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href="#Recitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Recitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juvenilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Juvenilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_adulthood_(1850–1862)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_adulthood_(1850–1862)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early adulthood (1850–1862)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_adulthood_(1850–1862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collaboration_and_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_and_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Collaboration and travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_and_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Schumanns_and_Leipzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Schumanns_and_Leipzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>The Schumanns and Leipzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Schumanns_and_Leipzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_compositions,_reception,_and_polemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_compositions,_reception,_and_polemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Early compositions, reception, and polemics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_compositions,_reception,_and_polemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_aspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_aspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Failed aspirations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_aspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturity_(1862–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturity_(1862–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Maturity (1862–1876)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturity_(1862–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Move_to_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Move to Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wagner_and_his_circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wagner_and_his_circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Wagner and his circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wagner_and_his_circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requiem_and_personal_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requiem_and_personal_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Requiem and personal beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requiem_and_personal_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_successes_and_failed_romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_successes_and_failed_romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Mounting successes and failed romance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_successes_and_failed_romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Success_(1876–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success_(1876–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Success (1876–1889)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success_(1876–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_symphonies_and_orchestral_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_symphonies_and_orchestral_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>First symphonies and orchestral music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_symphonies_and_orchestral_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fame,_criticism,_and_Dvořák" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fame,_criticism,_and_Dvořák"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Fame, criticism, and Dvořák</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fame,_criticism,_and_Dvořák-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_symphonies_and_continuing_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_symphonies_and_continuing_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Later symphonies and continuing recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_symphonies_and_continuing_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_age_(1889–1897)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_age_(1889–1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Old age (1889–1897)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_age_(1889–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendship_with_J._Strauss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_with_J._Strauss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Friendship with J. Strauss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_with_J._Strauss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_chamber_music_and_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_chamber_music_and_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Late chamber music and songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_chamber_music_and_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminal_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminal_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Terminal illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminal_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Style and influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beethoven_and_the_Viennese_Classical_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beethoven_and_the_Viennese_Classical_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Beethoven and the Viennese Classical tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beethoven_and_the_Viennese_Classical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Romantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Romantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Early Romantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Romantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alte_Musik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alte_Musik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><span><i>Alte Musik</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alte_Musik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Textures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Performance practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Viennese_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Viennese_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Second Viennese School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Viennese_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Later composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johannes Brahms</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Иоганес Брамс – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иоганес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%90%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5" title="ዮሐንስ ብራምስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዮሐንስ ብራምስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="يوهانس برامس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهانس برامس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohans_Brams" title="Yohans Brams – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yohans Brams" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="یوهانس برامس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوهانس برامس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইয়োহানেস ব্রামস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়োহানেস ব্রামস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Йоһаннес Брамс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йоһаннес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Іаганес Брамс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаганес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Яганэс Брамс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яганэс Брамс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Йоханес Брамс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоханес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Иоһаннес Брамс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иоһаннес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Γιοχάνες Μπραμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιοχάνες Μπραμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="یوهانس برامس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوهانس برامس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="요하네스 브람스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요하네스 브람스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Յոհաննես Բրամս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհաննես Բրամս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="יוהנס ברהמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוהנס ברהמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანეს ბრამსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოჰანეს ბრამსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Йоханнес Брамс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йоханнес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Brahms" title="Iohannes Brahms – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanness_Br%C4%81mss" title="Johanness Brāmss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Johanness Brāmss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Јоханес Брамс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоханес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജൊഹാൻ ബ്രാംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൊഹാൻ ബ്രാംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="योहानेस ब्राम्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योहानेस ब्राम्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანეს ბრამსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოჰანეს ბრამსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="يوهانيس برامس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوهانيس برامس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Иоханнес Брамс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иоханнес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယိုဟာနဲစ် ဘရမ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယိုဟာနဲစ် ဘရမ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="ヨハネス・ブラームス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネス・ブラームス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Брамс, Иоганнес – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брамс, Иоганнес" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brams_Iogannes" title="Brams Iogannes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brams Iogannes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਯੋਹਾਨਸ ਬਰਾਮਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਹਾਨਸ ਬਰਾਮਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%D8%B2" title="یوہانز براہمز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوہانز براہمز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Йоганнес Брамс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йоганнес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Брамс, Иоганнес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брамс, Иоганнес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Брамс Иоганнес – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Брамс Иоганнес" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="یۆھانس برامز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆھانس برامز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Јоханес Брамс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоханес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜொகான்னெஸ் பிராம்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜொகான்னெஸ் பிராம்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_Brams" title="Yohannes Brams – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yohannes Brams" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="โยฮันเนิส บรามส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยฮันเนิส บรามส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Иоганнес Брамс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иоганнес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Йоганнес Брамс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоганнес Брамс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%D8%B2" title="یوہانس براہمز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوہانس براہمز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brams_Iogannes" title="Brams Iogannes – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brams Iogannes" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="יאהאנעס בראהמס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאהאנעס בראהמס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="布拉姆斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布拉姆斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juohanesos_Bramsos" title="Juohanesos Bramsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Juohanesos Bramsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Johannes Brahms" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German composer and pianist (1833–1897)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brahms" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brahms_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brahms (disambiguation)">Brahms (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Johannes Brahms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/220px-JohannesBrahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/330px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brahms in 1889</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1833-05-07</span>)</span>7 May 1833<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1897<span style="display:none">(1897-04-03)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>conductor</li><li>pianist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johannes_Brahms" title="List of compositions by Johannes Brahms">List of compositions</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johannes Brahms</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[joˈhanəs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʁaːms]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/De-Johannes_Brahms.ogg\/De-Johannes_Brahms.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Johannes Brahms.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/De-Johannes_Brahms.ogg/De-Johannes_Brahms.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Johannes_Brahms.ogg" title="File:De-Johannes Brahms.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the mid-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_period_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period (music)">Romantic period</a>. His music is rooted in the structures and compositional techniques of his <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> (and earlier) forebears, including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>. His compositions include four <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a>, and many songs, among other music for symphony orchestra, piano, organ, voices, and chamber ensembles. </p><p>Born to a musical family in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, he began composing and concertizing locally in his youth. He toured <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> as a pianist in his adulthood, working with <a href="/wiki/Ede_Rem%C3%A9nyi" title="Ede Reményi">Ede Reményi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a>. He premiered many of his own works and met <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. With Joachim's assistance, Brahms sought <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>'s approval, receiving both his and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>'s vigorous support and guidance. Amid Robert's insanity and institutionalization, Brahms stayed with and became devoted to Clara in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, whom he idealized. But he felt he needed to choose between music and a married life. So after Robert's death, Brahms and Clara remained only close friends. </p><p>Though self-conscious and sometimes severely self-critical as a composer, Brahms's music was largely successful and gradually formed the basis for a growing circle of supporters, friends, and musicians. <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> celebrated it polemically as <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> even cast Brahms as Beethoven's musical heir. After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>, which Brahms regretted, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> mocked this latter idea; and in this context, Brahms was often understood as conservative despite his innovative music. Settling in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, he conducted the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Singakademie" title="Wiener Singakademie">Singakademie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_der_Musikfreunde" title="Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde">Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde</a>, where he emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Serious_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serious music">"serious" music</a> of his personal studies. He considered retiring from composition late in life but continued to write chamber music, especially for <a href="/wiki/Richard_M%C3%BChlfeld" title="Richard Mühlfeld">Richard Mühlfeld</a>. </p><p>His contributions and craftsmanship were admired by his contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, whose music he enthusiastically supported, and a variety of later composers. <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a> reconciled Brahms's and Wagner's often contrasted styles. So did <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, who emphasized Brahms's "progressive" side. He and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> were inspired by the intricate structural coherence of Brahms's music, including what Schoenberg termed its <a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">developing variation</a>. Brahms's influence has extended internationally and into the 21st century. His music remains a staple of the concert repertoire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_(1833–1850)"><span id="Youth_.281833.E2.80.931850.29"></span>Youth (1833–1850)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth (1833–1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg/170px-Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg/255px-Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg/340px-Brahms_geburtshaus_in_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Photograph from 1891 of the building in Hamburg where Brahms was born. It was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">bombing</a> in 1943.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upbringing">Upbringing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upbringing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms's father, Johann Jakob Brahms, was from the town of <a href="/wiki/Heide" title="Heide">Heide</a> in Holstein.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against his family's will, Johann Jakob pursued a career in music, arriving in Hamburg at age 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found work playing <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> for jobs; he also played in a sextet in the Alster-pavilion in Hamburg's <a href="/wiki/Jungfernstieg" title="Jungfernstieg">Jungfernstieg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824–5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824–5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, Johann Jakob was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">horn</a> player in the Hamburg militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19993–4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19993–4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19823_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A middle-class seamstress 17 years his senior, she enjoyed writing letters and reading despite an apparently limited education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19826–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19826–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johannes Brahms was born in 1833. His sister Elisabeth (Elise) had been born in 1831 and a younger brother Fritz Friedrich was born in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199914–16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199914–16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family then lived in poor apartments in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A4ngeviertel_(Hamburg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gängeviertel (Hamburg) (page does not exist)">Gängeviertel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4ngeviertel_(Hamburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Gängeviertel (Hamburg)">de</a>]</span> quarter of Hamburg and struggled economically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19829–11,_14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19829–11,_14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Johann Jakob even considered emigrating to the United States when an <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a>, recognizing Johannes's talent, promised them fortune there.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198210,_17_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198210,_17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually Johann Jakob became a musician in the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonisches_Staatsorchester_Hamburg" title="Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg">Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, horn, and <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For enjoyment, he played first <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> in <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family moved over the years to ever better accommodation in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19994–8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19994–8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Training">Training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johann Jakob gave his son his first musical training; Johannes also learnt to play the violin and the basics of playing the cello. From 1840 he studied piano with Otto Friedrich Willibald Cossel. Cossel complained in 1842 that Brahms "could be such a good player, but he will not stop his never-ending composing." </p><p>At the age of 10, Brahms made his debut as a performer in a private concert including <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quintet_for_Piano_and_Winds_(Beethoven)" title="Quintet for Piano and Winds (Beethoven)">quintet for piano and winds</a> Op. 16 and a <a href="/wiki/Piano_quartet" title="Piano quartet">piano quartet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>. He also played as a solo work an <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">étude</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a>. By 1845 he had written a <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonata</a> in G minor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19999–11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19999–11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents disapproved of his early efforts as a composer, feeling that he had better career prospects as a performer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1845 to 1848 Brahms studied with Cossel's teacher, the pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Marxsen" title="Eduard Marxsen">Eduard Marxsen</a>. Marxsen had been a personal acquaintance of Beethoven and <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a>, admired the works of Mozart and <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a>, and was a devotee of the music of <a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a>. Marxsen conveyed to Brahms the tradition of these composers and ensured that Brahms's own compositions were grounded in that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199926_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199926-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recitals">Recitals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1847 Brahms made his first public appearance as a solo pianist in Hamburg, playing a fantasy by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Thalberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Thalberg">Sigismund Thalberg</a>. His first full piano recital, in 1848, included a <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> by Bach as well as works by Marxsen and contemporary virtuosi such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rosenhain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Rosenhain">Jacob Rosenhain</a>. A second recital in April 1849 included Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._21_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven)"><i>Waldstein</i> sonata</a> and a waltz fantasia of his own composition and garnered favourable newspaper reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199917–18_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199917–18-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persistent stories of the impoverished adolescent Brahms playing in bars and brothels have only anecdotal provenance,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many modern scholars dismiss them; the Brahms family was relatively prosperous, and Hamburg legislation very strictly forbade music in, or the admittance of minors to, brothels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2001''passim''_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2001''passim''-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912–14_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912–14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juvenilia">Juvenilia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Juvenilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms's juvenilia comprised piano music, chamber music and works for male voice choir. Under the pseudonym 'G. W. Marks', some piano arrangements and fantasies were published by the Hamburg firm of Cranz in 1849. The earliest of Brahms's works which he acknowledged (his <i>Scherzo</i> Op. 4 and the song <i>Heimkehr</i> Op. 7 no. 6) date from 1851. However, Brahms was later assiduous in eliminating all his juvenilia. Even as late as 1880, he wrote to his friend Elise Giesemann to send him his manuscripts of choral music so that they could be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199916,_18–20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199916,_18–20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_adulthood_(1850–1862)"><span id="Early_adulthood_.281850.E2.80.931862.29"></span>Early adulthood (1850–1862)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early adulthood (1850–1862)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg/170px-E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg/255px-E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg/340px-E_Remenyi_and_J_Brahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Ede Reményi (l.) and Brahms in 1852</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg/170px-Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg/255px-Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg/340px-Johannes_Brahms_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Brahms in 1853</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_(1857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg/170px-Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg/255px-Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg/340px-Franz_Hanfstaengl_-_Clara_Schumann_%281857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> in 1857, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hanfstaengl" title="Franz Hanfstaengl">Franz Hanfstaengl</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collaboration_and_travel">Collaboration and travel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collaboration and travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850 Brahms met the Hungarian violinist <a href="/wiki/Ede_Rem%C3%A9nyi" title="Ede Reményi">Ede Reményi</a> and accompanied him in a number of recitals over the next few years. This was his introduction to "gypsy-style" music such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Csardas" class="mw-redirect" title="Csardas">csardas</a></i>, which was later to prove the foundation of his most lucrative and popular compositions, the two sets of <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Dances_(Brahms)" title="Hungarian Dances (Brahms)">Hungarian Dances</a></i> (1869 and 1880).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199956,_62_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199956,_62-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b45_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b45-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1850 also marked Brahms's first contact (albeit a failed one) with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>; during Schumann's visit to Hamburg that year, friends persuaded Brahms to send the former some of his compositions, but the package was returned unopened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199956–57_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199956–57-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853 Brahms went on a concert tour with Reményi, visiting the violinist and composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> in May. Brahms had earlier heard Joachim playing the solo part in <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Beethoven)" title="Violin Concerto (Beethoven)">Beethoven's violin concerto</a> and been deeply impressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199949_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199949-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms played some of his own solo piano pieces for Joachim, who remembered fifty years later: "Never in the course of my artist's life have I been more completely overwhelmed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199964_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199964-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the beginning of a friendship which was lifelong, albeit temporarily derailed when Brahms took the side of Joachim's wife in their divorce proceedings of 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999494–495_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999494–495-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms admired Joachim as a composer, and in 1856 they were to embark on a mutual training exercise to improve their skills in (in Brahms's words) "double <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>, preludes or whatever".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200067_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200067-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bozarth notes that "products of Brahms's study of counterpoint and early music over the next few years included "dance pieces, preludes and fugues for organ, and neo-<a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and neo-<a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> choral works".<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After meeting Joachim, Brahms and Reményi visited <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, where Brahms met <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Joachim Raff</a>, and where Liszt performed Brahms's Op. 4 Scherzo <a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">at sight</a>. Reményi claimed that Brahms then slept during Liszt's performance of his own <a href="/wiki/Sonata_in_B_minor_(Liszt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata in B minor (Liszt)">Sonata in B minor</a>; this and other disagreements led Reményi and Brahms to part company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199967,_71_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199967,_71-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Schumanns_and_Leipzig">The Schumanns and Leipzig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Schumanns and Leipzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms visited <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in October 1853, and, with a letter of introduction from Joachim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGál19637_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGál19637-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was welcomed by Schumann and his wife <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara</a>. Schumann, greatly impressed and delighted by the 20-year-old's talent, published an article entitled "Neue Bahnen" ("New Paths") in the 28 October issue of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i> nominating Brahms as one who was "fated to give expression to the times in the highest and most ideal manner".<sup id="cite_ref-schumannideal_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumannideal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This praise may have aggravated Brahms's self-critical standards of perfection and dented his confidence. He wrote to Schumann in November 1853 that his praise "will arouse such extraordinary expectations by the public that I don't know how I can begin to fulfil them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvins199724_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvins199724-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Düsseldorf, Brahms participated with Schumann and Schumann's pupil <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dietrich" title="Albert Dietrich">Albert Dietrich</a> in writing a movement each of a <a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">violin sonata</a> for Joachim, the "<a href="/wiki/F-A-E_Sonata" title="F-A-E Sonata">F-A-E Sonata</a>", the letters representing the initials of Joachim's personal motto <i>Frei aber einsam</i> ("Free but lonely").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199981–82_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199981–82-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schumann's accolade led to the first publication of Brahms's works under his own name. Brahms went to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> where <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> published his Opp. 1–4 (the Piano Sonatas nos. <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Brahms)">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Brahms)">2</a>, the Six Songs Op. 3, and the Scherzo Op. 4), whilst <a href="/wiki/Bartholf_Senff" title="Bartholf Senff">Bartholf Senff</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)">Third Piano Sonata Op. 5</a> and the Six Songs Op. 6. In Leipzig, he gave recitals including his own first two piano sonatas, and met with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199989_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199989-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Schumann's attempted suicide and subsequent confinement in a mental sanatorium near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in February 1854 (where he died of pneumonia in 1856), Brahms based himself in Düsseldorf, where he supported the household and dealt with business matters on Clara's behalf. Clara was not allowed to visit Robert until two days before his death, but Brahms was able to visit him and acted as a go-between. </p><p>Brahms began to feel deeply for Clara, who to him represented an ideal of womanhood. But he was conflicted about their romantic association and resisted it, choosing the life of a bachelor in an effort to focus on his craft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§2:_"New_Paths"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§2:_"New_Paths"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, their intensely emotional relationship lasted until Clara's death. In June 1854 Brahms dedicated to Clara his Op. 9, the <i>Variations on a Theme of Schumann</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clara continued to support Brahms's career by programming his music in her recitals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999180,_182_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999180,_182-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_compositions,_reception,_and_polemics"><span id="Early_compositions.2C_reception.2C_and_polemics"></span>Early compositions, reception, and polemics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early compositions, reception, and polemics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the publication of his Op. 10 <a href="/wiki/Ballades,_Op._10_(Brahms)" title="Ballades, Op. 10 (Brahms)">Ballades</a> for piano, Brahms published no further works until 1860. His major project of this period was the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Concerto in D minor</a>, which he had begun as a work for two pianos in 1854 but soon realized needed a larger-scale format. Based in Hamburg at this time, he gained, with Clara's support, a position as musician to the tiny court of <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Principality of Lippe</a>, where he spent the winters of 1857 to 1860 and for which he wrote his two <a href="/wiki/Serenades_(Brahms)" title="Serenades (Brahms)">Serenades</a> (1858 and 1859, Opp. 11 and 16). In Hamburg he established a women's choir for which he wrote music and conducted. To this period also belong his first two Piano Quartets (<a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 1 (Brahms)">Op. 25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 2 (Brahms)">Op. 26</a>) and the first movement of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 3 (Brahms)">third Piano Quartet</a>, which eventually appeared in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the decade brought professional setbacks for Brahms. The premiere of the First Piano Concerto in Hamburg on 22 January 1859, with the composer as soloist, was poorly received. Brahms wrote to Joachim that the performance was "a brilliant and decisive – failure ... [I]t forces one to concentrate one's thoughts and increases one's courage ... But the hissing was too much of a good thing ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999189–190_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999189–190-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a second performance, audience reaction was so hostile that Brahms had to be restrained from leaving the stage after the first movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999211_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999211-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of these reactions Breitkopf and Härtel declined to take on his new compositions. Brahms consequently established a relationship with other publishers, including <a href="/wiki/N._Simrock" title="N. Simrock">Simrock</a>, who eventually became his major publishing partner.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth2_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms further made an intervention in 1860 in the debate on the future of German music which seriously misfired. Together with Joachim and others, he prepared an attack on Liszt's followers, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>" (although Brahms himself was sympathetic to the music of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, the School's leading light). In particular they objected to the rejection of traditional musical forms and to the "rank, miserable weeds growing from Liszt-like fantasias". A draft was leaked to the press, and the <i>Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</i> published a parody which ridiculed Brahms and his associates as backward-looking. Brahms never again ventured into public musical polemics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999206–211_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999206–211-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failed_aspirations">Failed aspirations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Failed aspirations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms's personal life was also troubled. In 1859 he became engaged to Agathe von Siebold. The engagement was soon broken off, but even after this Brahms wrote to her: "I love you! I must see you again, but I am incapable of bearing fetters. Please write me ... whether ... I may come again to clasp you in my arms, to kiss you, and tell you that I love you." They never saw one another again, and Brahms later confirmed to a friend that Agathe was his "last love".<sup id="cite_ref-Agathe_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agathe-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms had hoped to be given the conductorship of the Hamburg Philharmonic, but in 1862 this post was given to <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Stockhausen" title="Julius Stockhausen">Julius Stockhausen</a>. Brahms continued to hope for the post. But he demurred when he was finally offered the directorship in 1893, as he had "got used to the idea of having to go along other paths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200027,_31_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200027,_31-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturity_(1862–1876)"><span id="Maturity_.281862.E2.80.931876.29"></span>Maturity (1862–1876)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maturity (1862–1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms_c._1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brahms_c._1872.jpg/180px-Brahms_c._1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brahms_c._1872.jpg/270px-Brahms_c._1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brahms_c._1872.jpg/360px-Brahms_c._1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Johannes Brahms, photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1872</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Move_to_Vienna">Move to Vienna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Move to Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In autumn 1862 Brahms made his first visit to Vienna, staying there over the winter. Although Brahms entertained the idea of taking up conducting posts elsewhere, he based himself increasingly in Vienna and soon made it his home. In 1863, he was appointed conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Singakademie" title="Wiener Singakademie">Wiener Singakademie</a>. He surprised his audiences by programming many works by the early German masters such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> and J. S. Bach, and other early composers such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>; more recent music was represented by works of Beethoven and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>. Brahms also wrote works for the choir, including his Motet, Op. 29. Finding however that the post encroached too much of the time he needed for composing, he left the choir in June 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999277–279,_283_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999277–279,_283-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1864 to 1876 he spent many of his summers in <a href="/wiki/Lichtental" title="Lichtental">Lichtental</a>, where Clara Schumann and her family also spent some time. His house in Lichtental, where he worked on many of his major compositions including <i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">A German Requiem</a></i> and his middle-period chamber works, is preserved as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wagner_and_his_circle">Wagner and his circle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wagner and his circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vienna Brahms became an associate of two close members of Wagner's circle, his earlier friend Peter Cornelius and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Karl Tausig</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hellmesberger_Sr." title="Joseph Hellmesberger Sr.">Joseph Hellmesberger Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Epstein_(pianist)" title="Julius Epstein (pianist)">Julius Epstein</a>, respectively the Director and head of violin studies, and the head of piano studies, at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Conservatoire">Vienna Conservatoire</a>. Brahms's circle grew to include the notable critic (and opponent of the 'New German School') <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Levi" title="Hermann Levi">Hermann Levi</a> and the surgeon <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Billroth" title="Theodor Billroth">Theodor Billroth</a>, who were to become among his greatest advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39–41_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39–41-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozarth3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1863 Brahms met Richard Wagner for the first time, for whom he played his <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel" title="Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel">Handel Variations</a></i> Op. 24, which he had completed the previous year. The meeting was cordial, although Wagner was in later years to make critical, and even insulting, comments on Brahms's music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999265–269_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999265–269-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms however retained at this time and later a keen interest in Wagner's music, helping with preparations for Wagner's Vienna concerts in 1862/63,<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being rewarded by Tausig with a manuscript of part of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> (which Wagner demanded back in 1875).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999401_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999401-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Handel Variations</i> also featured, together with the first Piano Quartet, in his first Viennese recitals, in which his performances were better received by the public and critics than his music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Requiem_and_personal_beliefs">Requiem and personal beliefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Requiem and personal beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1865 Brahms's mother died, and he began to compose his large choral work <i>A German Requiem</i>, Op. 45, of which six movements were completed by 1866. Premieres of the first three movements were given in Vienna, but the complete work was first given in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> in 1868 to great acclaim. A seventh movement (the soprano solo "Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit") was added for the equally successful Leipzig premiere (February 1869). The work went on to receive concert and critical acclaim throughout Germany and also in England, Switzerland and Russia, marking effectively Brahms's arrival on the world stage.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth3_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baptised into the Lutheran church as an infant and confirmed at age fifteen in <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms has been described as an agnostic and a humanist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012327_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012327-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devout Catholic <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> wrote in a letter: "Such a man, such a fine soul – and he believes in nothing! He believes in nothing!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked by conductor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Martin_Reinthaler" title="Carl Martin Reinthaler">Karl Reinthaler</a> to add additional explicitly religious text to his <i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">German Requiem</a></i>, Brahms is reported to have responded, "As far as the text is concerned, I confess that I would gladly omit even the word German and instead use Human; also with my best knowledge and will I would dispense with passages like <a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">John 3:16</a>. On the other hand, I have chosen one thing or another because I am a musician, because I needed it, and because with my venerable authors I can't delete or dispute anything. But I had better stop before I say too much."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page80_80]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page80_80]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mounting_successes_and_failed_romance">Mounting successes and failed romance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mounting successes and failed romance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms also experienced at this period popular success with works such as his first set of <i>Hungarian Dances</i> (1869), the <a href="/wiki/Liebeslieder_Waltzes,_Op._52" title="Liebeslieder Waltzes, Op. 52"><i>Liebeslieder Waltzes</i>, Op. 52</a>, (1868/69), and his collections of <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a> (Opp. 43 and 46–49).<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth3_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following such successes he finally completed a number of works that he had wrestled with over many years such as the cantata <a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(cantata)" title="Rinaldo (cantata)"><i>Rinaldo</i></a> (1863–1868), his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._51_(Brahms)" title="String Quartets, Op. 51 (Brahms)">first two string quartets</a> Op. 51 nos. 1 and 2 (1865–1873), the third piano quartet (1855–1875), and most notably his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">first symphony</a> which appeared in 1876, but which had been begun as early as 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1980174–179_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1980174–179-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozarth4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1869, Brahms felt himself falling in love with the Schumann's daughter Julie (then aged 24 to his 36). He did not declare himself. When later that year Julie's engagement to Count Marmorito was announced, he wrote and gave to Clara the manuscript of his <i><a href="/wiki/Alto_Rhapsody" title="Alto Rhapsody">Alto Rhapsody</a></i> (Op. 53). Clara wrote in her diary that "he called it <i>his</i> wedding song" and noted "the profound pain in the text and the music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen19831_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen19831-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1872 to 1875, Brahms was director of the concerts of the Vienna <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_der_Musikfreunde" title="Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde">Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde</a>, where he ensured that the orchestra was staffed only by professionals. He conducted a repertoire noted and criticized for its emphasis on early and often serious music, running from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Isaac</a>, Bach, Handel, and Cherubini to the nineteenth century composers who were not of the New German School. Among these were Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Joachim, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hiller" title="Ferdinand Hiller">Ferdinand Hiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a> and himself (notably his large scale choral works, the <i>German Requiem</i>, the <i>Alto Rhapsody</i>, and the patriotic <i><a href="/wiki/Triumphlied" title="Triumphlied">Triumphlied</a></i>, Op. 55, which celebrated Prussia's victory in the 1870/71 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth4_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1873 saw the premiere of his orchestral <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Haydn" title="Variations on a Theme by Haydn">Variations on a Theme by Haydn</a></i>, originally conceived for two pianos, which has become one of his most popular works.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth4_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999383_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999383-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Success_(1876–1889)"><span id="Success_.281876.E2.80.931889.29"></span>Success (1876–1889)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Success (1876–1889)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms;_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27,_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg/180px-Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg/270px-Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg/360px-Eduard_Hanslick_offering_incense_to_Brahms%3B_cartoon_rom_the_Viennese_journal_%27Figaro%27%2C_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> offering incense to Brahms; cartoon from the Viennese satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Figaro_(Vienna)" title="Figaro (Vienna)">Figaro</a></i>, 1890</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_symphonies_and_orchestral_music">First symphonies and orchestral music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First symphonies and orchestral music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">First Symphony</a>, Op. 68, appeared in 1876, though it had been begun (and a version of the first movement had been announced by Brahms to Clara and to Albert Dietrich) in the early 1860s. During the decade it evolved very gradually; the finale may not have begun its conception until 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b42–43_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b42–43-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms was cautious and typically self-deprecating about the symphony during its creation, writing to his friends that it was "long and difficult", "not exactly charming" and, significantly, "long and in <a href="/wiki/C_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="C Minor">C Minor</a>", which, as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> points out, made it clear "that Brahms was taking on the model of models [for a symphony]: <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's Fifth</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010694_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010694-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the warm reception the First Symphony received, Brahms remained dissatisfied and extensively revised the second movement before the work was published. There followed a succession of well-received orchestral works: the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)">Second Symphony</a> Op. 73 (1877), the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Violin Concerto (Brahms)">Violin Concerto</a> Op. 77 (1878; dedicated to Joachim, who was consulted closely during its composition), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a></i> (written following the conferring of an honorary degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Breslau</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Overture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic Overture">Tragic Overture</a></i> of 1880. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fame,_criticism,_and_Dvořák"><span id="Fame.2C_criticism.2C_and_Dvo.C5.99.C3.A1k"></span>Fame, criticism, and Dvořák</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fame, criticism, and Dvořák"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1876, Cambridge University offered to grant honorary degrees of Doctor of Music to both Brahms and Joachim, provided that they composed new pieces as "theses" and were present in Cambridge to receive their degrees. Brahms was averse to traveling to England and requested to receive the degree 'in absentia', offering as his thesis the previously performed (November 1876) symphony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPascalln.d._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPascalln.d.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But of the two, only Joachim went to England and was granted a degree. Brahms "acknowledged the invitation" by giving the manuscript score and parts of his First Symphony to Joachim, who led the performance at Cambridge 8 March 1877 (English premiere).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.1916205–206_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1916205–206-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commendation of Brahms by Breslau as "the leader in the art of serious music in Germany today" led to a bilious comment from Wagner in his essay "On Poetry and Composition": "I know of some famous composers who in their concert masquerades don the disguise of a street-singer one day, the hallelujah periwig of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Frideric_Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Frideric Handel">Handel</a> the next, the dress of a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Czardas" class="mw-redirect" title="Czardas">Czardas</a>-fiddler another time, and then again the guise of a highly respectable symphony dressed up as Number Ten" (referring to Brahms's First Symphony as a putative tenth symphony of Beethoven).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010729_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010729-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms was now recognised as a major figure in the world of music. He had been on the jury which awarded the Vienna State Prize to the (then little-known) composer <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> three times, first in February 1875, and later in 1876 and 1877, and had successfully recommended Dvořák to his publisher, Simrock. The two men met for the first time in 1877, and Dvořák dedicated to Brahms his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._9_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="String Quartet No. 9 (Dvořák)">String Quartet, Op. 34</a> of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999444–446_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999444–446-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began to be the recipient of a variety of honours: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a> in 1874, and the music-loving <a href="/wiki/Georg_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen">Duke George of Meiningen</a> awarded him the Commander's Cross of the Order of the House of Meiningen in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axvMusgrave2000171Swafford1999467_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axvMusgrave2000171Swafford1999467-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time Brahms also chose to change his image. Having been always clean-shaven, in 1878 he surprised his friends by growing a beard, writing in September to the conductor <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Scholz" title="Bernhard Scholz">Bernhard Scholz</a>: "I am coming with a large beard! Prepare your wife for a most awful sight."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201057_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201057-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singer <a href="/wiki/George_Henschel" title="George Henschel">George Henschel</a> recalled that after a concert "I saw a man unknown to me, rather stout, of middle height, with long hair and a full beard. In a very deep and hoarse voice he introduced himself as 'Musikdirektor Müller' ... an instant later, we all found ourselves laughing heartily at the perfect success of Brahms's disguise." The incident also displays Brahms's love of practical jokes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave20004,_6_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave20004,_6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882 Brahms completed his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a>, Op. 83, dedicated to his teacher Marxsen.<sup id="cite_ref-bozarth4_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozarth4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms was invited by <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> to undertake a premiere of the work with the <a href="/wiki/Meiningen_Court_Orchestra" title="Meiningen Court Orchestra">Meiningen Court Orchestra</a>. This was the beginning of his collaboration with Meiningen and with von Bülow, who was to rank Brahms as one of the '<a href="/wiki/Three_Bs" title="Three Bs">Three Bs</a>'; in a letter to his wife he wrote: "You know what I think of Brahms: after Bach and Beethoven the greatest, the most sublime of all composers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999465–466_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999465–466-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_symphonies_and_continuing_recognition">Later symphonies and continuing recognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later symphonies and continuing recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following years saw the premieres of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Brahms)">Third Symphony</a>, Op. 90 (1883) and his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Fourth Symphony</a>, Op. 98 (1885). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, who had been appointed assistant to von Bülow at Meiningen, and had been uncertain about Brahms's music, found himself converted by the Third Symphony and was enthusiastic about the Fourth: "a giant work, great in concept and invention".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000252_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000252-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, but more cautious, supporter from the younger generation was <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, who first met Brahms in 1884 and remained a close acquaintance. He considered Brahms a conservative master who was more turned toward the past than the future. He rated Brahms as technically superior to <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, but more earth-bound than Wagner and Beethoven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000253–254_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000253–254-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Theodor_Wangemann" title="Adelbert Theodor Wangemann">Theo Wangemann</a>, a representative of the American inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, visited the composer in Vienna and invited him to make an experimental recording. Brahms played an abbreviated version of his first Hungarian Dance and of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Strauss" title="Josef Strauss">Josef Strauss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Libelle" title="Die Libelle">Die Libelle</a></i> on the piano. Although the spoken introduction to the short piece of music is quite clear, the piano playing is largely inaudible due to heavy <a href="/wiki/Surface_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface noise">surface noise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In that same year, Brahms was named an <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Hamburg" title="List of honorary citizens of Hamburg">honorary citizen of Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_age_(1889–1897)"><span id="Old_age_.281889.E2.80.931897.29"></span>Old age (1889–1897)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Old age (1889–1897)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg/180px-Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg/270px-Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg/360px-Strauss_und_Brahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss II</a> (left) and Brahms, photographed in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friendship_with_J._Strauss">Friendship with J. Strauss</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Friendship with J. Strauss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss II</a> were acquainted in the 1870s, but their close friendship belongs to the years 1889 and after. Brahms admired much of Strauss's music and encouraged the composer to sign with his publisher Simrock. In autographing a fan for Strauss's wife Adele, Brahms wrote the opening notes of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Danube" title="The Blue Danube">The Blue Danube</a></i> waltz, adding the words "unfortunately not by Johannes Brahms".<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made the effort, three weeks before his death, to attend the premiere of Johann Strauss's operetta <i><a href="/wiki/Die_G%C3%B6ttin_der_Vernunft" title="Die Göttin der Vernunft">Die Göttin der Vernunft</a></i> (The Goddess of Reason) in March 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG/180px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG/270px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG/360px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Brahms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Grave in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery" title="Vienna Central Cemetery">Vienna Central Cemetery</a>; monument designed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> and sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Ilse_von_Twardowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilse von Twardowski">Ilse von Twardowski</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_chamber_music_and_songs">Late chamber music and songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Late chamber music and songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the successful Vienna premiere of his <a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_No._2_(Brahms)" title="String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)">Second String Quintet</a>, Op. 111 in 1890, the 57-year-old Brahms came to think that he might retire from composition, telling a friend that he "had achieved enough; here I had before me a carefree old age and could enjoy it in peace."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999568–569_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999568–569-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began to find solace in escorting the mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barbi" title="Alice Barbi">Alice Barbi</a> and may have proposed to her (she was only 28).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999569_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999569-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His admiration for <a href="/wiki/Richard_M%C3%BChlfeld" title="Richard Mühlfeld">Richard Mühlfeld</a>, clarinettist with the Meiningen orchestra, revived his interest in composing and led him to write the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Trio (Brahms)">Clarinet Trio</a>, Op. 114 (1891); <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Quintet (Brahms)">Clarinet Quintet</a>, Op. 115 (1891); and the two <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Sonatas_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Sonatas (Brahms)">Clarinet Sonatas</a>, Op. 120 (1894). </p><p>Brahms also wrote at this time his final cycles of piano pieces, Opp. 116–119 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vier_ernste_Ges%C3%A4nge" title="Vier ernste Gesänge">Vier ernste Gesänge</a></i> (Four Serious Songs), Op. 121 (1896), which were prompted by the death of Clara Schumann and dedicated to the artist <a href="/wiki/Max_Klinger" title="Max Klinger">Max Klinger</a>, who was his great admirer.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the <a href="/wiki/Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">Eleven Chorale Preludes</a> for organ, Op. 122 (1896) is a setting of "O Welt ich muss dich lassen" ("O world I must leave thee") and the last notes that Brahms wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1971898_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1971898-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these works were written in his house in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a>, where Brahms had first visited in 1882 and where he spent every summer from 1889 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201042_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201042-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminal_illness">Terminal illness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Terminal illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1896 Brahms was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>, and later in the year his Viennese doctor diagnosed him with <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>, from which his father Jakob had died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999614–615_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999614–615-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last public appearance was on 7 March 1897, when he saw <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a> conduct his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 4</a>; there was an ovation after each of the four movements.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His condition gradually worsened and he died on 3 April 1897, in Vienna at the age of 63. Brahms is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery" title="Vienna Central Cemetery">Vienna Central Cemetery</a> in Vienna, under a monument designed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> with sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Ilse_von_Twardowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilse von Twardowski">Ilse von Twardowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Wiegenlied_(Berceuse)_(1915).ogg" title="File:Brahms - Schumann-Heink - Wiegenlied (Berceuse) (1915).ogg">Wiegenlied (Op. 49)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="111" data-mwtitle="Brahms_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Wiegenlied_(Berceuse)_(1915).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Brahms_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Wiegenlied_%28Berceuse%29_%281915%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Brahms_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Wiegenlied_%28Berceuse%29_%281915%29.ogg/Brahms_-_Schumann-Heink_-_Wiegenlied_%28Berceuse%29_%281915%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink" title="Ernestine Schumann-Heink">Ernestine Schumann-Heink</a> (1915)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms_-_Hungarian_Dance_No._1_(performed_by_the_composer).oga" title="File:Brahms - Hungarian Dance No. 1 (performed by the composer).oga">Hungarian Dance No. 1</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Brahms_-_Hungarian_Dance_No._1_(performed_by_the_composer).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Brahms_-_Hungarian_Dance_No._1_%28performed_by_the_composer%29.oga/Brahms_-_Hungarian_Dance_No._1_%28performed_by_the_composer%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Brahms_-_Hungarian_Dance_No._1_%28performed_by_the_composer%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Played by Brahms; recorded on 2 December 1889</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johannes_Brahms" title="List of compositions by Johannes Brahms">List of compositions by Johannes Brahms</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Johannes_Brahms" title="Special:EditPage/Johannes Brahms">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Johannes+Brahms%22">"Johannes Brahms"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Johannes+Brahms%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Johannes+Brahms%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Johannes+Brahms%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Johannes+Brahms%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Johannes+Brahms%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brahms wrote a number of major works for orchestra, including four <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Piano_concerto" title="Piano concerto">piano concertos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)">No. 1 in D minor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)">No. 2 in B-flat major</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Violin Concerto (Brahms)">Violin Concerto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Double_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Double Concerto (Brahms)">Double Concerto</a> for violin and cello, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Overture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic Overture">Tragic Overture</a></i>, along with the two <a href="/wiki/Serenades_(Brahms)" title="Serenades (Brahms)">Serenades</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a></i>. </p><p>His large choral work <i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">A German Requiem</a></i> is not a setting of the liturgical <i>Missa pro defunctis</i> but a setting of texts which Brahms selected from the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>. The work was composed in three major periods of his life. An early version of the second movement was first composed in 1854, not long after Robert Schumann's attempted suicide, and this was later used in his first piano concerto. The majority of the Requiem was composed after his mother's death in 1865. The fifth movement was added after the official premiere in 1868, and the work was published in 1869. </p><p>His works in <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variation</a> form include the <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel" title="Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel">Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Variations on a Theme of Paganini">Paganini Variations</a></i>, both for solo piano, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Haydn" title="Variations on a Theme by Haydn">Variations on a Theme by Haydn</a></i> (now sometimes called the <i>Saint Anthony Variations</i>) in versions for two pianos and for orchestra. The final movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Fourth Symphony</a>, Op. 98, is a <a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a>. He set a number of folksongs.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a> works include three string quartets, two string quintets, two string sextets, a clarinet quintet, a clarinet trio, a <a href="/wiki/Horn_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Horn Trio (Brahms)">horn trio</a>, a piano quintet, three piano quartets, and four piano trios (the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_A_major_(Brahms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano Trio in A major (Brahms)">fourth</a> being published posthumously). He composed several instrumental sonatas with piano, including three for violin, two for cello, and two for clarinet (which were subsequently arranged for viola by the composer). His solo piano works range from his early <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonatas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">ballades</a> to his late sets of character pieces. Brahms was a significant <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a> composer, who wrote over 200 of them. His <a href="/wiki/Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">chorale preludes for organ</a>, Op. 122, which he wrote shortly before his death, have become an important part of the organ repertoire. They were published posthumously in 1902. The last of this set is a setting of the choral. "O Welt ich muss dich lassen" ("O world I now must leave thee") and were the last notes he wrote. </p><p>Brahms was an extreme <a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">perfectionist</a>. He destroyed many early works – including a violin sonata he had performed with Reményi and violinist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a> – and once claimed to have destroyed 20 string quartets before he issued his official First in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_works_of_Brahms_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_works_of_Brahms-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of several years, he changed an original project for a symphony in D minor into his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)">first piano concerto</a>. In another instance of devotion to detail, he laboured over the official First Symphony for almost fifteen years, from about 1861 to 1876. Even after its first few performances, Brahms destroyed the original slow movement and substituted another before the score was published. </p><p>A factor that contributed to his perfectionism was Schumann's early enthusiasm,<sup id="cite_ref-schumannideal_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumannideal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Brahms was determined to live up to. </p><p>Brahms often wrote music without an explicit scene or narrative; he never wrote an opera or a symphonic poem. However, he set 144 German folk songs in many <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a> for voice and piano. These works often reflect folk themes or depict scenes of rural life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_influences">Style and influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Style and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The music of Brahms contains traditional <a href="/wiki/Genre#Music" title="Genre">genres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">forms</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>), and debts to the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">Viennese Classical tradition</a>. The music of many of his contemporaries, especially the <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>, was more obviously innovative, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuosic</a>, and emotional or evocative, often with dramatic or <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> elements. In this context, many (e.g., Hanslick) saw Brahms as a conservative or reactionary champion of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a>. </p><p>In the shadow of Beethoven, both Brahms and his contemporaries increasingly exploited harmonies and emphasized <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motifs</a> as fundamental structural elements. Brahms's use of developing variation, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a> argued, was an <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">expository</a> procedure analogous to that of Liszt's and Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Modulating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulating sequence">modulating sequences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus198046–51_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus198046–51-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms considered giving up composition when it seemed that other composers' innovations in extended tonality resulted in the rule of tonality being broken altogether.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> became fiercely critical of Brahms as the latter grew in stature and popularity, he was enthusiastically receptive of the early <i>Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel</i>; Brahms himself, according to many sources,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deeply admired Wagner's music, confining his ambivalence only to the dramaturgical precepts of Wagner's theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beethoven_and_the_Viennese_Classical_tradition">Beethoven and the Viennese Classical tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Beethoven and the Viennese Classical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms venerated Beethoven; in the composer's home, a marble bust of Beethoven looked down on the spot where he composed, and some passages in his works are reminiscent of Beethoven's style. Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">First Symphony</a> bears strongly the influence of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Fifth Symphony</a>, as the two works are both in <a href="/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">C minor</a> and end in the struggle towards a <a href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C major</a> triumph. The main theme of the finale of the First Symphony is also reminiscent of the main theme of the finale of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth</a>, and when this resemblance was pointed out to Brahms he replied that any dunce<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could see that. In 1876, when the work was premiered in Vienna, it was immediately hailed as "Beethoven's Tenth". Indeed, the similarity of Brahms's music to that of late Beethoven had first been noted as early as November 1853 in a letter from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dietrich" title="Albert Dietrich">Albert Dietrich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Naumann" title="Ernst Naumann">Ernst Naumann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros201080_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros201080-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahms loved the classical composers Mozart and Haydn. He especially admired Mozart, so much so that in his final years he reportedly declared Mozart as the greatest composer. On 10 January 1896, Brahms conducted the Academic Festival Overture and both piano concertos in Berlin, and during the following celebration Brahms interrupted Joachim's toast with "Ganz recht; auf Mozart's Wohl" (Quite right; here's Mozart's health).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms also compared Mozart with Beethoven to the latter's disadvantage, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heuberger" title="Richard Heuberger">Richard Heuberger</a> in 1896: "<a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Dissonance</a>, true dissonance as Mozart used it, is not to be found in Beethoven. Look at <i><a href="/wiki/Idomeneo" title="Idomeneo">Idomeneo</a></i>. Not only is it a marvel, but as Mozart was still quite young and brash when he wrote it, it was a completely new thing. You couldn't commission great music from Beethoven since he created only lesser works on commission—his more conventional pieces, his variations and the like."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms collected first editions and autographs of Mozart and Haydn's works and edited performing editions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Romantics">Early Romantics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Early Romantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Romantic composers had a major influence on Brahms, particularly Schumann, who encouraged Brahms as a young composer. </p><p>During his stay in Vienna in 1862–63, Brahms became particularly interested in the music of Schubert.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter's influence may be identified in works by Brahms dating from the period, such as the two piano quartets Op. 25 and Op. 26, and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quintet (Brahms)">Piano Quintet</a>, which alludes to Schubert's <a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_(Schubert)" title="String Quintet (Schubert)">String Quintet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonata_in_C_major_for_piano_four-hands,_D_812_(Schubert)" title="Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812 (Schubert)">Grand Duo</a> for piano four hands.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> and Mendelssohn on Brahms is less obvious, although occasionally one can find in his works what seems to be an allusion to one of theirs (e.g., Brahms's Scherzo, Op. 4 alludes to Chopin's Scherzo in B-flat minor,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scherzo movement in Brahms's Piano Sonata in F minor, Op. 5 alludes to the finale of Mendelssohn's Piano Trio in C minor).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alte_Musik"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alte Musik</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Alte Musik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms looked to older music, with its <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, for inspiration. He studied the music of pre-classical composers, including <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>. </p><p>His friends included leading musicologists. He co-edited an edition of the works of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Friedrich Chrysander</a>. He also edited works by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips_(conductor)" title="Peter Phillips (conductor)">Peter Phillips</a> heard affinities between Brahms's rhythmically charged, contrapuntal textures and those of Renaissance masters such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>. Referring to Byrd's <i>Though Amaryllis dance</i>, Philips remarked that "the cross-rhythms in this piece so excited <a href="/wiki/E._H._Fellowes" class="mw-redirect" title="E. H. Fellowes">E. H. Fellowes</a> that he likened them to Brahms's compositional style."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Brahms's music is modeled on <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> sources, especially Bach (e.g., the fugal finale of <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Cello Sonata No. 1 (Brahms)">Cello Sonata No. 1</a> on Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue" title="The Art of Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i>, the passacaglia theme of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Fourth Symphony's</a> finale on Bach's Cantata No. 150). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textures">Textures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Textures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms was a master of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>. "For Brahms, ... the most complicated forms of counterpoint were a natural means of expressing his emotions," writes <a href="/wiki/Karl_Geiringer" title="Karl Geiringer">Geiringer</a>. "As Palestrina or Bach succeeded in giving spiritual significance to their technique, so Brahms could turn a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> in motu contrario or a canon per augmentationem into a pure piece of lyrical poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982159_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982159-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers on Brahms have commented on his use of counterpoint. For example, of Op. 9, <i>Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann,</i> Geiringer writes that Brahms "displays all the resources of contrapuntal art".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982210_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982210-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the A major piano quartet Opus 26, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Jan Swafford</a> notes that the third movement is "demonic-canonic, echoing Haydn's famous minuet for string quartet called the 'Witch's Round<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012159_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012159-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swafford further opines that "thematic development, counterpoint, and form were the dominant technical terms in which Brahms ... thought about music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012xviii_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012xviii-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allied to his skill in counterpoint was his subtle handling of rhythm and meter. Bozarth speculates that his contact with Hungarian and gypsy folk music as a teenager led to "his lifelong fascination with the irregular rhythms, triplet figures and use of rubato" in his compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§1,_"Formative_years"_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§1,_"Formative_years"-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Dances">Hungarian Dances</a> are among Brahms's most-appreciated pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGál196317,_204_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGál196317,_204-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Musgrave considered that only <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> approached the advancement of his rhythmic thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page269_269]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page269_269]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His use of counterpoint and rhythm is present in <i>A German Requiem</i>, a work that was partially inspired by his mother's death in 1865 (at a time in which he composed a funeral march that was to become the basis of Part Two, "Denn alles Fleisch"), but which also incorporates material from a symphony which he started in 1854 but abandoned following Schumann's suicide attempt. He once wrote that the Requiem "belonged to Schumann". The first movement of this abandoned symphony was re-worked as the first movement of the First Piano Concerto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_practice">Performance practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Performance practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brahms played principally on German and Viennese pianos. In his early years he used a piano made by the Hamburg company Baumgarten & Heins.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1864, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> about his attraction to instruments by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Streicher" title="Johann Baptist Streicher">Streicher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Litzmann_113_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litzmann_113-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 he received a Streicher piano op. 6713 and kept it in his house until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to Clara: "There [on my Streicher] I always know exactly what I write and why I write one way or another."<sup id="cite_ref-Litzmann_113_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litzmann_113-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another instrument in Brahms's possession was a <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Graf" title="Conrad Graf">Conrad Graf</a> piano – a wedding present of the Schumanns, that Clara Schumann later gave to Brahms and which he kept until 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrischKarnes200978_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrischKarnes200978-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s for his public performances Brahms used a <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Bösendorfer">Bösendorfer</a> several times. In his Bonn concerts he played on a <a href="/wiki/Grotrian-Steinweg" title="Grotrian-Steinweg">Steinweg Nachfolgern</a> in 1880 and a <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCthner" title="Blüthner">Blüthner</a> in 1883. Brahms also used a <a href="/wiki/C._Bechstein" title="C. Bechstein">Bechstein</a> in several of his concerts: 1872 in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, 1872 in Cologne and 1881 in Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brahms looked both backward and forward. His output was often bold in its exploration of harmony and textural elements, especially rhythm. As a result, he influenced composers of both conservative and modernist tendencies. </p><p>Brahms' symphonies are prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_repertoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard repertoire">standard repertoire</a> of symphony orchestras;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only Beethoven's are more frequently performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahms's have often been measured against Beethoven's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (July 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Brahms often sent manuscripts to friends Billroth, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Herzogenberg" title="Elisabeth von Herzogenberg">Elisabeth von Herzogenberg</a>, Joachim, and Clara Schumann for review.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted its textures and frequent dissonances, which Brahms wrote (to Henschel) that he preferred on the strong beat, "resolve[d] ... lightly and gently!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, Clara felt Brahms's harshness most distinguished his music from Robert's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010209_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010209-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billroth described Brahms's dissonances as "cutting", "toxic", or (in the case of "In stiller Nacht") "divine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010210_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010210-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, Joachim noted "steely harshness" in the <i>Benedictus</i> of the <i>Missa canonica</i>, with its "bold independence of the voices".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1856 he objected to "extensive harshness" in <i><a href="/wiki/Geistliches_Lied" title="Geistliches Lied">Geistliches Lied</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telling Brahms: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You [are] so used to rough harmonies, of such polyphonic texture ... . ... You cannot ask that of the listener ... art [should] inspire collective delight ... .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some criticized Brahms's music as overly academic, dense, or muddy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Hanslick criticized the First Symphony as academic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He later praised the "harmonic and contrapuntal art" of the Fourth Symphony's passacaglia.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elisabeth von Herzogenberg initially considered the Fourth's first movement a "work of [the] brain ... designed too much" (her opinion improved within weeks).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> would later defend Brahms: "It is not the heart alone which creates all that is beautiful [or] emotional".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003Schoenberg's_1946_"Heart_and_Brain_in_Music"_essay,_quoted_154_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003Schoenberg's_1946_"Heart_and_Brain_in_Music"_essay,_quoted_154-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> lost his taste for Brahms's "thickness of texture" and studied <a href="/wiki/Musical_expression" title="Musical expression">expressivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schoenberg and others, among them <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> and Carl Dahlhaus, sought to advance Brahms's reputation in the early and mid-20th century against the criticisms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bekker" title="Paul Bekker">Paul Bekker</a> and Wagner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6,_¶4–10_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6,_¶4–10-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Brahms's centenary in 1933, Schoenberg wrote and broadcast an essay "Brahms the Progressive" (rev. 1947, pub. 1950), establishing Brahms's historical continuity (perhaps self-servingly).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axx_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axx-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schoenberg portrayed him as a forward-looking innovator, somewhat polemically against the image of Brahms as an academic traditionalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKross1983142_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKross1983142-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He highlighted Brahms's fondness for motivic saturation and irregularities of rhythm and phrase, terming Brahms's compositional principles "developing variation". In <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>'s 1933 lectures, posthumously published under the title <i>The Path to the New Music</i>, he claimed Brahms as one who had anticipated the developments of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>. In <i>Structural Functions of Harmony</i> (1948), Schoenberg analyzed Brahms's "enriched harmony" and exploration of remote tonal regions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg/220px-Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg/330px-Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg/440px-Brahms-Denkmal_von_Prof._Max_Klinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Monument dedicated to Brahms, by <a href="/wiki/Max_Klinger" title="Max Klinger">Max Klinger</a> (1909)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within his lifetime, Brahms's idiom left an imprint on several composers within his personal circle, who strongly admired his music, such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Herzogenberg" title="Heinrich von Herzogenberg">Heinrich von Herzogenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)" title="Robert Fuchs (composer)">Robert Fuchs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Julius Röntgen">Julius Röntgen</a>, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Jenner" title="Gustav Jenner">Gustav Jenner</a>, who was his only formal composition pupil. Antonín Dvořák, who received substantial assistance from Brahms, deeply admired his music and was influenced by it in several works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Dvořák)">Symphony No. 7 in D minor</a> and the F minor Piano Trio. </p><p>Features of the "Brahms style" were absorbed in a more complex synthesis with other contemporary (chiefly Wagnerian) trends by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rott" title="Hans Rott">Hans Rott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Berger" title="Wilhelm Berger">Wilhelm Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schmidt_(composer)" title="Franz Schmidt (composer)">Franz Schmidt</a>, whereas the British composers <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a> and the Swede <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stenhammar" title="Wilhelm Stenhammar">Wilhelm Stenhammar</a> all testified to learning much from Brahms. As Elgar said, "I look at the Third Symphony of Brahms, and I feel like a pygmy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2001406_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2001406-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>'s music showed Brahmsian concern for rhythm and texture; in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a> was called "the Russian Brahms";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Amy Beach</a>'s musical textures were noted for their Brahmsian richness.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>'s early music shows much Brahmsian influence, and Brahms took an interest in him, though Busoni later tended to disparage Brahms. Towards the end of his life, Brahms offered substantial encouragement to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Ernst von Dohnányi">Ernst von Dohnányi</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>. Their early chamber works, those of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> (who was friendly with Dohnányi), show a thoroughgoing absorption of the Brahmsian idiom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Viennese_School">Second Viennese School</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Second Viennese School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zemlinsky in turn taught Schoenberg, and Brahms was apparently impressed when in 1897 Zemlinsky showed him drafts of two movements of Schoenberg's early <a href="/wiki/String_quartets_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets (Schoenberg)">D-major quartet</a>. Webern and later Walter Frisch identified Brahms's influence in the dense, cohesive textures and <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variation</a> techniques of Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._1,_Op._7" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">first quartet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbrahmsprincipleo0000frispage164mode2up_164–165],_partly_quoting_Webern's_1912_essay_"Schoenberg's_Music"_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbrahmsprincipleo0000frispage164mode2up_164–165],_partly_quoting_Webern's_1912_essay_"Schoenberg's_Music"-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Schoenberg orchestrated Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Quartet No. 1</a> as an exercise suggested by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> to break <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a>; Klemperer regarded it as better than the original.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurer_Zenck1999183,_191n71_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer_Zenck1999183,_191n71-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a> later set it to dance in <i><a href="/wiki/Brahms%E2%80%93Schoenberg_Quartet" title="Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet">Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet</a></i>.) </p><p>Webern's 1908 <a href="/wiki/Passacaglia_(Webern)" title="Passacaglia (Webern)">Passacaglia, Op. 1</a>, is clearly in part a homage to, and development of, the variation techniques of the passacaglia-finale of Brahms's Fourth Symphony. Ann Scott argued Brahms anticipated the procedures of the serialists by redistributing melodic fragments between instruments, as in the first movement of the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Sonatas_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Sonatas (Brahms)">Clarinet Sonata, Op. 120, No. 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s696_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s696-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_composers">Later composers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Later composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Still later composers, like <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> paid respect to Brahms in their music, especially in terms of their treatment of meter, motives, rhythm, or texture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"Musgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"Musgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 September 2000, Brahms was honoured in the <a href="/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)" title="Walhalla (memorial)">Walhalla</a>, a German hall of fame. He was introduced there as the 126th "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rühmlich ausgezeichneter Teutscher</i></span>" [honorably distinguished German] and 13th composer among them, with a bust by sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milan_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milan Knobloch (page does not exist)">Milan Knobloch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Knobloch" class="extiw" title="de:Milan Knobloch">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His family name was also sometimes spelled Brahmst or Brams, deriving from Bram, the German word for the shrub <a href="/wiki/Genista" title="Genista">broom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford19997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford19997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz also became a pianist; overshadowed by his brother, he emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> in 1867, and later returned to Hamburg as a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford19997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford19997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824–5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19824–5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19993–4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19993–4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19823-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19823_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19826–9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19826–9_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 6–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199914–16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199914–16_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19829–11,_14-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer19829–11,_14_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 9–11, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198210,_17-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198210,_17_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 10, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer198212_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19994–8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19994–8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann19999–11-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann19999–11_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199926-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199926_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199917–18-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199917–18_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including tales allegedly told by Brahms himself to Clara Schumann and others; see <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Jan Swafford</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/03/18/aimez-vous-brahms-an-exchange/">"'Aimez-Vous Brahms': An Exchange"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> 18 March 1999, accessed 1 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2001''passim''-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2001''passim''_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford2001">Swafford 2001</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912–14-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199912–14_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann199916,_18–20-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann199916,_18–20_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann1999">Hofmann 1999</a>, pp. 16, 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199956,_62-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199956,_62_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 56, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b45-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b45_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999b">Musgrave 1999b</a>, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199956–57-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199956–57_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199949-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199949_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199964-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199964_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999494–495-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999494–495_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 494–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200067-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200067_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bozarth2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth2_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth2_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §2: "New Paths"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199967,_71-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199967,_71_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 67, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGál19637-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGál19637_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGál1963">Gál 1963</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schumannideal-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schumannideal_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schumannideal_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumann1988">Schumann 1988</a>, pp. 199–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvins199724-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvins199724_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvins1997">Avins 1997</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199981–82-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199981–82_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford199989-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford199989_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§2:_"New_Paths"-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§2:_"New_Paths"_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §2: "New Paths".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999180,_182-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999180,_182_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 180, 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999189–190-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999189–190_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999211-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999211_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999206–211-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999206–211_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 206–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agathe-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agathe_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200027,_31-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave200027,_31_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, pp. 27, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999277–279,_283-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999277–279,_283_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 277–279, 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmannHofmann2010">Hofmann & Hofmann 2010</a>, p. 40; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schumann-portal.de/brahms-house.html">"Brahms House"</a>, on website of the <i>Schumann Portal</i>, accessed 22 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39–41-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39–41_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999b">Musgrave 1999b</a>, 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bozarth3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth3_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth3_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth3_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth3_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §3 "First maturity"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999265–269-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999265–269_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 265–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999401-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999401_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b39_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999b">Musgrave 1999b</a>, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2001" class="citation book cs1">Musgrave, Michael (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67FA4aJAy8kC&q=johannes+brahms+confirmed+michaeliskirche&pg=PA290"><i>A Brahms Reader</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09199-1"><bdi>978-0-300-09199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brahms+Reader&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09199-1&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67FA4aJAy8kC%26q%3Djohannes%2Bbrahms%2Bconfirmed%2Bmichaeliskirche%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012327-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012327_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford2012">Swafford 2012</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page80_80]-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page80_80]_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1985">Musgrave 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710097767/page/80">80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1980174–179-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1980174–179_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1980">Becker 1980</a>, pp. 174–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bozarth4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth4_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth4_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth4_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozarth4_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §4, "At the summit"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen19831-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen19831_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen1983">Petersen 1983</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999383-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999383_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b42–43-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999b42–43_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999b">Musgrave 1999b</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010694-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010694_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2010">Taruskin 2010</a>, p. 694.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPascalln.d.-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPascalln.d._61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPascalln.d.">Pascall n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1916205–206-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.1916205–206_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.1916">Anon. 1916</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010729-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2010729_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2010">Taruskin 2010</a>, p. 729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999444–446-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999444–446_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 444–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axvMusgrave2000171Swafford1999467-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axvMusgrave2000171Swafford1999467_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999a">Musgrave 1999a</a>, xv; <a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, 171; <a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201057-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201057_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmannHofmann2010">Hofmann & Hofmann 2010</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave20004,_6-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave20004,_6_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, pp. 4, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999465–466-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999465–466_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 465–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000252-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000252_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000253–254-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave2000253–254_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave2000">Musgrave 2000</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZXL3I7GPCY"><span class="plainlinks">J. Brahms plays excerpt of Hungarian Dance No. 1 (2:10)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Analysts and scholars remain divided as to whether the voice that introduces the piece is that of Wangemann or of Brahms. A "denoised" version of the recording was produced at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/edison/brahms/brahms.html">"Brahms at the Piano"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berger" title="Jonathan Berger">Jonathan Berger</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCRMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CCRMA">CCRMA</a>, Stanford University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburg.de/ehrenbuerger/biographien/ehrenbuerger-vor-1900/4657054/johannes-brahms/">"Stadt Hamburg Ehrenbürger" website: Dr. phil. h.c. Johannes Brahms (1833–1897)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Retrieved 14 October 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb1975">Lamb 1975</a>, pp. 869–870</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999568–569-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999568–569_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 568–569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999569-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999569_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417023216/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/max-klinger-johannes-brahms-engraving-music-and-fantasy-4485.html">"Max Klinger / Johannes Brahms: Engraving, Music and Fantasy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-museums/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more/article/max-klinger-johannes-brahms-engraving-music-and-fantasy-4485.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft.atitle=Max+Klinger+%2F+Johannes+Brahms%3A+Engraving%2C+Music+and+Fantasy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fexhibitions%2Fin-the-museums%2Fexhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay-more%2Farticle%2Fmax-klinger-johannes-brahms-engraving-music-and-fantasy-4485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1971898-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1971898_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1971">Bond 1971</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201042-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmannHofmann201042_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmannHofmann2010">Hofmann & Hofmann 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford1999614–615-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford1999614–615_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford1999">Swafford 1999</a>, pp. 614–615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive2006" class="citation book cs1">Clive, Peter (2006). "Richter, Hans". <i>Brahms and His World: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-2280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-2280-9"><bdi>978-1-4617-2280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richter%2C+Hans&rft.btitle=Brahms+and+His+World%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-2280-9&rft.aulast=Clive&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viennatouristguide.at/Friedhoefe/Zentralfriedhof/Index_32A_Thumbs/z_index_32A_kl.htm#lageplan">Zentralfriedhof group 32a</a>, details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2020" class="citation web cs1">Arora, Anhad (20 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liederspieloxford.medium.com/johannes-brahms-schöner-augen-schöne-strahlen-31d2bcb26309">"Schöner Augen schöne Strahlen"</a>. <i>Liederspiel Oxford</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liederspiel+Oxford&rft.atitle=Sch%C3%B6ner+Augen+sch%C3%B6ne+Strahlen&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Anhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliederspieloxford.medium.com%2Fjohannes-brahms-sch%C3%B6ner-augen-sch%C3%B6ne-strahlen-31d2bcb26309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_works_of_Brahms-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lost_works_of_Brahms_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozarth,_George_S." class="citation web cs1">Bozarth, George S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321299183">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Paths Not Taken: The" Lost" Works of Johannes Brahms."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>researchgate.net</i>. Music Review 1989. p. 186. <q>According to the estimate of Alwin Cranz, a boyhood friend of Brahms, the composer destroyed more than twenty string quartets before publishing the Quartets in C minor and A minor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=%22Paths+Not+Taken%3A+The%22+Lost%22+Works+of+Johannes+Brahms.%22&rft.pages=186&rft.au=Bozarth%2C+George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321299183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus198046–51-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus198046–51_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1980">Dahlhaus 1980</a>, 46–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brahms used the German word "Esel", of which one translation is "donkey" and another is "dunce": <i>Cassell's New German Dictionary</i>, Funk and Wagnalls, New York and London, 1915</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros201080-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros201080_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros2010">Floros 2010</a>, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrichWidmann2000" class="citation book cs1">Dietrich, Albert Hermann; Widmann, J. V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BF29_4kLipcC&q=ernst+naumann+brahms&pg=PA6"><i>Recollections of Johannes Brahms</i></a>. Minerva Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-141-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-141-3"><bdi>978-0-89875-141-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50646747">50646747</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Johannes+Brahms&rft.pub=Minerva+Group&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50646747&rft.isbn=978-0-89875-141-3&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Albert+Hermann&rft.au=Widmann%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBF29_4kLipcC%26q%3Dernst%2Bnaumann%2Bbrahms%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaeth2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Spaeth" title="Sigmund Spaeth">Spaeth, Sigmund</a> (2020). <i>Stories Behind the World's Great Music</i>. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+World%27s+Great+Music&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Spaeth&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskNichols1997" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Josiah; Nichols, Jeff, eds. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/composersonmusic0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Composers On Music: Eight Centuries of Writings</i></a></span>. University Press of New England. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-279-6"><bdi>978-1-55553-279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composers+On+Music%3A+Eight+Centuries+of+Writings&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-279-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomposersonmusic0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webster_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Webster_(musicologist)" title="James Webster (musicologist)">Webster, James</a>, "Schubert's sonata form and Brahms's first maturity (II)", <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i> 3(1) (1979), pp. 52–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a>, "Franz Schubert" (1927), rpt. in <i>Essays and Lectures on Music</i> (London, 1949), p. 123. Cf. his similar remarks in "Tonality in Schubert" (1928), rpt. ibid., p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a>, "Influence: plagiarism and inspiration", <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i> 4(2) (1980), pp. 87–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanner, H.V. "What is originality?", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> 93(1313) (1952), pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips_(conductor)" title="Peter Phillips (conductor)">Phillips, P.</a> (2007) sleeve note to <i>English Madrigals</i>, 25th anniversary edition, CD recording, <a href="/wiki/Gimell_Records" title="Gimell Records">Gimell Records</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982159-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982159_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982210-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982210_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982">Geiringer and Geiringer 1982</a>, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012159-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012159_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford2012">Swafford 2012</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford2012xviii-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford2012xviii_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwafford2012">Swafford 2012</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§1,_"Formative_years"-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§1,_"Formative_years"_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §1, "Formative years".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGál196317,_204-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGál196317,_204_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGál1963">Gál 1963</a>, pp. 17, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page269_269]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page269_269]_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1985">Musgrave 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710097767/page/269">269</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünster2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Münster, Robert (2020). "Bernhard und Luise Scholz im Briefwechsel mit Max Kalbeck und Johannes Brahms". In Thomas Hauschke (ed.). <i>Johannes Brahms: Beiträge zu seiner Biographie</i> (in German). Vienna: Hollitzer Verlag. pp. 153–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1cdxfs0.14">10.2307/j.ctv1cdxfs0.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-99012-880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-99012-880-0"><bdi>978-3-99012-880-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243190598">243190598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernhard+und+Luise+Scholz+im+Briefwechsel+mit+Max+Kalbeck+und+Johannes+Brahms&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+seiner+Biographie&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=153-230&rft.pub=Hollitzer+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243190598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1cdxfs0.14&rft.isbn=978-3-99012-880-0&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCnster&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litzmann_113-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Litzmann_113_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litzmann_113_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitzmann1903" class="citation journal cs1">Litzmann, Berthold (1 February 1903). "Clara Schumann von Berthold Litzmann. Erster Band, Mädchenjahre". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>44</b> (720): 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F903152">10.2307/903152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666">0027-4666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/903152">903152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann+von+Berthold+Litzmann.+Erster+Band%2C+M%C3%A4dchenjahre&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=720&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1903-02-01&rft.issn=0027-4666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F903152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F903152&rft.aulast=Litzmann&rft.aufirst=Berthold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiba1983" class="citation journal cs1">Biba, Otto (January 1983). "Ausstellung 'Johannes Brahms in Wien' im Musik Verein". <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Musikzeitschrift" title="Österreichische Musikzeitschrift">Österreichische Musikzeitschrift</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4–5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fomz.1983.38.45.254a">10.7767/omz.1983.38.45.254a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163496436">163496436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Musikzeitschrift&rft.atitle=Ausstellung+%27Johannes+Brahms+in+Wien%27+im+Musik+Verein&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.date=1983-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fomz.1983.38.45.254a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163496436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biba&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrischKarnes200978-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrischKarnes200978_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrischKarnes2009">Frisch & Karnes 2009</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cai, Camilla (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fperfpr.198902.01.3">"Brahms's Pianos and the Performance of His Late Works"</a>. <i>Performance Practice Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fperfpr.198902.01.3">10.5642/perfpr.198902.01.3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1044-1638">1044-1638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Performance+Practice+Review&rft.atitle=Brahms%27s+Pianos+and+the+Performance+of+His+Late+Works&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5642%2Fperfpr.198902.01.3&rft.issn=1044-1638&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5642%252Fperfpr.198902.01.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003xiii_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrisch2003">Frisch 2003</a>, xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003ix_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrisch2003">Frisch 2003</a>, ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros2010">Floros 2010</a>, 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010209-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010209_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros2010">Floros 2010</a>, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010210-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010210_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros2010">Floros 2010</a>, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros2010208–209_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros2010">Floros 2010</a>, 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003153_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrisch2003">Frisch 2003</a>, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003Schoenberg's_1946_"Heart_and_Brain_in_Music"_essay,_quoted_154-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch2003Schoenberg's_1946_"Heart_and_Brain_in_Music"_essay,_quoted_154_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrisch2003">Frisch 2003</a>, Schoenberg's 1946 "Heart and Brain in Music" essay, quoted 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1985">Musgrave 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710097767/page/270">269–270</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6,_¶4–10-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6,_¶4–10_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §6, ¶4–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axx-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusgrave1999axx_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999a">Musgrave 1999a</a>, xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKross1983142-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKross1983142_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKross1983">Kross 1983</a>, 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2001406-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2001406_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2001">MacDonald 2001</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §6: "Influence and reception".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a>, eds. (2001). "Amy Beach". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amy+Beach&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisch1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbrahmsprincipleo0000frispage164mode2up_164–165],_partly_quoting_Webern's_1912_essay_"Schoenberg's_Music"-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrisch1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbrahmsprincipleo0000frispage164mode2up_164–165],_partly_quoting_Webern's_1912_essay_"Schoenberg's_Music"_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrisch1984">Frisch 1984</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahmsprincipleo0000fris/page/164/mode/2up">164–165</a>, partly quoting Webern's 1912 essay "Schoenberg's Music".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer_Zenck1999183,_191n71-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurer_Zenck1999183,_191n71_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurer_Zenck1999">Maurer Zenck 1999</a>, 183, 191n71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s696-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s696_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1995" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Ann Besser (1995). "Thematic transmutation in the music of Brahms: A matter of musical alchemy". <i>Journal of Musicological Research</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 177–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01411899508574717">10.1080/01411899508574717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-1896">0141-1896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Musicological+Research&rft.atitle=Thematic+transmutation+in+the+music+of+Brahms%3A+A+matter+of+musical+alchemy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-206&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01411899508574717&rft.issn=0141-1896&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ann+Besser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"Musgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBozarth_and_Frisch2001§6:_"Influence_and_reception"Musgrave1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780710097767page270_269–270]_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth and Frisch 2001</a>, §6: "Influence and reception"; <a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1985">Musgrave 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710097767/page/270">269–270</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmwfk.bayern.de/pressearchiv/2000/09/sept124.html">"Johannes Brahms hält Einzug in die Walhalla"</a>. Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst. 14 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms+h%C3%A4lt+Einzug+in+die+Walhalla&rft.pub=Bayerisches+Staatsministerium+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaft%2C+Forschung+und+Kunst&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmwfk.bayern.de%2Fpressearchiv%2F2000%2F09%2Fsept124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.1916">Anon. (1916). Programme, Volumes 1916–1917, Boston Symphony Orchestra, pub. 1916</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvins1997" class="citation book cs1">Avins, Styra, ed. (1997). <i>Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters</i>. Translated by Joseph Eisinger and S. Avins. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816234-6"><bdi>978-0-19-816234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+Life+and+Letters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816234-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Becker_(musicologist)" title="Heinz Becker (musicologist)">Becker, Heinz</a> (1980). "Brahms, Johannes". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan. pp. 154–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahms%2C+Johannes&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154-190&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, Ann (1971). "Brahms Chorale Preludes, Op. 122". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>112</b> (1543): 898–900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F955537">10.2307/955537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/955537">955537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Brahms+Chorale+Preludes%2C+Op.+122&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1543&rft.pages=898-900&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F955537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F955537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBozarth_and_Frisch2001">Bozarth, George S. and Walter Frisch. 2001. "Brahms, Johannes". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i> (accessed 23 Nov. 2024). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.51879">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51879</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0">978-1-56159-263-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDahlhaus1980"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a>. 1980. <i>Between Romanticism and Modernism: Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century</i>, trans. Mary Whittall and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Arnold Whittall</a> from original in German (Emil Katzbichler, 1974). California Studies in 19th-Century Music Series, gen. ed. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kerman" title="Joseph Kerman">Joseph Kerman</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03679-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03679-6">978-0-520-03679-6</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFloros2010"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Floros" title="Constantin Floros">Floros, Constantin</a>. 2010. <i>Johannes Brahms, "Free but Alone": A Life for a Poetic Music</i>, trans. Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch from original in German (Arche Verlag AG, 2010). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-61260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-61260-6">978-3-631-61260-6</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFrisch1984">Frisch, Walter. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahmsprincipleo0000fris"><i>Brahms and the Principle of Developing Variation</i></a>. California Studies in 19th-Century Music Series, gen. ed. Joseph Kerman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04700-6">978-0-520-04700-6</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFrisch2003">Frisch, Walter. 2003. <i>Brahms: The Four Symphonies</i>. Yale Music Masterworks Series, gen. ed. and fwd. George B. Stauffer. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Reprint from original in 1996 by Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09965-2">978-0-300-09965-2</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrischKarnes2009" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Walter; Karnes, Kevin C., eds. (2009). <i>Brahms and His World</i> (revised ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14344-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahms+and+His+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14344-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGál1963" class="citation book cs1">Gál, Hans (1963). <i>Johannes Brahms: His Work and Personality</i>. Translated by Joseph Stein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+His+Work+and+Personality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=G%C3%A1l&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGeiringer_and_Geiringer1982"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Geiringer" title="Karl Geiringer">Geiringer, Karl</a> and Irene Geiringer. 1982. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahmshislifewor0000geir_m4x9/">Brahms: His Life and Work</a></i>. Third edition, revised and enlarged with appendix ("Brahms as a Reader and Collector"). New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80223-2">978-0-306-80223-2</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHofmann1999" class="citation">Hofmann, Kurt. "Brahms the Hamburg musician 1833–1862". In <a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999">Musgrave (1999)</a>, pp. 3–30.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmannHofmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Kurt; Hofmann, Renate (2010). <i>Brahms Museum Hamburg: Exhibition Guide</i>. Translated by Trefor Smith. Hamburg: Johannes-Brahms-Gesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahms+Museum+Hamburg%3A+Exhibition+Guide&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Johannes-Brahms-Gesellschaft&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKross1983">Kross, Siegfried. 1983. "Brahms the symphonist". <i>Brahms: Biographical, Documentary, and Analytical Studies</i>, ed. Robert Pascall, 125–146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Digitally reprinted 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24522-7">978-0-521-24522-7</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08836-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08836-7">978-0-521-08836-7</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_(writer)" title="Andrew Lamb (writer)">Lamb, Andrew</a> (October 1975). "Brahms and Johann Strauss". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>116</b> (1592): 869–871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F959201">10.2307/959201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/959201">959201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Brahms+and+Johann+Strauss&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1592&rft.pages=869-871&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F959201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F959201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald_(music_critic)" title="Malcolm MacDonald (music critic)">MacDonald, Malcolm</a> (2001) [1990]. <i>Brahms</i>. Master Musicians (2nd ed.). Oxford: Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816484-5"><bdi>978-0-19-816484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Master+Musicians&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816484-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMaurer_Zenck1999"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Maurer_Zenck" title="Claudia Maurer Zenck">Maurer Zenck, Claudia</a>. 1999. "Challenges and Opportunities of Acculturation: Schoenberg, Krenek, and Stravinsky in Exile". In <i>Driven into Paradise: The Musical Migration from Nazi Germany to the United States</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Brinkmann" title="Reinhold Brinkmann">Reinhold Brinkmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>, 172–193. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21413-2">978-0-520-21413-2</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave1985" class="citation book cs1">Musgrave, Michael (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710097767/mode/2up"><i>The Music of Brahms</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9776-7"><bdi>978-0-7100-9776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Brahms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-9776-7&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780710097767%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave1999" class="citation book cs1">Musgrave, Michael, ed. (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Brahms</a></i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Brahms&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span>. Digitally reprinted 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48129-8">978-0-521-48129-8</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48581-4">978-0-521-48581-4</a> (pbk). <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMusgrave1999a" class="citation">Musgrave, Michael (1999a). Preface. In <a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999">Musgrave (1999)</a>, pp. xix–xxii.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMusgrave1999b" class="citation">Musgrave, Michael (1999b). "Years of transition: Brahms and Vienna 1862–1875". In <a href="#CITEREFMusgrave1999">Musgrave (1999)</a>, pp. 31–50.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2000" class="citation book cs1">Musgrave, Michael (2000). <i>A Brahms Reader</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06804-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06804-7"><bdi>978-0-300-06804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brahms+Reader&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06804-7&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascalln.d." class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Pascall, Robert (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203043601/https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.557428&catNum=557428&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English"><i>Brahms: Symphony No. 1/Tragic Overture/Academic Festival Overture</i></a> (CD liner). <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a>. 8.557428. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.557428&catNum=557428&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English">the original</a> on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brahms%3A+Symphony+No.+1%2FTragic+Overture%2FAcademic+Festival+Overture&rft.pub=Naxos+Records&rft.aulast=Pascall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2Fmainsite%2Fblurbs_reviews.asp%3Fitem_code%3D8.557428%26catNum%3D557428%26filetype%3DAbout%2520this%2520Recording%26language%3DEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">cite AV media notes</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1983" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Petersen, Peter (1983). <i>Brahms: Works for Chorus and Orchestra</i> (CD liner). <a href="/wiki/Polydor_Records" title="Polydor Records">Polydor Records</a>. 435 066-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brahms%3A+Works+for+Chorus+and+Orchestra&rft.pub=Polydor+Records&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann, Robert</a> (1988). <i>Schumann on Music</i>. tr. and ed. Henry Pleasants. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25748-8"><bdi>978-0-486-25748-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann+on+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25748-8&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwafford1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Swafford, Jan</a> (1999). <i>Johannes Brahms: A Biography</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72589-4"><bdi>978-0-333-72589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72589-4&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwafford2001" class="citation journal cs1">Swafford, Jan (2001). "Did the Young Brahms Play Piano in Waterfront Bars?". <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): 268–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncm.2001.24.3.268">10.1525/ncm.2001.24.3.268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-2076">0148-2076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncm.2001.24.3.268">10.1525/ncm.2001.24.3.268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Did+the+Young+Brahms+Play+Piano+in+Waterfront+Bars%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-275&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0148-2076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2001.24.3.268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2001.24.3.268&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwafford2012" class="citation book cs1">Swafford, Jan (2012). <i>Johannes Brahms: A Biography</i>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80989-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80989-6"><bdi>978-0-307-80989-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80989-6&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2010). <i>Music in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538483-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538483-3&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Adler, Guido</a>. 1933. "Weiheblatt zum 100. Geburtstag des Johannes Brahms: Wirken, Wesen, und Stellung. Mitgliedes unserer leitenden Kommission." <i>Studien zur Musikwissenschaft (Wien)</i>. 20:6–27. Reprinted in 1933, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:473503836$627i">Johannes Brahms: Wirken, Wesen, und Stellung</a>. Gedenkblatt zum 100. Geburtstag gewidmet ihrem Mitgliede von der leitenden Kommission der <i><a href="/wiki/Denkm%C3%A4ler_der_Tonkunst_in_%C3%96sterreich" title="Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich">Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich</a></i>". Wien: Universal Edition. Trans. in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Strunk" title="Oliver Strunk">W. Oliver Strunk</a>, "Johannes Brahms: His Achievement, His Personality, and His Position". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. 19(2):113–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FXIX.2.113">10.1093/mq/XIX.2.113</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Beaudoin" title="Richard Beaudoin">Beaudoin, Richard</a>. 2024. <i>Sounds as They Are: The Unwritten Music in Classical Recordings</i>. Oxford Studies in Music Theory, gen. ed. Steven Rings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765930-4">978-0-19-765930-4</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765928-1">978-0-19-765928-1</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F+oso%2F+9780197659281.001.0001">10.1093/ oso/ 9780197659281.001.0001</a>.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter. 2003. <i>The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Brahms, Bruckner, Dvořák, Mahler, and Selected Contemporaries</i>. Vol. 4, The Symphonic Repertoire. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33488-6">978-0-253-33488-6</a> (hbk).</li> <li>Brown, Clive. 2000. <i>Classical & Romantic Performing Practice 1750–1900</i>, fwd. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Norrington" title="Roger Norrington">Roger Norrington</a>. Reprinted 2002, Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816165-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816165-3">978-0-19-816165-3</a> (hbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Burkholder" title="J. Peter Burkholder">Burkholder, J. Peter</a>. 1984. "Brahms and Twentieth-Century Classical Music". <i><a href="/wiki/19th-century_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="19th-century Music">19th-century Music</a></i>. 8(1):75–83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746255">10.2307/746255</a>.</li> <li>Dingle, Christopher, ed. et al. 2019. <i>The Cambridge History of Music Criticism</i>. The Cambridge History of Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03789-2">978-1-107-03789-2</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139795425">10.1017/9781139795425</a>.</li> <li>Fink, Robert. 1993. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330125605/https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~repercus/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/repercussions-Vol.-2-No.-1-Fink-Robert-Desire-Repression-Brahmss-First-Symphony.pdf">Desire, Repression & Brahms's First Symphony</a>". <i>repercussions</i>. 2(1):75–103.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Floros" title="Constantin Floros">Floros, Constantin</a>. 2012. <i>Humanism, Love and Music</i>, trans. Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch from the original German. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-653-04219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-653-04219-1">978-3-653-04219-1</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-63044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-63044-0">978-3-631-63044-0</a> (hbk).</li> <li>Frisch, Walter. 1993. <i>The Early Works of Arnold Schoenberg, 1893–1908</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07819-2">978-0-520-07819-2</a> (hbk).</li> <li>Frisch, Walter. 2005. <i>German Modernism: Music and the Arts</i>. California Studies in 20th-Century Music, gen ed. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24301-9">978-0-520-24301-9</a> (hbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">Fuller Maitland, John Alexander</a>. 1911. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022172716">Brahms</a></i>. The New Library of Music Series, gen ed. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a>. New York: John Lane Co.</li> <li>Grimes, Nicole. 2019. <i>The Poetics of Loss in Nineteenth-Century German Culture</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47449-8">978-1-108-47449-8</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108589758">10.1017/9781108589758</a>.</li> <li>Grimes, Nicole. 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6km380kg">The Schoenberg/Brahms Critical Tradition Reconsidered</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Analysis_(journal)" title="Music Analysis (journal)">Music Analysis</a></i> 31(2):127–175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2249.2012.00342.x">10.1111/j.1468-2249.2012.00342.x</a>.</li> <li>Grimes, Nicole, Siobhán Donovan, and Wolfgang Marx, eds. et al. 2013. <i>Rethinking Hanslick: Music, Formalism, and Expression</i>. Vol. 97, Eastman Studies in Music Series, senior ed. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_P._Locke" title="Ralph P. Locke">Ralph P. Locke</a>. Rochester: University of Rochester. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-432-1">978-1-58046-432-1</a> (hbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hadow" title="William Henry Hadow">Hadow, William Henry</a>. 1895. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinmodernm0000hado">Frederick Chopin, Antonin Dvořák, and Johannes Brahms</a></i>. Vol. 2, Studies in Modern Music. London: Seeley and Co. Reprinted, London: Kennikat Press, 1970.</li> <li>Hart, Brian, A. Peter Brown, eds. et al. 2023. <i>The Symphony in the Americas</i>. Vol. 5, The Symphonic Repertoire, founding ed. A. Peter Brown. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06754-8">978-0-253-06754-8</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06753-1">978-0-253-06753-1</a> (hbk).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hefling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hefling (page does not exist)">Hefling, Stephen E.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hefling" class="extiw" title="de:Stephen Hefling">de</a>]</span>, ed. et al. 2004. <i>Nineteenth-Century Chamber Music</i>. Routledge Studies in Musical Genres, gen. ed. R. Larry Todd. Reprinted (New York: Schirmer Books, 1998). New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96650-4">978-0-415-96650-4</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Krummacher" title="Friedhelm Krummacher">Krummacher, Friedhelm</a>. 1994. "Reception and Analysis: On the Brahms Quartets, Op. 51, Nos. 1 and 2". <i>19th-century Music</i>. 18(1):24–45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746600">10.2307/746600</a>.</li> <li>Loges, Natasha and Katy Hamilton, eds. et al. 2019. <i>Brahms in Context</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16341-6">978-1-107-16341-6</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316681374">10.1017/9781316681374</a>.</li> <li>Musgrave, Michael. 1979. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623204656/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/2929467/466685.pdf">Schoenberg and Brahms: A study of Schoenberg's response to Brahms's music as revealed in his didactic writings and selected early compositions</a>". PhD thesis. London: King's College.</li> <li>Notley, Margaret. 1993. "Brahms as Liberal: Genre, Style, and Politics in Late Nineteenth-Century Vienna". <i>19th-century Music</i>. 17(2):107–123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746329">10.2307/746329</a>.</li> <li>Pederson, Sana. 1993. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423060224/https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~repercus/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/repercussions-Vol.-2-No.-2-Pederson-Sanna-On-the-Task-of-the-Music-Historian.pdf">On the Task of the Music Historian: The Myth of the Symphony after Beethoven</a>". <i>repercussions</i>. 2(2):5–30.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rink (page does not exist)">Rink, John</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rink" class="extiw" title="fr:John Rink">fr</a>]</span>. 2024. <i>Music in Profile: Twelve Performance Studies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756542-1">978-0-19-756542-1</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756539-1">978-0-19-756539-1</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-756540-7">978-0-19-756540-7</a> (pbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197565391.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197565391.001.0001</a>.</li> <li>Scherzinger, Martin with Neville Hoad. 1997. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330123122/https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~repercus/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/repercussions-Vol.-6-No.-2-Scherzinger-Martin-with-Neville-Hoad-Anton-Webern-and-the-Concept-of-Symmetical-Inversion.pdf">Anton Webern and the Concept of Symmetrical Inversion: A Reconsideration on the Terrain of Gender</a>". <i>repercussions</i>. 6(2):63–147.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg, Arnold</a>. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SchoenbergArnoldStructuralFunctionsOfHarmony"><i>Structural Functions of Harmony</i></a>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stein" title="Leonard Stein">Leonard Stein</a>. Reprint from revised edition with corrections, 1969. First published 1954. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13000-9">978-0-571-13000-9</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Schubert" title="Giselher Schubert">Schubert, Giselher</a>. 1994. "Themes and Double Themes: The Problem of the Symphonic in Brahms". <i>19th-century Music</i>. 18(1):10–23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746599">10.2307/746599</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a>. 1995. <i>Text and Act: Essays on Music and Performance</i>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509437-4">978-0-19-509437-4</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509458-9">978-0-19-509458-9</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Taruskin, Richard. 2009. <i>Music in the Early Twentieth Century</i>. The Oxford History of Western Music, Vol. 4. Rev. edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538484-0">978-0-19-538484-0</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Taruskin, Richard. 2020. <i>Cursed Questions: On Music and Its Social Practices</i>. Oakland: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97545-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97545-3">978-0-520-97545-3</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34428-0">978-0-520-34428-0</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34429-7">978-0-520-34429-7</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Todd, R. Larry, ed. et al. 2004. <i>Nineteenth-Century Piano Music</i>. Routledge Studies in Musical Genres, gen. ed. R. Larry Todd. Second edition. Reissued (New York: Schirmer Books, 1990). Digitally reprinted in 2006. New York and London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-765930-4">978-0-19-765930-4</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96890-4">978-0-415-96890-4</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Vaillancourt, Michael. 1993. "Brahms's 'Sinfonie-Serenade' and the Politics of Genre". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a></i>. 26(3):379–403. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2009.26.3.379">10.1525/jm.2009.26.3.379</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brahms&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Johannes Brahms</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Johannes_Brahms" class="extiw" title="c:category:Johannes Brahms">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" class="extiw" title="q:Johannes Brahms">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Johannes_Brahms" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Johannes Brahms">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294" class="extiw" title="d:Q7294">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brahms,_Johannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brahms, Johannes">Johannes Brahms</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brahms-institut.de/index.php/en/allgemeines">Brahms Institut</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Academy_of_Music" title="Lübeck Academy of Music">Lübeck Academy of Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Brahms,_Johannes" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Brahms, Johannes">Free scores by Brahms</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Johannes_Brahms" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Johannes Brahms">Free scores by Johannes Brahms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=BrahmsJ">Free scores</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutopia_Project" title="Mutopia Project">Mutopia Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musopen.org/composer/johannes-brahms/">Johannes Brahms</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a> project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=3535">Texts and translations of vocal music by Brahms</a>, LiederNet Archive</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/brahms">"Discovering Brahms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Brahms&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fbrahms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Brahms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachtrack.com/find-a-concert/What/composer=22-Brahms">Listings of live performances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachtrack" title="Bachtrack">Bachtrack</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johannesbrahms.org/">Johannes Brahms WebSource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Classical-music/Brahms">Digitised recordings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_Sounds" title="British Library Sounds">British Library Sounds</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Johannes_Brahms" title="Template:Johannes Brahms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Johannes_Brahms" title="Template talk:Johannes Brahms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johannes_Brahms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Johannes Brahms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Johannes_Brahms" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johannes Brahms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johannes_Brahms" title="List of compositions by Johannes Brahms">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenades_(Brahms)" title="Serenades (Brahms)">Serenades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 1 in C minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 2 in D major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 3 in F major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Symphony No. 4 in E minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Overture_(Brahms)" title="Tragic Overture (Brahms)">Tragic Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Haydn" title="Variations on a Theme by Haydn">Variations on a Theme by Haydn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Double Concerto (Brahms)">Double Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Violin Concerto (Brahms)">Violin Concerto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Vocal works<br />with orchestra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">A German Requiem</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_discography" title="A German Requiem discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alto_Rhapsody" title="Alto Rhapsody">Alto Rhapsody</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesang_der_Parzen" title="Gesang der Parzen">Gesang der Parzen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4nie" title="Nänie">Nänie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(cantata)" title="Rinaldo (cantata)">Rinaldo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schicksalslied" title="Schicksalslied">Schicksalslied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumphlied" title="Triumphlied">Triumphlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Cello Sonata No. 1 (Brahms)">Cello Sonata No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Cello Sonata No. 2 (Brahms)">Cello Sonata No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Quintet (Brahms)">Clarinet Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Sonatas_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Sonatas (Brahms)">Clarinet Sonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Trio (Brahms)">Clarinet Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Horn Trio (Brahms)">Horn Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Quartet No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 2 (Brahms)">Piano Quartet No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quartet No. 3 (Brahms)">Piano Quartet No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quintet (Brahms)">Piano Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Trio No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Trio No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Trio No. 2 (Brahms)">Piano Trio No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Trio No. 3 (Brahms)">Piano Trio No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._3_(Brahms)" title="String Quartet No. 3 (Brahms)">String Quartet No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_No._1_(Brahms)" title="String Quintet No. 1 (Brahms)">String Quintet No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_No._2_(Brahms)" title="String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)">String Quintet No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Sextet_No._1_(Brahms)" title="String Sextet No. 1 (Brahms)">String Sextet No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Sextet_No._2_(Brahms)" title="String Sextet No. 2 (Brahms)">String Sextet No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._51_(Brahms)" title="String Quartets, Op. 51 (Brahms)">Two String Quartets, Op. 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Violin Sonata No. 1 (Brahms)">Violin Sonata No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Violin Sonata No. 2 (Brahms)">Violin Sonata No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Violin Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)">Violin Sonata No. 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Piano works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballades,_Op._10_(Brahms)" title="Ballades, Op. 10 (Brahms)">Ballades, Op. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasies,_Op._116" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasies, Op. 116">Fantasies, Op. 116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pieces_for_Piano,_Op._119_(Brahms)" title="Four Pieces for Piano, Op. 119 (Brahms)">Four Pieces for Piano, Op. 119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Dances_(Brahms)" title="Hungarian Dances (Brahms)">Hungarian Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Brahms)">Piano Sonata No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Brahms)">Piano Sonata No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)">Piano Sonata No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodies,_Op._79_(Brahms)" title="Rhapsodies, Op. 79 (Brahms)">Rhapsodies, Op. 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Pieces_for_Piano,_Op._118_(Brahms)" title="Six Pieces for Piano, Op. 118 (Brahms)">Six Pieces for Piano, Op. 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Waltzes,_Op._39_(Brahms)" title="Sixteen Waltzes, Op. 39 (Brahms)">Sixteen Waltzes, Op. 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Intermezzi_for_piano,_Op._117_(Brahms)" title="Three Intermezzi for piano, Op. 117 (Brahms)">Three Intermezzi for piano, Op. 117</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel" title="Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel">Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Variations on a Theme of Paganini">Variations on a Theme of Paganini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">Eleven Chorale Preludes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fest-_und_Gedenkspr%C3%BCche" title="Fest- und Gedenksprüche">Fest- und Gedenksprüche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCnf_Ges%C3%A4nge,_Op._104_(Brahms)" title="Fünf Gesänge, Op. 104 (Brahms)"><i>Fünf Gesänge</i>, Op. 104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCnf_Lieder,_Op._105_(Brahms)" title="Fünf Lieder, Op. 105 (Brahms)"><i>Fünf Lieder</i>, Op. 105</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistliches_Lied" title="Geistliches Lied">Geistliches Lied</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebeslieder_Waltzes,_Op._52" title="Liebeslieder Waltzes, Op. 52"><i>Liebeslieder Waltzes</i>, Op. 52</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Liebeslieder" title="Neue Liebeslieder">Neue Liebeslieder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Motets,_Op._74_(Brahms)" title="Two Motets, Op. 74 (Brahms)">Two Motets, Op. 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Songs_for_Voice,_Viola_and_Piano" title="Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano">Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano</a>, Op. 91</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_ernste_Ges%C3%A4nge" title="Vier ernste Gesänge">Vier ernste Gesänge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiegenlied_(Brahms)" title="Wiegenlied (Brahms)">"Wiegenlied (Lullaby)", Op. 49, no. 4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zigeunerlieder_(Brahms)" title="Zigeunerlieder (Brahms)">Zigeunerlieder</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/F-A-E_Sonata" title="F-A-E Sonata">F-A-E Sonata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Named for Brahms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1818_Brahms" title="1818 Brahms">1818 Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_(crater)" title="Brahms (crater)">Brahms (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms Inlet">Brahms Inlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_House_(Baden-Baden)" title="Brahms House (Baden-Baden)">Brahms House (Baden-Baden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_Museum_(Hamburg)" title="Brahms Museum (Hamburg)">Brahms Museum (Hamburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_Museum,_M%C3%BCrzzuschlag" title="Brahms Museum, Mürzzuschlag">Brahms Museum, Mürzzuschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms_guitar" title="Brahms guitar">Brahms guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms-Institut" title="Brahms-Institut">Brahms-Institut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahms-Preis" title="Brahms-Preis">Brahms-Preis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Johannes_Brahms_Competition" title="International Johannes Brahms Competition">International Johannes Brahms Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">Musical cryptogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bs" title="Three Bs">Three Bs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op._120,_No._1_(Berio)" title="Op. 120, No. 1 (Berio)"><i>Op. 120, No. 1</i> (Berio)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Johannes_Brahms" title="Category:Johannes Brahms">Category</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Johannes_Brahms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Johannes Brahms">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121195925">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7573295">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39029/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxvY6gCJmXY8WmgHVQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118514253">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077221">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891799w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891799w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520259">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brahms, Johannes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV062701">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35021249">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brahms, Johannes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001019&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX995652">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000029885">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/139822">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068685432">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051283">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037231&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101622&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000061494">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=63950">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000021604">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199603258">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhh7dm1l4nvml">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662103705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/108228">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258793705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041280">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521250606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14811243">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03146953?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c70d12a2-24fe-4f83-a6e6-57d84f8efb51">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/bd87d66f-5730-4598-a8e1-06fb7bbc626e">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50880">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102425">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b0831">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795428">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118514253.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118514253">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027500403">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m32ss1">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/63012">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/39914">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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