Paradijs 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedrenne_p._90-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._90_29-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vedrenne_p._90_29-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#VedrenneAtteia">Vedrenne & Atteia 2009</a>, p. 90 – 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schilling">Schilling 2002</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reichart">Reichart 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schilling">Schilling 2002</a>, p. 118–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98bw-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-98bw_33-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-98bw_33-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Galama">Galama 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#HETE">Ricker 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NASA2008">McCray 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gehrels04">Gehrels 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ROTSE">Akerlof 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Akerlof99">Akerlof 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_39-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_39-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bloom">Bloom 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#090423">Reddy 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cucchiara-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cucchiara_41-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cucchiara_41-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...736....7C">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...736....7C</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SD-2011-05-27-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SD-2011-05-27_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Space Daily, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Explosion_Helps_Researcher_Spot_Universe_Most_Distant_Object_999.html">Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object</a>, 27 May 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanvir_paper-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tanvir_paper_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tanvir, N. R.; 외. (2009). “A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z = 8.2”. 《Nature》 <b>461</b> (7268): 1254–1257. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0906.1577">0906.1577</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461.1254T">2009Natur.461.1254T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08459">10.1038/nature08459</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865165">19865165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+gamma-ray+burst+at+a+redshift+of+z+%3D+8.2&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7268&rft.pages=1254-1257&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0906.1577&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19865165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08459&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461.1254T&rft.au=Tanvir%2C+N.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Katz">Katz 2002</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Marani">Marani 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazzati-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazzati_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lazzati">Lazatti 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Simic">Simić 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kouveliotou-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kouveliotou_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kouveliotou">Kouveliotou 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horvath98-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Horvath98_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Horvath98">Horvath 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakkila-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakkila_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hakkila">Hakkila 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chattopadhyay-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chattopadhyay">Chattopadhyay 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virgili-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Virgili_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Virgili">Virgili 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1329a/">“Hubble captures infrared glow of a kilonova blast”</a>. 《Image Gallery》. ESA/Hubble<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 8월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Image+Gallery&rft.atitle=Hubble+captures+infrared+glow+of+a+kilonova+blast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fopo1329a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r1_55-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r1_55-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/short_burst_oct5.html">In a Flash NASA Helps Solve 35-year-old Cosmic Mystery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317203910/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/short_burst_oct5.html">Archived</a> 2011년 3월 17일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>. NASA (2005-10-05) The 30% figure is given here, as well as afterglow discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bloom06">Bloom 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hjorth">Hjorth 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Berger07">Berger 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gehrels05">Gehrels 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zhang09">Zhang 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nakar07">Nakar 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger2010-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2010_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Metzger, B. D.; Martínez-Pinedo, G.; Darbha, S.; Quataert, E.; 외. (August 2010). “Electromagnetic counterparts of compact object mergers powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei”. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i> <b>406</b> (4): 2650. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1001.5029">1001.5029</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.406.2650M">2010MNRAS.406.2650M</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2010.16864.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16864.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+counterparts+of+compact+object+mergers+powered+by+the+radioactive+decay+of+r-process+nuclei&rft.volume=406&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2650&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1001.5029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2010.16864.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010MNRAS.406.2650M&rft.au=Metzger%2C+B.+D.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinedo%2C+G.&rft.au=Darbha%2C+S.&rft.au=Quataert%2C+E.&rft.au=Arcones%2C+A.&rft.au=Kasen%2C+D.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.&rft.au=Nugent%2C+P.&rft.au=Panov%2C+I.+V.&rft.au=Zinner%2C+N.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanvir2013-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tanvir2013_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; Fruchter, A. S.; Hjorth, J.; Hounsell, R. A.; Wiersema, K.; Tunnicliffe, R. L. (2013). “A 'kilonova' associated with the short-duration γ-ray burst GRB 130603B”. <i>Nature</i> <b>500</b> (7464): 547–9. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1306.4971">1306.4971</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.500..547T">2013Natur.500..547T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12505">10.1038/nature12505</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23912055">23912055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+%27kilonova%27+associated+with+the+short-duration+%CE%B3-ray+burst+GRB%E2%80%89130603B&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=7464&rft.pages=547-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1306.4971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23912055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12505&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.500..547T&rft.aulast=Tanvir&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Levan%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Fruchter%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Hjorth%2C+J.&rft.au=Hounsell%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+K.&rft.au=Tunnicliffe%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger2013-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Berger2013_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berger, E.; Fong, W.; Chornock, R. (2013). “ANr-PROCESS KILONOVA ASSOCIATED WITH THE SHORT-HARD GRB 130603B”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>774</b> (2): L23. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1306.3960">1306.3960</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...774L..23B">2013ApJ...774L..23B</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F774%2F2%2FL23">10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=ANr-PROCESS+KILONOVA+ASSOCIATED+WITH+THE+SHORT-HARD+GRB+130603B&rft.volume=774&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L23&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1306.3960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F774%2F2%2FL23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...774L..23B&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Fong%2C+W.&rft.au=Chornock%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dnews-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dnews_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nicole Gugliucci (2013년 8월 7일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182001/http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/how-a-kilonova-solved-a-gamma-ray-burst-mystery-130807.htm">“Kilonova Alert! Hubble Solves Gamma Ray Burst Mystery”</a>. <i>news.discovery.com</i>. Discovery Communications. 2016년 3월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/how-a-kilonova-solved-a-gamma-ray-burst-mystery-130807.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2015년 1월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.discovery.com&rft.atitle=Kilonova+Alert%21+Hubble+Solves+Gamma+Ray+Burst+Mystery&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.au=Nicole+Gugliucci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Fastronomy%2Fhow-a-kilonova-solved-a-gamma-ray-burst-mystery-130807.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederiks-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frederiks_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frederiks">Frederiks 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hurley05">Hurley 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woosley06-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Woosley06_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Woosley06">Woosley & Bloom 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pontzen-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pontzen_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pontzen">Pontzen et al. 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gendre, B.; Stratta, G.; Atteia, J. L.; Basa, S.; Boër, M.; Coward, D. M.; Cutini, S.; d'Elia, V.; Howell, E. J; Klotz, A.; Piro, L. (2013). “The Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: The Collapse of a Blue Supergiant?”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>766</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1212.2392">1212.2392</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...766...30G">2013ApJ...766...30G</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F30">10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ultra-Long+Gamma-Ray+Burst+111209A%3A+The+Collapse+of+a+Blue+Supergiant%3F&rft.volume=766&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1212.2392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F766%2F1%2F30&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...766...30G&rft.aulast=Gendre&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Stratta%2C+G.&rft.au=Atteia%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Basa%2C+S.&rft.au=Bo%C3%ABr%2C+M.&rft.au=Coward%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Cutini%2C+S.&rft.au=d%27Elia%2C+V.&rft.au=Howell%2C+E.+J&rft.au=Klotz%2C+A.&rft.au=Piro%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boer, Michel; Gendre, Bruce; Stratta, Giulia (2013). “Are Ultra-long Gamma-Ray Bursts different?”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>800</b>: 16. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1310.4944">1310.4944</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800...16B">2015ApJ...800...16B</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F800%2F1%2F16">10.1088/0004-637X/800/1/16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Are+Ultra-long+Gamma-Ray+Bursts+different%3F&rft.volume=800&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.4944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F800%2F1%2F16&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApJ...800...16B&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Gendre%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Stratta%2C+Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Virgili, F. J.; Mundell, C. G.; Pal'Shin, V.; Guidorzi, C.; Margutti, R.; Melandri, A.; Harrison, R.; Kobayashi, S.; Chornock, R.; Henden, A.; Updike, A. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Tanvir, N. R.; Steele, I. A.; Cucchiara, A.; Gomboc, A.; Levan, A.; Cano, Z.; Mottram, C. J.; Clay, N. R.; Bersier, D.; Kopač, D.; Japelj, J.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Svinkin, D.; Golenetskii, S.; Hartmann, D. H.; Milne, P. A.; 외. (2013). “Grb 091024A and the Nature of Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>778</b>: 54. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1310.0313">1310.0313</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...778...54V">2013ApJ...778...54V</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F778%2F1%2F54">10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/54</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Grb+091024A+and+the+Nature+of+Ultra-Long+Gamma-Ray+Bursts&rft.volume=778&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.0313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F778%2F1%2F54&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...778...54V&rft.aulast=Virgili&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Mundell%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Pal%27Shin%2C+V.&rft.au=Guidorzi%2C+C.&rft.au=Margutti%2C+R.&rft.au=Melandri%2C+A.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+R.&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+S.&rft.au=Chornock%2C+R.&rft.au=Henden%2C+A.&rft.au=Updike%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Cenko%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Tanvir%2C+N.+R.&rft.au=Steele%2C+I.+A.&rft.au=Cucchiara%2C+A.&rft.au=Gomboc%2C+A.&rft.au=Levan%2C+A.&rft.au=Cano%2C+Z.&rft.au=Mottram%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Clay%2C+N.+R.&rft.au=Bersier%2C+D.&rft.au=Kopa%C4%8D%2C+D.&rft.au=Japelj%2C+J.&rft.au=Filippenko%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Svinkin%2C+D.&rft.au=Golenetskii%2C+S.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Milne%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zhang, Bin-Bin; Zhang, Bing; Murase, Kohta; Connaughton, Valerie; Briggs, Michael S. (2013). “How Long does a Burst Burst?”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>787</b>: 66. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1310.2540v2">1310.2540v2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...787...66Z">2014ApJ...787...66Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F787%2F1%2F66">10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Long+does+a+Burst+Burst%3F&rft.volume=787&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.2540v2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F787%2F1%2F66&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ApJ...787...66Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bin-Bin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Bing&rft.au=Murase%2C+Kohta&rft.au=Connaughton%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Racusin-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Racusin_74-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Racusin_74-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Racusin08">Racusin 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rykoff">Rykoff 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Abdo">Abdo 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sari99-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sari99_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sari99">Sari 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Burrows">Burrows 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frail-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frail_79-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frail_79-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frail">Frail 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mazzali">Mazzali 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frail2000">Frail 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHBhosts-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SHBhosts_82-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SHBhosts_82-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Prochaska">Prochaska 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Watson">Watson 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grupe">Grupe 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mac99">MacFadyen 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zhang, Bing; Mészáros, Peter (2001년 5월 1일). “Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i> <b>552</b>: L35–L38. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0011133">astro-ph/0011133</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...552L..35Z">2001ApJ...552L..35Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F320255">10.1086/320255</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Gamma-Ray+Burst+Afterglow+with+Continuous+Energy+Injection%3A+Signature+of+a+Highly+Magnetized+Millisecond+Pulsar&rft.volume=552&rft.pages=L35-L38&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0011133&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F320255&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ApJ...552L..35Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bing&rft.au=M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Troja, E.; Cusumano, G.; O'Brien, P. T.; Zhang, B.; Sbarufatti, B.; Mangano, V.; Willingale, R.; Chincarini, G.; Osborne, J. P. (2007년 8월 1일). “Swift Observations of GRB 070110: An Extraordinary X-Ray Afterglow Powered by the Central Engine”. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>665</b>: 599–607. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0702220">astro-ph/0702220</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...665..599T">2007ApJ...665..599T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F519450">10.1086/519450</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Swift+Observations+of+GRB+070110%3A+An+Extraordinary+X-Ray+Afterglow+Powered+by+the+Central+Engine&rft.volume=665&rft.pages=599-607&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0702220&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F519450&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...665..599T&rft.aulast=Troja&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Cusumano%2C+G.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+P.+T.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+B.&rft.au=Sbarufatti%2C+B.&rft.au=Mangano%2C+V.&rft.au=Willingale%2C+R.&rft.au=Chincarini%2C+G.&rft.au=Osborne%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Plait">Plait 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanek-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanek_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanek">Stanek 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Abbott">Abbott 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kochanek">Kochanek 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vietri">Vietri 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mac2006">MacFadyen 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blinnikov">Blinnikov 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cline-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cline_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cline">Cline 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winterberg, Friedwardt (2001 Aug 29). "Gamma-Ray Bursters and Lorentzian Relativity". Z. Naturforsch 56a: 889–892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daily">Science Daily 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levan11-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Levan11_98-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Levan11">Levan 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom11-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom11_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bloom11">Bloom 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KrolikPiran">Krolick & Piran 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stern">Stern 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFishman">Fishman, G. 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FanPiran">Fan & Piran 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Liang">Liang et al. 1999, GRB 990123: The Case for Saturated Comptonization, The Astrophysical Journal, 519:L21-L24, 1999 July 1. http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/519/1/L21/fulltext/995164.text.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wozniak09">Wozniak 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Meszaros">Meszaros 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sari98">Sari 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nousek">Nousek 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15085/">“ESO Telescopes Observe Swift Satellite’s 1000th Gamma-ray Burst”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2015년 11월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESO+Telescopes+Observe+Swift+Satellite%E2%80%99s+1000th+Gamma-ray+Burst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fannouncements%2Fann15085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.231102">Possible Role of Gamma Ray Bursts on Life Extinction in the Universe</a> Physical Review Letters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v7/124">Focus: Gamma-Ray Bursts Determine Potential Locations for Life</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Soderberg, A. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Berger, E.; Fox, D. W.; Sako, M.; Frail, D. A.; Gal-Yam, A.; Moon, D. S.; Cenko, S. B.; Yost, S. A.; Phillips, M. M.; Persson, S. E.; Freedman, W. L.; Wyatt, P.; Jayawardhana, R.; Paulson, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/full/nature02757.html">“The sub-energetic γ-ray burst GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to the nearby GRB 980425”</a>. 《Nature》 <b>430</b> (7000): 648–650. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408096">astro-ph/0408096</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.430..648S">2004Natur.430..648S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02757">10.1038/nature02757</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295592">15295592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+sub-energetic+%CE%B3-ray+burst+GRB+031203+as+a+cosmic+analogue+to+the+nearby+GRB+980425&rft.volume=430&rft.issue=7000&rft.pages=648-650&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0408096&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15295592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02757&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.430..648S&rft.aulast=Soderberg&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Berger%2C+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Sako%2C+M.&rft.au=Frail%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Gal-Yam%2C+A.&rft.au=Moon%2C+D.+S.&rft.au=Cenko%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Yost%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Persson%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+W.+L.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+P.&rft.au=Jayawardhana%2C+R.&rft.au=Paulson%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv430%2Fn7000%2Ffull%2Fnature02757.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Le Floc'h, E.; Charmandaris, V.; Gordon, K.; Forrest, W. J.; Brandl, B.; Schaerer, D.; Dessauges-Zavadsky, M.; Armus, L. (2011). “The first Infrared study of the close environment of a long Gamma-Ray Burst”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 <b>746</b>: 7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1111.1234">1111.1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...746....7L">2012ApJ...746....7L</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F746%2F1%2F7">10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+first+Infrared+study+of+the+close+environment+of+a+long+Gamma-Ray+Burst&rft.volume=746&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1111.1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F746%2F1%2F7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ApJ...746....7L&rft.aulast=Le+Floc%27h&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Charmandaris%2C+V.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+K.&rft.au=Forrest%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Brandl%2C+B.&rft.au=Schaerer%2C+D.&rft.au=Dessauges-Zavadsky%2C+M.&rft.au=Armus%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kippen_et_al._(1998)-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kippen_et_al._(1998)_114-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kippen, R.M.; Briggs, M. S.; Kommers, J. M.; Kouveliotou, C.; Hurley, K.; Robinson, C. R.; Van Paradijs, J.; Hartmann, D. H.; Galama, T. J.; Vreeswijk, P. M. (October 1998). “On the Association of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Supernovae”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 <b>506</b> (1): L27–L30. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9806364">astro-ph/9806364</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...506L..27K">1998ApJ...506L..27K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F311634">10.1086/311634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Association+of+Gamma-Ray+Bursts+with+Supernovae&rft.volume=506&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L27-L30&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9806364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F311634&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...506L..27K&rft.aulast=Kippen&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Briggs%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Kommers%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Kouveliotou%2C+C.&rft.au=Hurley%2C+K.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Van+Paradijs%2C+J.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Galama%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Vreeswijk%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21082617">“Gamma-ray burst 'hit Earth in 8th Century<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. 《Rebecca Morelle》. BBC. 2013년 1월 21일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 1월 21일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebecca+Morelle&rft.atitle=Gamma-ray+burst+%27hit+Earth+in+8th+Century%27&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-21082617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Guetta">Guetta and Piran 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Welsh, Jennifer (2011년 7월 10일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44823014/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.Tqoe10K5PvI">“Can gamma-ray bursts destroy life on Earth?”</a>. MSN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 27일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+gamma-ray+bursts+destroy+life+on+Earth%3F&rft.pub=MSN&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F44823014%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-science%2F%23.Tqoe10K5PvI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028091623/http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/070226_grb-life.htm#">“Death from across the galaxy”</a>. World-science.net. 2012년 10월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/070226_grb-life.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 12월 30일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+from+across+the+galaxy&rft.pub=World-science.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-science.net%2Fexclusives%2F070226_grb-life.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0903/0903.4710.pdf">Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Threat to Life on Earth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_120-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_120-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/0911.2196.pdf">Effects of Gamma Ray Bursts in Earth’s Biosphere</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">New Scientist print edition, 15 December 2001, p 10. John Scalo and Craig Wheeler of the University of Texas at Austin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pavlov-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pavlov_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pavlov, A.K.; Blinov, A.V.; Konstantinov, A.N.; 외. (2013). “AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma-ray burst”. 《Mon. Notes R. Astron. Soc.》 <b>435</b>: 2878–2884. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1308.1272">1308.1272</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.435.2878P">2013MNRAS.435.2878P</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt1468">10.1093/mnras/stt1468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon.+Notes+R.+Astron.+Soc.&rft.atitle=AD+775+pulse+of+cosmogenic+radionuclides+production+as+imprint+of+a+Galactic+gamma-ray+burst&rft.volume=435&rft.pages=2878-2884&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1308.1272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt1468&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MNRAS.435.2878P&rft.aulast=Pavlov&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Blinov%2C+A.V.&rft.au=Konstantinov%2C+A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamb-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hamb_123-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hambaryan, V.V.; Neuhauser, R. (2013). “A Galactic short gamma-ray burst as cause for the <sup>14</sup>C peak in AD 774/5”. 《<a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>》 <b>430</b> (1): 32–36. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1211.2584">1211.2584</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.430...32H">2013MNRAS.430...32H</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsts378">10.1093/mnras/sts378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Galactic+short+gamma-ray+burst+as+cause+for+the+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC+peak+in+AD+774%2F5&rft.volume=430&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.2584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsts378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MNRAS.430...32H&rft.aulast=Hambaryan&rft.aufirst=V.V.&rft.au=Neuhauser%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mek15-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mek15_124-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mekhaldi; 외. (2015). “Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4”. 《Nature Comm.》 <b>6</b>: 8611. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E8611M">2015NatCo...6E8611M</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9611">10.1038/ncomms9611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Comm.&rft.atitle=Multiradionuclide+evidence+for+the+solar+origin+of+the+cosmic-ray+events+of+%E1%B4%80%E1%B4%85+774%2F5+and+993%2F4&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8611&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6E8611M&rft.au=Mekhaldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2013/05/27/earth-may-still-lie-in-path-of-potential-gamma-ray-burst-grb-say-astronomers/#5b0214dd6e45">Earth May Still Lie In Path Of Potential Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB), Say Astronomers</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고_자료"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0_.EC.9E.90.EB.A3.8C"></span>참고 자료</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C&action=edit&section=18" title="부분 편집: 참고 자료"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480451">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="Abbott" class="citation journal">Abbott, B.; 외. 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(2009). “Looking Into the Fireball: ROTSE-III and Swift Observations of Early GRB Afterglows”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal</a></i> <b>702</b>: 489. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0904.0261">0904.0261</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...702..489R">2009ApJ...702..489R</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F702%2F1%2F489">10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Looking+Into+the+Fireball%3A+ROTSE-III+and+Swift+Observations+of+Early+GRB+Afterglows&rft.volume=702&rft.pages=489&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0904.0261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F702%2F1%2F489&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...702..489R&rft.au=Rykoff%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Sari98" class="citation journal">Sari, R; Piran, T; Narayan, R (1998). “Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i> <b>497</b> (5): L17. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9712005">astro-ph/9712005</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...497L..17S">1998ApJ...497L..17S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F311269">10.1086/311269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Spectra+and+Light+Curves+of+Gamma-Ray+Burst+Afterglows&rft.volume=497&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=L17&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9712005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F311269&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...497L..17S&rft.au=Sari%2C+R&rft.au=Piran%2C+T&rft.au=Narayan%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Sari99" class="citation journal">Sari, R; Piran, T; Halpern, J.P (1999). “Jets in Gamma-Ray Bursts”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i> <b>519</b>: L17–L20. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903339">astro-ph/9903339</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...519L..17S">1999ApJ...519L..17S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F312109">10.1086/312109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Jets+in+Gamma-Ray+Bursts&rft.volume=519&rft.pages=L17-L20&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9903339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F312109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...519L..17S&rft.au=Sari%2C+R&rft.au=Piran%2C+T&rft.au=Halpern%2C+J.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Schilling" class="citation book">Schilling, Govert (2002). <i>Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe</i>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9E%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90%EB%B6%80" title="케임브리지 대학교 출판부">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-80053-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-80053-6"><bdi>0-521-80053-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flash%21+The+hunt+for+the+biggest+explosions+in+the+universe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-80053-6&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Govert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Daily" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110616142709.htm">“Gamma-Ray Flash Came from Star Being Eaten by Massive Black Hole”</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Daily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Daily (없는 문서)">ScienceDaily LLC</a>. 2011년 6월 16일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 6월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Gamma-Ray+Flash+Came+from+Star+Being+Eaten+by+Massive+Black+Hole&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F06%2F110616142709.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Simic" class="citation conference">Simić, S.; 외. 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American Institute of Physics Conference Series. 139–140쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AIPC..801..139S">2005AIPC..801..139S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2141849">10.1063/1.2141849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+model+for+temporal+variability+of+the+GRB+light+curve&rft.btitle=Astrophysical+Sources+of+High+Energy+Particles+and+Radiation&rft.series=American+Institute+of+Physics+Conference+Series&rft.pages=139-140&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2141849&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AIPC..801..139S&rft.au=Simi%C4%87%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="Stanek" class="citation journal">Stanek, K.Z.; 외. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acta.astrouw.edu.pl/Vol56/n4/pap_56_4_3.pdf">“Protecting Life in the Milky Way: Metals Keep the GRBs Away”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acta_Astronomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acta Astronomica (없는 문서)">Acta Astronomica</a></i> <b>56</b>: 333. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604113">astro-ph/0604113</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AcA....56..333S">2006AcA....56..333S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronomica&rft.atitle=Protecting+Life+in+the+Milky+Way%3A+Metals+Keep+the+GRBs+Away&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0604113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AcA....56..333S&rft.au=Stanek%2C+K.Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facta.astrouw.edu.pl%2FVol56%2Fn4%2Fpap_56_4_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Stern" class="citation journal">Stern, Boris E.; Poutanen, Juri (2004). “Gamma-ray bursts from synchrotron self-Compton emission”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C_%EC%9B%94%EA%B0%84%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="왕립천문학회 월간공지">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i> <b>352</b> (3): L35–L39. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0405488">astro-ph/0405488</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.352L..35S">2004MNRAS.352L..35S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08163.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08163.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Gamma-ray+bursts+from+synchrotron+self-Compton+emission&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L35-L39&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0405488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08163.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MNRAS.352L..35S&rft.au=Stern%2C+Boris+E.&rft.au=Poutanen%2C+Juri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Thorsett" class="citation journal">Thorsett, S.E. (1995). “Terrestrial implications of cosmological gamma-ray burst models”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i> <b>444</b>: L53. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9501019">astro-ph/9501019</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...444L..53T">1995ApJ...444L..53T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F187858">10.1086/187858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+implications+of+cosmological+gamma-ray+burst+models&rft.volume=444&rft.pages=L53&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9501019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F187858&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ApJ...444L..53T&rft.au=Thorsett%2C+S.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="TNG" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67tHcb4TP?url=http://www.tng.iac.es/news/2009/04/24/grb/">“TNG caught the farthest GRB observed ever”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EC%9E%AC%EB%8B%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="갈릴레오 갈릴레이 재단 (없는 문서)">Fundación Galileo Galilei</a>. 2009년 4월 24일. 2012년 5월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tng.iac.es/news/2009/04/24/grb/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 4월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TNG+caught+the+farthest+GRB+observed+ever&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Galileo+Galilei&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tng.iac.es%2Fnews%2F2009%2F04%2F24%2Fgrb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Paradijs" class="citation journal">van Paradijs, J.; 외. (1997). “Transient optical emission from the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%B2%98" title="네이처">Nature</a></i> <b>386</b> (6626): 686. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.386..686V">1997Natur.386..686V</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F386686a0">10.1038/386686a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Transient+optical+emission+from+the+error+box+of+the+gamma-ray+burst+of+28+February+1997&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=6626&rft.pages=686&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F386686a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.386..686V&rft.au=van+Paradijs%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Vedrenne, G; Atteia, J.-L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer (publisher) (없는 문서)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-540-39085-5" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-540-39085-5"><bdi>978-3-540-39085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamma-Ray+Bursts%3A+The+brightest+explosions+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-39085-5&rft.au=Vedrenne%2C+G&rft.au=Atteia%2C+J.-L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjZHSdrvzz0gC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="VedrenneAtteia" class="citation journal">Vietri, M.; Stella, L. (1998). “A Gamma-Ray Burst Model with Small Baryon Contamination”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></i> <b>507</b>: L45–L48. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9808355">astro-ph/9808355</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...507L..45V">1998ApJ...507L..45V</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F311674">10.1086/311674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=A+Gamma-Ray+Burst+Model+with+Small+Baryon+Contamination&rft.volume=507&rft.pages=L45-L48&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9808355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F311674&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...507L..45V&rft.au=Vietri%2C+M.&rft.au=Stella%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Virgili" class="citation journal">Virgili, F.J., Liang, E.-W. and Zhang, B. (2009). “Low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as a distinct GRB population: a firmer case from multiple criteria constraints”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C_%EC%9B%94%EA%B0%84%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="왕립천문학회 월간공지">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i> <b>392</b>: 91–103. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0801.4751">0801.4751</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.392...91V">2009MNRAS.392...91V</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.14063.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14063.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Low-luminosity+gamma-ray+bursts+as+a+distinct+GRB+population%3A+a+firmer+case+from+multiple+criteria+constraints&rft.volume=392&rft.pages=91-103&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.4751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.14063.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MNRAS.392...91V&rft.au=Virgili%2C+F.J.%2C+Liang%2C+E.-W.+and+Zhang%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="Wanjek" class="citation web">Wanjek, Christopher (2005년 6월 4일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/gammaray_extinction.html">“Explosions in Space May Have Initiated Ancient Extinction on Earth”</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 9월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explosions+in+Space+May+Have+Initiated+Ancient+Extinction+on+Earth&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005-06-04&rft.au=Wanjek%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Funiverse%2Fstarsgalaxies%2Fgammaray_extinction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Watson" class="citation journal">Watson, D.; 외. (2006). “Are short γ-ray bursts collimated? GRB 050709, a flare but no break”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EA%B3%BC_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="천문학과 천체물리학">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i> <b>454</b> (3): L123–L126. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604153">astro-ph/0604153</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...454L.123W">2006A&A...454L.123W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20065380">10.1051/0004-6361:20065380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Are+short+%CE%B3-ray+bursts+collimated%3F+GRB+050709%2C+a+flare+but+no+break&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L123-L126&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0604153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20065380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006A%26A...454L.123W&rft.au=Watson%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Woosley06" class="citation journal">Woosley, S.E.; Bloom, J.S. (2006). “The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EA%B3%BC_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="천문학과 천체물리학 연감 (없는 문서)">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i> <b>44</b>: 507–556. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609142">astro-ph/0609142</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ARA&A..44..507W">2006ARA&A..44..507W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.43.072103.150558">10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Supernova+Gamma-Ray+Burst+Connection&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=507-556&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0609142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.43.072103.150558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ARA%26A..44..507W&rft.au=Woosley%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Wozniak09" class="citation journal">Wozniak, P.R.; 외. (2009). “Gamma-Ray Burst at the Extreme: The Naked-Eye Burst GRB 080319B”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal</a></i> <b>691</b>: 495–502. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0810.2481">0810.2481</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...691..495W">2009ApJ...691..495W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F691%2F1%2F495">10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Gamma-Ray+Burst+at+the+Extreme%3A+The+Naked-Eye+Burst+GRB+080319B&rft.volume=691&rft.pages=495-502&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0810.2481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F691%2F1%2F495&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...691..495W&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+P.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="Zhang09" class="citation journal">Zhang, B.; 외. (2009). “Discerning the physical origins of cosmological gamma-ray bursts based on multiple observational criteria: the cases of z = 6.7 GRB 080913, z = 8.2 GRB 090423, and some short/hard GRBs”. <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90" title="천체물리학 저널">Astrophysical Journal</a></i> <b>703</b> (2): 1696–1724. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0902.2419">0902.2419</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...703.1696Z">2009ApJ...703.1696Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F703%2F2%2F1696">10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Discerning+the+physical+origins+of+cosmological+gamma-ray+bursts+based+on+multiple+observational+criteria%3A+the+cases+of+z+%3D+6.7+GRB+080913%2C+z+%3D+8.2+GRB+090423%2C+and+some+short%2Fhard+GRBs&rft.volume=703&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1696-1724&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0902.2419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F703%2F2%2F1696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...703.1696Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0+%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="http://www.swift.psu.edu/">펜스테이트 소재 스위프트 임무 관제센터</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/HETE/">HETE-2: 일시적 고에너지 탐사선 2호</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%A0%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="일시적 고에너지 탐사선 (없는 문서)">위키 항목</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/science/integral">INTEGRAL: 국제 감마선천문학 연구소</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="국제 감마선천문학 연구소 (없는 문서)">위키 항목</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715224642/http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/">BATSE: 순간적폭발원탐색기</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/">페르미 감마선 우주망원경</a> (<a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="페르미 감마선 우주망원경">위키 항목</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agile.rm.iasf.cnr.it/">AGILE: 감마선 화상 우주망원경</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0_%ED%99%94%EC%83%81_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="감마선 화상 우주망원경 (없는 문서)">위키 항목</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exist.gsfc.nasa.gov/">EXIST: 고에너지 엑스선 탐사망원경</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404102921/http://exist.gsfc.nasa.gov/">Archived</a> 2009년 4월 4일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>GRB 관련 프로그램</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/">GCN: 감마선 폭발 좌표관계망</a> (<a 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class="new" title="맥동성 쌍불안정형 초신성 (없는 문서)">맥동성 쌍불안정형 초신성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%90_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="포에 (단위) (없는 문서)">포에</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="감마선폭발">감마선폭발</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성">극초신성</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="광분해 초신성 (없는 문서)">광분해 초신성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94" title="킬로노바">킬로노바</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="근지구 초신성">근지구 초신성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%84%EC%82%AC_%ED%82%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="펄사 킥 (없는 문서)">펄사 킥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94" title="쿼크노바">쿼크노바</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;">초신성의 전구체</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EB%8C%80%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="극대거성">극대거성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%83%89%EA%B7%B9%EB%8C%80%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="황색극대거성">황색극대거성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9D%EC%9D%80_%EC%B2%AD%EC%83%89%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%EC%84%B1" title="밝은 청색변광성">밝은 청색변광성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="초거성">초거성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%83%89%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="청색초거성">청색초거성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="적색초거성">적색초거성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%83%89%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="황색초거성">황색초거성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%E2%80%93%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%B3%84" title="볼프–레이에별">볼프–레이에별</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;">초신성 잔해</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%94%ED%95%B4" title="초신성잔해">초신성잔해</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%84%EC%82%AC%ED%92%8D_%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B4" title="펄사풍 성운">펄사풍 성운</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%84%EC%82%AC" title="펄사">펄사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%83%80" title="마그네타">마그네타</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="항성질량 블랙홀">항성질량 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EC%A7%91%EC%84%B1" title="밀집성">밀집성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%B3%84" title="쿼크별">쿼크별</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="특이성 (없는 문서)">특이성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A2%80%EB%B9%84%EB%B3%84" title="좀비별">좀비별</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%B6%80_%EA%B1%B0%ED%92%88" title="국부 거품">국부 거품</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%ED%92%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초거품 (없는 문서)">초거품</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8%E2%80%93%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%A4%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B4%88%EA%B1%B0%ED%92%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="오리온–에리다누스 초거품 (없는 문서)">오리온–에리다누스 초거품</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;">초신성의 발견</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%9D%EC%84%B1" title="객성">객성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EA%B4%80%EC%B8%A1%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초신성 관측의 역사 (없는 문서)">초신성 관측의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A0%A8_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초신성 관련 연표 (없는 문서)">초신성 관련 연표</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;">관련 목록</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="초신성 목록">초신성 목록</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%ED%9B%84%EB%B3%B4_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초신성 후보 목록 (없는 문서)">초신성 후보 목록</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89%EC%9D%B4_%ED%81%B0_%EB%B3%84_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="질량이 큰 별 목록">질량이 큰 별 목록</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="거리순 초신성 목록 (없는 문서)">거리순 초신성 목록</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%94%ED%95%B4_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="초신성잔해 목록">초신성잔해 목록</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;">유명 초신성</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%84%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%A3%A8%ED%94%84" title="바너드 루프">바너드 루프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_A" title="카시오페이아자리 A">카시오페이아자리 A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_1054" title="초신성 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C_%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B4" title="게 성운">게 성운</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EC%BD%94_%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="튀코 신성">SN 1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="케플러 초신성">SN 1604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_1987A" title="초신성 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_185" class="mw-redirect" title="초신성 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_2003fg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초신성 2003fg (없는 문서)">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%94%ED%95%B4_G1.9%2B0.3" title="초신성잔해 G1.9+0.3">SNR G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_2007bi" class="mw-redirect" title="초신성 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_2014J" class="mw-redirect" title="초신성 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="초신성 레프스달 (없는 문서)">SN 레프스달</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%9B%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%94%ED%95%B4" title="돛자리 초신성잔해">돛자리 초신성잔해</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:MidnightBlue; color:#ffffff;"><div><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="분류:초신성"><span style="color:#ffffff;">분류:초신성</span></a> · <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="위키미디어 공용"><img alt="위키미디어 공용" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernovae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supernovae"><span style="color:#ffffff;">공용 미디어</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="블랙홀" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="틀:블랙홀"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:블랙홀 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="특수:문서편집/틀:블랙홀"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="블랙홀" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">유형</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%83%90%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4-%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%85%94%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%84-%EC%82%AC%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="바냐도스-테이텔보임-사네이 블랙홀">바냐도스-테이텔보임-사네이 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="슈바르츠실트 계량">슈바르츠실트 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="커 블랙홀">커 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88%E2%80%93%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%80_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="라이스너–노르드스트룀 블랙홀">라이스너–노르드스트룀 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="가상 블랙홀">가상 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9B%90%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="이원블랙홀 (없는 문서)">이원블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EA%B1%B0%EC%88%AD%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90" title="벌거숭이 특이점">벌거숭이 특이점</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AC%EC%A0%84%EA%B4%91_(%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="구전광 (천체물리학) (없는 문서)">구전광</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC_%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="플랑크 입자">플랑크 입자</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/150px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/225px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/300px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">크기</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="마이크로 블랙홀">마이크로 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EA%B3%84_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="임계 블랙홀">임계 블랙홀</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="블랙홀 전자 (없는 문서)">전자 블랙홀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="항성질량 블랙홀">항성질량 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="중간질량 블랙홀">중간질량 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="초대질량 블랙홀">초대질량 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC" title="퀘이사">퀘이사</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%ED%95%B5" title="활동은하핵">활동은하핵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90" title="블레이자">블레이자</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%8C%80%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%EA%B5%B0" title="거대퀘이사군">거대퀘이사군</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EA%B2%A9%EB%B3%80_%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC" title="가시광격변 퀘이사">가시광격변 퀘이사</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">형성</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="항성진화">항성진화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="중력붕괴">중력붕괴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EC%A7%91%EC%84%B1" title="밀집성">밀집성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%B3%84" title="쿼크별">쿼크별</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="특이성 (없는 문서)">특이성</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A8%EB%A7%8C-%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%9C%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%B8-%EB%B3%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84" title="톨만-오펜하이머-볼코프 한계">톨만-오펜하이머-볼코프 한계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성">극초신성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="감마선폭발">감마선폭발</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%A0_%EC%8C%8D%EC%84%B1" title="엑스선 쌍성">엑스선 쌍성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">성질</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="블랙홀 열역학">블랙홀 열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%84" title="슈바르츠실트 반지름">슈바르츠실트 반지름</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-%EC%8B%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%A7%88_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="M-시그마 관계">M-시그마 관계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" title="사건의 지평선">사건의 지평선</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%80%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%81_%EC%A7%84%EB%8F%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="준주기적 진동 (없는 문서)">준주기적 진동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90%EA%B5%AC" title="광자구">광자구</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9%EA%B6%8C" title="작용권">작용권</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="펜로즈 과정">펜로즈 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%9C%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C-%EC%A6%88%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%91_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="블랜포드-즈나이엑 과정">블랜포드-즈나이엑 과정</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" title="호킹 복사">호킹 복사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B0%A9%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="강착원반">강착원반</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B8%EB%94%94_%EA%B0%95%EC%B0%A9" title="본디 강착">본디 강착</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="국수효과">국수효과</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" title="중력렌즈">중력렌즈</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">모형</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90" title="중력 특이점">중력 특이점</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%E2%80%93%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" title="펜로즈–호킹 특이점 정리">펜로즈–호킹 특이점 정리</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="원시 블랙홀">원시 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80" title="그라바스타">그라바스타</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%91%91%EB%B3%84" title="어둑별">어둑별</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%94%ED%9D%91%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80%EB%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="암흑에너지별 (없는 문서)">암흑에너지별</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%91%EC%83%89%EC%84%B1_(%EC%A4%80%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="흑색성 (준고전중력) (없는 문서)">흑색성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영구붕괴천체 (없는 문서)">영구붕괴천체</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%80%EA%B6%8C_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자지권 영구붕괴천체 (없는 문서)">자지권 영구붕괴천체</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8D%BC%EC%A6%88%EB%B3%BC_(%EB%81%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="퍼즈볼 (끈이론) (없는 문서)">퍼즈볼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%ED%99%80" title="화이트홀">화이트홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EA%B1%B0%EC%88%AD%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90" title="벌거숭이 특이점">벌거숭이 특이점</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="고리 특이점 (없는 문서)">고리 특이점</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%80_%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="임미르지 변수 (없는 문서)">임미르지 변수</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%89_%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8B%A4%EC%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="막 패러다임 (없는 문서)">막 패러다임</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AC%EC%A0%84%EA%B4%91_(%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="구전광 (천체물리학) (없는 문서)">구전광</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%9C%ED%99%80" title="웜홀">웜홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="준성">준성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">관련 주제</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%84%B8%EC%97%86%EC%9D%8C_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" title="털없음 정리">털없음 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4" title="블랙홀 정보 역설">블랙홀 정보 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B2%80%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4" title="우주 검열 가설">우주 검열 가설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="비특이점 블랙홀 모형 (없는 문서)">비특이점 블랙홀 모형</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="홀로그래피 원리">홀로그래피 원리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%83%81%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="블랙홀 상보성 (없는 문서)">블랙홀 상보성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EB%B0%A9%ED%99%94%EB%B2%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="블랙홀 방화벽 (없는 문서)">방화벽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER%3DEPR" title="ER=EPR">ER=EPR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">계량</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="슈바르츠실트 계량">슈바르츠실트 계량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="커 계량">커 계량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88%E2%80%93%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%80_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="라이스너–노르드스트룀 계량">라이스너–노르드스트룀 계량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%E2%80%93%EB%89%B4%EB%A8%BC_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="커–뉴먼 계량">커–뉴먼 계량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%EB%B3%84" title="Q별">Q별</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">관련 목록</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="블랙홀 목록 (없는 문서)">블랙홀 목록</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">생물학적</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="절멸">절멸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84_%EB%A9%B8%EC%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="인간 멸종">인간 멸종</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%A0%81_%EC%B9%A8%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="유전적 침식 (없는 문서)">유전적 침식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%B4" title="유전자 공해">유전자 공해</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89" title="범유행">범유행</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9%EC%A0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="생물 작용제 (없는 문서)">생물 작용제</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%84%B1%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열성학 (없는 문서)">열성학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">물리학적·천문학적</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%A8%EB%AA%B0" title="대함몰">대함몰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%85_%EB%A6%BD" title="빅 립">빅 립</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="코로나질량방출">코로나질량방출</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" title="지구의 변화">지구의 변화</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%98%A8%EB%82%9C%ED%99%94%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%9C_%EB%A9%B8%EC%A2%85_%EC%9C%84%ED%98%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="지구 온난화로 인한 멸종 위협 (없는 문서)">지구 온난화로 인한 멸종 위협</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">감마선 폭발</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B5%AC_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="그레이 구 시나리오">그레이 구 시나리오</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="양성자 붕괴">양성자 붕괴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="가상 블랙홀">가상 블랙홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="근지구 초신성">근지구 초신성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="극초신성">극초신성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="자연_재해_-_사망자수_순_목록" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4" title="틀:자연 재해"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:자연 재해 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4" title="특수:문서편집/틀:자연 재해"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="자연_재해_-_사망자수_순_목록" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="자연 재해">자연 재해</a> - <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98_%EC%88%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="사망자수 순 자연재해 목록">사망자수 순 목록</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%81" title="기상">기상</a> 재해</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;">고온 기상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%98%A8%EB%82%9C%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="지구 온난화">지구 온난화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%A4%91%ED%98%B8%EC%9A%B0" title="집중호우">집중호우</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EA%B8%B0" title="우기">우기</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%A7%88" title="장마">장마</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%9A%B0" title="뇌우">뇌우</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%99%EB%A2%B0" title="낙뢰">낙뢰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EC%97%BC" title="폭염">폭염</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%85%80" title="슈퍼셀">슈퍼셀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%8C%80_%EC%A0%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%95" title="열대 저기압">열대 저기압</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%92%8D" title="태풍">태풍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B8" title="허리케인">허리케인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="사이클론">사이클론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B8" title="하이퍼케인">하이퍼케인</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;">저온 기상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%ED%95%9C%EB%9E%AD%ED%99%94" title="지구 한랭화">지구 한랭화</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%99%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0" title="빙하기">빙하기</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%A8%EC%9A%B8_%ED%8F%AD%ED%92%8D" title="겨울 폭풍">겨울 폭풍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%B9%99" title="우빙">우빙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%B0%95" title="우박">우박</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%84%EC%9B%83" title="화이트아웃">화이트아웃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%93%9C" title="블리자드">블리자드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EC%84%A4" title="폭설">폭설</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%ED%8C%8C" title="한파">한파</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;">기타 기상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EA%B0%9C" title="안개">안개</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%B4" title="박무">박무</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%AC%B4" title="연무">연무</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%B8" title="스모그">스모그</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84" title="토네이도">토네이도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%ED%92%8D" title="폭풍">폭풍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%96%A5%EA%B2%A9%ED%92%8D" title="하향격풍">하향격풍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%AD%84" title="가뭄">가뭄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%89%ED%99%94" title="사막화">사막화</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%9E%98%ED%8F%AD%ED%92%8D" title="모래폭풍">모래폭풍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%82%AC" title="황사">황사</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Red-globe-icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red-globe-icon.png/100px-Red-globe-icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red-globe-icon.png/150px-Red-globe-icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red-globe-icon.png/200px-Red-globe-icon.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (지질학)">지질</a> 재해</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%A4" title="돌리네">싱크홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C" title="산사태">산사태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%88%88%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C" title="눈사태">눈사태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4" title="크레바스">크레바스</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="조산_운동" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; height: 3.1em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="조산 운동">조산 운동</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%EB%8C%80" title="지진대">지진대-화산대</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4-%ED%9E%88%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0%EB%8C%80" title="알프스-히말라야 조산대">알프스-히말라야 조산대</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0%EB%8C%80" title="환태평양 조산대">환태평양 조산대</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="지진">지진</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A7%84_(%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84)" title="전진 (지진)">전진</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%A7%84_(%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84)" title="여진 (지진)">여진</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%ED%8C%8C" title="P파">P파</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%ED%8C%8C" title="S파">S파</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="지진 해일">지진 해일</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="화산">화산</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="초화산">초화산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94_(%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0%ED%95%99)" title="분화 (화산학)">분화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%94" title="용암">용암</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0_%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="화산 가스">화산 가스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%AC" title="화산재">화산재</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%A5%98" title="화산이류">화산이류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0%EC%87%84%EC%84%A4%EB%A5%98" title="화산쇄설류">화산쇄설류</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%B4" title="수해">수해</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%88%98" title="홍수">홍수</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_%EB%8C%80%EC%A6%9D%EC%8B%9D" title="조류 대증식">조류 대증식</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%A1%B0" title="적조">적조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%A1%B0" title="녹조">녹조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%95%B4%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="유해조류">유해조류</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%AF%EB%85%B9%EC%9D%8C" title="갯녹음">갯녹음</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%98%B8_%EB%B0%B1%ED%99%94" title="산호 백화">산호 백화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%8B%88%EB%87%A8" title="엘니뇨">엘니뇨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88%EB%83%90" title="라니냐">라니냐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%96%91_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B4" title="인도양 다이폴">인도양 다이폴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%88%98%EB%A9%B4_%EC%83%81%EC%8A%B9" title="해수면 상승">해수면 상승</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" title="해일">해일</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="지진 해일">지진 해일</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9E%AC" title="화재">화재</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88" title="산불">자연적 산불</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91" title="질병">질병</a> 재해</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B7%BC" title="기근">기근</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="절멸">절멸</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="감염병" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%97%BC%EB%B3%91" title="감염병">감염병</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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