CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta property="og:title" content="Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In this article, we'll take a look at how to define comedy in filmmaking." /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg" />  <title>Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog</title> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Comedy is more than telling a few jokes. In this article, we’ll take a look at the various types of comedy you’ll find in film. One thing you’ll consistently hear about comedy is that it’s hard — timing is everything, both in the pacing and in the physical action. Good comedy is gold; bad comedy is every family dinner that went on hours too long. Worse, anytime your comedy relies on finessing language, you’ve got to deal with whether or not your audience speaks the same language. Good comedy transcends language; bad comedy is insulting your host’s family tree while…" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="filmmaking" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="industry" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="inspiration" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="screenwriting" /> <meta property="article:section" content="Filmmaking" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Comedy is more than telling a few jokes. In this article, we’ll take a look at the various types of comedy you’ll find in film. One thing you’ll consistently hear about comedy is that it’s hard — timing is everything, both in the pacing and in the physical action. Good comedy is gold; bad comedy is every family dinner that went on hours too long. Worse, anytime your comedy relies on finessing language, you’ve got to deal with whether or not your audience speaks the same language. Good comedy transcends language; bad comedy is insulting your host’s family tree while…" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization","name":"Videvo.net Blog"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#website","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg","width":"1200","height":"800","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":"1","item":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":"2","item":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/","name":"Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre"}}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#webpage","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/","name":"Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog","datePublished":"2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#breadcrumb"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","name":"Mark Teppo","url":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Mark Teppo","inLanguage":"en-US"},"sameAs":["http://markteppo.com/","https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor","https://twitter.com/https://twitter.com/markteppo/","https://www.linkedin.com/in/markteppo/","https://www.instagram.com/mark.teppo/"],"worksFor":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"}},{"@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog","datePublished":"2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/","name":"Mark Teppo"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/#organization"},"description":"One thing you\u2019ll consistently hear about comedy is that it\u2019s hard \u2014 timing is everything, both in the pacing and in the physical action. Good comedy is gold; bad comedy is every family dinner that went on hours too long. Worse, anytime your comedy relies on finessing language, you\u2019ve got to deal with whether or not your audience speaks the same language. Good comedy transcends language; bad comedy is insulting your host\u2019s family tree while attempting to say something nice about the soup.\u00a0","name":"Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre - Videvo.net Blog","@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#webpage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/#webpage"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog » Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog » Comments Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Videvo.net Blog » Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre Comments Feed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.4.3' media='all' /> <style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") " ";counter-increment:item} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1: var(--paletteColor1, #1B95E0);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2: var(--paletteColor2, #00263D);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3: var(--paletteColor3, #0A5AAB);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4: var(--paletteColor4, #667D8B);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5: var(--paletteColor5, #CCD4D8);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6: var(--paletteColor6, #E5E9EB);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7: var(--paletteColor7, #F2F4F5);--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8: var(--paletteColor8, #ffffff);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-peach: linear-gradient(to right, #ffecd2 0%, #fcb69f 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--young-passion: linear-gradient(to right, #ff8177 0%, #ff867a 0%, #ff8c7f 21%, #f99185 52%, #cf556c 78%, #b12a5b 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--true-sunset: linear-gradient(to right, #fa709a 0%, #fee140 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--morpheus-den: linear-gradient(to top, #30cfd0 0%, #330867 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--plum-plate: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--aqua-splash: linear-gradient(15deg, #13547a 0%, #80d0c7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--love-kiss: linear-gradient(to top, #ff0844 0%, #ffb199 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--new-retrowave: linear-gradient(to top, #3b41c5 0%, #a981bb 49%, #ffc8a9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--plum-bath: linear-gradient(to top, #cc208e 0%, #6713d2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--high-flight: linear-gradient(to right, #0acffe 0%, #495aff 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--teen-party: linear-gradient(-225deg, #FF057C 0%, #8D0B93 50%, #321575 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--fabled-sunset: linear-gradient(-225deg, #231557 0%, #44107A 29%, #FF1361 67%, #FFF800 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--arielle-smile: radial-gradient(circle 248px at center, #16d9e3 0%, #30c7ec 47%, #46aef7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--itmeo-branding: linear-gradient(180deg, #2af598 0%, #009efd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--deep-blue: linear-gradient(to right, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--strong-bliss: linear-gradient(to right, #f78ca0 0%, #f9748f 19%, #fd868c 60%, #fe9a8b 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--sweet-period: linear-gradient(to top, #3f51b1 0%, #5a55ae 13%, #7b5fac 25%, #8f6aae 38%, #a86aa4 50%, #cc6b8e 62%, #f18271 75%, #f3a469 87%, #f7c978 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--purple-division: linear-gradient(to top, #7028e4 0%, #e5b2ca 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cold-evening: linear-gradient(to top, #0c3483 0%, #a2b6df 100%, #6b8cce 100%, #a2b6df 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mountain-rock: linear-gradient(to right, #868f96 0%, #596164 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--desert-hump: linear-gradient(to top, #c79081 0%, #dfa579 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--ethernal-constance: linear-gradient(to top, #09203f 0%, #537895 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--happy-memories: linear-gradient(-60deg, #ff5858 0%, #f09819 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grown-early: linear-gradient(to top, #0ba360 0%, #3cba92 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--morning-salad: linear-gradient(-225deg, #B7F8DB 0%, #50A7C2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--night-call: linear-gradient(-225deg, #AC32E4 0%, #7918F2 48%, #4801FF 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mind-crawl: linear-gradient(-225deg, #473B7B 0%, #3584A7 51%, #30D2BE 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--angel-care: linear-gradient(-225deg, #FFE29F 0%, #FFA99F 48%, #FF719A 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-cake: linear-gradient(to top, #e14fad 0%, #f9d423 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--rich-metal: linear-gradient(to right, #d7d2cc 0%, #304352 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--mole-hall: linear-gradient(-20deg, #616161 0%, #9bc5c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cloudy-knoxville: linear-gradient(120deg, #fdfbfb 0%, #ebedee 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--soft-grass: linear-gradient(to top, #c1dfc4 0%, #deecdd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--saint-petersburg: linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f7fa 0%, #c3cfe2 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--everlasting-sky: linear-gradient(135deg, #fdfcfb 0%, #e2d1c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--kind-steel: linear-gradient(-20deg, #e9defa 0%, #fbfcdb 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--over-sun: linear-gradient(60deg, #abecd6 0%, #fbed96 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--premium-white: linear-gradient(to top, #d5d4d0 0%, #d5d4d0 1%, #eeeeec 31%, #efeeec 75%, #e9e9e7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--clean-mirror: linear-gradient(45deg, #93a5cf 0%, #e4efe9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--wild-apple: linear-gradient(to top, #d299c2 0%, #fef9d7 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--snow-again: linear-gradient(to top, #e6e9f0 0%, #eef1f5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--confident-cloud: linear-gradient(to top, #dad4ec 0%, #dad4ec 1%, #f3e7e9 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--glass-water: linear-gradient(to top, #dfe9f3 0%, white 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--perfect-white: linear-gradient(-225deg, #E3FDF5 0%, #FFE6FA 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: var(--block-max-width);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--block-wide-max-width); }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing); margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child:first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child:last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }body { --wp--style--block-gap: var(--content-spacing); }:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing);margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :first-child:first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > :last-child:last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--content-spacing);margin-block-end: 0;}:where(body .is-layout-flex) {gap: var(--content-spacing);}:where(body .is-layout-grid) {gap: var(--content-spacing);}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-palette-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-1) !important;}.has-palette-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-2) !important;}.has-palette-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-3) !important;}.has-palette-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-4) !important;}.has-palette-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-5) !important;}.has-palette-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-6) !important;}.has-palette-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-7) !important;}.has-palette-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-juicy-peach-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-peach) !important;}.has-young-passion-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--young-passion) !important;}.has-true-sunset-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--true-sunset) !important;}.has-morpheus-den-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--morpheus-den) !important;}.has-plum-plate-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--plum-plate) !important;}.has-aqua-splash-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--aqua-splash) !important;}.has-love-kiss-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--love-kiss) !important;}.has-new-retrowave-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--new-retrowave) !important;}.has-plum-bath-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--plum-bath) !important;}.has-high-flight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--high-flight) !important;}.has-teen-party-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--teen-party) !important;}.has-fabled-sunset-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--fabled-sunset) !important;}.has-arielle-smile-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--arielle-smile) !important;}.has-itmeo-branding-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--itmeo-branding) !important;}.has-deep-blue-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--deep-blue) !important;}.has-strong-bliss-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--strong-bliss) !important;}.has-sweet-period-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--sweet-period) !important;}.has-purple-division-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--purple-division) !important;}.has-cold-evening-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cold-evening) !important;}.has-mountain-rock-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mountain-rock) !important;}.has-desert-hump-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--desert-hump) !important;}.has-ethernal-constance-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--ethernal-constance) !important;}.has-happy-memories-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--happy-memories) !important;}.has-grown-early-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grown-early) !important;}.has-morning-salad-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--morning-salad) !important;}.has-night-call-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--night-call) !important;}.has-mind-crawl-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mind-crawl) !important;}.has-angel-care-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--angel-care) !important;}.has-juicy-cake-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--juicy-cake) !important;}.has-rich-metal-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--rich-metal) !important;}.has-mole-hall-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--mole-hall) !important;}.has-cloudy-knoxville-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cloudy-knoxville) !important;}.has-soft-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--soft-grass) !important;}.has-saint-petersburg-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--saint-petersburg) !important;}.has-everlasting-sky-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--everlasting-sky) !important;}.has-kind-steel-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--kind-steel) !important;}.has-over-sun-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--over-sun) !important;}.has-premium-white-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--premium-white) !important;}.has-clean-mirror-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--clean-mirror) !important;}.has-wild-apple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--wild-apple) !important;}.has-snow-again-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--snow-again) !important;}.has-confident-cloud-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--confident-cloud) !important;}.has-glass-water-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--glass-water) !important;}.has-perfect-white-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--perfect-white) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='blocksy-fonts-font-source-google-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=PT%20Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-main-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/main.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-page-title-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/page-title.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-back-to-top-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/back-to-top.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-share-box-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/share-box.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-author-box-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/author-box.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct-posts-nav-styles-css' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/posts-nav.min.css?ver=1.8.72' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/43707" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/?p=43707' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre%2F&format=xml" /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' href='https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/no-scripts.min.css' type='text/css'></noscript> <style id="ct-main-styles-inline-css">[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="logo"] .site-title {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:25px;--lineHeight:1.5;--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] > ul > li > a {--fontWeight:700;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;--linkInitialColor:var(--color);} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"][data-menu*="type-3"] > ul > li > a {--linkHoverColor:#ffffff;--linkActiveColor:#ffffff;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-id="menu"] .sub-menu {--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--fontWeight:500;--fontSize:12px;--dropdown-divider:1px dashed rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--box-shadow:0px 10px 20px rgba(41, 51, 61, 0.1);--border-radius:0px 0px 2px 2px;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] {--height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor8);background-image:none;--borderTop:none;--borderBottom:none;--box-shadow:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] > div {--borderTop:none;--borderBottom:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="mobile-menu"] {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:20px;--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--mobile-menu-divider:none;} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas .ct-panel-inner {background-color:rgba(18, 21, 25, 0.98);} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:500px;} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-behaviour*="side"] {--box-shadow:0px 0px 70px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);} [data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal .ct-search-results a {--fontWeight:500;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.4;} [data-header*="type-1"] #search-modal {--linkInitialColor:#ffffff;--form-text-initial-color:#ffffff;--form-text-focus-color:#ffffff;background-color:rgba(18, 21, 25, 0.98);} [data-header*="type-1"] [data-id="trigger"] {--icon-size:18px;} [data-header*="type-1"] {--header-height:120px;} [data-footer*="type-1"] footer.ct-footer {background-color:var(--paletteColor6);}:root {--fontFamily:'PT Sans', Sans-Serif;--fontWeight:400;--textTransform:none;--textDecoration:none;--fontSize:18px;--lineHeight:1.65;--letterSpacing:0em;--buttonFontWeight:700;--buttonFontSize:16px;--has-classic-forms:var(--true);--has-modern-forms:var(--false);--form-field-initial-background:var(--paletteColor8);--form-field-border-radius:6px;--form-field-border-initial-color:var(--paletteColor5);--form-field-border-focus-color:var(--paletteColor1);--form-selection-control-initial-color:var(--border-color);--form-selection-control-accent-color:var(--paletteColor1);--paletteColor1:#1B95E0;--paletteColor2:#00263D;--paletteColor3:#0A5AAB;--paletteColor4:#667D8B;--paletteColor5:#CCD4D8;--paletteColor6:#E5E9EB;--paletteColor7:#F2F4F5;--paletteColor8:#ffffff;--color:var(--paletteColor2);--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor1);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);--selectionTextColor:#ffffff;--selectionBackgroundColor:var(--paletteColor1);--border-color:var(--paletteColor5);--headings-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-1-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-2-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-3-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-4-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-5-color:var(--paletteColor2);--heading-6-color:var(--paletteColor2);--content-spacing:1.5em;--buttonMinHeight:40px;--buttonShadow:none;--buttonTransform:none;--buttonTextInitialColor:var(--paletteColor8);--buttonTextHoverColor:#ffffff;--buttonInitialColor:var(--paletteColor1);--buttonHoverColor:var(--paletteColor2);--button-border:none;--buttonBorderRadius:6px;--button-padding:5px 20px;--normal-container-max-width:1600px;--content-vertical-spacing:60px;--narrow-container-max-width:820px;--wide-offset:130px;}h1 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:48px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h2 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:36px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h3 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:28px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h4 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:22px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h5 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:20px;--lineHeight:1.2;}h6 {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:18px;--lineHeight:1.2;}.wp-block-pullquote, .ct-quote-widget blockquote {--fontFamily:Georgia;--fontWeight:600;--fontSize:25px;}code, kbd, samp, pre {--fontFamily:monospace;--fontWeight:400;--fontSize:16px;}.ct-sidebar .widget-title {--fontSize:18px;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor2);}.ct-sidebar .ct-widget > *:not(.widget-title):not(blockquote) {--fontWeight:700;--fontSize:16px;--lineHeight:1.2em;}.ct-breadcrumbs {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--letterSpacing:0.02em;--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);}body {background-color:var(--paletteColor7);background-image:none;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:48px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.3;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .hero-section[data-type="type-1"] {--margin-bottom:30px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:0px;--description-max-width:10%;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .entry-meta[data-id="second"] {--itemSpacing:31px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:60px;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor8);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-description {--fontSize:20px;--color:var(--paletteColor6);} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--alignment:center;--vertical-alignment:center;--min-height:400px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] > figure .ct-image-container:after {background-color:rgba(18, 20, 26, 0.5);} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:38px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="categories"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--min-height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:30px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="search"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--alignment:left;--vertical-alignment:center;--min-height:120px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="search"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:25px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:38px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--lineHeight:1.3;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-header .page-description {--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section[data-type="type-2"] {--min-height:91px;background-color:var(--paletteColor6);background-image:none;--container-padding:50px 0;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .page-title, [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .ct-author-name {--itemSpacing:0px;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:12px;} [data-prefix="author"] .hero-section .entry-meta {--itemSpacing:40px;} [data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:30px;} [data-prefix="single_page"] .entry-header .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:12px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-pagination="simple"], [data-pagination="next_prev"] {--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor2);} [data-prefix="blog"] .ct-pagination {--border-radius:4px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;--heading-color:var(--paletteColor2);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-excerpt {--color:var(--paletteColor2);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="blog"] .entries {--grid-columns-gap:30px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="author"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);} [data-prefix="search"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;--lineHeight:1.3;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-meta {--fontWeight:600;--textTransform:uppercase;--fontSize:14px;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card {background-color:var(--paletteColor8);--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);}form textarea {--form-field-height:170px;} [data-sidebar] {--sidebar-offset:60px;}.ct-sidebar > * {--color:var(--paletteColor2);}.ct-sidebar {--linkInitialColor:var(--paletteColor2);--linkHoverColor:var(--paletteColor1);--sidebar-widgets-spacing:30px;}aside[data-type="type-2"] {--border:none;--box-shadow:0px 12px 18px -6px rgba(0, 38, 61, 0.1);}.ct-back-to-top .ct-icon {--icon-size:14px;}.ct-back-to-top {--icon-color:var(--paletteColor7);--icon-hover-color:#ffffff;--top-button-background-color:var(--paletteColor2);--top-button-background-hover-color:var(--paletteColor1);--border-radius:6px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box {--icon-size:20px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-share-box[data-type="type-1"] {--icon-color:var(--paletteColor2);--icon-hover-color:var(--paletteColor4);--border:1px solid var(--paletteColor5);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .author-box {--spacing:30px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .author-box .author-box-bio {--lineHeight:1.5;--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .post-navigation {--linkInitialColor:var(--color);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .post-navigation figure {--border-radius:8px;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts-container {background-color:var(--paletteColor6);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts .entry-meta {--color:var(--paletteColor4);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 1fr);} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] [class*="ct-container"] > article[class*="post"] {--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true);} [data-prefix="single_page"] [class*="ct-container"] > article[class*="post"] {--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true);}@media (max-width: 999.98px) {[data-header*="type-1"] .ct-header [data-row*="middle"] {--height:70px;} [data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:65vw;} [data-header*="type-1"] {--header-height:70px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:20px;}:root {--sidebar-order:-1;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}}@media (max-width: 689.98px) {[data-header*="type-1"] #offcanvas {--side-panel-width:90vw;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-header .page-title {--fontSize:48px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .hero-section .page-description {--itemSpacing:20px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:24px;} [data-prefix="blog"] .entries {--grid-columns-gap:20px;} [data-prefix="categories"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="categories"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;} [data-prefix="author"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="author"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;} [data-prefix="search"] .entries {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));} [data-prefix="search"] .entry-card .entry-title {--fontSize:18px;}:root {--content-vertical-spacing:24px;--sidebar-order:-1;} [data-prefix="single_blog_post"] .ct-related-posts {--grid-template-columns:repeat(1, 1fr);}}</style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .wp-block-quote { margin-top: 40px !important; margin-bottom: 40px !important; } .wp-block-quote p { font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.4em; } .wp-block-quote cite { font-size: 18px !important; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.4em; opacity: .5; } } .entry-content a:hover { text-decoration: none; } .entry-content h2 a:hover, .entry-content h3 a:hover, .entry-content h4 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .ct-breadcrumbs { margin-top: -30px; padding-bottom: 20px; } @media (max-width: 999px) { .ct-sidebar .ct-widget:not(:first-child) { display: none; } } .ct-related-posts h3 { font-size: 24px; } .ct-related-posts h4 { font-size: 20px; } .ct-related-posts .entry-meta, .post-navigation .item-label, .author-box .ct-author-box-more, .page-title .ct-title-label { color: rgb(102, 125, 139); font-size: 14px !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: 1; } .author-box .ct-author-box-more:hover { color: #1B95E0; } .post-navigation .item-content { margin-top: -2px; } .post-navigation .item-title { font-size: 18px; /* margin-top: 0; */ line-height: 1.25em; } .post-navigation [class*=nav-item] { align-items: flex-start; } .post-navigation .ct-image-container { max-width: 80px !important; height: 80px !important; flex-basis: 80px; /* margin-right: 20px; */ } .post-navigation .ct-image-container img { height: 100%; } .entry-tags a { font-size: 16px; padding: .4em 1em .65em; border-radius: 6px; } .ct-share-box[data-type=type-1]>div { border-radius: 8px; } .ct-share-box .ct-icon-container { padding: 20px 0 !important; } .entry-content figcaption { color: rgb(102, 125, 139); font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; } .ct-sidebar .widget-title { font-size: 24px; } .ct-sidebar .wp-block-latest-posts__post-title { font-size: 18px; } .sidebar-posts li, .ct-posts-widget li { margin-bottom: 22px; } .ct-posts-widget .ct-image-container { margin-bottom: -8px; } .ct-posts-widget ul .ct-post-title { line-height: 1.3em; font-size: 18px; } .wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image { margin-bottom: 12px; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> /*! jQuery v3.6.0 | (c) OpenJS Foundation and other contributors | jquery.org/license */ !function(e,t){"use strict";"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(C,e){"use strict";var t=[],r=Object.getPrototypeOf,s=t.slice,g=t.flat?function(e){return t.flat.call(e)}:function(e){return t.concat.apply([],e)},u=t.push,i=t.indexOf,n={},o=n.toString,v=n.hasOwnProperty,a=v.toString,l=a.call(Object),y={},m=function(e){return"function"==typeof e&&"number"!=typeof e.nodeType&&"function"!=typeof e.item},x=function(e){return null!=e&&e===e.window},E=C.document,c={type:!0,src:!0,nonce:!0,noModule:!0};function b(e,t,n){var r,i,o=(n=n||E).createElement("script");if(o.text=e,t)for(r in c)(i=t[r]||t.getAttribute&&t.getAttribute(r))&&o.setAttribute(r,i);n.head.appendChild(o).parentNode.removeChild(o)}function w(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?n[o.call(e)]||"object":typeof e}var f="3.6.0",S=function(e,t){return new S.fn.init(e,t)};function p(e){var t=!!e&&"length"in e&&e.length,n=w(e);return!m(e)&&!x(e)&&("array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&0<t&&t-1 in e)}S.fn=S.prototype={jquery:f,constructor:S,length:0,toArray:function(){return s.call(this)},get:function(e){return null==e?s.call(this):e<0?this[e+this.length]:this[e]},pushStack:function(e){var t=S.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t},each:function(e){return S.each(this,e)},map:function(n){return this.pushStack(S.map(this,function(e,t){return n.call(e,t,e)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(s.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},even:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return(t+1)%2}))},odd:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return t%2}))},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(e<0?t:0);return this.pushStack(0<=n&&n<t?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor()},push:u,sort:t.sort,splice:t.splice},S.extend=S.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,u=arguments.length,l=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(l=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||m(a)||(a={}),s===u&&(a=this,s--);s<u;s++)if(null!=(e=arguments[s]))for(t in e)r=e[t],"__proto__"!==t&&a!==r&&(l&&r&&(S.isPlainObject(r)||(i=Array.isArray(r)))?(n=a[t],o=i&&!Array.isArray(n)?[]:i||S.isPlainObject(n)?n:{},i=!1,a[t]=S.extend(l,o,r)):void 0!==r&&(a[t]=r));return a},S.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(f+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isPlainObject:function(e){var t,n;return!(!e||"[object Object]"!==o.call(e))&&(!(t=r(e))||"function"==typeof(n=v.call(t,"constructor")&&t.constructor)&&a.call(n)===l)},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},globalEval:function(e,t,n){b(e,{nonce:t&&t.nonce},n)},each:function(e,t){var n,r=0;if(p(e)){for(n=e.length;r<n;r++)if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r]))break}else for(r in e)if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r]))break;return e},makeArray:function(e,t){var n=t||[];return null!=e&&(p(Object(e))?S.merge(n,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):u.call(n,e)),n},inArray:function(e,t,n){return null==t?-1:i.call(t,e,n)},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;r<n;r++)e[i++]=t[r];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=0,o=e.length,a=!n;i<o;i++)!t(e[i],i)!==a&&r.push(e[i]);return r},map:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=[];if(p(e))for(r=e.length;o<r;o++)null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i);else for(o in e)null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i);return g(a)},guid:1,support:y}),"function"==typeof Symbol&&(S.fn[Symbol.iterator]=t[Symbol.iterator]),S.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split(" "),function(e,t){n["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var d=function(n){var e,d,b,o,i,h,f,g,w,u,l,T,C,a,E,v,s,c,y,S="sizzle"+1*new Date,p=n.document,k=0,r=0,m=ue(),x=ue(),A=ue(),N=ue(),j=function(e,t){return e===t&&(l=!0),0},D={}.hasOwnProperty,t=[],q=t.pop,L=t.push,H=t.push,O=t.slice,P=function(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++)if(e[n]===t)return n;return-1},R="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",M="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",I="(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+",W="\\["+M+"*("+I+")(?:"+M+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+M+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+I+"))|)"+M+"*\\]",F=":("+I+")(?:\$(('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+W+")*)|.*)\$|)",B=new RegExp(M+"+","g"),$=new RegExp("^"+M+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+M+"+$","g"),_=new RegExp("^"+M+"*,"+M+"*"),z=new RegExp("^"+M+"*([>+~]|"+M+")"+M+"*"),U=new RegExp(M+"|>"),X=new RegExp(F),V=new RegExp("^"+I+"$"),G={ID:new RegExp("^#("+I+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+I+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+I+"|[*])"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+W),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+F),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\$"+M+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+M+"*(?:([+-]|)"+M+"*(\\d+)|))"+M+"*\$|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+R+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+M+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\$"+M+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+M+"*\$|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},Y=/HTML$/i,Q=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,J=/^h\d$/i,K=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,Z=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,ee=/[+~]/,te=new RegExp("\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])","g"),ne=function(e,t){var n="0x"+e.slice(1)-65536;return t||(n<0?String.fromCharCode(n+65536):String.fromCharCode(n>>10|55296,1023&n|56320))},re=/([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g,ie=function(e,t){return t?"\0"===e?"\ufffd":e.slice(0,-1)+"\\"+e.charCodeAt(e.length-1).toString(16)+" ":"\\"+e},oe=function(){T()},ae=be(function(e){return!0===e.disabled&&"fieldset"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()},{dir:"parentNode",next:"legend"});try{H.apply(t=O.call(p.childNodes),p.childNodes),t[p.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(e){H={apply:t.length?function(e,t){L.apply(e,O.call(t))}:function(e,t){var n=e.length,r=0;while(e[n++]=t[r++]);e.length=n-1}}}function se(t,e,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f=e&&e.ownerDocument,p=e?e.nodeType:9;if(n=n||[],"string"!=typeof t||!t||1!==p&&9!==p&&11!==p)return n;if(!r&&(T(e),e=e||C,E)){if(11!==p&&(u=Z.exec(t)))if(i=u[1]){if(9===p){if(!(a=e.getElementById(i)))return n;if(a.id===i)return n.push(a),n}else if(f&&(a=f.getElementById(i))&&y(e,a)&&a.id===i)return n.push(a),n}else{if(u[2])return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByTagName(t)),n;if((i=u[3])&&d.getElementsByClassName&&e.getElementsByClassName)return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByClassName(i)),n}if(d.qsa&&!N[t+" "]&&(!v||!v.test(t))&&(1!==p||"object"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())){if(c=t,f=e,1===p&&(U.test(t)||z.test(t))){(f=ee.test(t)&&ye(e.parentNode)||e)===e&&d.scope||((s=e.getAttribute("id"))?s=s.replace(re,ie):e.setAttribute("id",s=S)),o=(l=h(t)).length;while(o--)l[o]=(s?"#"+s:":scope")+" "+xe(l[o]);c=l.join(",")}try{return H.apply(n,f.querySelectorAll(c)),n}catch(e){N(t,!0)}finally{s===S&&e.removeAttribute("id")}}}return g(t.replace($,"$1"),e,n,r)}function ue(){var r=[];return function e(t,n){return r.push(t+" ")>b.cacheLength&&delete e[r.shift()],e[t+" "]=n}}function le(e){return e[S]=!0,e}function ce(e){var t=C.createElement("fieldset");try{return!!e(t)}catch(e){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function fe(e,t){var n=e.split("|"),r=n.length;while(r--)b.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function pe(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&e.sourceIndex-t.sourceIndex;if(r)return r;if(n)while(n=n.nextSibling)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function de(t){return function(e){return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&e.type===t}}function he(n){return function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===t||"button"===t)&&e.type===n}}function ge(t){return function(e){return"form"in e?e.parentNode&&!1===e.disabled?"label"in e?"label"in e.parentNode?e.parentNode.disabled===t:e.disabled===t:e.isDisabled===t||e.isDisabled!==!t&&ae(e)===t:e.disabled===t:"label"in e&&e.disabled===t}}function ve(a){return le(function(o){return o=+o,le(function(e,t){var n,r=a([],e.length,o),i=r.length;while(i--)e[n=r[i]]&&(e[n]=!(t[n]=e[n]))})})}function ye(e){return e&&"undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName&&e}for(e in d=se.support={},i=se.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&e.namespaceURI,n=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return!Y.test(t||n&&n.nodeName||"HTML")},T=se.setDocument=function(e){var t,n,r=e?e.ownerDocument||e:p;return r!=C&&9===r.nodeType&&r.documentElement&&(a=(C=r).documentElement,E=!i(C),p!=C&&(n=C.defaultView)&&n.top!==n&&(n.addEventListener?n.addEventListener("unload",oe,!1):n.attachEvent&&n.attachEvent("onunload",oe)),d.scope=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).appendChild(C.createElement("div")),"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll&&!e.querySelectorAll(":scope fieldset div").length}),d.attributes=ce(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),d.getElementsByTagName=ce(function(e){return e.appendChild(C.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),d.getElementsByClassName=K.test(C.getElementsByClassName),d.getById=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).id=S,!C.getElementsByName||!C.getElementsByName(S).length}),d.getById?(b.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n?[n]:[]}}):(b.filter.ID=function(e){var n=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){var t="undefined"!=typeof e.getAttributeNode&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return t&&t.value===n}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n,r,i,o=t.getElementById(e);if(o){if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e)return[o];i=t.getElementsByName(e),r=0;while(o=i[r++])if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e)return[o]}return[]}}),b.find.TAG=d.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return"undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByTagName?t.getElementsByTagName(e):d.qsa?t.querySelectorAll(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){while(n=o[i++])1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},b.find.CLASS=d.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByClassName&&E)return t.getElementsByClassName(e)},s=[],v=[],(d.qsa=K.test(C.querySelectorAll))&&(ce(function(e){var t;a.appendChild(e).innerHTML="<a id='"+S+"'></a><select id='"+S+"-\r\\' msallowcapture=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowcapture^='']").length&&v.push("[*^$]="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*(?:value|"+R+")"),e.querySelectorAll("[id~="+S+"-]").length||v.push("~="),(t=C.createElement("input")).setAttribute("name",""),e.appendChild(t),e.querySelectorAll("[name='']").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*name"+M+"*="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||v.push(":checked"),e.querySelectorAll("a#"+S+"+*").length||v.push(".#.+[+~]"),e.querySelectorAll("\\\f"),v.push("[\\r\\n\\f]")}),ce(function(e){e.innerHTML="<a href='' disabled='disabled'></a><select disabled='disabled'><option/></select>";var t=C.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&v.push("name"+M+"*[*^$|!~]?="),2!==e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),a.appendChild(e).disabled=!0,2!==e.querySelectorAll(":disabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),v.push(",.*:")})),(d.matchesSelector=K.test(c=a.matches||a.webkitMatchesSelector||a.mozMatchesSelector||a.oMatchesSelector||a.msMatchesSelector))&&ce(function(e){d.disconnectedMatch=c.call(e,"*"),c.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),s.push("!=",F)}),v=v.length&&new RegExp(v.join("|")),s=s.length&&new RegExp(s.join("|")),t=K.test(a.compareDocumentPosition),y=t||K.test(a.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)while(t=t.parentNode)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},j=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return l=!0,0;var n=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return n||(1&(n=(e.ownerDocument||e)==(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1)||!d.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===n?e==C||e.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,e)?-1:t==C||t.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,t)?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0:4&n?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return l=!0,0;var n,r=0,i=e.parentNode,o=t.parentNode,a=[e],s=[t];if(!i||!o)return e==C?-1:t==C?1:i?-1:o?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0;if(i===o)return pe(e,t);n=e;while(n=n.parentNode)a.unshift(n);n=t;while(n=n.parentNode)s.unshift(n);while(a[r]===s[r])r++;return r?pe(a[r],s[r]):a[r]==p?-1:s[r]==p?1:0}),C},se.matches=function(e,t){return se(e,null,null,t)},se.matchesSelector=function(e,t){if(T(e),d.matchesSelector&&E&&!N[t+" "]&&(!s||!s.test(t))&&(!v||!v.test(t)))try{var n=c.call(e,t);if(n||d.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return n}catch(e){N(t,!0)}return 0<se(t,C,null,[e]).length},se.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e),y(e,t)},se.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e);var n=b.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&D.call(b.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!E):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:d.attributes||!E?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},se.escape=function(e){return(e+"").replace(re,ie)},se.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},se.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(l=!d.detectDuplicates,u=!d.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(j),l){while(t=e[i++])t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));while(r--)e.splice(n[r],1)}return u=null,e},o=se.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=o(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else while(t=e[r++])n+=o(t);return n},(b=se.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:le,match:G,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(te,ne),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(te,ne),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||se.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&se.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return G.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&X.test(n)&&(t=h(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=m[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+M+")"+e+"("+M+"|$)"))&&m(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||"undefined"!=typeof e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(n,r,i){return function(e){var t=se.attr(e,n);return null==t?"!="===r:!r||(t+="","="===r?t===i:"!="===r?t!==i:"^="===r?i&&0===t.indexOf(i):"*="===r?i&&-1<t.indexOf(i):"$="===r?i&&t.slice(-i.length)===i:"~="===r?-1<(" "+t.replace(B," ")+" ").indexOf(i):"|="===r&&(t===i||t.slice(0,i.length+1)===i+"-"))}},CHILD:function(h,e,t,g,v){var y="nth"!==h.slice(0,3),m="last"!==h.slice(-4),x="of-type"===e;return 1===g&&0===v?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=y!==m?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",c=e.parentNode,f=x&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase(),p=!n&&!x,d=!1;if(c){if(y){while(l){a=e;while(a=a[l])if(x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType)return!1;u=l="only"===h&&!u&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(u=[m?c.firstChild:c.lastChild],m&&p){d=(s=(r=(i=(o=(a=c)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1])&&r[2],a=s&&c.childNodes[s];while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop())if(1===a.nodeType&&++d&&a===e){i[h]=[k,s,d];break}}else if(p&&(d=s=(r=(i=(o=(a=e)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1]),!1===d)while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop())if((x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType)&&++d&&(p&&((i=(o=a[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]=[k,d]),a===e))break;return(d-=v)===g||d%g==0&&0<=d/g}}},PSEUDO:function(e,o){var t,a=b.pseudos[e]||b.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||se.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return a[S]?a(o):1<a.length?(t=[e,e,"",o],b.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?le(function(e,t){var n,r=a(e,o),i=r.length;while(i--)e[n=P(e,r[i])]=!(t[n]=r[i])}):function(e){return a(e,0,t)}):a}},pseudos:{not:le(function(e){var r=[],i=[],s=f(e.replace($,"$1"));return s[S]?le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o=s(e,null,r,[]),a=e.length;while(a--)(i=o[a])&&(e[a]=!(t[a]=i))}):function(e,t,n){return r[0]=e,s(r,null,n,i),r[0]=null,!i.pop()}}),has:le(function(t){return function(e){return 0<se(t,e).length}}),contains:le(function(t){return t=t.replace(te,ne),function(e){return-1<(e.textContent||o(e)).indexOf(t)}}),lang:le(function(n){return V.test(n||"")||se.error("unsupported lang: "+n),n=n.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase(),function(e){var t;do{if(t=E?e.lang:e.getAttribute("xml:lang")||e.getAttribute("lang"))return(t=t.toLowerCase())===n||0===t.indexOf(n+"-")}while((e=e.parentNode)&&1===e.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(e){var t=n.location&&n.location.hash;return t&&t.slice(1)===e.id},root:function(e){return e===a},focus:function(e){return e===C.activeElement&&(!C.hasFocus||C.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:ge(!1),disabled:ge(!0),checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,!0===e.selected},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!b.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return J.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return Q.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:ve(function(){return[0]}),last:ve(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:ve(function(e,t,n){return[n<0?n+t:n]}),even:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=1;n<t;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:t<n?t:n;0<=--r;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}}).pseudos.nth=b.pseudos.eq,{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})b.pseudos[e]=de(e);for(e in{submit:!0,reset:!0})b.pseudos[e]=he(e);function me(){}function xe(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";t<n;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function be(s,e,t){var u=e.dir,l=e.next,c=l||u,f=t&&"parentNode"===c,p=r++;return e.first?function(e,t,n){while(e=e[u])if(1===e.nodeType||f)return s(e,t,n);return!1}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=[k,p];if(n){while(e=e[u])if((1===e.nodeType||f)&&s(e,t,n))return!0}else while(e=e[u])if(1===e.nodeType||f)if(i=(o=e[S]||(e[S]={}))[e.uniqueID]||(o[e.uniqueID]={}),l&&l===e.nodeName.toLowerCase())e=e[u]||e;else{if((r=i[c])&&r[0]===k&&r[1]===p)return a[2]=r[2];if((i[c]=a)[2]=s(e,t,n))return!0}return!1}}function we(i){return 1<i.length?function(e,t,n){var r=i.length;while(r--)if(!i[r](e,t,n))return!1;return!0}:i[0]}function Te(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,u=e.length,l=null!=t;s<u;s++)(o=e[s])&&(n&&!n(o,r,i)||(a.push(o),l&&t.push(s)));return a}function Ce(d,h,g,v,y,e){return v&&!v[S]&&(v=Ce(v)),y&&!y[S]&&(y=Ce(y,e)),le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=t.length,c=e||function(e,t,n){for(var r=0,i=t.length;r<i;r++)se(e,t[r],n);return n}(h||"*",n.nodeType?[n]:n,[]),f=!d||!e&&h?c:Te(c,s,d,n,r),p=g?y||(e?d:l||v)?[]:t:f;if(g&&g(f,p,n,r),v){i=Te(p,u),v(i,[],n,r),o=i.length;while(o--)(a=i[o])&&(p[u[o]]=!(f[u[o]]=a))}if(e){if(y||d){if(y){i=[],o=p.length;while(o--)(a=p[o])&&i.push(f[o]=a);y(null,p=[],i,r)}o=p.length;while(o--)(a=p[o])&&-1<(i=y?P(e,a):s[o])&&(e[i]=!(t[i]=a))}}else p=Te(p===t?p.splice(l,p.length):p),y?y(null,t,p,r):H.apply(t,p)})}function Ee(e){for(var i,t,n,r=e.length,o=b.relative[e[0].type],a=o||b.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,u=be(function(e){return e===i},a,!0),l=be(function(e){return-1<P(i,e)},a,!0),c=[function(e,t,n){var r=!o&&(n||t!==w)||((i=t).nodeType?u(e,t,n):l(e,t,n));return i=null,r}];s<r;s++)if(t=b.relative[e[s].type])c=[be(we(c),t)];else{if((t=b.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches))[S]){for(n=++s;n<r;n++)if(b.relative[e[n].type])break;return Ce(1<s&&we(c),1<s&&xe(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace($,"$1"),t,s<n&&Ee(e.slice(s,n)),n<r&&Ee(e=e.slice(n)),n<r&&xe(e))}c.push(t)}return we(c)}return me.prototype=b.filters=b.pseudos,b.setFilters=new me,h=se.tokenize=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=x[e+" "];if(l)return t?0:l.slice(0);a=e,s=[],u=b.preFilter;while(a){for(o in n&&!(r=_.exec(a))||(r&&(a=a.slice(r[0].length)||a),s.push(i=[])),n=!1,(r=z.exec(a))&&(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:r[0].replace($," ")}),a=a.slice(n.length)),b.filter)!(r=G[o].exec(a))||u[o]&&!(r=u[o](r))||(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:o,matches:r}),a=a.slice(n.length));if(!n)break}return t?a.length:a?se.error(e):x(e,s).slice(0)},f=se.compile=function(e,t){var n,v,y,m,x,r,i=[],o=[],a=A[e+" "];if(!a){t||(t=h(e)),n=t.length;while(n--)(a=Ee(t[n]))[S]?i.push(a):o.push(a);(a=A(e,(v=o,m=0<(y=i).length,x=0<v.length,r=function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u=0,l="0",c=e&&[],f=[],p=w,d=e||x&&b.find.TAG("*",i),h=k+=null==p?1:Math.random()||.1,g=d.length;for(i&&(w=t==C||t||i);l!==g&&null!=(o=d[l]);l++){if(x&&o){a=0,t||o.ownerDocument==C||(T(o),n=!E);while(s=v[a++])if(s(o,t||C,n)){r.push(o);break}i&&(k=h)}m&&((o=!s&&o)&&u--,e&&c.push(o))}if(u+=l,m&&l!==u){a=0;while(s=y[a++])s(c,f,t,n);if(e){if(0<u)while(l--)c[l]||f[l]||(f[l]=q.call(r));f=Te(f)}H.apply(r,f),i&&!e&&0<f.length&&1<u+y.length&&se.uniqueSort(r)}return i&&(k=h,w=p),c},m?le(r):r))).selector=e}return a},g=se.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l="function"==typeof e&&e,c=!r&&h(e=l.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===c.length){if(2<(o=c[0]=c[0].slice(0)).length&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&9===t.nodeType&&E&&b.relative[o[1].type]){if(!(t=(b.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),t)||[])[0]))return n;l&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}i=G.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;while(i--){if(a=o[i],b.relative[s=a.type])break;if((u=b.find[s])&&(r=u(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),ee.test(o[0].type)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),!(e=r.length&&xe(o)))return H.apply(n,r),n;break}}}return(l||f(e,c))(r,t,!E,n,!t||ee.test(e)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t),n},d.sortStable=S.split("").sort(j).join("")===S,d.detectDuplicates=!!l,T(),d.sortDetached=ce(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(C.createElement("fieldset"))}),ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||fe("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){if(!n)return e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),d.attributes&&ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||fe("value",function(e,t,n){if(!n&&"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return e.defaultValue}),ce(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||fe(R,function(e,t,n){var r;if(!n)return!0===e[t]?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),se}(C);S.find=d,S.expr=d.selectors,S.expr[":"]=S.expr.pseudos,S.uniqueSort=S.unique=d.uniqueSort,S.text=d.getText,S.isXMLDoc=d.isXML,S.contains=d.contains,S.escapeSelector=d.escape;var h=function(e,t,n){var r=[],i=void 0!==n;while((e=e[t])&&9!==e.nodeType)if(1===e.nodeType){if(i&&S(e).is(n))break;r.push(e)}return r},T=function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n},k=S.expr.match.needsContext;function A(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()}var N=/^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i;function j(e,n,r){return m(n)?S.grep(e,function(e,t){return!!n.call(e,t,e)!==r}):n.nodeType?S.grep(e,function(e){return e===n!==r}):"string"!=typeof n?S.grep(e,function(e){return-1<i.call(n,e)!==r}):S.filter(n,e,r)}S.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?S.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:S.find.matches(e,S.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},S.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n,r=this.length,i=this;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(S(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;t<r;t++)if(S.contains(i[t],this))return!0}));for(n=this.pushStack([]),t=0;t<r;t++)S.find(e,i[t],n);return 1<r?S.uniqueSort(n):n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(j(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(j(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!j(this,"string"==typeof e&&k.test(e)?S(e):e||[],!1).length}});var D,q=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/;(S.fn.init=function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(!e)return this;if(n=n||D,"string"==typeof e){if(!(r="<"===e[0]&&">"===e[e.length-1]&&3<=e.length?[null,e,null]:q.exec(e))||!r[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||n).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(r[1]){if(t=t instanceof S?t[0]:t,S.merge(this,S.parseHTML(r[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:E,!0)),N.test(r[1])&&S.isPlainObject(t))for(r in t)m(this[r])?this[r](t[r]):this.attr(r,t[r]);return this}return(i=E.getElementById(r[2]))&&(this[0]=i,this.length=1),this}return e.nodeType?(this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):m(e)?void 0!==n.ready?n.ready(e):e(S):S.makeArray(e,this)}).prototype=S.fn,D=S(E);var L=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,H={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};function O(e,t){while((e=e[t])&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}S.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t=S(e,this),n=t.length;return this.filter(function(){for(var e=0;e<n;e++)if(S.contains(this,t[e]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a="string"!=typeof e&&S(e);if(!k.test(e))for(;r<i;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?-1<a.index(n):1===n.nodeType&&S.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(1<o.length?S.uniqueSort(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?i.call(S(e),this[0]):i.call(this,e.jquery?e[0]:e):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(S.uniqueSort(S.merge(this.get(),S(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),S.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return h(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return O(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return O(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return h(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return h(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return T((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return T(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return null!=e.contentDocument&&r(e.contentDocument)?e.contentDocument:(A(e,"template")&&(e=e.content||e),S.merge([],e.childNodes))}},function(r,i){S.fn[r]=function(e,t){var n=S.map(this,i,e);return"Until"!==r.slice(-5)&&(t=e),t&&"string"==typeof t&&(n=S.filter(t,n)),1<this.length&&(H[r]||S.uniqueSort(n),L.test(r)&&n.reverse()),this.pushStack(n)}});var P=/[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g;function R(e){return e}function M(e){throw e}function I(e,t,n,r){var i;try{e&&m(i=e.promise)?i.call(e).done(t).fail(n):e&&m(i=e.then)?i.call(e,t,n):t.apply(void 0,[e].slice(r))}catch(e){n.apply(void 0,[e])}}S.Callbacks=function(r){var e,n;r="string"==typeof r?(e=r,n={},S.each(e.match(P)||[],function(e,t){n[t]=!0}),n):S.extend({},r);var i,t,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=-1,c=function(){for(a=a||r.once,o=i=!0;u.length;l=-1){t=u.shift();while(++l<s.length)!1===s[l].apply(t[0],t[1])&&r.stopOnFalse&&(l=s.length,t=!1)}r.memory||(t=!1),i=!1,a&&(s=t?[]:"")},f={add:function(){return s&&(t&&!i&&(l=s.length-1,u.push(t)),function n(e){S.each(e,function(e,t){m(t)?r.unique&&f.has(t)||s.push(t):t&&t.length&&"string"!==w(t)&&n(t)})}(arguments),t&&!i&&c()),this},remove:function(){return S.each(arguments,function(e,t){var n;while(-1<(n=S.inArray(t,s,n)))s.splice(n,1),n<=l&&l--}),this},has:function(e){return e?-1<S.inArray(e,s):0<s.length},empty:function(){return s&&(s=[]),this},disable:function(){return a=u=[],s=t="",this},disabled:function(){return!s},lock:function(){return a=u=[],t||i||(s=t=""),this},locked:function(){return!!a},fireWith:function(e,t){return a||(t=[e,(t=t||[]).slice?t.slice():t],u.push(t),i||c()),this},fire:function(){return f.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!o}};return f},S.extend({Deferred:function(e){var o=[["notify","progress",S.Callbacks("memory"),S.Callbacks("memory"),2],["resolve","done",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),0,"resolved"],["reject","fail",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),1,"rejected"]],i="pending",a={state:function(){return i},always:function(){return s.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},"catch":function(e){return a.then(null,e)},pipe:function(){var i=arguments;return S.Deferred(function(r){S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=m(i[t[4]])&&i[t[4]];s[t[1]](function(){var e=n&&n.apply(this,arguments);e&&m(e.promise)?e.promise().progress(r.notify).done(r.resolve).fail(r.reject):r[t[0]+"With"](this,n?[e]:arguments)})}),i=null}).promise()},then:function(t,n,r){var u=0;function l(i,o,a,s){return function(){var n=this,r=arguments,e=function(){var e,t;if(!(i<u)){if((e=a.apply(n,r))===o.promise())throw new TypeError("Thenable self-resolution");t=e&&("object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e)&&e.then,m(t)?s?t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s)):(u++,t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s),l(u,o,R,o.notifyWith))):(a!==R&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),(s||o.resolveWith)(n,r))}},t=s?e:function(){try{e()}catch(e){S.Deferred.exceptionHook&&S.Deferred.exceptionHook(e,t.stackTrace),u<=i+1&&(a!==M&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),o.rejectWith(n,r))}};i?t():(S.Deferred.getStackHook&&(t.stackTrace=S.Deferred.getStackHook()),C.setTimeout(t))}}return S.Deferred(function(e){o[0][3].add(l(0,e,m(r)?r:R,e.notifyWith)),o[1][3].add(l(0,e,m(t)?t:R)),o[2][3].add(l(0,e,m(n)?n:M))}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?S.extend(e,a):a}},s={};return S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=t[2],r=t[5];a[t[1]]=n.add,r&&n.add(function(){i=r},o[3-e][2].disable,o[3-e][3].disable,o[0][2].lock,o[0][3].lock),n.add(t[3].fire),s[t[0]]=function(){return s[t[0]+"With"](this===s?void 0:this,arguments),this},s[t[0]+"With"]=n.fireWith}),a.promise(s),e&&e.call(s,s),s},when:function(e){var n=arguments.length,t=n,r=Array(t),i=s.call(arguments),o=S.Deferred(),a=function(t){return function(e){r[t]=this,i[t]=1<arguments.length?s.call(arguments):e,--n||o.resolveWith(r,i)}};if(n<=1&&(I(e,o.done(a(t)).resolve,o.reject,!n),"pending"===o.state()||m(i[t]&&i[t].then)))return o.then();while(t--)I(i[t],a(t),o.reject);return o.promise()}});var W=/^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/;S.Deferred.exceptionHook=function(e,t){C.console&&C.console.warn&&e&&W.test(e.name)&&C.console.warn("jQuery.Deferred exception: "+e.message,e.stack,t)},S.readyException=function(e){C.setTimeout(function(){throw e})};var F=S.Deferred();function B(){E.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.removeEventListener("load",B),S.ready()}S.fn.ready=function(e){return F.then(e)["catch"](function(e){S.readyException(e)}),this},S.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,ready:function(e){(!0===e?--S.readyWait:S.isReady)||(S.isReady=!0)!==e&&0<--S.readyWait||F.resolveWith(E,[S])}}),S.ready.then=F.then,"complete"===E.readyState||"loading"!==E.readyState&&!E.documentElement.doScroll?C.setTimeout(S.ready):(E.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.addEventListener("load",B));var $=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,u=e.length,l=null==n;if("object"===w(n))for(s in i=!0,n)$(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a);else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,m(r)||(a=!0),l&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(l=t,t=function(e,t,n){return l.call(S(e),n)})),t))for(;s<u;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:l?t.call(e):u?t(e[0],n):o},_=/^-ms-/,z=/-([a-z])/g;function U(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()}function X(e){return e.replace(_,"ms-").replace(z,U)}var V=function(e){return 1===e.nodeType||9===e.nodeType||!+e.nodeType};function G(){this.expando=S.expando+G.uid++}G.uid=1,G.prototype={cache:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return t||(t={},V(e)&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=t:Object.defineProperty(e,this.expando,{value:t,configurable:!0}))),t},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=this.cache(e);if("string"==typeof t)i[X(t)]=n;else for(r in t)i[X(r)]=t[r];return i},get:function(e,t){return void 0===t?this.cache(e):e[this.expando]&&e[this.expando][X(t)]},access:function(e,t,n){return void 0===t||t&&"string"==typeof t&&void 0===n?this.get(e,t):(this.set(e,t,n),void 0!==n?n:t)},remove:function(e,t){var n,r=e[this.expando];if(void 0!==r){if(void 0!==t){n=(t=Array.isArray(t)?t.map(X):(t=X(t))in r?[t]:t.match(P)||[]).length;while(n--)delete r[t[n]]}(void 0===t||S.isEmptyObject(r))&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=void 0:delete e[this.expando])}},hasData:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return void 0!==t&&!S.isEmptyObject(t)}};var Y=new G,Q=new G,J=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,K=/[A-Z]/g;function Z(e,t,n){var r,i;if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType)if(r="data-"+t.replace(K,"-$&").toLowerCase(),"string"==typeof(n=e.getAttribute(r))){try{n="true"===(i=n)||"false"!==i&&("null"===i?null:i===+i+""?+i:J.test(i)?JSON.parse(i):i)}catch(e){}Q.set(e,t,n)}else n=void 0;return n}S.extend({hasData:function(e){return Q.hasData(e)||Y.hasData(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return Q.access(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){Q.remove(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return Y.access(e,t,n)},_removeData:function(e,t){Y.remove(e,t)}}),S.fn.extend({data:function(n,e){var t,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===n){if(this.length&&(i=Q.get(o),1===o.nodeType&&!Y.get(o,"hasDataAttrs"))){t=a.length;while(t--)a[t]&&0===(r=a[t].name).indexOf("data-")&&(r=X(r.slice(5)),Z(o,r,i[r]));Y.set(o,"hasDataAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof n?this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n)}):$(this,function(e){var t;if(o&&void 0===e)return void 0!==(t=Q.get(o,n))?t:void 0!==(t=Z(o,n))?t:void 0;this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n,e)})},null,e,1<arguments.length,null,!0)},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){Q.remove(this,e)})}}),S.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;if(e)return t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=Y.get(e,t),n&&(!r||Array.isArray(n)?r=Y.access(e,t,S.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=S.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=S._queueHooks(e,t);"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,function(){S.dequeue(e,t)},o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return Y.get(e,n)||Y.access(e,n,{empty:S.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){Y.remove(e,[t+"queue",n])})})}}),S.fn.extend({queue:function(t,n){var e=2;return"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="fx",e--),arguments.length<e?S.queue(this[0],t):void 0===n?this:this.each(function(){var e=S.queue(this,t,n);S._queueHooks(this,t),"fx"===t&&"inprogress"!==e[0]&&S.dequeue(this,t)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=S.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";while(a--)(n=Y.get(o[a],e+"queueHooks"))&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var ee=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,te=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+ee+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),ne=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],re=E.documentElement,ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},oe={composed:!0};re.getRootNode&&(ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||e.getRootNode(oe)===e.ownerDocument});var ae=function(e,t){return"none"===(e=t||e).style.display||""===e.style.display&&ie(e)&&"none"===S.css(e,"display")};function se(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a=20,s=r?function(){return r.cur()}:function(){return S.css(e,t,"")},u=s(),l=n&&n[3]||(S.cssNumber[t]?"":"px"),c=e.nodeType&&(S.cssNumber[t]||"px"!==l&&+u)&&te.exec(S.css(e,t));if(c&&c[3]!==l){u/=2,l=l||c[3],c=+u||1;while(a--)S.style(e,t,c+l),(1-o)*(1-(o=s()/u||.5))<=0&&(a=0),c/=o;c*=2,S.style(e,t,c+l),n=n||[]}return n&&(c=+c||+u||0,i=n[1]?c+(n[1]+1)*n[2]:+n[2],r&&(r.unit=l,r.start=c,r.end=i)),i}var ue={};function le(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=[],c=0,f=e.length;c<f;c++)(r=e[c]).style&&(n=r.style.display,t?("none"===n&&(l[c]=Y.get(r,"display")||null,l[c]||(r.style.display="")),""===r.style.display&&ae(r)&&(l[c]=(u=a=o=void 0,a=(i=r).ownerDocument,s=i.nodeName,(u=ue[s])||(o=a.body.appendChild(a.createElement(s)),u=S.css(o,"display"),o.parentNode.removeChild(o),"none"===u&&(u="block"),ue[s]=u)))):"none"!==n&&(l[c]="none",Y.set(r,"display",n)));for(c=0;c<f;c++)null!=l[c]&&(e[c].style.display=l[c]);return e}S.fn.extend({show:function(){return le(this,!0)},hide:function(){return le(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){ae(this)?S(this).show():S(this).hide()})}});var ce,fe,pe=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i,de=/<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i,he=/^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i;ce=E.createDocumentFragment().appendChild(E.createElement("div")),(fe=E.createElement("input")).setAttribute("type","radio"),fe.setAttribute("checked","checked"),fe.setAttribute("name","t"),ce.appendChild(fe),y.checkClone=ce.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,ce.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",y.noCloneChecked=!!ce.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,ce.innerHTML="<option></option>",y.option=!!ce.lastChild;var ge={thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],col:[2,"<table><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:[0,"",""]};function ve(e,t){var n;return n="undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):[],void 0===t||t&&A(e,t)?S.merge([e],n):n}function ye(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++)Y.set(e[n],"globalEval",!t||Y.get(t[n],"globalEval"))}ge.tbody=ge.tfoot=ge.colgroup=ge.caption=ge.thead,ge.th=ge.td,y.option||(ge.optgroup=ge.option=[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"]);var me=/<|&#?\w+;/;function xe(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a,s,u,l,c,f=t.createDocumentFragment(),p=[],d=0,h=e.length;d<h;d++)if((o=e[d])||0===o)if("object"===w(o))S.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if(me.test(o)){a=a||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),s=(de.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),u=ge[s]||ge._default,a.innerHTML=u[1]+S.htmlPrefilter(o)+u[2],c=u[0];while(c--)a=a.lastChild;S.merge(p,a.childNodes),(a=f.firstChild).textContent=""}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));f.textContent="",d=0;while(o=p[d++])if(r&&-1<S.inArray(o,r))i&&i.push(o);else if(l=ie(o),a=ve(f.appendChild(o),"script"),l&&ye(a),n){c=0;while(o=a[c++])he.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o)}return f}var be=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/;function we(){return!0}function Te(){return!1}function Ce(e,t){return e===function(){try{return E.activeElement}catch(e){}}()==("focus"===t)}function Ee(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a,s;if("object"==typeof t){for(s in"string"!=typeof n&&(r=r||n,n=void 0),t)Ee(e,s,n,r,t[s],o);return e}if(null==r&&null==i?(i=n,r=n=void 0):null==i&&("string"==typeof n?(i=r,r=void 0):(i=r,r=n,n=void 0)),!1===i)i=Te;else if(!i)return e;return 1===o&&(a=i,(i=function(e){return S().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)}).guid=a.guid||(a.guid=S.guid++)),e.each(function(){S.event.add(this,t,i,r,n)})}function Se(e,i,o){o?(Y.set(e,i,!1),S.event.add(e,i,{namespace:!1,handler:function(e){var t,n,r=Y.get(this,i);if(1&e.isTrigger&&this[i]){if(r.length)(S.event.special[i]||{}).delegateType&&e.stopPropagation();else if(r=s.call(arguments),Y.set(this,i,r),t=o(this,i),this[i](),r!==(n=Y.get(this,i))||t?Y.set(this,i,!1):n={},r!==n)return e.stopImmediatePropagation(),e.preventDefault(),n&&n.value}else r.length&&(Y.set(this,i,{value:S.event.trigger(S.extend(r[0],S.Event.prototype),r.slice(1),this)}),e.stopImmediatePropagation())}})):void 0===Y.get(e,i)&&S.event.add(e,i,we)}S.event={global:{},add:function(t,e,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.get(t);if(V(t)){n.handler&&(n=(o=n).handler,i=o.selector),i&&S.find.matchesSelector(re,i),n.guid||(n.guid=S.guid++),(u=v.events)||(u=v.events=Object.create(null)),(a=v.handle)||(a=v.handle=function(e){return"undefined"!=typeof S&&S.event.triggered!==e.type?S.event.dispatch.apply(t,arguments):void 0}),l=(e=(e||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--)d=g=(s=be.exec(e[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d&&(f=S.event.special[d]||{},d=(i?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d,f=S.event.special[d]||{},c=S.extend({type:d,origType:g,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&S.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},o),(p=u[d])||((p=u[d]=[]).delegateCount=0,f.setup&&!1!==f.setup.call(t,r,h,a)||t.addEventListener&&t.addEventListener(d,a)),f.add&&(f.add.call(t,c),c.handler.guid||(c.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?p.splice(p.delegateCount++,0,c):p.push(c),S.event.global[d]=!0)}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.hasData(e)&&Y.get(e);if(v&&(u=v.events)){l=(t=(t||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--)if(d=g=(s=be.exec(t[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d){f=S.event.special[d]||{},p=u[d=(r?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),a=o=p.length;while(o--)c=p[o],!i&&g!==c.origType||n&&n.guid!==c.guid||s&&!s.test(c.namespace)||r&&r!==c.selector&&("**"!==r||!c.selector)||(p.splice(o,1),c.selector&&p.delegateCount--,f.remove&&f.remove.call(e,c));a&&!p.length&&(f.teardown&&!1!==f.teardown.call(e,h,v.handle)||S.removeEvent(e,d,v.handle),delete u[d])}else for(d in u)S.event.remove(e,d+t[l],n,r,!0);S.isEmptyObject(u)&&Y.remove(e,"handle events")}},dispatch:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=new Array(arguments.length),u=S.event.fix(e),l=(Y.get(this,"events")||Object.create(null))[u.type]||[],c=S.event.special[u.type]||{};for(s[0]=u,t=1;t<arguments.length;t++)s[t]=arguments[t];if(u.delegateTarget=this,!c.preDispatch||!1!==c.preDispatch.call(this,u)){a=S.event.handlers.call(this,u,l),t=0;while((i=a[t++])&&!u.isPropagationStopped()){u.currentTarget=i.elem,n=0;while((o=i.handlers[n++])&&!u.isImmediatePropagationStopped())u.rnamespace&&!1!==o.namespace&&!u.rnamespace.test(o.namespace)||(u.handleObj=o,u.data=o.data,void 0!==(r=((S.event.special[o.origType]||{}).handle||o.handler).apply(i.elem,s))&&!1===(u.result=r)&&(u.preventDefault(),u.stopPropagation()))}return c.postDispatch&&c.postDispatch.call(this,u),u.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s=[],u=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(u&&l.nodeType&&!("click"===e.type&&1<=e.button))for(;l!==this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&("click"!==e.type||!0!==l.disabled)){for(o=[],a={},n=0;n<u;n++)void 0===a[i=(r=t[n]).selector+" "]&&(a[i]=r.needsContext?-1<S(i,this).index(l):S.find(i,this,null,[l]).length),a[i]&&o.push(r);o.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:o})}return l=this,u<t.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:t.slice(u)}),s},addProp:function(t,e){Object.defineProperty(S.Event.prototype,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,get:m(e)?function(){if(this.originalEvent)return e(this.originalEvent)}:function(){if(this.originalEvent)return this.originalEvent[t]},set:function(e){Object.defineProperty(this,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:e})}})},fix:function(e){return e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(e)},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},click:{setup:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Se(t,"click",we),!1},trigger:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Se(t,"click"),!0},_default:function(e){var t=e.target;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Y.get(t,"click")||A(t,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}}},S.removeEvent=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n)},S.Event=function(e,t){if(!(this instanceof S.Event))return new S.Event(e,t);e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&!1===e.returnValue?we:Te,this.target=e.target&&3===e.target.nodeType?e.target.parentNode:e.target,this.currentTarget=e.currentTarget,this.relatedTarget=e.relatedTarget):this.type=e,t&&S.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||Date.now(),this[S.expando]=!0},S.Event.prototype={constructor:S.Event,isDefaultPrevented:Te,isPropagationStopped:Te,isImmediatePropagationStopped:Te,isSimulated:!1,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.preventDefault()},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopPropagation()},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=we,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},S.each({altKey:!0,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0,changedTouches:!0,ctrlKey:!0,detail:!0,eventPhase:!0,metaKey:!0,pageX:!0,pageY:!0,shiftKey:!0,view:!0,"char":!0,code:!0,charCode:!0,key:!0,keyCode:!0,button:!0,buttons:!0,clientX:!0,clientY:!0,offsetX:!0,offsetY:!0,pointerId:!0,pointerType:!0,screenX:!0,screenY:!0,targetTouches:!0,toElement:!0,touches:!0,which:!0},S.event.addProp),S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){S.event.special[e]={setup:function(){return Se(this,e,Ce),!1},trigger:function(){return Se(this,e),!0},_default:function(){return!0},delegateType:t}}),S.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,i){S.event.special[e]={delegateType:i,bindType:i,handle:function(e){var t,n=e.relatedTarget,r=e.handleObj;return n&&(n===this||S.contains(this,n))||(e.type=r.origType,t=r.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=i),t}}}),S.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r){return Ee(this,e,t,n,r)},one:function(e,t,n,r){return Ee(this,e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,S(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return!1!==t&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0),!1===n&&(n=Te),this.each(function(){S.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})}});var ke=/<script|<style|<link/i,Ae=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ne=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g;function je(e,t){return A(e,"table")&&A(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")&&S(e).children("tbody")[0]||e}function De(e){return e.type=(null!==e.getAttribute("type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function qe(e){return"true/"===(e.type||"").slice(0,5)?e.type=e.type.slice(5):e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function Le(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s;if(1===t.nodeType){if(Y.hasData(e)&&(s=Y.get(e).events))for(i in Y.remove(t,"handle events"),s)for(n=0,r=s[i].length;n<r;n++)S.event.add(t,i,s[i][n]);Q.hasData(e)&&(o=Q.access(e),a=S.extend({},o),Q.set(t,a))}}function He(n,r,i,o){r=g(r);var e,t,a,s,u,l,c=0,f=n.length,p=f-1,d=r[0],h=m(d);if(h||1<f&&"string"==typeof d&&!y.checkClone&&Ae.test(d))return n.each(function(e){var t=n.eq(e);h&&(r[0]=d.call(this,e,t.html())),He(t,r,i,o)});if(f&&(t=(e=xe(r,n[0].ownerDocument,!1,n,o)).firstChild,1===e.childNodes.length&&(e=t),t||o)){for(s=(a=S.map(ve(e,"script"),De)).length;c<f;c++)u=e,c!==p&&(u=S.clone(u,!0,!0),s&&S.merge(a,ve(u,"script"))),i.call(n[c],u,c);if(s)for(l=a[a.length-1].ownerDocument,S.map(a,qe),c=0;c<s;c++)u=a[c],he.test(u.type||"")&&!Y.access(u,"globalEval")&&S.contains(l,u)&&(u.src&&"module"!==(u.type||"").toLowerCase()?S._evalUrl&&!u.noModule&&S._evalUrl(u.src,{nonce:u.nonce||u.getAttribute("nonce")},l):b(u.textContent.replace(Ne,""),u,l))}return n}function Oe(e,t,n){for(var r,i=t?S.filter(t,e):e,o=0;null!=(r=i[o]);o++)n||1!==r.nodeType||S.cleanData(ve(r)),r.parentNode&&(n&&ie(r)&&ye(ve(r,"script")),r.parentNode.removeChild(r));return e}S.extend({htmlPrefilter:function(e){return e},clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c=e.cloneNode(!0),f=ie(e);if(!(y.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||S.isXMLDoc(e)))for(a=ve(c),r=0,i=(o=ve(e)).length;r<i;r++)s=o[r],u=a[r],void 0,"input"===(l=u.nodeName.toLowerCase())&&pe.test(s.type)?u.checked=s.checked:"input"!==l&&"textarea"!==l||(u.defaultValue=s.defaultValue);if(t)if(n)for(o=o||ve(e),a=a||ve(c),r=0,i=o.length;r<i;r++)Le(o[r],a[r]);else Le(e,c);return 0<(a=ve(c,"script")).length&&ye(a,!f&&ve(e,"script")),c},cleanData:function(e){for(var t,n,r,i=S.event.special,o=0;void 0!==(n=e[o]);o++)if(V(n)){if(t=n[Y.expando]){if(t.events)for(r in t.events)i[r]?S.event.remove(n,r):S.removeEvent(n,r,t.handle);n[Y.expando]=void 0}n[Q.expando]&&(n[Q.expando]=void 0)}}}),S.fn.extend({detach:function(e){return Oe(this,e,!0)},remove:function(e){return Oe(this,e)},text:function(e){return $(this,function(e){return void 0===e?S.text(this):this.empty().each(function(){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||(this.textContent=e)})},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||je(this,e).appendChild(e)})},prepend:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=je(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return He(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++)1===e.nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(e,!1)),e.textContent="");return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null!=e&&e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return S.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return $(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e&&1===t.nodeType)return t.innerHTML;if("string"==typeof e&&!ke.test(e)&&!ge[(de.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()]){e=S.htmlPrefilter(e);try{for(;n<r;n++)1===(t=this[n]||{}).nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(e){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var n=[];return He(this,arguments,function(e){var t=this.parentNode;S.inArray(this,n)<0&&(S.cleanData(ve(this)),t&&t.replaceChild(e,this))},n)}}),S.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,a){S.fn[e]=function(e){for(var t,n=[],r=S(e),i=r.length-1,o=0;o<=i;o++)t=o===i?this:this.clone(!0),S(r[o])[a](t),u.apply(n,t.get());return this.pushStack(n)}});var Pe=new RegExp("^("+ee+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),Re=function(e){var t=e.ownerDocument.defaultView;return t&&t.opener||(t=C),t.getComputedStyle(e)},Me=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={};for(i in t)o[i]=e.style[i],e.style[i]=t[i];for(i in r=n.call(e),t)e.style[i]=o[i];return r},Ie=new RegExp(ne.join("|"),"i");function We(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return(n=n||Re(e))&&(""!==(a=n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t])||ie(e)||(a=S.style(e,t)),!y.pixelBoxStyles()&&Pe.test(a)&&Ie.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0!==a?a+"":a}function Fe(e,t){return{get:function(){if(!e())return(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments);delete this.get}}}!function(){function e(){if(l){u.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0",l.style.cssText="position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;width:60%;top:1%",re.appendChild(u).appendChild(l);var e=C.getComputedStyle(l);n="1%"!==e.top,s=12===t(e.marginLeft),l.style.right="60%",o=36===t(e.right),r=36===t(e.width),l.style.position="absolute",i=12===t(l.offsetWidth/3),re.removeChild(u),l=null}}function t(e){return Math.round(parseFloat(e))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,u=E.createElement("div"),l=E.createElement("div");l.style&&(l.style.backgroundClip="content-box",l.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",y.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===l.style.backgroundClip,S.extend(y,{boxSizingReliable:function(){return e(),r},pixelBoxStyles:function(){return e(),o},pixelPosition:function(){return e(),n},reliableMarginLeft:function(){return e(),s},scrollboxSize:function(){return e(),i},reliableTrDimensions:function(){var e,t,n,r;return null==a&&(e=E.createElement("table"),t=E.createElement("tr"),n=E.createElement("div"),e.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate",t.style.cssText="border:1px solid",t.style.height="1px",n.style.height="9px",n.style.display="block",re.appendChild(e).appendChild(t).appendChild(n),r=C.getComputedStyle(t),a=parseInt(r.height,10)+parseInt(r.borderTopWidth,10)+parseInt(r.borderBottomWidth,10)===t.offsetHeight,re.removeChild(e)),a}}))}();var Be=["Webkit","Moz","ms"],$e=E.createElement("div").style,_e={};function ze(e){var t=S.cssProps[e]||_e[e];return t||(e in $e?e:_e[e]=function(e){var t=e[0].toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),n=Be.length;while(n--)if((e=Be[n]+t)in $e)return e}(e)||e)}var Ue=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,Xe=/^--/,Ve={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},Ge={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"};function Ye(e,t,n){var r=te.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[2]-(n||0))+(r[3]||"px"):t}function Qe(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a="width"===t?1:0,s=0,u=0;if(n===(r?"border":"content"))return 0;for(;a<4;a+=2)"margin"===n&&(u+=S.css(e,n+ne[a],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(u-=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(u-=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i))):(u+=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i),"padding"!==n?u+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i):s+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i));return!r&&0<=o&&(u+=Math.max(0,Math.ceil(e["offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1)]-o-u-s-.5))||0),u}function Je(e,t,n){var r=Re(e),i=(!y.boxSizingReliable()||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),o=i,a=We(e,t,r),s="offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1);if(Pe.test(a)){if(!n)return a;a="auto"}return(!y.boxSizingReliable()&&i||!y.reliableTrDimensions()&&A(e,"tr")||"auto"===a||!parseFloat(a)&&"inline"===S.css(e,"display",!1,r))&&e.getClientRects().length&&(i="border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),(o=s in e)&&(a=e[s])),(a=parseFloat(a)||0)+Qe(e,t,n||(i?"border":"content"),o,r,a)+"px"}function Ke(e,t,n,r,i){return new Ke.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}S.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=We(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{animationIterationCount:!0,columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,gridArea:!0,gridColumn:!0,gridColumnEnd:!0,gridColumnStart:!0,gridRow:!0,gridRowEnd:!0,gridRowStart:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=X(t),u=Xe.test(t),l=e.style;if(u||(t=ze(s)),a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];"string"===(o=typeof n)&&(i=te.exec(n))&&i[1]&&(n=se(e,t,i),o="number"),null!=n&&n==n&&("number"!==o||u||(n+=i&&i[3]||(S.cssNumber[s]?"":"px")),y.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r))||(u?l.setProperty(t,n):l[t]=n))}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=X(t);return Xe.test(t)||(t=ze(s)),(a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s])&&"get"in a&&(i=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===i&&(i=We(e,t,r)),"normal"===i&&t in Ge&&(i=Ge[t]),""===n||n?(o=parseFloat(i),!0===n||isFinite(o)?o||0:i):i}}),S.each(["height","width"],function(e,u){S.cssHooks[u]={get:function(e,t,n){if(t)return!Ue.test(S.css(e,"display"))||e.getClientRects().length&&e.getBoundingClientRect().width?Je(e,u,n):Me(e,Ve,function(){return Je(e,u,n)})},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=Re(e),o=!y.scrollboxSize()&&"absolute"===i.position,a=(o||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),s=n?Qe(e,u,n,a,i):0;return a&&o&&(s-=Math.ceil(e["offset"+u[0].toUpperCase()+u.slice(1)]-parseFloat(i[u])-Qe(e,u,"border",!1,i)-.5)),s&&(r=te.exec(t))&&"px"!==(r[3]||"px")&&(e.style[u]=t,t=S.css(e,u)),Ye(0,t,s)}}}),S.cssHooks.marginLeft=Fe(y.reliableMarginLeft,function(e,t){if(t)return(parseFloat(We(e,"marginLeft"))||e.getBoundingClientRect().left-Me(e,{marginLeft:0},function(){return e.getBoundingClientRect().left}))+"px"}),S.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(i,o){S.cssHooks[i+o]={expand:function(e){for(var t=0,n={},r="string"==typeof e?e.split(" "):[e];t<4;t++)n[i+ne[t]+o]=r[t]||r[t-2]||r[0];return n}},"margin"!==i&&(S.cssHooks[i+o].set=Ye)}),S.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(Array.isArray(t)){for(r=Re(e),i=t.length;a<i;a++)o[t[a]]=S.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?S.style(e,t,n):S.css(e,t)},e,t,1<arguments.length)}}),((S.Tween=Ke).prototype={constructor:Ke,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||S.easing._default,this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(S.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=Ke.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):Ke.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=Ke.propHooks[this.prop];return this.options.duration?this.pos=t=S.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):this.pos=t=e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):Ke.propHooks._default.set(this),this}}).init.prototype=Ke.prototype,(Ke.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return 1!==e.elem.nodeType||null!=e.elem[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[e.prop]?e.elem[e.prop]:(t=S.css(e.elem,e.prop,""))&&"auto"!==t?t:0},set:function(e){S.fx.step[e.prop]?S.fx.step[e.prop](e):1!==e.elem.nodeType||!S.cssHooks[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[ze(e.prop)]?e.elem[e.prop]=e.now:S.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit)}}}).scrollTop=Ke.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},S.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2},_default:"swing"},S.fx=Ke.prototype.init,S.fx.step={};var Ze,et,tt,nt,rt=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,it=/queueHooks$/;function ot(){et&&(!1===E.hidden&&C.requestAnimationFrame?C.requestAnimationFrame(ot):C.setTimeout(ot,S.fx.interval),S.fx.tick())}function at(){return C.setTimeout(function(){Ze=void 0}),Ze=Date.now()}function st(e,t){var n,r=0,i={height:e};for(t=t?1:0;r<4;r+=2-t)i["margin"+(n=ne[r])]=i["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(i.opacity=i.width=e),i}function ut(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(lt.tweeners[t]||[]).concat(lt.tweeners["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;o<a;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function lt(o,e,t){var n,a,r=0,i=lt.prefilters.length,s=S.Deferred().always(function(){delete u.elem}),u=function(){if(a)return!1;for(var e=Ze||at(),t=Math.max(0,l.startTime+l.duration-e),n=1-(t/l.duration||0),r=0,i=l.tweens.length;r<i;r++)l.tweens[r].run(n);return s.notifyWith(o,[l,n,t]),n<1&&i?t:(i||s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l]),!1)},l=s.promise({elem:o,props:S.extend({},e),opts:S.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{},easing:S.easing._default},t),originalProperties:e,originalOptions:t,startTime:Ze||at(),duration:t.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(e,t){var n=S.Tween(o,l.opts,e,t,l.opts.specialEasing[e]||l.opts.easing);return l.tweens.push(n),n},stop:function(e){var t=0,n=e?l.tweens.length:0;if(a)return this;for(a=!0;t<n;t++)l.tweens[t].run(1);return e?(s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l,e])):s.rejectWith(o,[l,e]),this}}),c=l.props;for(!function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(i=t[r=X(n)],o=e[n],Array.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),(a=S.cssHooks[r])&&"expand"in a)for(n in o=a.expand(o),delete e[r],o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i);else t[r]=i}(c,l.opts.specialEasing);r<i;r++)if(n=lt.prefilters[r].call(l,o,c,l.opts))return m(n.stop)&&(S._queueHooks(l.elem,l.opts.queue).stop=n.stop.bind(n)),n;return S.map(c,ut,l),m(l.opts.start)&&l.opts.start.call(o,l),l.progress(l.opts.progress).done(l.opts.done,l.opts.complete).fail(l.opts.fail).always(l.opts.always),S.fx.timer(S.extend(u,{elem:o,anim:l,queue:l.opts.queue})),l}S.Animation=S.extend(lt,{tweeners:{"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t);return se(n.elem,e,te.exec(t),n),n}]},tweener:function(e,t){m(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.match(P);for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;r<i;r++)n=e[r],lt.tweeners[n]=lt.tweeners[n]||[],lt.tweeners[n].unshift(t)},prefilters:[function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f="width"in t||"height"in t,p=this,d={},h=e.style,g=e.nodeType&&ae(e),v=Y.get(e,"fxshow");for(r in n.queue||(null==(a=S._queueHooks(e,"fx")).unqueued&&(a.unqueued=0,s=a.empty.fire,a.empty.fire=function(){a.unqueued||s()}),a.unqueued++,p.always(function(){p.always(function(){a.unqueued--,S.queue(e,"fx").length||a.empty.fire()})})),t)if(i=t[r],rt.test(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(g?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!v||void 0===v[r])continue;g=!0}d[r]=v&&v[r]||S.style(e,r)}if((u=!S.isEmptyObject(t))||!S.isEmptyObject(d))for(r in f&&1===e.nodeType&&(n.overflow=[h.overflow,h.overflowX,h.overflowY],null==(l=v&&v.display)&&(l=Y.get(e,"display")),"none"===(c=S.css(e,"display"))&&(l?c=l:(le([e],!0),l=e.style.display||l,c=S.css(e,"display"),le([e]))),("inline"===c||"inline-block"===c&&null!=l)&&"none"===S.css(e,"float")&&(u||(p.done(function(){h.display=l}),null==l&&(c=h.display,l="none"===c?"":c)),h.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(h.overflow="hidden",p.always(function(){h.overflow=n.overflow[0],h.overflowX=n.overflow[1],h.overflowY=n.overflow[2]})),u=!1,d)u||(v?"hidden"in v&&(g=v.hidden):v=Y.access(e,"fxshow",{display:l}),o&&(v.hidden=!g),g&&le([e],!0),p.done(function(){for(r in g||le([e]),Y.remove(e,"fxshow"),d)S.style(e,r,d[r])})),u=ut(g?v[r]:0,r,p),r in v||(v[r]=u.start,g&&(u.end=u.start,u.start=0))}],prefilter:function(e,t){t?lt.prefilters.unshift(e):lt.prefilters.push(e)}}),S.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?S.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||m(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!m(t)&&t};return S.fx.off?r.duration=0:"number"!=typeof r.duration&&(r.duration in S.fx.speeds?r.duration=S.fx.speeds[r.duration]:r.duration=S.fx.speeds._default),null!=r.queue&&!0!==r.queue||(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){m(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&S.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},S.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(ae).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(t,e,n,r){var i=S.isEmptyObject(t),o=S.speed(e,n,r),a=function(){var e=lt(this,S.extend({},t),o);(i||Y.get(this,"finish"))&&e.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||!1===o.queue?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(i,e,o){var a=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(o)};return"string"!=typeof i&&(o=e,e=i,i=void 0),e&&this.queue(i||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var e=!0,t=null!=i&&i+"queueHooks",n=S.timers,r=Y.get(this);if(t)r[t]&&r[t].stop&&a(r[t]);else for(t in r)r[t]&&r[t].stop&&it.test(t)&&a(r[t]);for(t=n.length;t--;)n[t].elem!==this||null!=i&&n[t].queue!==i||(n[t].anim.stop(o),e=!1,n.splice(t,1));!e&&o||S.dequeue(this,i)})},finish:function(a){return!1!==a&&(a=a||"fx"),this.each(function(){var e,t=Y.get(this),n=t[a+"queue"],r=t[a+"queueHooks"],i=S.timers,o=n?n.length:0;for(t.finish=!0,S.queue(this,a,[]),r&&r.stop&&r.stop.call(this,!0),e=i.length;e--;)i[e].elem===this&&i[e].queue===a&&(i[e].anim.stop(!0),i.splice(e,1));for(e=0;e<o;e++)n[e]&&n[e].finish&&n[e].finish.call(this);delete t.finish})}}),S.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,r){var i=S.fn[r];S.fn[r]=function(e,t,n){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?i.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(st(r,!0),e,t,n)}}),S.each({slideDown:st("show"),slideUp:st("hide"),slideToggle:st("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,r){S.fn[e]=function(e,t,n){return this.animate(r,e,t,n)}}),S.timers=[],S.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=0,n=S.timers;for(Ze=Date.now();t<n.length;t++)(e=n[t])()||n[t]!==e||n.splice(t--,1);n.length||S.fx.stop(),Ze=void 0},S.fx.timer=function(e){S.timers.push(e),S.fx.start()},S.fx.interval=13,S.fx.start=function(){et||(et=!0,ot())},S.fx.stop=function(){et=null},S.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},S.fn.delay=function(r,e){return r=S.fx&&S.fx.speeds[r]||r,e=e||"fx",this.queue(e,function(e,t){var n=C.setTimeout(e,r);t.stop=function(){C.clearTimeout(n)}})},tt=E.createElement("input"),nt=E.createElement("select").appendChild(E.createElement("option")),tt.type="checkbox",y.checkOn=""!==tt.value,y.optSelected=nt.selected,(tt=E.createElement("input")).value="t",tt.type="radio",y.radioValue="t"===tt.value;var ct,ft=S.expr.attrHandle;S.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return $(this,S.attr,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),S.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return"undefined"==typeof e.getAttribute?S.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(i=S.attrHooks[t.toLowerCase()]||(S.expr.match.bool.test(t)?ct:void 0)),void 0!==n?null===n?void S.removeAttr(e,t):i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:null==(r=S.find.attr(e,t))?void 0:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!y.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&A(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=t&&t.match(P);if(i&&1===e.nodeType)while(n=i[r++])e.removeAttribute(n)}}),ct={set:function(e,t,n){return!1===t?S.removeAttr(e,n):e.setAttribute(n,n),n}},S.each(S.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var a=ft[t]||S.find.attr;ft[t]=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=t.toLowerCase();return n||(i=ft[o],ft[o]=r,r=null!=a(e,t,n)?o:null,ft[o]=i),r}});var pt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,dt=/^(?:a|area)$/i;function ht(e){return(e.match(P)||[]).join(" ")}function gt(e){return e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||""}function vt(e){return Array.isArray(e)?e:"string"==typeof e&&e.match(P)||[]}S.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return $(this,S.prop,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeProp:function(e){return this.each(function(){delete this[S.propFix[e]||e]})}}),S.extend({prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return 1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=S.propFix[t]||t,i=S.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):pt.test(e.nodeName)||dt.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}},propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"}}),y.optSelected||(S.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex,null},set:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex)}}),S.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){S.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),S.fn.extend({addClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t))return this.each(function(e){S(this).addClass(t.call(this,e,gt(this)))});if((e=vt(t)).length)while(n=this[u++])if(i=gt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+ht(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++])r.indexOf(" "+o+" ")<0&&(r+=o+" ");i!==(s=ht(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}return this},removeClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t))return this.each(function(e){S(this).removeClass(t.call(this,e,gt(this)))});if(!arguments.length)return this.attr("class","");if((e=vt(t)).length)while(n=this[u++])if(i=gt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+ht(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++])while(-1<r.indexOf(" "+o+" "))r=r.replace(" "+o+" "," ");i!==(s=ht(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}return this},toggleClass:function(i,t){var o=typeof i,a="string"===o||Array.isArray(i);return"boolean"==typeof t&&a?t?this.addClass(i):this.removeClass(i):m(i)?this.each(function(e){S(this).toggleClass(i.call(this,e,gt(this),t),t)}):this.each(function(){var e,t,n,r;if(a){t=0,n=S(this),r=vt(i);while(e=r[t++])n.hasClass(e)?n.removeClass(e):n.addClass(e)}else void 0!==i&&"boolean"!==o||((e=gt(this))&&Y.set(this,"__className__",e),this.setAttribute&&this.setAttribute("class",e||!1===i?"":Y.get(this,"__className__")||""))})},hasClass:function(e){var t,n,r=0;t=" "+e+" ";while(n=this[r++])if(1===n.nodeType&&-1<(" "+ht(gt(n))+" ").indexOf(t))return!0;return!1}});var yt=/\r/g;S.fn.extend({val:function(n){var r,e,i,t=this[0];return arguments.length?(i=m(n),this.each(function(e){var t;1===this.nodeType&&(null==(t=i?n.call(this,e,S(this).val()):n)?t="":"number"==typeof t?t+="":Array.isArray(t)&&(t=S.map(t,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),(r=S.valHooks[this.type]||S.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"set"in r&&void 0!==r.set(this,t,"value")||(this.value=t))})):t?(r=S.valHooks[t.type]||S.valHooks[t.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"get"in r&&void 0!==(e=r.get(t,"value"))?e:"string"==typeof(e=t.value)?e.replace(yt,""):null==e?"":e:void 0}}),S.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:ht(S.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){var t,n,r,i=e.options,o=e.selectedIndex,a="select-one"===e.type,s=a?null:[],u=a?o+1:i.length;for(r=o<0?u:a?o:0;r<u;r++)if(((n=i[r]).selected||r===o)&&!n.disabled&&(!n.parentNode.disabled||!A(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=S(n).val(),a)return t;s.push(t)}return s},set:function(e,t){var n,r,i=e.options,o=S.makeArray(t),a=i.length;while(a--)((r=i[a]).selected=-1<S.inArray(S.valHooks.option.get(r),o))&&(n=!0);return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),o}}}}),S.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){S.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){if(Array.isArray(t))return e.checked=-1<S.inArray(S(e).val(),t)}},y.checkOn||(S.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})}),y.focusin="onfocusin"in C;var mt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,xt=function(e){e.stopPropagation()};S.extend(S.event,{trigger:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p=[n||E],d=v.call(e,"type")?e.type:e,h=v.call(e,"namespace")?e.namespace.split("."):[];if(o=f=a=n=n||E,3!==n.nodeType&&8!==n.nodeType&&!mt.test(d+S.event.triggered)&&(-1<d.indexOf(".")&&(d=(h=d.split(".")).shift(),h.sort()),u=d.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+d,(e=e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(d,"object"==typeof e&&e)).isTrigger=r?2:3,e.namespace=h.join("."),e.rnamespace=e.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,e.result=void 0,e.target||(e.target=n),t=null==t?[e]:S.makeArray(t,[e]),c=S.event.special[d]||{},r||!c.trigger||!1!==c.trigger.apply(n,t))){if(!r&&!c.noBubble&&!x(n)){for(s=c.delegateType||d,mt.test(s+d)||(o=o.parentNode);o;o=o.parentNode)p.push(o),a=o;a===(n.ownerDocument||E)&&p.push(a.defaultView||a.parentWindow||C)}i=0;while((o=p[i++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped())f=o,e.type=1<i?s:c.bindType||d,(l=(Y.get(o,"events")||Object.create(null))[e.type]&&Y.get(o,"handle"))&&l.apply(o,t),(l=u&&o[u])&&l.apply&&V(o)&&(e.result=l.apply(o,t),!1===e.result&&e.preventDefault());return e.type=d,r||e.isDefaultPrevented()||c._default&&!1!==c._default.apply(p.pop(),t)||!V(n)||u&&m(n[d])&&!x(n)&&((a=n[u])&&(n[u]=null),S.event.triggered=d,e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.addEventListener(d,xt),n[d](),e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.removeEventListener(d,xt),S.event.triggered=void 0,a&&(n[u]=a)),e.result}},simulate:function(e,t,n){var r=S.extend(new S.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0});S.event.trigger(r,null,t)}}),S.fn.extend({trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){S.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];if(n)return S.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0)}}),y.focusin||S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(n,r){var i=function(e){S.event.simulate(r,e.target,S.event.fix(e))};S.event.special[r]={setup:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r);t||e.addEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.access(e,r,(t||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r)-1;t?Y.access(e,r,t):(e.removeEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.remove(e,r))}}});var bt=C.location,wt={guid:Date.now()},Tt=/\?/;S.parseXML=function(e){var t,n;if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;try{t=(new C.DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/xml")}catch(e){}return n=t&&t.getElementsByTagName("parsererror")[0],t&&!n||S.error("Invalid XML: "+(n?S.map(n.childNodes,function(e){return e.textContent}).join("\n"):e)),t};var Ct=/\[\]$/,Et=/\r?\n/g,St=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,kt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;function At(n,e,r,i){var t;if(Array.isArray(e))S.each(e,function(e,t){r||Ct.test(n)?i(n,t):At(n+"["+("object"==typeof t&&null!=t?e:"")+"]",t,r,i)});else if(r||"object"!==w(e))i(n,e);else for(t in e)At(n+"["+t+"]",e[t],r,i)}S.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){var n=m(t)?t():t;r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(null==n?"":n)};if(null==e)return"";if(Array.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!S.isPlainObject(e))S.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)At(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&")},S.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return S.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=S.prop(this,"elements");return e?S.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!S(this).is(":disabled")&&kt.test(this.nodeName)&&!St.test(e)&&(this.checked||!pe.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=S(this).val();return null==n?null:Array.isArray(n)?S.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Et,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Et,"\r\n")}}).get()}});var Nt=/%20/g,jt=/#.*$/,Dt=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,qt=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/gm,Lt=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,Ht=/^\/\//,Ot={},Pt={},Rt="*/".concat("*"),Mt=E.createElement("a");function It(o){return function(e,t){"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="*");var n,r=0,i=e.toLowerCase().match(P)||[];if(m(t))while(n=i[r++])"+"===n[0]?(n=n.slice(1)||"*",(o[n]=o[n]||[]).unshift(t)):(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push(t)}}function Wt(t,i,o,a){var s={},u=t===Pt;function l(e){var r;return s[e]=!0,S.each(t[e]||[],function(e,t){var n=t(i,o,a);return"string"!=typeof n||u||s[n]?u?!(r=n):void 0:(i.dataTypes.unshift(n),l(n),!1)}),r}return l(i.dataTypes[0])||!s["*"]&&l("*")}function Ft(e,t){var n,r,i=S.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(n in t)void 0!==t[n]&&((i[n]?e:r||(r={}))[n]=t[n]);return r&&S.extend(!0,e,r),e}Mt.href=bt.href,S.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:bt.href,type:"GET",isLocal:/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/.test(bt.protocol),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Rt,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/\bxml\b/,html:/\bhtml/,json:/\bjson\b/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":JSON.parse,"text xml":S.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?Ft(Ft(e,S.ajaxSettings),t):Ft(S.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:It(Ot),ajaxTransport:It(Pt),ajax:function(e,t){"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var c,f,p,n,d,r,h,g,i,o,v=S.ajaxSetup({},t),y=v.context||v,m=v.context&&(y.nodeType||y.jquery)?S(y):S.event,x=S.Deferred(),b=S.Callbacks("once memory"),w=v.statusCode||{},a={},s={},u="canceled",T={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(h){if(!n){n={};while(t=qt.exec(p))n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]=(n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]||[]).concat(t[2])}t=n[e.toLowerCase()+" "]}return null==t?null:t.join(", ")},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return h?p:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){return null==h&&(e=s[e.toLowerCase()]=s[e.toLowerCase()]||e,a[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return null==h&&(v.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(h)T.always(e[T.status]);else for(t in e)w[t]=[w[t],e[t]];return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||u;return c&&c.abort(t),l(0,t),this}};if(x.promise(T),v.url=((e||v.url||bt.href)+"").replace(Ht,bt.protocol+"//"),v.type=t.method||t.type||v.method||v.type,v.dataTypes=(v.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(P)||[""],null==v.crossDomain){r=E.createElement("a");try{r.href=v.url,r.href=r.href,v.crossDomain=Mt.protocol+"//"+Mt.host!=r.protocol+"//"+r.host}catch(e){v.crossDomain=!0}}if(v.data&&v.processData&&"string"!=typeof v.data&&(v.data=S.param(v.data,v.traditional)),Wt(Ot,v,t,T),h)return T;for(i in(g=S.event&&v.global)&&0==S.active++&&S.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),v.type=v.type.toUpperCase(),v.hasContent=!Lt.test(v.type),f=v.url.replace(jt,""),v.hasContent?v.data&&v.processData&&0===(v.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&(v.data=v.data.replace(Nt,"+")):(o=v.url.slice(f.length),v.data&&(v.processData||"string"==typeof v.data)&&(f+=(Tt.test(f)?"&":"?")+v.data,delete v.data),!1===v.cache&&(f=f.replace(Dt,"$1"),o=(Tt.test(f)?"&":"?")+"_="+wt.guid+++o),v.url=f+o),v.ifModified&&(S.lastModified[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",S.lastModified[f]),S.etag[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",S.etag[f])),(v.data&&v.hasContent&&!1!==v.contentType||t.contentType)&&T.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",v.contentType),T.setRequestHeader("Accept",v.dataTypes[0]&&v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]?v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==v.dataTypes[0]?", "+Rt+"; q=0.01":""):v.accepts["*"]),v.headers)T.setRequestHeader(i,v.headers[i]);if(v.beforeSend&&(!1===v.beforeSend.call(y,T,v)||h))return T.abort();if(u="abort",b.add(v.complete),T.done(v.success),T.fail(v.error),c=Wt(Pt,v,t,T)){if(T.readyState=1,g&&m.trigger("ajaxSend",[T,v]),h)return T;v.async&&0<v.timeout&&(d=C.setTimeout(function(){T.abort("timeout")},v.timeout));try{h=!1,c.send(a,l)}catch(e){if(h)throw e;l(-1,e)}}else l(-1,"No Transport");function l(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l=t;h||(h=!0,d&&C.clearTimeout(d),c=void 0,p=r||"",T.readyState=0<e?4:0,i=200<=e&&e<300||304===e,n&&(s=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,u=e.dataTypes;while("*"===u[0])u.shift(),void 0===r&&(r=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(r)for(i in s)if(s[i]&&s[i].test(r)){u.unshift(i);break}if(u[0]in n)o=u[0];else{for(i in n){if(!u[0]||e.converters[i+" "+u[0]]){o=i;break}a||(a=i)}o=o||a}if(o)return o!==u[0]&&u.unshift(o),n[o]}(v,T,n)),!i&&-1<S.inArray("script",v.dataTypes)&&S.inArray("json",v.dataTypes)<0&&(v.converters["text script"]=function(){}),s=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)l[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];o=c.shift();while(o)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!u&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),u=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=u;else if("*"!==u&&u!==o){if(!(a=l[u+" "+o]||l["* "+o]))for(i in l)if((s=i.split(" "))[1]===o&&(a=l[u+" "+s[0]]||l["* "+s[0]])){!0===a?a=l[i]:!0!==l[i]&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(!0!==a)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(e){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?e:"No conversion from "+u+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}(v,s,T,i),i?(v.ifModified&&((u=T.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"))&&(S.lastModified[f]=u),(u=T.getResponseHeader("etag"))&&(S.etag[f]=u)),204===e||"HEAD"===v.type?l="nocontent":304===e?l="notmodified":(l=s.state,o=s.data,i=!(a=s.error))):(a=l,!e&&l||(l="error",e<0&&(e=0))),T.status=e,T.statusText=(t||l)+"",i?x.resolveWith(y,[o,l,T]):x.rejectWith(y,[T,l,a]),T.statusCode(w),w=void 0,g&&m.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[T,v,i?o:a]),b.fireWith(y,[T,l]),g&&(m.trigger("ajaxComplete",[T,v]),--S.active||S.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}return T},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return S.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return S.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),S.each(["get","post"],function(e,i){S[i]=function(e,t,n,r){return m(t)&&(r=r||n,n=t,t=void 0),S.ajax(S.extend({url:e,type:i,dataType:r,data:t,success:n},S.isPlainObject(e)&&e))}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){var t;for(t in e.headers)"content-type"===t.toLowerCase()&&(e.contentType=e.headers[t]||"")}),S._evalUrl=function(e,t,n){return S.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",cache:!0,async:!1,global:!1,converters:{"text script":function(){}},dataFilter:function(e){S.globalEval(e,t,n)}})},S.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){var t;return this[0]&&(m(e)&&(e=e.call(this[0])),t=S(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0),this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){var e=this;while(e.firstElementChild)e=e.firstElementChild;return e}).append(this)),this},wrapInner:function(n){return m(n)?this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapInner(n.call(this,e))}):this.each(function(){var e=S(this),t=e.contents();t.length?t.wrapAll(n):e.append(n)})},wrap:function(t){var n=m(t);return this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapAll(n?t.call(this,e):t)})},unwrap:function(e){return this.parent(e).not("body").each(function(){S(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}),this}}),S.expr.pseudos.hidden=function(e){return!S.expr.pseudos.visible(e)},S.expr.pseudos.visible=function(e){return!!(e.offsetWidth||e.offsetHeight||e.getClientRects().length)},S.ajaxSettings.xhr=function(){try{return new C.XMLHttpRequest}catch(e){}};var Bt={0:200,1223:204},$t=S.ajaxSettings.xhr();y.cors=!!$t&&"withCredentials"in $t,y.ajax=$t=!!$t,S.ajaxTransport(function(i){var o,a;if(y.cors||$t&&!i.crossDomain)return{send:function(e,t){var n,r=i.xhr();if(r.open(i.type,i.url,i.async,i.username,i.password),i.xhrFields)for(n in i.xhrFields)r[n]=i.xhrFields[n];for(n in i.mimeType&&r.overrideMimeType&&r.overrideMimeType(i.mimeType),i.crossDomain||e["X-Requested-With"]||(e["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest"),e)r.setRequestHeader(n,e[n]);o=function(e){return function(){o&&(o=a=r.onload=r.onerror=r.onabort=r.ontimeout=r.onreadystatechange=null,"abort"===e?r.abort():"error"===e?"number"!=typeof r.status?t(0,"error"):t(r.status,r.statusText):t(Bt[r.status]||r.status,r.statusText,"text"!==(r.responseType||"text")||"string"!=typeof r.responseText?{binary:r.response}:{text:r.responseText},r.getAllResponseHeaders()))}},r.onload=o(),a=r.onerror=r.ontimeout=o("error"),void 0!==r.onabort?r.onabort=a:r.onreadystatechange=function(){4===r.readyState&&C.setTimeout(function(){o&&a()})},o=o("abort");try{r.send(i.hasContent&&i.data||null)}catch(e){if(o)throw e}},abort:function(){o&&o()}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){e.crossDomain&&(e.contents.script=!1)}),S.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return S.globalEval(e),e}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET")}),S.ajaxTransport("script",function(n){var r,i;if(n.crossDomain||n.scriptAttrs)return{send:function(e,t){r=S("<script>").attr(n.scriptAttrs||{}).prop({charset:n.scriptCharset,src:n.url}).on("load error",i=function(e){r.remove(),i=null,e&&t("error"===e.type?404:200,e.type)}),E.head.appendChild(r[0])},abort:function(){i&&i()}}});var _t,zt=[],Ut=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;S.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=zt.pop()||S.expando+"_"+wt.guid++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=!1!==e.jsonp&&(Ut.test(e.url)?"url":"string"==typeof e.data&&0===(e.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&Ut.test(e.data)&&"data");if(a||"jsonp"===e.dataTypes[0])return r=e.jsonpCallback=m(e.jsonpCallback)?e.jsonpCallback():e.jsonpCallback,a?e[a]=e[a].replace(Ut,"$1"+r):!1!==e.jsonp&&(e.url+=(Tt.test(e.url)?"&":"?")+e.jsonp+"="+r),e.converters["script json"]=function(){return o||S.error(r+" was not called"),o[0]},e.dataTypes[0]="json",i=C[r],C[r]=function(){o=arguments},n.always(function(){void 0===i?S(C).removeProp(r):C[r]=i,e[r]&&(e.jsonpCallback=t.jsonpCallback,zt.push(r)),o&&m(i)&&i(o[0]),o=i=void 0}),"script"}),y.createHTMLDocument=((_t=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("").body).innerHTML="<form></form><form></form>",2===_t.childNodes.length),S.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){return"string"!=typeof e?[]:("boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t||(y.createHTMLDocument?((r=(t=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("")).createElement("base")).href=E.location.href,t.head.appendChild(r)):t=E),o=!n&&[],(i=N.exec(e))?[t.createElement(i[1])]:(i=xe([e],t,o),o&&o.length&&S(o).remove(),S.merge([],i.childNodes)));var r,i,o},S.fn.load=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return-1<s&&(r=ht(e.slice(s)),e=e.slice(0,s)),m(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(i="POST"),0<a.length&&S.ajax({url:e,type:i||"GET",dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){o=arguments,a.html(r?S("<div>").append(S.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).always(n&&function(e,t){a.each(function(){n.apply(this,o||[e.responseText,t,e])})}),this},S.expr.pseudos.animated=function(t){return S.grep(S.timers,function(e){return t===e.elem}).length},S.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=S.css(e,"position"),c=S(e),f={};"static"===l&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=c.offset(),o=S.css(e,"top"),u=S.css(e,"left"),("absolute"===l||"fixed"===l)&&-1<(o+u).indexOf("auto")?(a=(r=c.position()).top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(u)||0),m(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,S.extend({},s))),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):c.css(f)}},S.fn.extend({offset:function(t){if(arguments.length)return void 0===t?this:this.each(function(e){S.offset.setOffset(this,t,e)});var e,n,r=this[0];return r?r.getClientRects().length?(e=r.getBoundingClientRect(),n=r.ownerDocument.defaultView,{top:e.top+n.pageYOffset,left:e.left+n.pageXOffset}):{top:0,left:0}:void 0},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n,r=this[0],i={top:0,left:0};if("fixed"===S.css(r,"position"))t=r.getBoundingClientRect();else{t=this.offset(),n=r.ownerDocument,e=r.offsetParent||n.documentElement;while(e&&(e===n.body||e===n.documentElement)&&"static"===S.css(e,"position"))e=e.parentNode;e&&e!==r&&1===e.nodeType&&((i=S(e).offset()).top+=S.css(e,"borderTopWidth",!0),i.left+=S.css(e,"borderLeftWidth",!0))}return{top:t.top-i.top-S.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-i.left-S.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=this.offsetParent;while(e&&"static"===S.css(e,"position"))e=e.offsetParent;return e||re})}}),S.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(t,i){var o="pageYOffset"===i;S.fn[t]=function(e){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;if(x(e)?r=e:9===e.nodeType&&(r=e.defaultView),void 0===n)return r?r[i]:e[t];r?r.scrollTo(o?r.pageXOffset:n,o?n:r.pageYOffset):e[t]=n},t,e,arguments.length)}}),S.each(["top","left"],function(e,n){S.cssHooks[n]=Fe(y.pixelPosition,function(e,t){if(t)return t=We(e,n),Pe.test(t)?S(e).position()[n]+"px":t})}),S.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(a,s){S.each({padding:"inner"+a,content:s,"":"outer"+a},function(r,o){S.fn[o]=function(e,t){var n=arguments.length&&(r||"boolean"!=typeof e),i=r||(!0===e||!0===t?"margin":"border");return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;return x(e)?0===o.indexOf("outer")?e["inner"+a]:e.document.documentElement["client"+a]:9===e.nodeType?(r=e.documentElement,Math.max(e.body["scroll"+a],r["scroll"+a],e.body["offset"+a],r["offset"+a],r["client"+a])):void 0===n?S.css(e,t,i):S.style(e,t,n,i)},s,n?e:void 0,n)}})}),S.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){S.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),S.fn.extend({bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)},hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)}}),S.each("blur focus focusin focusout resize scroll click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,n){S.fn[n]=function(e,t){return 0<arguments.length?this.on(n,null,e,t):this.trigger(n)}});var Xt=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;S.proxy=function(e,t){var n,r,i;if("string"==typeof t&&(n=e[t],t=e,e=n),m(e))return r=s.call(arguments,2),(i=function(){return e.apply(t||this,r.concat(s.call(arguments)))}).guid=e.guid=e.guid||S.guid++,i},S.holdReady=function(e){e?S.readyWait++:S.ready(!0)},S.isArray=Array.isArray,S.parseJSON=JSON.parse,S.nodeName=A,S.isFunction=m,S.isWindow=x,S.camelCase=X,S.type=w,S.now=Date.now,S.isNumeric=function(e){var t=S.type(e);return("number"===t||"string"===t)&&!isNaN(e-parseFloat(e))},S.trim=function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(Xt,"")},"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return S});var Vt=C.jQuery,Gt=C.$;return S.noConflict=function(e){return C.$===S&&(C.$=Gt),e&&C.jQuery===S&&(C.jQuery=Vt),S},"undefined"==typeof e&&(C.jQuery=C.$=S),S}); jQuery.noConflict(); var $ = jQuery.noConflict(); </script> <link id="font-awesome" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <title>Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre</title> <meta name="description" content="In this article, we'll take a look at how to define comedy in filmmaking."><meta name="keywords" content="filmmaking, industry, comedy, inspiration, screenwriting"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=5, viewport-fit=cover"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link id="search_bar-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/search_bar.css?v=27.38"><link id="menu_listing-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/menu_listing.css?v=27.38"><link id="user_menu-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/user_menu.css?v=27.38"><link id="search_bar-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/search_bar.css?v=27.38"><link id="menu_listing-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/menu_listing.css?v=27.38"><link id="user_menu-2-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/mobile/user_menu.css?v=27.38"><link id="top_bar-css" class="top-bar-css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/css/desktop/top_bar.css?v=27.38"> <link id="footer" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/footer.css"> <link id="footer" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/plugins/videvo-menu-sync/assets/css/override_theme_styles.css">  <script>!function(e,t,a,n,g){e[n]=e[n]||[],e[n].push({"gtm.start":(new Date).getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var m=t.getElementsByTagName(a)[0],r=t.createElement(a);r.async=!0,r.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WVLJMDF",m.parentNode.insertBefore(r,m)}(window,document,"script","dataLayer");</script>  <script src="https://www.googleoptimize.com/optimize.js?id=OPT-PJRM5MH"></script> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-43707 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive single_blog_post ct-loading" data-body-type="top-bar-redesign" data-link="type-2" data-prefix="single_blog_post" data-footer="type-1" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" > <div class="ct-drawer-canvas"> <a href="#main-container" class="ct-back-to-top ct-hidden-sm" data-shape="square" data-alignment="left" title="Go to top" aria-label="Go to top"> <svg class="ct-icon" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M2.3 15.2L10 7.5l7.7 7.6c.6.7 1.2.7 1.8 0 .6-.6.6-1.3 0-1.9l-8.6-8.6c-.2-.3-.5-.4-.9-.4s-.7.1-.9.4L.5 13.2c-.6.6-.6 1.2 0 1.9.6.8 1.2.7 1.8.1z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div id="page" class="site"> <input type="hidden" id="account_type_input" value="0">  <div class="top-bar nav-wrapper dark-nav "> <div class="videvo-logo"> <a href="https://videvo.net/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="90" height="60" viewBox="0 0 90 60"> <defs> <path id="owe5w40o3a" d="M0 0H90V60H0z"/> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g> <g transform="translate(-24 -3) translate(24 3)"> <mask id="lqdmwbmvtb" fill="#fff"> <use xlink:href="#owe5w40o3a"/> </mask> <g fill="#2B2B2B" mask="url(#lqdmwbmvtb)"> <path class="original-logo" d="M80.52 7.086c4.262 0 7.717 3.454 7.717 7.714s-3.455 7.714-7.717 7.714c-4.263 0-7.718-3.454-7.718-7.714s3.455-7.714 7.718-7.714zm-30.155.347c2.885.833 5.22 3.48 5.475 6.5.04.548.15 1.317-.243 1.764-.308.393-.764.556-1.256.552-3.572.01-7.147-.01-10.717.01.211.546.461 1.065.835 1.52 1.207 1.518 3.312 2.172 5.17 1.601.79-.192 1.306-.706 1.967-1.12.473-.159 1.18-.177 1.563.205.636.517.646 1.652.022 2.183-1.947 1.753-4.736 2.2-7.221 1.507-1.627-.467-3-1.546-4.005-2.885-1.517-2.02-1.792-4.891-.925-7.229.572-1.498 1.682-2.798 3.012-3.687 1.83-1.23 4.215-1.487 6.323-.92zm-30.609.18c.567.57.364 1.57.397 2.305.002 3.629-.003 7.262.004 10.889.005.43-.076.839-.37 1.169-.53.644-1.65.654-2.184.005-.317-.332-.336-.739-.354-1.174 0-3.963.005-7.933-.003-11.897.006-.487.032-.934.387-1.304.538-.621 1.586-.616 2.123.007zm51.586.373c.243.449.164.849-.035 1.291-1.788 3.906-3.595 7.818-5.38 11.724-.243.51-.429 1.117-.994 1.358-.357.14-.89.136-1.248-.01-.414-.174-.568-.53-.758-.907-1.683-3.684-3.387-7.361-5.08-11.043-.276-.643-.719-1.266-.635-1.994.009-.394.218-.717.513-.962.651-.529 1.793-.336 2.155.448 1.513 3.206 2.935 6.458 4.466 9.654 1.383-3.104 2.837-6.178 4.233-9.278.166-.341.306-.681.638-.896.738-.463 1.773-.204 2.125.615zM38.186 1.26c.2.3.176.608.187.953l-.008 13.068c-.062 2.76-1.834 5.191-4.253 6.422-1.418.722-3.027.877-4.59.68-2.904-.375-5.451-2.703-6.216-5.504-.359-1.346-.34-2.818.009-4.164.47-1.752 1.616-3.199 3.072-4.25 2.691-1.887 6.568-1.731 9.124.331-.003-2.253 0-4.5-.003-6.756-.019-.472.172-.884.55-1.167.664-.487 1.688-.325 2.128.387zM14.31 8.162c.216.675-.176 1.25-.438 1.847-1.765 3.827-3.521 7.665-5.28 11.496-.17.344-.332.662-.7.83-.385.162-.872.163-1.267.036-.465-.178-.624-.583-.829-.996-1.652-3.605-3.32-7.204-4.97-10.81-.24-.538-.55-1.07-.71-1.638-.16-.645.143-1.343.745-1.634.7-.337 1.615-.076 1.944.65 1.482 3.186 2.936 6.4 4.413 9.589 1.48-3.145 2.903-6.316 4.357-9.47.194-.434.498-.78.984-.878.772-.174 1.505.234 1.751.978zM80.52 10c-2.653 0-4.802 2.149-4.802 4.8s2.15 4.8 4.802 4.8c2.652 0 4.802-2.149 4.802-4.8S83.172 10 80.52 10zm-51.093.206c-1.073.322-2.091 1.015-2.688 1.971-.683 1.05-.988 2.36-.704 3.592.271 1.289 1.091 2.42 2.206 3.117 1.23.747 2.78.915 4.129.396 1.905-.7 3.23-2.64 3.124-4.675-.07-2.162-1.757-4.09-3.88-4.484-.728-.143-1.473-.1-2.187.083zm14.189 3.153c3.063.027 6.129.02 9.193.004-.564-1.631-1.967-2.899-3.67-3.232-2.344-.492-4.799.953-5.523 3.228zM19.835 3.19c.731.615.75 1.834.047 2.474-.66.696-1.846.648-2.459-.087-.811-.861-.44-2.271.626-2.718.624-.164 1.303-.15 1.786.331z" transform="translate(1 16)"/> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div> <div id="search-bar-desktop" class="search-bar-wrapper hidden"> <form id="search-top" action="https://videvo.net/search/" class="search-form new-search-top top-bar-search"> <div class="dropdown-wrapper new-top-bar-search" onclick="toggleDropDown(event)"> <button class="search-item dropdown-btn" > <div id="text" class="expand-button"> All Videos </div> </button> <div id="dropdown-content" class="dropdown-menu"> <ul> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="stock-video-footage/" data-clip-type="" class="select selected" > All Videos </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="free-stock-footage/" data-clip-type="free-stock-footage/" class="" > Footage </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="free-motion-graphics/" data-clip-type="free-motion-graphics/" class="" > Motion Graphics </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="royalty-free-music/" data-clip-type="royalty-free-music/" class="" > Music </a> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);" data-url="royalty-free-sound-effects/" data-clip-type="royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="" > Sound Effects </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <input type="search" value="" placeholder="Search..." class="search-item search-field" title="Enter Keyword(s)" /> <button class="search-item search-logo" type="submit">  <img src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-magnifyer.svg" alt=""> </button> </div> </form> </div> <button id="mobile-search-icon" class="search-logo hidden" type="submit" onclick="openSearch()"> <img src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-magnifyer.svg" alt=""> </button> <div class="new-main-nav-container mobile-container"> <div class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a class="menu-button" href="javascript:void(0)">Menu</a> </div> <div class="mobile-menu-dropdown-container menu-dropdown-container test hidden-menu"> <div class="menu-header-new menu-header-main"> <h2>Menu</h2> <a class="mobile-close-button" href="javascript:void(0)"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-cross.svg" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="menu-dropdown-content"> <ul class="menu-dropdown-main-list"> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/"> Videos <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">All Videos</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/free-stock-footage/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Footage</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/free-motion-graphics/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Motion Graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/"> Templates <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">All Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/after-effects-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">After Effects Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/premiere-pro-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Premiere Pro Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/davinci-resolve-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">DaVinci Resolve Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/final-cut-pro-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Final Cut Pro Templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/motion-graphics-templates/" class="menu-item submenu-item ">Motion Graphics Templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class=" parent-element nav-item nav-item-dd" href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/"> Audio <span> <img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-down.svg" alt=""> <img class="hidden-chevron-icon" src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-chevron-up.svg" alt=""> </span> </a> <ul class="submenu-item-videos-list hidden-submenu"> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="menu-item submenu-item bold">Sound Effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-help parent-element nav-item " href="https://help.videvo.net/"> Help </a> </li> </ul> <a class="button button-lrg button-primary " href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/"> <span class="button-icon-text">Join Videvo</span> </a> <a class="button button-lrg" href="https://videvo.net/login/"> <span class="button-icon-text">Log in</span> </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="new-main-nav-container desktop-container"> <ul id="new-main-nav" class="menu"> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/">Videos<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/stock-video-footage/" class="submenu-listing-link">All Videos</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/free-stock-footage/" class="submenu-listing-link">Footage</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/free-motion-graphics/" class="submenu-listing-link">Motion Graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/">Templates<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/video-editing-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">All Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/after-effects-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">After Effects Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/premiere-pro-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Premiere Pro Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/davinci-resolve-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">DaVinci Resolve Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/final-cut-pro-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Final Cut Pro Templates</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item "><a href="https://videvo.net/motion-graphics-templates/" class="submenu-listing-link">Motion Graphics Templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-dd"> <a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/">Audio<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> <ul class="submenu-listing"> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-music/" class="submenu-listing-link">Music</a></li> <li class="submenu-listing-item bold"><a href="https://videvo.net/royalty-free-sound-effects/" class="submenu-listing-link">Sound Effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a href="https://help.videvo.net/">Help<span class="click-me-tablet"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="user-menu user-menu-container mobile-container"> <div class="nav-right-content visible-wrapper"> <a class="join-button button button-with-icon button-border-light nav-actions-button upgrade-button" href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/?lang=en"> <span class="button-icon hide-icon"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-flash-white.svg" alt="flash"/></span> <span class="button-icon-text">Join <div class="site-name-hide">Videvo</div></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="user-menu user-menu-container desktop-container"> <div class="nav-right-content visible-wrapper"> <a class="join-button button button-with-icon button-border-light nav-actions-button upgrade-button" href="https://videvo.net/a/premium-plans/?lang=en"> <span class="button-icon hide-icon"><img src="https://videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/images/icon-flash-white.svg" alt="flash"/></span> <span class="button-icon-text">Join<div class="site-name-hide">Videvo</div></span> </a> <a class="login-user" href="https://videvo.net/login/"> Log in </a> </div> </div> </div> <script> </script> <script> /* Setting the irclickid cookie (needed to be done from JS instead of PHP because of the homepage cahce) */ function getAllUrlParams(url) { var queryString = url ? url.split('?')[1] : window.location.search.slice(1); var obj = {}; if (queryString) { queryString = queryString.split('#')[0]; var arr = queryString.split('&'); for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { var a = arr[i].split('='); var paramName = a[0]; var paramValue = typeof(a[1]) === 'undefined' ? true : a[1]; if (paramName.match(/\[(\d+)?\]$/)) { var key = paramName.replace(/\[(\d+)?\]/, ''); if (!obj[key]) obj[key] = []; if (paramName.match(/\[\d+\]$/)) { var index = /\[(\d+)\]/.exec(paramName)[1]; obj[key][index] = paramValue; } else { obj[key].push(paramValue); } } else { if (!obj[paramName]) { obj[paramName] = paramValue; } else if (obj[paramName] && typeof obj[paramName] === 'string') { obj[paramName] = [obj[paramName]]; obj[paramName].push(paramValue); } else { obj[paramName].push(paramValue); } } } } return obj; } if (getAllUrlParams().irclickid) { var date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + (30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)); expires = "; expires=" + date.toUTCString(); document.cookie = "irclickid=" + getAllUrlParams().irclickid + expires + "; path=/"; } </script> <script> window.components = window.components ? window.components : {}; window.components.topBarData = '{\"site_url\":\"https:\\/\\/resources.videvo.net\",\"languageInfo\":{\"currLanguage\":\"en\",\"currLanguagePrefix\":\"\",\"currLanguageUrlPrefix\":\"\"},\"searchData\":{\"site_url\":\"https:\\/\\/resources.videvo.net\",\"option_api_switch\":true,\"currLanguageUrlPrefix\":\"\\/\",\"parameters_category\":\"\",\"parameters_search\":\"\"},\"isMobile\":false}' </script> <script defer id="top_bar-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/components/top_bar/top_bar.js?v=27.38"></script><script defer id="top_bar-2-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/top_bar.js?v=27.38"></script><script defer id="search_bar-js" class="top-bar-js" src="https://resources.videvo.net/videvo_framework/assets/js/components/top_bar/search_bar.js?v=27.38"></script> <div class="ct-container-full" data-content="narrow" data-vertical-spacing="top:bottom"> <article id="post-43707" class="post-43707 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-filmmaking category-industry tag-filmmaking tag-industry tag-inspiration tag-screenwriting"> <div class="hero-section" data-type="type-1" > <header class="entry-header"> <nav class="ct-breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" ><span class="first-item" itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" ><meta itemprop="position" content="1"><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/" itemprop="item" ><span itemprop="name" >Home</span></a><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/"/><svg class="separator" width="8" height="8" viewBox="0 0 8 8"> <path d="M2,6.9L4.8,4L2,1.1L2.6,0l4,4l-4,4L2,6.9z"/> </svg></span><span class="last-item" itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" ><meta itemprop="position" content="2"><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/category/filmmaking/" itemprop="item" ><span itemprop="name" >Filmmaking</span></a><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.videvo.net/blog/category/filmmaking/"/></span> </nav> <h1 class="page-title" title="Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre" itemprop="headline" >Think Like a Director: A Guide to the Comedy Genre</h1><ul class="entry-meta" data-type="label:circle" data-id="second" ><li class="meta-author" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" ><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" tabindex="-1" class="ct-image-container-static"><img loading="lazy" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=50&d=mm&r=g" width="25" height="25" style="height:25px" alt="Avatar photo" ></a><span>By</span><a class="ct-meta-element-author" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" title="Posts by Mark Teppo" rel="author" itemprop="url" ><span itemprop="name" >Mark Teppo</span></a></li><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-02-20T00:00:00+00:00" >February 20, 2024</time></li></ul> </header> </div> <figure class="ct-featured-image ct-hidden-sm" ><div class="ct-image-container"><img width="1200" height="800" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel.jpg 1200w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/time_travel-750x500.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 5/3;" /></div></figure> <div class="entry-content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comedy is more than telling a few jokes. In this article, we’ll take a look at the various types of comedy you’ll find in film. </h2> <p>One thing you’ll consistently hear about comedy is that it’s hard — timing is everything, both in the pacing and in the physical action. Good comedy is gold; bad comedy is every family dinner that went on hours too long. Worse, anytime your comedy relies on finessing language, you’ve got to deal with whether or not your audience speaks the same language. Good comedy transcends language; bad comedy is insulting your host’s family tree while attempting to say something nice about the soup. </p> <p>And there’s no middle ground, really. You can have a mediocre action film: the fight scene may be terribly choreographed, the explosions could look totally CGI, and the audience may notice that everyone is riding Big Wheels for your climatic road chase. But hey, we’ll still watch it. </p> <p>Comedy where the timing is off? Well,  we’ve all had those moments at office parties. </p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe title="MAD MAX: OUT OF GAS" width="1600" height="900" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WhhONtKnao0?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>As much as we laud directors like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000033" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ingmar Bergman</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000041" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akira Kurosawa</a> — to name but a few — for shaping cinema as we know it, there are an equal number of writers, actors, and directors who pushed cinema into mainstream consciousness. <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charlie Chaplin</a> showed us it was okay to laugh at monsters; <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000036" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Buster Keaton</a> paved the way for every fool to come later; and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000840" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucille Ball</a> found humor and compassion in the everyday grind of modern living. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Everything Is Funnier with a Banana Peel</h2> <p>The broadest sort of comedy is one that relies on physical humor. Born out of Vaudeville and stage performances, physical comedy usually relies on little to no dialogue, often has fanciful or absurd setups, and is characterized by exaggerated facial expressions and more than a little manic energy. The Three Stooges, for instance, entertained audiences for decades with a little more than a hat, a couple of fingers to the eyes, and an ear twist or two. </p> <p>But this sort of comedy relies on a troupe — you need other actors to play off — and this worked well in a live setting. Film — and silent films, especially — didn’t have the same personnel requirement, but you still needed a way to perform broad physical comedy. Actors like Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin developed a style that became known as “slapstick,” in that it involved interactions with the physical environment, usually in a way that elicited howls of laughter from the audience over the perception of fantastical violence perpetrated on the actor. Pianos were dropped from great heights. People were smacked in the face with sledgehammers and frying pans. Every floor was freshly waxed, and no opportunity was passed up to get your tie caught in a revolving door. </p> <p>Decades later, a young actor from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Drama_Academy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China Drama Academy</a> would revolutionize Eastern filmmaking by introducing slapstick comedy to the martial arts genre. In fact, you could argue that the modern action film template is merely a hyperkinetic version of a <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000329" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jackie Chan</a> routine, but with more explosions and bone-breaking. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="319" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/chan.jpg" alt="Project A, Jackie Chan" class="wp-image-43713" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/chan.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/chan-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/chan-768x306.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>In </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085127" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project A</a><em> (1983), <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000329" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jackie Chan</a> revisits Harold Lloyd’s infamous clocktower routine from </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014429" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Safety Last</a><em> (1923). (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085127" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Golden Harvest Company</a>).</em></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Bettering of Strangers</h2> <p>Audiences reacted well to comedy, as it was an antidote to the dreariness of everyday life (not to mention a welcome distraction from all manner of economic and political upheavals). Studios, eager to keep audiences’ attention, scrambled to find other sorts of comedic material, and didn’t have to go far. There’s a long history, after all, of acerbic commentary hiding in plain sight. Shakespeare’s oeuvre, for instance, is broadly separated into three groups: the histories, the tragedies, and the comedies. </p> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">William Shakespeare</a> was a master of writing material that was both elevated and low-brow. For every navel-gazing monologue, he had a scene of quick-tongued back-and-forth between characters whose job was to tell bawdy jokes and engage in a little <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_Nudge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nudge-and-a-wink</a> with the cheap seats. This sort of witty repartee formed the basis of what became known as the screwball comedy — a style of film that allowed charismatic actors (both men and women) to play for laughs without having to resort to pratfalls and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wile_E._Coyote_and_the_Road_Runner" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falling anvils</a>. </p> <p>Screwball comedies usually feature a duo, who play well against one another. Again, these sorts of routines come from Vaudeville, where a pair of actors will perform a bit that relies on a simple misunderstanding and precise timing. Unlike physical comedy, the screwball comedy works best on an audience that understands the nuances of the language being spoken by the actors (as in <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007941" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Abbott</a> and<a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0182579" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Costello</a>’s infamous “Who’s on First?” routine). </p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe title="The Naughty Nineties | Who’s on First? — Abbott and Costello" width="1600" height="900" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sYOUFGfK4bU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>Of course, a screwball comedy has some larger plot structure to it, otherwise two hours of characters playing off each other is either a <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003620" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kevin Smith</a> film or a <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8075256" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Steve Martin & Martin Short Netflix special</a>. <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0025878" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Thin Man</a> movies, featuring <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001635" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">William Powell</a> and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001485" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Myra Loy</a>, were ostensibly crime dramas, but what we remember of them is Powell and Loy bantering back and forth while knocking back martinis. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Cunningest of Plans</h2> <p>Mix some physical comedy with some clever dialogue, add a pinch of wry amusement about humanity, and you’ve got yourself a parody. Parodies, in lampooning other forms of art, seek to provide commentary on preconceived notions about what is “art” and what has meaning (and why). Sometimes, they are mean-spirited, which says more about the creative than the art being parodied, but the best parodies are the ones that mock with compassion. They are love letters to the material being spoofed, but are done with the utmost respect for the source material. <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001302" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christopher Guest</a>’s entire oeuvre, for instance, everything from <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is Spinal Tap</a></em> (which was supposed to send up hair metal bands, but which, over time, became an indelible part of the genre) to <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218839" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Best in Show</a></em> and <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4936176" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mascots</a></em>. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="319" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/spinaltap.jpg" alt="This Is Spinal Tap" class="wp-image-43709" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/spinaltap.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/spinaltap-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/spinaltap-768x306.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0733427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harry Shearer</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001302" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christopher Guest</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0571106" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael McKean</a> parodying hair metal bands in 1984’s </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is Spinal Tap</a><em> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MGM</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>Parodies can be tricky, however, because they require a deep knowledge of their source material. They go awry when the sentiment is “Hey, let’s make fun of this” versus “We love this so much, but come on, it’s absurd to the rest of the world.” The four seasons of the BBC’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blackadder</a> follow antihero Edmund Blackadder through distinct historical periods in English history, and in each, writers <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000100" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rowan Atkinson</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0193485" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Richard Curtis</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0255780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben Elton</a> plumb the literature, mores, and historical events of the time period to craft crackling dialogue that lampoons both the historical time period as well as modern cultural mores. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Laughter Is the Best Medicine</h2> <p>At the other end of the comedic spectrum, we have black humor, which is viewing what would normally be very dramatic and emotionally fraught topics like death, war, and murder through a comedic lens. Done correctly, this style of comedy can provide some relief from the otherwise traumatic nature of these topics. Films like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000040" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanley Kubrick</a>’s <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb</a></em>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1698571" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evan Goldberg</a> and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0736622" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seth Rogan</a>’s <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1245492" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This Is the End</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1108556" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boots Riley</a>’s <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5688932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Sorry to Bother You</em></a> have such an exaggerated take on their subject material (the atom bomb, the end of the world, and capitalism, respectively) that, by embracing the worldview posited by these filmmakers, audiences are able to set aside their fears. If you can laugh at monsters, they lose their power. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="319" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/end.jpg" alt="This Is The End, Seth Rogan" class="wp-image-43710" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/end.jpg 800w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/end-300x120.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/end-768x306.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Cute dogs and dance parties are the best part of the afterlife, as demonstrated by <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0736622/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seth Rogan</a> in </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1245492/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the End</a><em> (image courtesy of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1245492/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia Pictures</a>). </em></figcaption></figure> <p>A comedy film isn’t limited to any one of these sub-genres. It can have elements of each style, but as a filmmaker, you have to carefully consider how each style plays within your vision. Take <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11691774" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Only Murders in the Building</a></em>, the recent streaming series by<a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000188" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Steve Martin</a>, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001737" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Short</a>, and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1411125" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Selena Gomez</a>. Broadly, it’s a parody of the cozy mystery series (right down the Arconia Building standing in for the quintessential English village). Martin and Short have a long history of playing off one another (providing the screwball comedy material), but they’re anchored to the plot by the acerbic Gomez. And naturally, there will come a point in the season where Steve Martin falls back on the physical comedy bits that have been part of his routine since <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079367/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Jerk</a></em>. Each episode performs a delicate dance between these three types of comedy without ever falling into one completely, which makes for a viewing that is rewarding on multiple levels. </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>Looking for more on film genres? Check out these articles . . .</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-action-genre/" target="_blank" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-action-genre/" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like a Director: a Guide to the Action Genre</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-using-transitions-tell-your-story/" target="_blank" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-using-transitions-tell-your-story/" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like a Director: Using Transitions Tell Your Story</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-creating-a-foil-character/" target="_blank" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-creating-a-foil-character/" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like a Director: Creating a Foil Character</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-breaking-the-fourth-wall/" target="_blank" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.videvo.net/blog/think-like-a-director-breaking-the-fourth-wall/" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like a Director: Breaking the Fourth Wall</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-make-a-mockumentary/" target="_blank" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-make-a-mockumentary/" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like a Director: How to Make a Mockumentary</a></li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p><em>Cover image from </em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22884216/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tim Travers & the Time Travelers Paradox</a> <em>(via OneTwoThree Media LLC).</em></p> <p><em>Looking for filmmaking tips and tricks? Check out our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs0UeTXszjkZN7n_gI13wkQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YouTube channel</a> for tutorials like this . . .</em></p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="How To Connect a Shotgun Microphone to the PC" width="1600" height="900" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TDHymZopO8A?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> </div> <div class="entry-tags" ><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/filmmaking/" rel="tag" ># filmmaking</a><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/industry/" rel="tag" ># industry</a><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/inspiration/" rel="tag" ># inspiration</a><a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/tag/screenwriting/" rel="tag" ># screenwriting</a></div> <div class="ct-share-box ct-hidden-sm" data-location="bottom" data-type="type-1" > <div data-icons-type="simple"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre%2F" data-network="facebook" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M20,10.1c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S0,4.5,0,10.1c0,5,3.7,9.1,8.4,9.9v-7H5.9v-2.9h2.5V7.9C8.4,5.4,9.9,4,12.2,4c1.1,0,2.2,0.2,2.2,0.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2,0-1.6,0.8-1.6,1.6v1.9h2.8L13.9,13h-2.3v7C16.3,19.2,20,15.1,20,10.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre%2F&text=Think%20Like%20a%20Director%3A%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Comedy%20Genre" data-network="twitter" aria-label="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M20,3.8c-0.7,0.3-1.5,0.5-2.4,0.6c0.8-0.5,1.5-1.3,1.8-2.3c-0.8,0.5-1.7,0.8-2.6,1c-0.7-0.8-1.8-1.3-3-1.3c-2.3,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1c0,0.3,0,0.6,0.1,0.9C6.4,6.7,3.4,5.1,1.4,2.6C1,3.2,0.8,3.9,0.8,4.7c0,1.4,0.7,2.7,1.8,3.4C2,8.1,1.4,7.9,0.8,7.6c0,0,0,0,0,0.1c0,2,1.4,3.6,3.3,4c-0.3,0.1-0.7,0.1-1.1,0.1c-0.3,0-0.5,0-0.8-0.1c0.5,1.6,2,2.8,3.8,2.8c-1.4,1.1-3.2,1.8-5.1,1.8c-0.3,0-0.7,0-1-0.1c1.8,1.2,4,1.8,6.3,1.8c7.5,0,11.7-6.3,11.7-11.7c0-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5C18.8,5.3,19.4,4.6,20,3.8z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videvo.net%2Fblog%2Fthink-like-a-director-a-guide-to-the-comedy-genre%2F&title=Think%20Like%20a%20Director%3A%20A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Comedy%20Genre" data-network="linkedin" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M18.6,0H1.4C0.6,0,0,0.6,0,1.4v17.1C0,19.4,0.6,20,1.4,20h17.1c0.8,0,1.4-0.6,1.4-1.4V1.4C20,0.6,19.4,0,18.6,0z M6,17.1h-3V7.6h3L6,17.1L6,17.1zM4.6,6.3c-1,0-1.7-0.8-1.7-1.7s0.8-1.7,1.7-1.7c0.9,0,1.7,0.8,1.7,1.7C6.3,5.5,5.5,6.3,4.6,6.3z M17.2,17.1h-3v-4.6c0-1.1,0-2.5-1.5-2.5c-1.5,0-1.8,1.2-1.8,2.5v4.7h-3V7.6h2.8v1.3h0c0.4-0.8,1.4-1.5,2.8-1.5c3,0,3.6,2,3.6,4.5V17.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="author-box ct-hidden-sm" data-type="type-2"> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" class="ct-image-container"><img loading="lazy" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/af553c376dbcc1d22fe34eb3fa363ea3?s=120&d=mm&r=g" width="60" height="60" alt="Avatar photo" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" > <svg width="18px" height="13px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"> <polygon points="14.5,2 13.6,2.9 17.6,6.9 0,6.9 0,8.1 17.6,8.1 13.6,12.1 14.5,13 20,7.5 "/> </svg> </a> <section> <h4 class="author-box-name"> Mark Teppo </h4> <div class="author-box-bio"> <p>Mark Teppo lives in the Pacific Northwest, where he watches a lot of movies when he's not selling books. He's written more than two dozen novels across multiple genres. His favorite Tarot card is The Moon.</p> </div> <div class="author-box-social" ><a href="https://www.facebook.com/markteppoauthor" aria-label="Facebook icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M15.2 7.2h-3.9V4.8c0-.7.5-1.2 1.2-1.2H15V0h-3C9.3 0 7.2 2.2 7.2 4.8v2.4H4.8v3.6h2.4V20h4.3v-9.2h3l.7-3.6z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/markteppo/" aria-label="LinkedIn icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M.1 5.8h4.2V20H.1V5.8zm18.4 1.8c-.8-1-2-1.4-3.5-1.4-1.9 0-3.2 1-4.2 2.4h-.1l-.2-2.8H7.2c.1 1.4 0 14.2 0 14.2h4.3v-8.9c.3-1.1 1.1-1.7 2.2-1.7 1.4 0 2.1 1 2.1 3V20h4.1v-8.1c-.1-1.9-.5-3.3-1.4-4.3zM2.2 0C1 0 0 1 0 2.2c0 1.2 1 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 0 2.2-1 2.2-2.2C4.3 1 3.4 0 2.2 0z"/></svg></a> <a href="http://markteppo.com/" aria-label="Website icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M10 0C4.5 0 0 4.5 0 10s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S15.5 0 10 0zm6.9 6H14c-.4-1.8-1.4-3.6-1.4-3.6s2.8.8 4.3 3.6zM10 2s1.2 1.7 1.9 4H8.1C8.8 3.6 10 2 10 2zM2.2 12s-.6-1.8 0-4h3.4c-.3 1.8 0 4 0 4H2.2zm.9 2H6c.6 2.3 1.4 3.6 1.4 3.6C4.3 16.5 3.1 14 3.1 14zM6 6H3.1c1.6-2.8 4.3-3.6 4.3-3.6S6.4 4.2 6 6zm4 12s-1.3-1.9-1.9-4h3.8c-.6 2.1-1.9 4-1.9 4zm2.3-6H7.7s-.3-2 0-4h4.7c.3 1.8-.1 4-.1 4zm.3 5.6s1-1.8 1.4-3.6h2.9c-1.6 2.7-4.3 3.6-4.3 3.6zm1.7-5.6s.3-2.1 0-4h3.4c.6 2.2 0 4 0 4h-3.4z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/markteppo/" aria-label="Twitter icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M20 3.8c-.7.3-1.5.5-2.4.6.8-.5 1.5-1.3 1.8-2.3-.8.5-1.7.8-2.6 1-.7-.8-1.8-1.3-3-1.3-2.3 0-4.1 1.8-4.1 4.1 0 .3 0 .6.1.9-3.4-.1-6.4-1.7-8.4-4.2C1 3.2.8 3.9.8 4.7c0 1.4.7 2.7 1.8 3.4-.6 0-1.2-.2-1.8-.5v.1c0 2 1.4 3.6 3.3 4-.3.1-.7.1-1.1.1-.3 0-.5 0-.8-.1.5 1.6 2 2.8 3.8 2.8-1.4 1.1-3.2 1.8-5.1 1.8-.3 0-.7 0-1-.1 1.8 1.2 4 1.8 6.3 1.8 7.5 0 11.6-6.3 11.6-11.6v-.5c1-.6 1.6-1.3 2.2-2.1z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/mark.teppo/" aria-label="Instagram icon" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" ><svg class="ct-icon" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.3 10c0 1.8-1.5 3.3-3.3 3.3S6.7 11.8 6.7 10 8.2 6.7 10 6.7s3.3 1.5 3.3 3.3zm6.6-4.2v8.4c0 3.2-2.6 5.8-5.8 5.8H5.8C2.6 20 0 17.4 0 14.1V5.8C0 2.6 2.6 0 5.8 0h8.4c3.2 0 5.8 2.6 5.7 5.8zM15 10c0-2.8-2.2-5-5-5s-5 2.2-5 5 2.2 5 5 5 5-2.2 5-5zm1.6-5.8c0-.4-.4-.8-.8-.8s-.8.4-.8.8.4.8.8.8c.5 0 .8-.4.8-.8z"/></svg></a></div> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/author/markteppo/" class="ct-author-box-more" >Articles: 29</a> </section> </div> <nav class="post-navigation "> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/introduction-to-immersive-audio/" class="nav-item-prev"> <figure class="ct-image-container "><img width="300" height="200" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="immersive audio" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/medium-shot-man-wearing-headphones.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /><svg width="20px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"><polygon points="0,7.5 5.5,13 6.4,12.1 2.4,8.1 20,8.1 20,6.9 2.4,6.9 6.4,2.9 5.5,2 "/></svg></figure> <div class="item-content"> <span class="item-label"> Previous <span>Post</span> </span> <span class="item-title ct-hidden-sm"> An Introduction to Immersive Audio </span> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/microphones-101-small-vs-large-condenser-microphones/" class="nav-item-next"> <div class="item-content"> <span class="item-label"> Next <span>Post</span> </span> <span class="item-title ct-hidden-sm"> Microphones 101: Small vs. Large Condenser Microphones </span> </div> <figure class="ct-image-container "><img width="300" height="200" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Deity_JPEG_HighResSelects-302-526x351-1-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="microphones" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Deity_JPEG_HighResSelects-302-526x351-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Deity_JPEG_HighResSelects-302-526x351-1.jpg 526w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /><svg width="20px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 15"><polygon points="14.5,2 13.6,2.9 17.6,6.9 0,6.9 0,8.1 17.6,8.1 13.6,12.1 14.5,13 20,7.5 "/></svg></figure> </a> </nav> </article> </div> <div class="ct-related-posts-container"> <div class="ct-container"> <div class="ct-related-posts"> <h3 class="ct-block-title"> Related Posts </h3> <div class="ct-related-posts-items" data-layout="grid"> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/freepik-launches-revolutionary-ai-powered-video-background-generator/" aria-label="Freepik Launches Revolutionary AI-Powered Video Background Generator" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="300" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/colorful-explosion-smoke-300x300.jpeg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/colorful-explosion-smoke-300x300.jpeg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/colorful-explosion-smoke-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/colorful-explosion-smoke-155x155.jpeg 155w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/colorful-explosion-smoke.jpeg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/freepik-launches-revolutionary-ai-powered-video-background-generator/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">Freepik Launches Revolutionary AI-Powered Video Background Generator</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-10-11T08:38:06+00:00" >October 11, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-edit-ambience-recordings/" aria-label="How to Edit Ambience Recordings" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="169" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Original-Shot-1024x576-1-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Editing Ambience Recordings" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Original-Shot-1024x576-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Original-Shot-1024x576-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Original-Shot-1024x576-1-889x500.jpg 889w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Original-Shot-1024x576-1.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/how-to-edit-ambience-recordings/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">How to Edit Ambience Recordings</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-05-21T18:34:11+00:00" >May 21, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> <article itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" > <a class="ct-image-container" href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/understanding-the-grip-and-electrical-departments-on-a-film-set/" aria-label="Understanding the Grip and Electrical Departments on a Film Set" tabindex="-1"><img width="300" height="182" src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-300x182.png 300w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-1024x623.png 1024w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-768x467.png 768w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI-822x500.png 822w, https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Set-Roles-CI.png 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" /></a> <h4 class="related-entry-title" itemprop="name" > <a href="https://www.videvo.net/blog/understanding-the-grip-and-electrical-departments-on-a-film-set/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark">Understanding the Grip and Electrical Departments on a Film Set</a> </h4> <ul class="entry-meta" data-type="simple:slash" ><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><time class="ct-meta-element-date" datetime="2024-05-16T17:40:42+00:00" >May 16, 2024</time></li></ul> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">!function(e,t,n){function a(){var e=t.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],n=t.createElement("script");n.type="text/javascript",n.async=!0,n.src="https://beacon-v2.helpscout.net",e.parentNode.insertBefore(n,e)}if(e.Beacon=n=function(t,n,a){e.Beacon.readyQueue.push({method:t,options:n,data:a})},n.readyQueue=[],"complete"===t.readyState)return a();e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("onload",a):e.addEventListener("load",a,!1)}(window,document,window.Beacon||function(){});</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.Beacon('init', '450a06e8-29b0-4f50-b667-e4a3b8597e97')</script>  <script type="text/javascript"> $("body,html").bind("touchstart touchmove mousemove scroll mousedown DOMMouseScroll mousewheel keyup", function(e){ function loadOneTrustScript(src) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { if ($("script[src='" + src + "']").length === 0) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.onload = function() { resolve(); }; script.onerror = function() { reject(); }; script.src = src; script.setAttribute('id', 'onetrust_modal'); script.setAttribute('data-document-language', true); script.setAttribute('charset', 'UTF-8'); script.setAttribute('data-domain-script', "e616b904-3acd-4e4b-ad07-5deddea821ea"); document.body.appendChild(script); } else { resolve(); } }); } if($('#onetrust_modal').length == 0) { loadOneTrustScript('https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js'); function OptanonWrapper() { } } }); </script> <style> #ot-sdk-btn-floating { display: none; } </style>  </main> <footer id="footer" class="ct-footer" data-id="type-1" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" ></footer></div> <script id="ct-scripts-js-extra"> var ct_localizations = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"0d843b8469","public_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/","rest_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-json\/","search_url":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/search\/QUERY_STRING\/","show_more_text":"Show more","more_text":"More","search_live_results":"Search results","search_live_no_result":"No results","search_live_one_result":"You got %s result. Please press Tab to select it.","search_live_many_results":"You got %s results. Please press Tab to select one.","expand_submenu":"Expand dropdown menu","collapse_submenu":"Collapse dropdown menu","dynamic_js_chunks":[],"dynamic_styles":{"lazy_load":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/non-critical-styles.min.css","search_lazy":"https:\/\/www.videvo.net\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/blocksy\/static\/bundle\/non-critical-search-styles.min.css"},"dynamic_styles_selectors":[]}; </script> <script src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-content/themes/blocksy/static/bundle/main.js?ver=1.8.72" id="ct-scripts-js"></script> <script src="https://www.videvo.net/blog/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.4.3" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> </body> </html>