CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Funk - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"60e38532-6486-4771-8cdd-5e3b6bcffbe5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Funk","wgTitle":"Funk","wgCurRevisionId":1256008898,"wgRevisionId":1256008898,"wgArticleId":10778,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2018","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from October 2018","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from October 2018","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2018","Funk","20th-century music genres","African-American cultural history","African-American music","American styles of music","Popular music","Rhythm and blues genres","1960s in music","1970s in music","1980s in music","1970s fads and trends"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Funk","wgRelevantArticleId":10778,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q164444","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/1200px-James-Brown_1973.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="802"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/800px-James-Brown_1973.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="535"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/640px-James-Brown_1973.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Funk - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Funk rootpage-Funk skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Funk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Funk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Funk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Funk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhythm_and_tempo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm_and_tempo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rhythm and tempo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm_and_tempo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Harmony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Improvisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bass_Guitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass_Guitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Bass Guitar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass_Guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Drums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_guitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_guitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Electric guitar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Keyboards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocals_and_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocals_and_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Vocals and lyrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocals_and_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costumes_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Costumes and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costumes_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 New Orleans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-James_Brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 James Brown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament-Funkadelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament-Funkadelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Parliament-Funkadelic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-Funkadelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1960s_–_early_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1960s_–_early_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Late 1960s – early 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1960s_–_early_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Jazz funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_synth-funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_synth-funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 1980s synth-funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_synth-funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1980s_to_2000s_nu-funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1980s_to_2000s_nu-funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Late 1980s to 2000s nu-funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1980s_to_2000s_nu-funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s_funktronica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s_funktronica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2010s funktronica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s_funktronica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Derivatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Derivatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Funk rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avant-funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avant-funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Avant-funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avant-funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Go-go" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Go-go"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Go-go </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Go-go-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boogie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boogie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Boogie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boogie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electro_funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electro_funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Electro funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electro_funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funk_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funk_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Funk metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funk_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G-funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G-funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 G-funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timba_funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timba_funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Timba funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timba_funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Social impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Women and funk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Funk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_(Musik)" title="Funk (Musik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Funk (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="فانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фънк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фънк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_(Musik)" title="Funk (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Funk (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA" title="Φανκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φανκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko" title="Funko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Funko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="فانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Func" title="Func – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Func" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%91%ED%81%AC" title="펑크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펑크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ֆանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6nk" title="Fönk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fönk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7_(Funk)" title="פאנק (Funk) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנק (Funk)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fankm%C5%ABzika" title="Fankmūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fankmūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fankas" title="Fankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="فانك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فانك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ファンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਫ਼ੰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fank" title="Fank – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fank" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_funk" title="Muzică funk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică funk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%86%DA%A9" title="فەنک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەنک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="வன்கு இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வன்கு இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟังก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Фанк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фанк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%AD%D9%83" title="فاڭك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فاڭك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%85%8B" title="放克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="放克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Funk" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%85%8B" title="放克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Funk" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Funk">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Funk">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Funk" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Funk" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&oldid=1256008898" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Funk&id=1256008898&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFunk">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFunk">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Funk&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Funk" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164444" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1960s music genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Funky" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Funk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Funk (disambiguation)">Funk (disambiguation)</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">phonk</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, "Funk #49" redirects here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Funk_49" title="Funk 49">Funk 49</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Funk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James-Brown_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/220px-James-Brown_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/330px-James-Brown_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/James-Brown_1973.jpg/440px-James-Brown_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1368" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, a pioneer of funk, in 1973</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_gospel_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Black gospel music">gospel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-1960s,<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-1">[1]</a> United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">dance-punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie music">boogie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oldschool_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldschool jungle">oldschool jungle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">neurofunk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">liquid funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Funkstep" title="Funkstep">funkstep</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_funk" title="Deep funk">Deep funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">go-go</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">afrobeat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">avant-funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_funk" title="Brit funk">Brit funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">free funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">funk metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">funk rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">funky house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">jazz-funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samba_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba funk">samba funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">psychedelic funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">skweee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">swamp rock</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UK_funky" title="UK funky">UK funky</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_funk_musicians" title="List of funk musicians">Musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Funk is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> communities in the mid-1960s when musicians created a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">danceable</a> new form of music through a mixture of various music genres that were popular among African-Americans in the mid-20th century. It deemphasizes <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_progressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord progressions">chord progressions</a> and focuses on a strong rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> played by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bassist</a> and a drum part played by a <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">percussionist</a>, often at slower tempos than other popular music. Funk typically consists of a complex percussive groove with <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm instruments</a> playing interlocking grooves that create a "hypnotic" and "danceable" feel.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> It uses the same richly colored <a href="/wiki/Extended_chord" title="Extended chord">extended chords</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> jazz, such as <a href="/wiki/Minor_chord" title="Minor chord">minor chords</a> with added sevenths and elevenths, and <a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant seventh">dominant seventh</a> chords with altered ninths and thirteenths. Funk originated in the mid-1960s, with <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>'s development of a signature groove that emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat" title="Beat (music)">downbeat</a>—with a heavy emphasis on the first beat of every <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measure</a> ("The One"), and the application of swung <a href="/wiki/16th_note" class="mw-redirect" title="16th note">16th notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> on all basslines, drum patterns, and guitar riffs.<a href="#cite_note-Slutsky,_Allan_1997-4">[4]</a> Rock- and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a>-influenced musicians <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a> fostered more eclectic examples of the genre beginning in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-RhythmOneFunk-5">[5]</a> Other musical groups developed Brown's innovations during the 1970s and the 1980s, including <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Players" title="Ohio Players">Ohio Players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatback_Band" title="Fatback Band">Fatback Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Castor" title="Jimmy Castor">Jimmy Castor</a> Bunch, <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.T._Express" class="mw-redirect" title="B.T. Express">B.T. Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalamar" title="Shalamar">Shalamar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> One Way, <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_(band)" title="Lakeside (band)">Lakeside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dazz_Band" title="Dazz Band">Dazz Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gap_Band" title="The Gap Band">The Gap Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slave_(band)" title="Slave (band)">Slave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurra" title="Aurra">Aurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Troutman" title="Roger Troutman">Roger Troutman</a> & <a href="/wiki/Zapp_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapp (band)">Zapp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Con_Funk_Shun" title="Con Funk Shun">Con Funk Shun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(band)" title="Cameo (band)">Cameo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar-Kays" title="Bar-Kays">Bar-Kays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>. Funk derivatives include <a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">avant-funk</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> strain of funk; <a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">boogie</a>, a hybrid of electronic music and funk; <a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">funk metal</a>; <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a>, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">psychedelic funk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a>, a form of funky Cuban dance music; and funk jam. It is also the main influence of Washington <a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">go-go</a>, a funk subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Funk <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeats</a> have been used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/funk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:funk">funk</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The word funk initially referred (and still refers) to a strong odor. It is originally derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> fumigare (which means "to smoke") via <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784, funky meaning "musty" was first documented, which, in turn, led to a sense of "earthy" that was taken up around 1900 in early jazz slang for something "deeply or strongly felt".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Even though in white culture, the term funk can have negative connotations of odor or being in a bad mood (in a funk), in African communities, the term funk, while still linked to body odor, had the positive sense that a musician's hard-working, honest effort led to sweat, and from their "physical exertion" came an "exquisite" and "superlative" performance.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated80-11">[11]</a> In early <a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">jam sessions</a>, musicians would encourage one another to "<a href="/wiki/Get_down" title="Get down">get down</a>" by telling one another, "Now, put some stank on it!" At least as early as 1907, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> songs carried titles such as Funky. The first example is an unrecorded number by <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Bolden" title="Buddy Bolden">Buddy Bolden</a>, remembered as either "Funky Butt" or "Buddy Bolden's Blues", with improvised lyrics that were, according to Donald M. Marquis, either "comical and light" or "crude and downright obscene" but, in one way or another, referring to the sweaty atmosphere at dances where Bolden's band played.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-RealMusicForum-13">[13]</a> As late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz music</a>, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>-born drummer <a href="/wiki/Earl_Palmer" title="Earl Palmer">Earl Palmer</a> "was the first to use the word 'funky' to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated and danceable."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-14">[14]</a> The style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the music set the pattern for later musicians.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a>-oriented and danceable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The meaning of funk continues to captivate the genre of black music, feeling, and knowledge. Recent scholarship in black studies has taken the term funk in its many iterations to consider the range of black movement and culture. In particular, L.H. Stallings's Funk the Erotic: Transaesthetics and Black Sexual Cultures explores these multiple meanings of funk as a way to theorize sexuality, culture, and western hegemony within the many locations of funk: "street parties, drama/theater, strippers and strip clubs, pornography, and self-published fiction."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm_and_tempo">Rhythm and tempo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhythm and tempo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meters_Wikepedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meters_Wikepedia.jpg/240px-Meters_Wikepedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meters_Wikepedia.jpg/360px-Meters_Wikepedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meters_Wikepedia.jpg/480px-Meters_Wikepedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> of a funk band—the electric bass, drums, electric guitar and keyboards--is the heartbeat of the funk sound. Pictured here is <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">the Meters</a>.</figcaption></figure> Like soul, funk is based on <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>, so it has a strong "rhythmic role".<a href="#cite_note-Learn254-17">[17]</a> The sound of funk is as much based on the "spaces between the notes" as the notes that are played; as such, rests between notes are important.<a href="#cite_note-Gress-18">[18]</a> While there are rhythmic similarities between funk and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, funk has a "central dance beat that's slower, sexier and more syncopated than disco", and funk rhythm section musicians add more "subtextures", complexity and "personality" onto the main beat than a programmed synth-based disco ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-Himes-19">[19]</a> Before funk, most <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> was based on sequences of eighth notes, because the fast tempos made further subdivisions of the beat infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> The innovation of funk was that by using slower tempos (surely influenced by the revival of blues at early 60s), funk "created space for further rhythmic subdivision, so a bar of 4/4 could now accommodate possible 16 note placements."<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> Specifically, by having the guitar and drums play in "motoring" sixteenth-note rhythms, it created the opportunity for the other instruments to play "more syncopated, broken-up style", which facilitated a move to more "liberated" basslines. Together, these "interlocking parts" created a "hypnotic" and "danceable feel".<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> A great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-<a href="/wiki/Cell_(music)" title="Cell (music)">celled</a> onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">sub-Saharan African music traditions</a>. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, and made it its own.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1979-20">[20]</a> New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Brown's rhythm section used it to great effect.<a href="#cite_note-pp-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funk.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Funk.tiff/lossy-page1-400px-Funk.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Funk.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-Funk.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Funk.tiff/lossy-page1-800px-Funk.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Simple kick and snare funk motif. The kick first sounds two onbeats, which are then answered by two offbeats. The snare sounds the backbeat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmony">Harmony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harmony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png/220px-Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png/330px-Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png/440px-Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth chord">thirteenth chord</a> (E 13, which also contains a flat 7th and a 9th) <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.mid\/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Thirteenth chord collapsed.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.mid/Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="/wiki/File:Thirteenth_chord_collapsed.mid" title="File:Thirteenth chord collapsed.mid">ⓘ</a></figcaption></figure> Funk uses the same richly colored <a href="/wiki/Extended_chord" title="Extended chord">extended chords</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths, or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths. Some examples of chords used in funk are minor eleventh chords (e.g., F minor 11th); dominant seventh with added sharp ninth and a suspended fourth (e.g., C7 (#9) sus 4); dominant ninth chords (e.g., F9); and minor sixth chords (e.g., C minor 6).<a href="#cite_note-Gress-18">[18]</a> The six-ninth chord is used in funk (e.g., F 6/9); it is a major chord with an added sixth and ninth.<a href="#cite_note-Gress-18">[18]</a> In funk, minor seventh chords are more common than minor triads because minor triads were found to be too thin-sounding.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Some of the best known and most skillful soloists in funk have <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> backgrounds. Trombonist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Wesley" title="Fred Wesley">Fred Wesley</a> and saxophonists <a href="/wiki/Pee_Wee_Ellis" title="Pee Wee Ellis">Pee Wee Ellis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maceo_Parker" title="Maceo Parker">Maceo Parker</a> are among the most notable musicians in the funk music genre, having worked with <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (musician)">James Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>. Unlike bebop jazz, with its complex, rapid-fire chord changes, funk often uses a static single-chord or two-chord <a href="/wiki/Vamp_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vamp (music)">vamp</a> (often alternating a minor seventh chord and a related dominant seventh chord, such as A minor to D7) during all or part of a song, with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">melodo-harmonic movement</a> and a complex, driving rhythmic feel. Even though some funk songs are mainly one-chord vamps, the rhythm section musicians may embellish this chord by moving it up or down a semitone or a tone to create chromatic passing chords. For example, the verse section of "<a href="/wiki/Play_That_Funky_Music" title="Play That Funky Music">Play That Funky Music</a>" (by <a href="/wiki/Wild_Cherry_(band)" title="Wild Cherry (band)">Wild Cherry</a>) mainly uses an E ninth chord, but it also uses F#9 and F9.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The chords used in funk songs typically imply a <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a>, as opposed to the major or natural minor tonalities of most popular music. Melodic content was derived by mixing these modes with the <a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">blues scale</a>. In the 1970s, jazz music drew upon funk to create a new subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">jazz-funk</a>, which can be heard in recordings by <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Live-Evil_(Miles_Davis_album)" title="Live-Evil (Miles Davis album)">Live-Evil</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Corner" title="On the Corner">On the Corner</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Head_Hunters" title="Head Hunters">Head Hunters</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvisation">Improvisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Improvisation">edit</a>]</div> Funk continues the African musical tradition of <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>, in that in a funk band, the group would typically "feel" when to change, by "jamming" and "grooving", even in the studio recording stage, which might only be based on the skeleton framework for each song.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Funk uses "collective improvisation", in which musicians at rehearsals would have what was metaphorically a musical "conversation", an approach which extended to the onstage performances.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instruments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bass_Guitar">Bass Guitar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bass Guitar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg/200px-Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg/300px-Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg/400px-Bootsy_Collins-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Bootsy Collins performing in 1996 with a star-shaped bass</figcaption></figure> Funk creates an intense <a href="/wiki/Groove_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groove (popular music)">groove</a> by using strong guitar riffs and <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> played on <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> recordings, funk songs use basslines as the centerpiece of songs. Indeed, funk has been called the style in which the bassline is most prominent in the songs,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> with the bass playing the "hook" of the song.<a href="#cite_note-Boomer25-27">[27]</a> Early funk basslines used syncopation (typically syncopated eighth notes), but with the addition of more of a "driving feel" than in New Orleans funk, and they used <a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">blues scale</a> notes along with the major third above the root.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Later funk basslines use sixteenth note syncopation, blues scales, and repetitive patterns, often with leaps of an octave or a larger interval.<a href="#cite_note-Boomer25-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Funky_Slap_Bass_line.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Funky_Slap_Bass_line.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Funky_Slap_Bass_line.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Funky_Slap_Bass_line.ogg/Funky_Slap_Bass_line.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>This funky bassline includes percussive slapping, rhythmic ghost notes, and glissando effects.</figcaption></figure> Funk basslines emphasize repetitive patterns, locked-in grooves, continuous playing, and <a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">slap and popping</a> bass. Slapping and popping uses a mixture of thumb-slapped low notes (also called "thumped") and finger "popped" (or plucked) high notes, allowing the bass to have a drum-like rhythmic role, which became a distinctive element of funk. Notable slap and funky players include <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Edwards" title="Bernard Edwards">Bernard Edwards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Robert_%22Kool%22_Bell" title="Robert "Kool" Bell">Robert "Kool" Bell</a>, Mark Adams (<a href="/wiki/Slave_(band)" title="Slave (band)">Slave</a>), Johnny Flippin (<a href="/wiki/Fatback_Band" title="Fatback Band">Fatback</a>)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bootsy_Collins" title="Bootsy Collins">Bootsy Collins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Overthrow-30">[30]</a> While slap and funky is important, some influential bassists who play funk, such as <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Prestia" title="Rocco Prestia">Rocco Prestia</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Power" title="Tower of Power">Tower of Power</a>), did not use the approach, and instead used a typical fingerstyle method based on <a href="/wiki/James_Jamerson" title="James Jamerson">James Jamerson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> playing style.<a href="#cite_note-Overthrow-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Graham" title="Larry Graham">Larry Graham</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a> is an influential bassist.<a href="#cite_note-Dickens-31">[31]</a> Funk bass has an "earthy, percussive kind of feel", in part due to the use of muted, rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Ghost_note" title="Ghost note">ghost notes</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-31">[31]</a> (also called "dead notes").<a href="#cite_note-Overthrow-30">[30]</a> Some funk bass players use electronic <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> to alter the tone of their instrument, such as "envelope filters" (an <a href="/wiki/Auto-wah" title="Auto-wah">auto-wah</a> effect that creates a "gooey, slurpy, quacky, and syrupy" sound)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and imitate keyboard synthesizer bass tones<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Mutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutron">Mutron</a> envelope filter)<a href="#cite_note-Boomer25-27">[27]</a> and overdriven <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">fuzz bass</a> effects, which are used to create the "classic fuzz tone that sounds like old school Funk records".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Other effects that are used include the <a href="/wiki/Flanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanger">flanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_chorus" title="Bass chorus">bass chorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boomer25-27">[27]</a> Collins also used a <a href="/wiki/Mu-Tron#Mu-tron_Octave_Divider" title="Mu-Tron">Mu-Tron Octave Divider</a>, an octave pedal that, like the Octavia pedal popularized by <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Hendrix</a>, can double a note an octave above and below to create a "futuristic and fat low-end sound".<a href="#cite_note-dearcangelis1-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drums">Drums</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drums">edit</a>]</div> Funk drumming creates a groove by emphasizing the drummer's "feel and emotion", which including "occasional tempo fluctuations", the use of <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a> feel in some songs (e.g., "Cissy Strut" by <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a> and "I'll Take You There" by <a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">The Staple Singers</a>, which have a half-swung feel), and less use of <a href="/wiki/Fill_(music)" title="Fill (music)">fills</a> (as they can lessen the groove).<a href="#cite_note-Schlueter-36">[36]</a> Drum fills are "few and economical", to ensure that the drumming stays "in the pocket", with a steady tempo and groove.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> These playing techniques are supplemented by a set-up for the drum kit that often includes muffled <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drums</a> and toms and tightly tuned snare drums.<a href="#cite_note-Schlueter-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_bass_drumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Double bass drumming">Double bass drumming</a> sounds are often done by funk drummers with a single pedal, an approach which "accents the second note... [and] deadens the drumhead's resonance", which gives a short, muffled bass drum sound.<a href="#cite_note-Schlueter-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg/300px-Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg/450px-Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg/600px-Cissy_Strut_drum_groove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The drum groove from "<a href="/wiki/Cissy_Strut" title="Cissy Strut">Cissy Strut</a>"</figcaption></figure> James Brown used two drummers such as Clyde Stubblefield and John 'Jabo' Starks in recording and soul shows.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated53-38">[38]</a> By using two drummers, the JB band was able to maintain a "solid syncopated" rhythmic sound, which contributed to the band's distinctive "Funky Drummer" rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated53-38">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Power" title="Tower of Power">Tower of Power</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/David_Garibaldi_(musician)" title="David Garibaldi (musician)">David Garibaldi</a>'s playing, there are many <a href="/wiki/Ghost_note" title="Ghost note">ghost notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rim_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim shot">rim shots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schlueter-36">[36]</a> A key part of the funk drumming style is using the hi-hat, with opening and closing the hi-hats during playing (to create "splash" accent effects) being an important approach.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Two-handed sixteenth notes on the hi-hats, sometimes with a degree of swing feel, is used in funk.<a href="#cite_note-Schlueter-36">[36]</a> Jim Payne states that funk drumming uses a "wide-open" approach to improvisation around rhythmic ideas from Latin music, <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinatos</a>, that are repeated "with only slight variations", an approach which he says causes the "mesmerizing" nature of funk.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-40">[40]</a> Payne states that funk can be thought of as "rock played in a more syncopated manner", particularly with the bass drum, which plays syncopated eighth-note and sixteenth-note patterns that were innovated by drummer Clive Williams (with <a href="/wiki/Joe_Tex" title="Joe Tex">Joe Tex</a>); <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brown (musician)">George Brown</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a>) and James "Diamond" Williams (with <a href="/wiki/The_Ohio_Players" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ohio Players">The Ohio Players</a>).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As with rock, the snare provides <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeats</a> in most funk (albeit with additional soft ghost notes).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_guitar">Electric guitar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electric guitar">edit</a>]</div> In funk, guitarists often mix playing chords of a short duration (nicknamed "stabs") with faster rhythms and riffs.<a href="#cite_note-Learn254-17">[17]</a> Guitarists playing rhythmic parts often play sixteenth notes, including with percussive ghost notes.<a href="#cite_note-Learn254-17">[17]</a> Chord extensions are favored, such as ninth chords.<a href="#cite_note-Learn254-17">[17]</a> Typically, funk uses "two interlocking [electric] guitar parts", with a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitarist</a> and a "tenor guitarist" who plays single notes. The two guitarists trade off their lines to create a "<a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response</a>, intertwined pocket."<a href="#cite_note-Bortnick-42">[42]</a> If a band only has one guitarist, this effect may be recreated by <a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">overdubbing</a> in the studio, or, in a live show, by having a single guitarist play both parts, to the degree that this is possible.<a href="#cite_note-Bortnick-42">[42]</a> In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a percussive style, using a style of picking called the "chank" or "chicken scratch", in which the guitar strings are pressed lightly against the <a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">fingerboard</a> and then quickly released just enough to get a muted "scratching" sound that is produced by rapid rhythmic strumming of the opposite hand near the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Earliest examples of that technic used on rhythm and blues is listened on <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Willie_and_the_Hand_Jive" title="Willie and the Hand Jive">Willie and the Hand Jive</a>" in 1957, with the future James Brown band guitar player <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Nolen" title="Jimmy Nolen">Jimmy Nolen</a>. The technique can be broken down into three approaches: the "chika", the "chank" and the "choke". With the "chika" comes a muted sound of strings being hit against the fingerboard; "chank" is a staccato attack done by releasing the chord with the fretting hand after strumming it; and "choking" generally uses all the strings being strummed and heavily muted.<a href="#cite_note-Gress-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NileRodgers2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NileRodgers2012.png/200px-NileRodgers2012.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NileRodgers2012.png/300px-NileRodgers2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NileRodgers2012.png/400px-NileRodgers2012.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Guitarist <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> is best known for his performances with <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>.</figcaption></figure> The result of these factors was a rhythm guitar sound that seemed to float somewhere between the low-end thump of the <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">electric bass</a> and the cutting tone of the <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hi-hats</a>, with a rhythmically melodic feel that fell deep in the pocket. Guitarist <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Nolen" title="Jimmy Nolen">Jimmy Nolen</a>, longtime guitarist for James Brown, developed this technique. On Brown's "<a href="/wiki/Give_It_Up_or_Turnit_a_Loose" title="Give It Up or Turnit a Loose">Give It Up or Turnit a Loose</a>" (1969), however, Jimmy Nolen's guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure. The pattern of attack-points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches. The guitar is used the way that an African drum, or idiophone would be used. Nolen created a "clean, trebly tone" by using "hollow-body <a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">jazz guitars</a> with single-coil P-90 pickups" plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Twin" title="Fender Twin">Fender Twin</a> Reverb amp with the mid turned down low and the treble turned up high.<a href="#cite_note-bogdal1-44">[44]</a> Funk guitarists playing rhythm guitar generally avoid <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> effects and amp overdrive to get a clean sound, and given the importance of a crisp, high sound, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fender_Telecaster" title="Fender Telecaster">Telecasters</a> were widely used for their cutting treble tone.<a href="#cite_note-bogdal1-44">[44]</a> The mids are often cut by guitarists to help the guitar sound different from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a>, keyboards and other instruments.<a href="#cite_note-bogdal1-44">[44]</a> Given the focus on providing a rhythmic groove, and the lack of emphasis on instrumental guitar melodies and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a>, sustain is not sought out by funk rhythm guitarists.<a href="#cite_note-bogdal1-44">[44]</a> Funk rhythm guitarists use <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressor</a> volume-control effects to enhance the sound of muted notes, which boosts the "clucking" sound and adds "percussive excitement to funk rhythms" (an approach used by <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Guitarist <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Hazel" title="Eddie Hazel">Eddie Hazel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Funkadelic" title="Funkadelic">Funkadelic</a> is notable for his solo improvisation (particularly for the solo on "<a href="/wiki/Maggot_Brain" title="Maggot Brain">Maggot Brain</a>") and guitar riffs, the tone of which was shaped by a <a href="/wiki/Maestro_FZ-1_Fuzz-Tone" title="Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone">Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone</a> pedal.<a href="#cite_note-dearcangelis1-35">[35]</a> Hazel, along with guitarist <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Isley" title="Ernie Isley">Ernie Isley</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">the Isley Brothers</a>, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>'s improvised, wah-wah infused solos. Ernie Isley was tutored at an early age by Hendrix, when Hendrix was a part of the Isley Brothers backing band and temporarily lived in the Isleys' household. Funk guitarists use the <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah</a> sound effect along with muting the notes to create a percussive sound for their guitar riffs. The <a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">phaser</a> effect is often used in funk and R&B guitar playing for its filter sweeping sound effect, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_That_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Who's That Lady">Who's That Lady</a>".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hampton" title="Michael Hampton">Michael Hampton</a>, another P-Funk guitarist, was able to play Hazel's virtuosic solo on "Maggot Brain", using a solo approach that added in string bends and Hendrix-style <a href="/wiki/Feedback_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback (music)">feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dearcangelis1-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Keyboards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg/170px-Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg/255px-Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg/340px-Isaac_hayes_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a> playing keyboards in 1973</figcaption></figure> A range of keyboard instruments are used in funk. Acoustic piano is used in funk, including in "September" by <a href="/wiki/Earth_Wind_%26_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Wind & Fire">Earth Wind & Fire</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Will_It_Go_Round_in_Circles" title="Will It Go Round in Circles">Will It Go Round in Circles</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Preston" title="Billy Preston">Billy Preston</a>. The electric piano is used on songs such as <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>'s "Chameleon" (a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Rhodes">Fender Rhodes</a>) and "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy" by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Zawinul" title="Joe Zawinul">Joe Zawinul</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Clavinet" title="Clavinet">clavinet</a> is used for its percussive tone, and it can be heard in songs such as <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Superstition_(song)" title="Superstition (song)">Superstition</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Higher Ground (Stevie Wonder song)">Higher Ground</a>" and Bill Withers' "<a href="/wiki/Use_Me_(Bill_Withers_song)" title="Use Me (Bill Withers song)">Use Me</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Hammond_B-3_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond B-3 organ">Hammond B-3 organ</a> is used in funk, in songs such as "Cissy Strut" by <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a> and "Love the One You're With" (with Aretha Franklin singing and Billy Preston on keyboards). <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Worrell" title="Bernie Worrell">Bernie Worrell</a>'s range of keyboards from his recordings with <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Funkadelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Funkadelic">Parliament Funkadelic</a> demonstrate the wide range of keyboards used in funk, as they include the Hammond organ ("Funky Woman", "Hit It and Quit It", "Wars of Armageddon"); <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount_Instruments" title="Rocky Mount Instruments">RMI electric piano</a> ("I Wanna Know If It's Good to You?", "<a href="/wiki/Free_Your_Mind..._and_Your_Ass_Will_Follow" title="Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow">Free Your Mind</a>", "Loose Booty"); acoustic piano ("Funky Dollar Bill", "Jimmy's Got a Little Bit of Bitch in Him"); clavinet ("Joyful Process", "Up for the Down Stroke", "Red Hot Mama"); <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a> synthesizer ("Atmosphere", "<a href="/wiki/Flash_Light_(song)" title="Flash Light (song)">Flash Light</a>", "Aqua Boogie", "Knee Deep", "Let's Take It to the Stage"); and ARP string ensemble synth ("<a href="/wiki/Chocolate_City_(album)" title="Chocolate City (album)">Chocolate City</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Give_Up_the_Funk_(Tear_the_Roof_off_the_Sucker)" title="Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)">Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)</a>", "Undisco Kidd"). Synthesizers were used in funk both to add to the deep sound of the electric bass, or even to replace the electric bass altogether in some songs.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated51-47">[47]</a> Funk synthesizer bass, most often a <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>, was used because it could create layered sounds and new electronic tones that were not feasible on electric bass.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated51-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocals_and_lyrics">Vocals and lyrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocals and lyrics">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, funk used many of the same vocal styles that were used in African-American music in the 1960s, including singing influences from blues, gospel, jazz and doo-wop.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated53-38">[38]</a> Like these other African-American styles, funk used "[y]ells, shouts, hollers, moans, humming, and melodic riffs", along with styles such as <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> and narration of stories (like the African oral tradition approach).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The call and response in funk can be between the lead singer and the band members who act as <a href="/wiki/Backup_vocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup vocal">backup vocalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated75-49">[49]</a> As funk emerged from soul, the vocals in funk share soul's approach; however, funk vocals tend to be "more punctuated, energetic, rhythmically percussive[,] and less embellished" with ornaments, and the vocal lines tend to resemble horn parts and have "pushed" rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Funk bands such as <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> have <a href="/wiki/Harmony_vocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony vocal">harmony vocal</a> parts.<a href="#cite_note-Himes-19">[19]</a> Songs like "<a href="/wiki/Super_Bad_(song)" title="Super Bad (song)">Super Bad</a>" by James Brown included "double-voice" along with "yells, shouts and screams".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Funk singers used a "black aesthetic" to perform that made use of "colorful and lively exchange of gestures, facial expressions, body posture, and vocal phrases" to create an engaging performance.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg/200px-Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg/300px-Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg/400px-Charlie_Wilson-photo-by-raymond-boyd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Singer <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(singer)" title="Charlie Wilson (singer)">Charlie Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> The lyrics in funk music addressed issues faced by the African American community in the United States during the 1970s, which arose due to the move away from an industrial, working-class economy to an information economy, which harmed the Black working class.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Funk songs by The Ohio Players, Earth, Wind & Fire, and James Brown raised issues faced by lower-income Blacks in their song lyrics, such as poor "economic conditions and themes of poor inner-city life in the black communities".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Funkadelic song "<a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Under_A_Groove" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation Under A Groove">One Nation Under A Groove</a>" (1978) is about the challenges that Blacks overcame during the 1960s civil rights movement, and it includes an exhortation for Blacks in the 1970s to capitalize on the new "social and political opportunities" that had become available in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a> song "Fight the Power" (1975) has a political message.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Parliament's song "Chocolate City" (1975) metaphorically refers to Washington, D.C., and other US cities that have a mainly Black population, and it draws attention to the potential power that Black voters wield and suggests that a Black President be considered in the future.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The political themes of funk songs and the aiming of the messages to a Black audience echoed the new image of Blacks that was created in <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a> films, which depicted "African-American men and women standing their ground and fighting for what was right".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated36-58">[58]</a> Both funk and Blaxploitation films addressed issues faced by Blacks and told stories from a Black perspective.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated36-58">[58]</a> Another link between 1970s funk and Blaxploitation films is that many of these films used funk soundtracks (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> for <a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Superfly</a>; James Brown and Fred Wesley for <a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(film)" title="Black Caesar (film)">Black Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="War (American band)">War</a> for <a href="/wiki/Youngblood_(1978_film)" title="Youngblood (1978 film)">Youngblood</a>).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Funk songs included metaphorical language that was understood best by listeners who were "familiar with the black aesthetic and [black] vernacular".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated66-60">[60]</a> For example, funk songs included expressions such as "shake your money maker", "funk yourself right out" and "move your boogie body".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Another example is the use of "bad" in the song "Super Bad" (1970), which black listeners knew meant "good" or "great".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated75-49">[49]</a> In the 1970s, to get around radio obscenity restrictions, funk artists would use words that sounded like non-allowed words and <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendres</a> to get around these restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-citypages1-62">[62]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Ohio_Players" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ohio Players">The Ohio Players</a> had a song entitled "Fopp" which referred to "Fopp me right, don't you fopp me wrong/We'll be foppin' all night long...".<a href="#cite_note-citypages1-62">[62]</a> Some funk songs used made-up words which suggested that they were "writing lyrics in a constant haze of marijuana smoke", such as Parliament's "<a href="/wiki/Aqua_Boogie_(A_Psychoalphadiscobetabioaquadoloop)" title="Aqua Boogie (A Psychoalphadiscobetabioaquadoloop)">Aqua Boogie (A Psychoalphadiscobetabioaquadoloop)</a>", which includes words such as "bioaquadooloop".<a href="#cite_note-citypages1-62">[62]</a> The mainstream white listener base was often not able to understand funk's lyrical messages, which contributed to funk's lack of popular music chart success with white audiences during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_instruments">Other instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other instruments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a> arrangements with groups of brass instruments are often used in funk songs.<a href="#cite_note-Himes-19">[19]</a> Funk horn sections could include saxophone (often tenor sax), trumpet, trombone, and for larger horn sections, such as quintets and sextets, a baritone sax.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> Horn sections played "rhythmic and syncopated" parts, often with "offbeat phrases" that emphasize "rhythmic displacement".<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> Funk song introductions are an important place for horn arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg/270px-Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg/405px-Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg/540px-Earth_Wind_and_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Funk <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn sections</a> typically include saxophones and trumpets. Larger horn sections often add a second instrument for one of the saxes or trumpets, and a trombone or bari sax may also be used. Pictured is the Earth, Wind and Fire horn section.</figcaption></figure> Funk horn sections performed in a "rhythmic percussive style" that mimicked the approach used by funk rhythm guitarists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated48-64">[64]</a> Horn sections would "punctuate" the lyrics by playing in the spaces between vocals, using "short staccato rhythmic blast[s]".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated48-64">[64]</a> Notable funk horn players included <a href="/wiki/Alfred_%22Pee_Wee%22_Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis">Alfred "PeeWee" Ellis</a>, trombonist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Wesley" title="Fred Wesley">Fred Wesley</a>, and alto sax player <a href="/wiki/Maceo_Parker" title="Maceo Parker">Maceo Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated48-64">[64]</a> Notable funk horn sections including the Phoenix Horns (with Earth, Wind & Fire), the Horny Horns (with Parliament), the Memphis Horns (with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>), and MFSB (with <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated48-64">[64]</a> The instruments in funk horn sections varied. If there were two horn players, it could be trumpet and sax, trumpet and trombone, or two saxes.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> A standard horn trio would consist of trumpet, sax, and trombone, but trios of one trumpet with two saxes, or two trumpets with one sax, were also fairly common.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> A quartet would be set up the same as a standard horn trio, but with an extra trumpet, sax, or (less frequently) trombone player. Quintets would either be a trio of saxes (typically alto/tenor/baritone, or tenor/tenor/baritone) with a trumpet and a trombone, or a pair each of trumpets and saxes with one trombone. With six instruments, the horn section would usually be two trumpets, three saxes, and a trombone.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> Notable songs with funk horn sections include: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cold_Sweat" title="Cold Sweat">Cold Sweat</a>" (James Brown & the Famous Flames), 1967</li> <li>"Superstition" (Stevie Wonder), 1972</li> <li>"Funky Stuff" (Kool & The Gang), 1973</li> <li>"What Is Hip?" (Tower of Power), 1973</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pick_Up_the_Pieces_(Average_White_Band_song)" title="Pick Up the Pieces (Average White Band song)">Pick Up the Pieces</a>" (Average White Band)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Up_For_The_Down_Stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Up For The Down Stroke">Up For The Down Stroke</a>" (Parliament), 1974</li> <li>"Hair" (Graham Central Station), 1974</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Hot_to_Stop" title="Too Hot to Stop">Too Hot to Stop</a>" (The Bar-Kays), 1976</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Getaway_(Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire_song)" title="Getaway (Earth, Wind & Fire song)">Getaway</a>" (Earth, Wind & Fire), 1976</li></ul> In bands or shows where hiring a horn section is not feasible, a keyboardist can play the horn parts on a synthesizer with brass patches; however, choosing an authentic-sounding synthesizer and brass patch is important.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> In the 2010s, with micro-MIDI synths, it may even have been possible to have another instrumentalist play the keyboard brass parts, thus enabling the keyboardist to continue to comp throughout the song.<a href="#cite_note-stewart1-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes_and_style">Costumes and style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Costumes and style">edit</a>]</div> Funk bands in the 1970s adopted Afro-American fashion and style, including "<a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottom pants</a>, platform shoes, hoop earring[s], Afros [hairstyles], leather vests,... beaded necklaces",<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">dashiki</a> shirts, jumpsuits and boots.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In contrast to earlier bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, which wore "matching suits" and "neat haircuts" to appeal to white mainstream audiences, funk bands adopted an "African spirit" in their outfits and style.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated66-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and Parliament are known for their imaginative costumes and "freedom of dress", which included bedsheets acting as robes and capes.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Funk was formed through a mixture of various music genres that were popular among African Americans in the mid-20th century. Musicologist Anne Danielsen wrote that funk might be placed in the lineage of rhythm and blues, jazz, and soul.<a href="#cite_note-anne1-68">[68]</a> Sociologist Darby E. Southgate wrote that funk is "an amalgam of gospel, soul, jazz fusion, rhythm and blues, and black rock."<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-1">[1]</a> The distinctive characteristics of <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American musical</a> expression are rooted in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">sub-Saharan African music traditions</a>, and find their earliest expression in spirituals, work chants/songs, praise shouts, gospel, blues, and "body rhythms" (<a href="/wiki/Juba_dance" title="Juba dance">hambone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patting_juba" class="mw-redirect" title="Patting juba">patting juba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shout</a> clapping and stomping patterns). Like other styles of African-American musical expression including jazz, soul music and R&B, funk music accompanied many protest movements during and after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Orleans">New Orleans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Orleans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a> notes that with the exception of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, early blues lacked complex <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a>, and there was a "very specific absence of asymmetric time-line patterns (<a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">key patterns</a>) in virtually all early twentieth century African-American music ... only in some New Orleans genres does a hint of simple time line patterns occasionally appear in the form of transient so-called 'stomp' patterns or stop-time chorus. These do not function in the same way as African time lines."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In the late 1940s this changed somewhat when the two-celled time line structure was brought into <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a>. New Orleans musicians were especially receptive to <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> influences precisely at the time when R&B was first forming.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Bartholomew" title="Dave Bartholomew">Dave Bartholomew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professor_Longhair" title="Professor Longhair">Professor Longhair</a> (Henry Roeland Byrd) incorporated Afro-Cuban instruments, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave</a> pattern and related two-celled figures in songs such as "Carnival Day" (Bartholomew 1949) and "Mardi Gras In New Orleans" (Longhair 1949). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a> reports that, in the 1940s, Professor Longhair listened to and played with musicians from the islands and "fell under the spell of <a href="/wiki/Perez_Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Perez Prado">Perez Prado</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> records."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1979-20">[20]</a> Professor Longhair's particular style was known locally as rumba-boogie.<a href="#cite_note-pp-21">[21]</a> One of Longhair's great contributions was his particular approach of adopting two-celled, clave-based patterns into <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans rhythm and blues</a> (R&B). Longhair's rhythmic approach became a basic template of funk. According to <a href="/wiki/Dr._John" title="Dr. John">Dr. John</a> (Malcolm John "Mac" Rebennack Jr.), the Professor "put funk into music ... Longhair's thing had a direct bearing I'd say on a large portion of the funk music that evolved in New Orleans."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In his "Mardi Gras in New Orleans", the pianist employs the <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">2-3 clave</a> onbeat/offbeat motif in a rumba-boogie "<a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeo</a>".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">swung</a> subdivisions) took root in New Orleans R&B during this time. Alexander Stewart states: "Eventually, musicians from outside of New Orleans began to learn some of the rhythmic practices [of the Crescent City]. Most important of these were James Brown and the drummers and arrangers he employed. Brown's early repertoire had used mostly shuffle rhythms, and some of his most successful songs were 12/8 ballads (e.g. "Please, Please, Please" (1956), "Bewildered" (1961), "I Don't Mind" (1961)). Brown's change to a funkier brand of soul required 4/4 metre and a different style of drumming."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Stewart makes the point: "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes."<a href="#cite_note-Stewart2000-293-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_Brown">James Brown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: James Brown">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesBrown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/220px-JamesBrown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/330px-JamesBrown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/440px-JamesBrown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>James Brown, a progenitor of funk music</figcaption></figure> James Brown credited <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>'s 1950s R&B road band, <a href="/wiki/The_Upsetters_(American_band)" title="The Upsetters (American band)">The Upsetters</a> from New Orleans, as "the first to put the funk into the rhythm" of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Following his temporary exit from secular music to become an evangelist in 1957, some of Little Richard's band members joined Brown and <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Flames" title="The Famous Flames">the Famous Flames</a>, beginning a long string of hits for them in 1958. By the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> had developed his signature groove that emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat" title="Beat (music)">downbeat</a>—with heavy emphasis on the first beat of every measure to etch his distinctive sound, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a> that typified African-American music.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Brown often cued his band with the command "On the one!," changing the percussion emphasis/accent from the one-two-three-four backbeat of traditional soul music to the one-two-three-four downbeat – but with an even-note <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a> guitar rhythm (on quarter notes two and four) featuring a hard-driving, repetitive brassy <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">swing</a>. This one-three beat launched the shift in Brown's signature music style, starting with his 1964 hit single, "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Sight_(song)" title="Out of Sight (song)">Out of Sight</a>" and his 1965 hits, "<a href="/wiki/Papa%27s_Got_a_Brand_New_Bag" title="Papa's Got a Brand New Bag">Papa's Got a Brand New Bag</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/I_Got_You_(I_Feel_Good)" title="I Got You (I Feel Good)">I Got You (I Feel Good)</a>". Brown's style of funk was based on interlocking, contrapuntal parts: syncopated <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a>, 16th beat drum patterns, and syncopated guitar riffs.<a href="#cite_note-Slutsky,_Allan_1997-4">[4]</a> The main guitar ostinatos for "Ain't it Funky" (c. late 1960s) are an example of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk— an irresistibly danceable riff, stripped down to its rhythmic essence. On "Ain't it Funky" the tonal structure is barebones. Brown's innovations led to him and his band becoming the seminal funk act; they also pushed the funk music style further to the forefront with releases such as "<a href="/wiki/Cold_Sweat" title="Cold Sweat">Cold Sweat</a>" (1967), "<a href="/wiki/Mother_Popcorn" title="Mother Popcorn">Mother Popcorn</a>" (1969) and "<a href="/wiki/Get_Up_(I_Feel_Like_Being_A)_Sex_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine">Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine</a>" (1970), discarding even the twelve-bar blues featured in his earlier music. Instead, Brown's music was overlaid with "catchy, anthemic vocals" based on "extensive vamps" in which he also used his voice as "a percussive instrument with frequent rhythmic grunts and with rhythm-section patterns ... [resembling] <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> polyrhythms" – a tradition evident in African-American work songs and chants.<a href="#cite_note-jbmusicstyle-77">[77]</a> Throughout his career, Brown's frenzied vocals, frequently punctuated with screams and grunts, channeled the "ecstatic ambiance of the black church" in a secular context.<a href="#cite_note-jbmusicstyle-77">[77]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 200px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3xSXc1vy5I">Watch: "Clyde Stubblefield/ Funky Drummer"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> After 1965, Brown's bandleader and arranger was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_%22Pee_Wee%22_Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis">Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis</a>. Ellis credits <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Stubblefield" title="Clyde Stubblefield">Clyde Stubblefield</a>'s adoption of New Orleans drumming techniques, as the basis of modern funk: "If, in a studio, you said 'play it funky' that could imply almost anything. But 'give me a New Orleans beat' – you got exactly what you wanted. And Clyde Stubblefield was just the epitome of this funky drumming."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Stewart states that the popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s."<a href="#cite_note-Stewart2000-293-74">[74]</a> Concerning the various funk motifs, Stewart states that this model "...is different from a <a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">time line</a> (such as clave and <a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(rhythm)" title="Tresillo (rhythm)">tresillo</a>) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In a 1990 interview, Brown offered his reason for switching the rhythm of his music: "I changed from the upbeat to the downbeat ... Simple as that, really."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-80">[80]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Maceo_Parker" title="Maceo Parker">Maceo Parker</a>, Brown's former saxophonist, playing on the downbeat was at first hard for him and took some getting used to. Reflecting back to his early days with Brown's band, Parker reported that he had difficulty playing "on the one" during solo performances, since he was used to hearing and playing with the accent on the second beat.<a href="#cite_note-fa_maceo-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parliament-Funkadelic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Clinton_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/George_Clinton_2006.jpg/250px-George_Clinton_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/George_Clinton_2006.jpg/375px-George_Clinton_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/George_Clinton_2006.jpg/500px-George_Clinton_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Funkadelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Funkadelic">Parliament Funkadelic</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> A new group of musicians began to further develop the "funk rock" approach. Innovations were prominently made by <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a>, with his bands <a href="/wiki/Parliament_(band)" title="Parliament (band)">Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funkadelic" title="Funkadelic">Funkadelic</a>. Together, they produced a new kind of funk sound heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>. The two groups shared members and are often referred to collectively as "Parliament-Funkadelic". The breakout popularity of Parliament-Funkadelic gave rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a>", which referred to the music by George Clinton's bands, and defined a new subgenre. Clinton played a principal role in several other bands, including <a href="/wiki/Parlet" title="Parlet">Parlet</a>, the Horny Horns, and the Brides of Funkenstein, all part of the P-Funk conglomerate. "P-funk" also came to mean something in its quintessence, of superior quality, or <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a>. Following the work of Jimi Hendrix in the late 1960s, artists such as Sly and the Family Stone combined the psychedelic rock of Hendrix with funk, borrowing <a href="/wiki/Wah_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wah pedal">wah pedals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz box">fuzz boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a>, and vocal distorters from the former, as well as <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-82">[82]</a> In the following years, groups such as Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic continued this sensibility, employing synthesizers and rock-oriented guitar work.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1960s_–_early_1970s">Late 1960s – early 1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Late 1960s – early 1970s">edit</a>]</div> Other musical groups picked up on the rhythms and vocal style developed by <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> and his band, and the funk style began to grow. <a href="/wiki/Dyke_and_the_Blazers" title="Dyke and the Blazers">Dyke and the Blazers</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, released "<a href="/wiki/Funky_Broadway" title="Funky Broadway">Funky Broadway</a>" in 1967, perhaps the first record of the <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> era to have the word "funky" in the title. In 1969 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McGriff" title="Jimmy McGriff">Jimmy McGriff</a> released <a href="/wiki/Electric_Funk" title="Electric Funk">Electric Funk</a>, featuring his distinctive organ over a blazing horn section. Meanwhile, on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wright_%26_the_Watts_103rd_Street_Rhythm_Band" title="Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band">Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band</a> was releasing funk tracks beginning with its first album in 1967, culminating in the classic single "Express Yourself" in 1971. Also from the West Coast area, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, came the band <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Power" title="Tower of Power">Tower of Power</a> (TOP), which formed in 1968. Their debut album, <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_Grease" title="East Bay Grease">East Bay Grease</a>, released 1970, is considered a milestone in funk. Throughout the 1970s, TOP had many hits, and the band helped to make funk music a successful genre, with a broader audience. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sly & the Family Stone">Sly & the Family Stone</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Thank_You_(Falettinme_Be_Mice_Elf_Agin)" title="Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)">Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)</a>" reached #1 on the charts, as did "<a href="/wiki/Family_Affair_(Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Affair (Sly & the Family Stone song)">Family Affair</a>" in 1971. Notably, these afforded the group and the genre crossover success and greater recognition, yet such success escaped comparatively talented and moderately popular funk band peers. <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a> defined funk in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>, starting with their top ten R&B hits "Sophisticated Cissy" and "<a href="/wiki/Cissy_Strut" title="Cissy Strut">Cissy Strut</a>" in 1969. Another group who defined funk around this time were <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">the Isley Brothers</a>, whose funky 1969 #1 R&B hit, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Your_Thing" title="It's Your Thing">It's Your Thing</a>", signaled a breakthrough in African-American music, bridging the gaps of the jazzy sounds of Brown, the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, and the upbeat soul of Sly & the Family Stone and <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Finest" title="Mother's Finest">Mother's Finest</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, who had previously helped to define the "<a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> Sound" – a distinct blend of pop-soul – adopted this new <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic</a> sound towards the end of the 1960s as well. Their producer, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a>, became an innovator in the field of psychedelic soul, creating hits with a newer, funkier sound for many <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> acts, including "<a href="/wiki/War_(Edwin_Star_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="War (Edwin Star song)">War</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Smiling_Faces_Sometimes" title="Smiling Faces Sometimes">Smiling Faces Sometimes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Undisputed_Truth" title="The Undisputed Truth">the Undisputed Truth</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Papa_Was_A_Rollin%27_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Was A Rollin' Stone">Papa Was A Rollin' Stone</a>" by the Temptations. Motown producers <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilson_(musician)" title="Frank Wilson (musician)">Frank Wilson</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Keep_on_Truckin%27_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep on Truckin' (song)">Keep On Truckin'</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Hal_Davis" title="Hal Davis">Hal Davis</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>") followed suit. <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> also adopted funk beats for some of their biggest hits in the 1970s, such as "<a href="/wiki/Superstition_(song)" title="Superstition (song)">Superstition</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/You_Haven%27t_Done_Nothin%27" title="You Haven't Done Nothin'">You Haven't Done Nothin'</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_(Marvin_Gaye_song)" title="I Want You (Marvin Gaye song)">I Want You</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Got_To_Give_It_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Got To Give It Up">Got To Give It Up</a>", respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">Progressive soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Stone3.jpg/220px-Stone3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Stone3.jpg/330px-Stone3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Stone3.jpg/440px-Stone3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Family_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Original Family Stone">The Original Family Stone</a> live, 2006. Jerry Martini, Rose Stone, and Cynthia Robinson</figcaption></figure> The 1970s were the era of highest mainstream visibility for funk music. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Funkadelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Funkadelic">Parliament Funkadelic</a>, artists like <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_%26_Chaka_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus & Chaka Khan">Rufus & Chaka Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootsy%27s_Rubber_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsy's Rubber Band">Bootsy's Rubber Band</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isley Brothers">Isley Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Players" title="Ohio Players">Ohio Players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Con_Funk_Shun" title="Con Funk Shun">Con Funk Shun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bar-Kays" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bar-Kays">the Bar-Kays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Ayers" title="Roy Ayers">Roy Ayers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, among others, got radio play. <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a> music owed a great deal to funk. Many early disco songs and performers came directly from funk-oriented backgrounds. Some disco music hits, such as all of <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a>'s hits, "<a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Fighting" title="Kung Fu Fighting">Kung Fu Fighting</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Biddu" title="Biddu">Biddu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Douglas" title="Carl Douglas">Carl Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)" title="Love to Love You Baby (song)">Love To Love You Baby</a>", <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Love_Hangover" title="Love Hangover">Love Hangover</a>", <a href="/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band" title="KC and the Sunshine Band">KC and the Sunshine Band</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Your_Boogie_Man" title="I'm Your Boogie Man">I'm Your Boogie Man</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Every_Woman" title="I'm Every Woman">I'm Every Woman</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a> (also known as the Queen of Funk), and <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>'s "Le Freak" conspicuously include riffs and rhythms derived from funk. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Royce" title="Rose Royce">Rose Royce</a> scored a number-one hit with a purely dance-funk record, "<a href="/wiki/Car_Wash_(song)" title="Car Wash (song)">Car Wash</a>". Even with the arrival of disco, funk became increasingly popular well into the early 1980s. Funk music was also exported to Africa, and it melded with African singing and rhythms to form <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a>. Nigerian musician <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>, who was heavily influenced by James Brown's music, is credited with creating the style and terming it "Afrobeat". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz_funk">Jazz funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jazz funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">free funk</a></div> Jazz-funk is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music characterized by a strong <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">back beat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a>), electrified sounds<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and an early prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog synthesizers">analog synthesizers</a>. The integration of funk, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is quite wide and ranges from strong <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation#Jazz_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">jazz improvisation</a> to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riffs</a>, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic-84">[84]</a> Jazz-funk is primarily an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> genre, where it was popular throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s, but it also achieved noted appeal on the club circuit in England during the mid-1970s. Similar genres include <a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">soul jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, but neither entirely overlap with jazz-funk. Notably jazz-funk is less vocal, more arranged and featured more improvisation than soul jazz, and retains a strong feel of groove and R&B versus some of the jazz fusion production. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_synth-funk">1980s synth-funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1980s synth-funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">Electro music</a></div> In the 1980s, largely as a reaction against what was seen as the over-indulgence of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, many of the core elements that formed the foundation of the P-Funk formula began to be usurped by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>. Horn sections of saxophones and trumpets were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synth</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">keyboards</a>, and the horns that remained were given simplified lines, and few horn solos were given to soloists. The classic electric keyboards of funk, like the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond B3">Hammond B3</a> organ, the Hohner <a href="/wiki/Clavinet" title="Clavinet">Clavinet</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_piano" title="Rhodes piano">Fender Rhodes piano</a>, began to be replaced by the new <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a> and microprocessor-controlled <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizers</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits_Prophet-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits Prophet-5">Prophet-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberheim_OB-X" title="Oberheim OB-X">Oberheim OB-X</a>. Electronic <a href="/wiki/Drum_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum machines">drum machines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linn_LM-1" title="Linn LM-1">Linn LM-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberheim_DMX" title="Oberheim DMX">Oberheim DMX</a> began to replace the "<a href="/wiki/Funky_drummer" class="mw-redirect" title="Funky drummer">funky drummers</a>" of the past, and the <a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">slap</a> and pop style of bass playing were often replaced by synth keyboard basslines. Lyrics of funk songs began to change from suggestive <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendres</a> to more graphic and sexually explicit content. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>, the Afroamerican rap DJ <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> developed electro-funk, a minimalist machine-driven style of funk with his single "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>" in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Planet_Rock-85">[85]</a> Also known simply as electro, this style of funk was driven by synthesizers and the electronic rhythm of the <a href="/wiki/TR-808" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-808">TR-808</a> drum machine. The single "<a href="/wiki/Renegades_of_Funk" title="Renegades of Funk">Renegades of Funk</a>" followed in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Planet_Rock-85">[85]</a> Michael Jackson was also influenced by electro-funk.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1980, techno-funk music used the TR-808 programmable drum machine,<a href="#cite_note-cbc_808-87">[87]</a> while Kraftwerk's sound influenced <a href="#cite_note-wire_1996-88">[88]</a> later electro-funk artists such as <a href="/wiki/Mantronix" title="Mantronix">Mantronix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a> was the first funk musician of the 1980s to assume the funk mantle dominated by P-Funk in the 1970s. His 1981 album <a href="/wiki/Street_Songs_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Street Songs (album)">Street Songs</a>, with the singles "Give It to Me Baby" and "<a href="/wiki/Super_Freak" title="Super Freak">Super Freak</a>", resulted in James becoming a star, and paved the way for the future direction of explicitness in funk. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_by_jimieye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prince_by_jimieye.jpg/170px-Prince_by_jimieye.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prince_by_jimieye.jpg/255px-Prince_by_jimieye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prince_by_jimieye.jpg/340px-Prince_by_jimieye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> was an influential multi-instrumentalist, bandleader, singer and songwriter.</figcaption></figure> Prince formed <a href="/wiki/The_Time_(band)" title="The Time (band)">the Time</a>, originally conceived as an opening act for him and based on his "<a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_sound" title="Minneapolis sound">Minneapolis sound</a>", a hybrid mixture of funk, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>. Eventually, the band went on to define their own style of stripped-down funk based on tight musicianship and sexual themes. Similar to Prince, other bands emerged during the P-Funk era and began to incorporate uninhibited sexuality, dance-oriented themes, <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> and other electronic technologies to continue to craft funk hits. These included <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(band)" title="Cameo (band)">Cameo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapp_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapp (band)">Zapp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gap_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap Band">Gap Band</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bar-Kays" title="Bar-Kays">Bar-Kays</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dazz_Band" title="Dazz Band">Dazz Band</a>, who all found their biggest hits in the early 1980s. By the latter half of the 1980s, pure funk had lost its commercial impact; however, pop artists from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> to Culture Club often used funk beats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1980s_to_2000s_nu-funk">Late 1980s to 2000s nu-funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Late 1980s to 2000s nu-funk">edit</a>]</div> While funk was driven away from radio by slick commercial <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a>, its influence continued to spread. Artists like Steve Arrington and Cameo still received major airplay and had huge global followings. Rock bands began adopting elements of funk into their sound, creating new combinations of "<a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">funk rock</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">funk metal</a>". <a href="/wiki/Extreme_(band)" title="Extreme (band)">Extreme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Living_Colour" title="Living Colour">Living Colour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Addiction" title="Jane's Addiction">Jane's Addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primus_(band)" title="Primus (band)">Primus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Dance_Squad" title="Urban Dance Squad">Urban Dance Squad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishbone" title="Fishbone">Fishbone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_No_More" title="Faith No More">Faith No More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_Grooves" title="Infectious Grooves">Infectious Grooves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incubus_(band)" title="Incubus (band)">Incubus</a> spread the approach and styles garnered from funk pioneers to new audiences in the mid-to-late 1980s and the 1990s. These bands later inspired the underground mid-1990s funkcore movement and current funk-inspired artists like <a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malina_Moye" title="Malina Moye">Malina Moye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Hunt" title="Van Hunt">Van Hunt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnarls_Barkley" title="Gnarls Barkley">Gnarls Barkley</a>. In the 1990s, artists like <a href="/wiki/Me%27shell_Ndegeocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Me'shell Ndegeocello">Me'shell Ndegeocello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Funk_Essentials" title="Brooklyn Funk Essentials">Brooklyn Funk Essentials</a> and the (predominantly UK-based) <a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">acid jazz</a> movement—including artists and bands such as <a href="/wiki/Jamiroquai" title="Jamiroquai">Jamiroquai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incognito_(band)" title="Incognito (band)">Incognito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galliano_(band)" title="Galliano (band)">Galliano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Lye-Fook" title="Omar Lye-Fook">Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Tetas" title="Los Tetas">Los Tetas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brand_New_Heavies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand New Heavies">Brand New Heavies</a>—carried on with strong elements of funk. However, they never came close to reaching the commercial success of funk in its heyday—with the exception of Jamiroquai, whose album <a href="/wiki/Travelling_Without_Moving" title="Travelling Without Moving">Travelling Without Moving</a> sold about 11.5 million units worldwide and remains the best-selling funk album in history.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Meanwhile, in Australia and New Zealand, bands playing the pub circuit, such as <a href="/wiki/Supergroove" title="Supergroove">Supergroove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunkhour" title="Skunkhour">Skunkhour</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Truth_(Australian_band)" title="The Truth (Australian band)">the Truth</a>, preserved a more instrumental form of funk. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_(222747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg/200px-MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg/300px-MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg/400px-MeShell_Ndege%C3%B2Cello_%28222747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Me%27shell_Ndegeocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Me'shell Ndegeocello">Me'shell Ndegeocello</a> playing electric bass</figcaption></figure> Since the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> artists have regularly <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampled</a> old funk tunes. <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (musician)">James Brown</a> is said to be the most sampled artist in the history of hip hop, while <a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a> is the second most sampled artist; samples of old <a href="/wiki/Parliament_(band)" title="Parliament (band)">Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funkadelic" title="Funkadelic">Funkadelic</a> songs formed the basis of <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast rap">West Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a>. Original beats that feature funk-styled bass or rhythm guitar riffs are also not uncommon. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a> (considered the progenitor of the G-funk genre) has freely acknowledged to being heavily influenced by George Clinton's psychedelia: "Back in the 70s that's all people were doing: getting high, wearing <a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">Afros</a>, bell-bottoms and listening to Parliament-Funkadelic. That's why I called my album <a href="/wiki/The_Chronic" title="The Chronic">The Chronic</a> and based my music and the concepts like I did: because his shit was a big influence on my music. Very big".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Underground" title="Digital Underground">Digital Underground</a> was a large contributor to the rebirth of funk in the 1990s by educating their listeners with knowledge about the history of funk and its artists. George Clinton branded Digital Underground as "<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_P" title="Sons of the P">Sons of the P</a>", as their second full-length release is also titled. DU's first release, <a href="/wiki/Sex_Packets" title="Sex Packets">Sex Packets</a>, was full of funk samples, with the most widely known, "<a href="/wiki/The_Humpty_Dance" title="The Humpty Dance">The Humpty Dance</a>", sampling Parliament's "Let's Play House". A very strong funk album of DU's was their 1996 release <a href="/wiki/Future_Rhythm" title="Future Rhythm">Future Rhythm</a>. Much of contemporary club dance music, drum and bass in particular has heavily sampled funk drum breaks. Funk is a major element of certain artists identified with the <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jam band</a> scene of the late 1990s and 2000s. In the late 1990s, the band <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a> developed a live sound called "cow funk" (a.k.a. "space funk"), which consisted of extended danceable deep bass grooves, and often emphasized heavy "wah" pedal and other psychedelic effects from the guitar player and layered Clavinet from the keyboard player.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a> began playing funkier jams in their sets around 1996, and 1998's <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Ghost" title="The Story of the Ghost">The Story of the Ghost</a> was heavily influenced by funk. While Phish's funk was traditional in the sense that it often accented beat 1 of the 4/4 time signature, it was also highly exploratory and involved building jams towards energetic peaks before transitioning into highly composed progressive rock and roll. <a href="/wiki/Medeski_Martin_%26_Wood" title="Medeski Martin & Wood">Medeski Martin & Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Randolph_%26_the_Family_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Randolph & the Family Band">Robert Randolph & the Family Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactic" title="Galactic">Galactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam_Underground" title="Jam Underground">Jam Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soulive" title="Soulive">Soulive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Denson%27s_Tiny_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Denson's Tiny Universe">Karl Denson's Tiny Universe</a> all drew heavily from the funk tradition. <a href="/wiki/Dumpstaphunk" title="Dumpstaphunk">Dumpstaphunk</a> builds upon the New Orleans tradition of funk, with their gritty, low-ended grooves and soulful four-part vocals. Since the mid-1990s the nu-funk or funk revivalist scene, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Deep_funk" title="Deep funk">deep funk</a> collectors scene, is producing new material influenced by the sounds of rare funk 45s. Labels include Desco, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Fire_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul Fire Records">Soul Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daptone_Records" title="Daptone Records">Daptone</a>, Timmion, Neapolitan, Bananarama, Kay-Dee, and Tramp. These labels often release on 45 rpm records. Although specializing in music for rare funk DJs, there has been some crossover into the mainstream music industry, such as Sharon Jones' 2005 appearance on <a href="/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien" title="Late Night with Conan O'Brien">Late Night with Conan O'Brien</a>. Those who mix <a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">acid jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>, and other genres with funk include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tom_Club" title="Tom Tom Club">Tom Tom Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brainticket" title="Brainticket">Brainticket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groove_Armada" title="Groove Armada">Groove Armada</a>, et al.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s_funktronica">2010s funktronica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2010s funktronica">edit</a>]</div> During the 2000s and early 2010s, some <a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">punk funk</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Out_Hud" title="Out Hud">Out Hud</a> and Mongolian MonkFish performed in the <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> scene. Indie band <a href="/wiki/Rilo_Kiley" title="Rilo Kiley">Rilo Kiley</a>, in keeping with their tendency to explore a variety of rockish styles, incorporated funk into their song "<a href="/wiki/The_Moneymaker" title="The Moneymaker">The Moneymaker</a>" on the album <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Blacklight" title="Under the Blacklight">Under the Blacklight</a>. Prince, with his later albums, gave a rebirth to the funk sound with songs like "The Everlasting Now", "<a href="/wiki/Musicology_(song)" title="Musicology (song)">Musicology</a>", "Ol' Skool Company", and "<a href="/wiki/Black_Sweat" title="Black Sweat">Black Sweat</a>". <a href="/wiki/Particle_(band)" title="Particle (band)">Particle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> for instance, is part of a scene which combined the elements of digital music made with computers, synthesizers, and samples with analog instruments, sounds, and improvisational and compositional elements of funk.<a href="#cite_note-popmatters-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-liveforlivemusic-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Derivatives">edit</a>]</div> From the early 1970s onwards, funk has developed various subgenres. While George Clinton and the Parliament were making a harder variation of funk, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Players" title="Ohio Players">Ohio Players</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth, Wind and Fire">Earth, Wind and Fire</a> were making disco-influenced funk music.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funk_rock">Funk rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Funk rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></div> Funk rock (also written as funk-rock or funk/rock) <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fuses</a> funk and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Its earliest incarnation was heard in the late '60s through the mid-'70s by musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Wright" title="Gary Wright">Gary Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Finest" title="Mother's Finest">Mother's Finest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Funkadelic" title="Funkadelic">Funkadelic</a> on their earlier albums. Many instruments may be incorporated into funk rock, but the overall sound is defined by a definitive <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> beat and <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>. The bass and drum rhythms are influenced by funk music but with more intensity, while the guitar can be funk- or rock-influenced, usually with <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distortion (guitar)">distortion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Johnson_(musician)" title="Jesse Johnson (musician)">Jesse Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishbone" title="Fishbone">Fishbone</a> are major artists in funk rock. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Avant-funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></div> The term "avant-funk" has been used to describe acts who combined funk with <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>'s concerns.<a href="#cite_note-new-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a> described the style as an application of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> mentality to rhythm rather than melody and harmony.<a href="#cite_note-new-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a> characterized avant-funk as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a> in which "oblivion was to be attained not through rising above the body, rather through immersion in the physical, self loss through animalism."<a href="#cite_note-new-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talking_Heads_band1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg/250px-Talking_Heads_band1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg/375px-Talking_Heads_band1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Talking_Heads_band1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> combined funk with elements of <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>.</figcaption></figure> Acts in the genre include German <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>,<a href="#cite_note-melody-103">[103]</a> American funk artists <a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-billboard-104">[104]</a> and a wave of early 1980s UK and US artists (including <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd" title="Public Image Ltd">Public Image Ltd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pop_Group" title="The Pop Group">the Pop Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(band)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (band)">Cabaret Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defunkt" title="Defunkt">Defunkt</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Certain_Ratio" title="A Certain Ratio">A Certain Ratio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/23_Skidoo_(band)" title="23 Skidoo (band)">23 Skidoo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-energy-105">[105]</a> who embraced black dance music styles such as disco and funk.<a href="#cite_note-rip-106">[106]</a> The artists of the late 1970s New York <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a> scene also explored avant-funk, influenced by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-murray-107">[107]</a> Reynolds noted these artists' preoccupations with issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Social repression">repression</a> and technocracy of Western <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Go-go">Go-go</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Go-go">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></div> Go-go originated in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, area with which it remains associated, along with other spots in the Mid-Atlantic. Inspired by singers such as <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Brown" title="Chuck Brown">Chuck Brown</a>, the "Godfather of Go-go", it is a blend of funk, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with a focus on lo-fi percussion instruments and in-person <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jamming</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">dance tracks</a>. As such, it is primarily a dance music with an emphasis on live audience <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a>. Go-go rhythms are also incorporated into street percussion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boogie">Boogie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Boogie">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie (genre)</a></div> Boogie is an electronic music mainly influenced by funk and post-disco. The minimalist approach of boogie, consisting of synthesizers and keyboards, helped to establish electro and house music. Boogie, unlike electro, emphasizes the slapping techniques of bass guitar but also bass synthesizers. Artists include <a href="/wiki/Vicky_D" title="Vicky D">Vicky "D"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komiko" title="Komiko">Komiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peech_Boys" title="Peech Boys">Peech Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashif_(musician)" title="Kashif (musician)">Kashif</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_King_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn King (singer)">Evelyn King</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electro_funk">Electro funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Electro funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electro_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro funk">Electro funk</a></div> Electro funk is a hybrid of electronic music and funk. It essentially follows the same form as funk, and retains funk's characteristics, but is made entirely (or partially) with a use of electronic instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/TR-808" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-808">TR-808</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">Vocoders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talkbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkbox">talkboxes</a> were commonly implemented to transform the vocals. The pioneering electro band <a href="/wiki/Zapp_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapp (band)">Zapp</a> commonly used such instruments in their music. <a href="/wiki/Bootsy_Collins" title="Bootsy Collins">Bootsy Collins</a> also began to incorporate a more electronic sound on <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Bootsy_Doin%27%3F" title="What's Bootsy Doin'?">later solo albums</a>. Other artists include <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lover" title="Egyptian Lover">Egyptian Lover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Mason_%26_Crew" title="Vaughan Mason & Crew">Vaughan Mason & Crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Star_(band)" title="Midnight Star (band)">Midnight Star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybotron_(American_band)" title="Cybotron (American band)">Cybotron</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funk_metal">Funk metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Funk metal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></div> Funk metal (sometimes typeset differently such as funk-metal) is a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion genre">fusion genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> which emerged in the 1980s, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">alternative metal</a> movement. It typically incorporates elements of funk and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>), and in some cases other styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental</a> music. It features hard-driving heavy metal <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> riffs, the pounding <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass</a> rhythms characteristic of funk, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymes</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> approach to songwriting. A primary example is the all-African-American rock band <a href="/wiki/Living_Colour" title="Living Colour">Living Colour</a>, who have been said to be "funk-metal pioneers" by <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the style was most prevalent in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> – particularly <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spin_Jan_91-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G-funk">G-funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: G-funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg/150px-Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Dre (pictured in 2011) was one of the influential creators of G-funk.</figcaption></figure> G-funk is a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion genre">fusion genre</a> of music which combines <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> and funk. It is generally considered to have been invented by West Coast rappers and made famous by <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>. It incorporates multi-layered and melodic synthesizers, slow hypnotic grooves, a deep bass, background female vocals, the extensive sampling of P-Funk tunes, and a high-pitched portamento saw wave synthesizer lead. Unlike other earlier rap acts that also utilized funk samples (such as <a href="/wiki/EPMD" title="EPMD">EPMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_Squad" title="The Bomb Squad">the Bomb Squad</a>), G-funk often used fewer, unaltered samples per song. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timba_funk">Timba funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Timba funk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a> is a form of funky Cuban popular dance music. By 1990, several Cuban bands had incorporated elements of funk and hip-hop into their arrangements, and expanded upon the instrumentation of the traditional conjunto with an American drum set, saxophones and a two-keyboard format. Timba bands like La Charanga Habanera or Bamboleo often have horns or other instruments playing short parts of tunes by <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth, Wind and Fire">Earth, Wind and Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a> or other U.S. funk bands. While many funk motifs exhibit a <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave</a>-based structure, they are created intuitively, without a conscious intent of aligning the various parts to a <a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">guide-pattern</a>. Timba incorporates funk motifs into an overt and intentional clave structure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Social impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_funk">Women and funk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Women and funk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaka_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chaka_Khan.jpg/170px-Chaka_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chaka_Khan.jpg/255px-Chaka_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chaka_Khan.jpg/340px-Chaka_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a> (born 1953) has been called the "Queen of Funk".</figcaption></figure> Despite funk's popularity in modern music, few people have examined the work of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">funk women</a>. Notable funk women include <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labelle" title="Labelle">Labelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Funkenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Brides of Funkenstein">Brides of Funkenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klymaxx" title="Klymaxx">Klymaxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Finest" title="Mother's Finest">Mother's Finest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Collins" title="Lyn Collins">Lyn Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Davis" title="Betty Davis">Betty Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teena_Marie" title="Teena Marie">Teena Marie</a>. As cultural critic Cheryl Keyes explains in her essay "She Was Too Black for Rock and Too Hard for Soul: (Re)discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis", most of the scholarship around funk has focused on the cultural work of men. She states that "Betty Davis is an artist whose name has gone unheralded as a pioneer in the annals of funk and rock. Most writing on these musical genres has traditionally placed male artists like Jimi Hendrix, George Clinton (of Parliament-Funkadelic), and bassist Larry Graham as trendsetters in the shaping of a rock music sensibility."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout, Nikki A. Greene<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> notes that Davis' provocative and controversial style helped her rise to popularity in the 1970s as she focused on sexually motivated, self-empowered subject matter. Furthermore, this affected the young artist's ability to draw large audiences and commercial success. Greene also notes that Davis was never made an official spokesperson or champion for the civil rights and feminist movements of the time, although more recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] her work has become a symbol of sexual liberation for women of color. Davis' song "If I'm In Luck I Just Might Get Picked Up", on her self-titled debut album, sparked controversy, and was banned by the Detroit <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Maureen Mahan, a musicologist and anthropologist, examines Davis' impact on the music industry and the American public in her article "They Say She's Different: Race, Gender, Genre, and the Liberated Black Femininity of Betty Davis". Laina Dawes, the author of What Are You Doing Here: A Black Woman's Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal, believes <a href="/wiki/Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">respectability politics</a> is the reason artists like Davis do not get the same recognition as their male counterparts: "I blame what I call respectability politics as part of the reason the funk-rock some of the women from the '70s aren't better known. Despite the importance of their music and presence, many of the funk-rock females represented the aggressive behavior and sexuality that many people were not comfortable with."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janellemonae_(300dpi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg/170px-Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg/255px-Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg/340px-Janellemonae_%28300dpi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e" title="Janelle Monáe">Janelle Monáe</a> (born 1985) is part of a new wave of female funk artists.</figcaption></figure> According to Francesca T. Royster, in <a href="/wiki/Rickey_Vincent" title="Rickey Vincent">Rickey Vincent</a>'s book Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One, he analyzes the impact of Labelle but only in limited sections. Royster criticizes Vincent's analysis of the group, stating: "It is a shame, then, that Vincent gives such minimal attention to Labelle's performances in his study. This reflects, unfortunately, a still consistent sexism that shapes the evaluation of funk music. In Funk, Vincent's analysis of Labelle is brief—sharing a single paragraph with the Pointer Sisters in his three-page sub chapter, 'Funky Women.' He writes that while '<a href="/wiki/Lady_Marmalade" title="Lady Marmalade">Lady Marmalade</a>' 'blew the lid off of the standards of sexual innuendo and skyrocketed the group's star status,' the band's 'glittery image slipped into the disco undertow and was ultimately wasted as the trio broke up in search of solo status" (Vincent, 1996, 192).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Many female artists who are considered to be in the genre of funk, also share songs in the <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> genres; Labelle falls into this category of women who are split among genres due to a critical view of music theory and the history of sexism in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the 21st century,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] artists like <a href="/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e" title="Janelle Monáe">Janelle Monáe</a> have opened the doors for more scholarship and analysis on the female impact on the funk music genre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Funk#Dubious" title="Talk:Funk">discuss</a>] Monáe's style bends concepts of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, and self-expression in a manner similar to the way some male pioneers in funk broke boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-Valnes-117">[117]</a> Her albums center on <a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afro-futuristic</a> concepts, centering on elements of female and black empowerment and visions of a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> future.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In his article "Janelle Monáe and Afro-sonic Feminist Funk", Matthew Valnes writes that Monae's involvement in the funk genre is juxtaposed with the traditional view of funk as a male-centered genre. Valnes acknowledges that funk is male-dominated, but provides insight to the societal circumstances that led to this situation.<a href="#cite_note-Valnes-117">[117]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Monáe's influences include her mentor Prince, Funkadelic, <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>, and other funk and R&B artists, but according to Emily Lordi, "[Betty] Davis is seldom listed among Janelle Monáe's many influences, and certainly the younger singer's high-tech concepts, virtuosic performances, and meticulously produced songs are far removed from Davis's proto-punk aesthetic. But... like Davis, she also is closely linked with a visionary male mentor (Prince). The title of Monáe's 2013 album, The Electric Lady, alludes to Hendrix's Electric Ladyland, but it also implicitly cites the coterie of women that inspired Hendrix himself: that group, called the Cosmic Ladies or Electric Ladies, was together led by Hendrix's lover Devon Wilson and Betty Davis."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanking" title="Chanking">Chanking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKernodleMaxilePrice2010" class="citation book cs1">Kernodle, Tammy L.; Maxile, Horace; Price, Emmett G. III (2010). Encyclopedia of African American Music. Greenwood. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Music&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kernodle&rft.aufirst=Tammy+L.&rft.au=Maxile%2C+Horace&rft.au=Price%2C+Emmett+G.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenot2019" class="citation web cs1">Fontenot, Robert (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008">"What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul"</a>. Liveabout. Retrieved November 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Swamp+Rock%3F+A+look+at+this+Southern+mix+of+country%2C+funk%2C+and+soul&rft.pub=Liveabout&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Fontenot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fwhat-is-swamp-rock-2522008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewart1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stewart1_3-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2015" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Dave (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/top-brass-part-2">"Top Brass: Part 2 Arranging For Brass"</a>. soundonsound.com. Sound on Sound. Retrieved April 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soundonsound.com&rft.atitle=Top+Brass%3A+Part+2+Arranging+For+Brass&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Ftop-brass-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slutsky,_Allan_1997-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slutsky,_Allan_1997_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slutsky,_Allan_1997_4-1">b</a> Slutsky, Allan, Chuck Silverman (1997). The Funkmasters-the Great James Brown Rhythm Sections. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57623-443-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57623-443-6">1-57623-443-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RhythmOneFunk-5"><a href="#cite_ref-RhythmOneFunk_5-0">^</a> Explore: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/funk-ma0000002606/albums">Funk</a>." Rhythmne. Retrieved 2020-09-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njhalloffame.org/hall-of-famers/2015-inductees/kool-and-the-gang/">"KOOL & THE GANG"</a>. njhalloffame.org. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>. June 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=njhalloffame.org&rft.atitle=KOOL+%26+THE+GANG&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnjhalloffame.org%2Fhall-of-famers%2F2015-inductees%2Fkool-and-the-gang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hamilton-bohannon-mn0000664093/biography">Bohannon Biography</a> AllMusic. Retrieved 14 March 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1996" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Rickey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb-FBAAAQBAJ">Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 293–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13499-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13499-0"><bdi>978-0-312-13499-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk%3A+The+Music%2C+the+People%2C+and+the+Rhythm+of+the+One&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=293-297&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-13499-0&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Rickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTb-FBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=funk">"Online Etymology Dictionary – Funk"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Funk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dfunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinion2001" class="citation web cs1">Quinion, Michael (October 27, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-fun2.htm">"World Wide Words: Funk"</a>. World Wide Words. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Words&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Funk&rft.date=2001-10-27&rft.aulast=Quinion&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fqa%2Fqa-fun2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated80-11"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated80_11-0">^</a> Thompson, Gordon E. Black Music, Black Poetry: Blues and Jazz's Impact on African American Versification. Routledge, Apr. 15, 2016. p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Donald M. Marquis: In Search of Buddy Bolden, Louisiana State University Press, 2005, pp. 108–111 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3093-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3093-3">978-0-8071-3093-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RealMusicForum-13"><a href="#cite_ref-RealMusicForum_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realmusicforum.com/history/who-started-funk-music/2008122356/">Who Started Funk Music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009054718/http://www.realmusicforum.com/history/who-started-funk-music/2008122356/">Archived</a> October 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Real Music Forum </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrone2008" class="citation news cs1">Perrone, Pierre (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/sep/23/popandrock.usa">"Obituary: Earl Palmer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Earl+Palmer&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.aulast=Perrone&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2008%2Fsep%2F23%2Fpopandrock.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Merriam-Webster, Inc, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/175">The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories</a> (Merriam-Webster, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-603-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-603-3">0-87779-603-3</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Stallings, L. H. Funk the Erotic: Transaesthetics and Black Sexual Cultures, U Of Illinois Press, 2015, pp. 1–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Learn254-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Learn254_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Learn254_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Learn254_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Learn254_17-3">d</a> Learn Guitar: From Beginner to Pro. Book Sales, 2017. p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gress-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gress_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gress_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gress_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gress_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGress2016" class="citation web cs1">Gress, Jesse (April 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarplayer.com/technique/10-ways-to-play-like-prince">"10 Ways to Play Guitar Like Prince"</a>. guitarplayer.com. Guitar Player. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guitarplayer.com&rft.atitle=10+Ways+to+Play+Guitar+Like+Prince&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.aulast=Gress&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Ftechnique%2F10-ways-to-play-like-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himes-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Himes_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Himes_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Himes_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimes1979" class="citation news cs1">Himes, Geoffrey (August 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/08/01/on-the-difference-between-funk-and-disco/25fcc5c6-1a13-4d64-9e99-a67dbd004b9a/?noredirect=on">"On the Difference Between Funk and Disco"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=On+the+Difference+Between+Funk+and+Disco&rft.date=1979-08-01&rft.aulast=Himes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1979%2F08%2F01%2Fon-the-difference-between-funk-and-disco%2F25fcc5c6-1a13-4d64-9e99-a67dbd004b9a%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1979-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1979_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1979_20-1">b</a> Palmer, Robert (1979: 14), A Tale of Two Cities: Memphis Rock and New Orleans Roll. Brooklyn. </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_21-1">b</a> Stewart, Alexander (2000: 293), "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music", Popular Music, v. 19, n. 3, October 2000, pp. 293–318. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Studley, Greg. Essentials of Rhythm Guitar: Complete Guide. Jun. 21, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Serna, Desi. Guitar Theory For Dummies: Book + Online Video & Audio Instruction. John Wiley & Sons, Sep. 24, 2013. p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Vincent, Rickey. Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One. St. Martin's Press, Nov. 4, 2014; p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. pp. 51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchard1998" class="citation book cs1">Archard, Chuck (1998). Building Bass Lines. Alfred Music Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882849218" title="Special:BookSources/9780882849218"><bdi>9780882849218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Bass+Lines&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780882849218&rft.aulast=Archard&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boomer25-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boomer25_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boomer25_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boomer25_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boomer25_27-3">d</a> Boomer, Tim; Berry, Mick. The Bassist's Bible: How to Play Every Bass Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco. See Sharp Press, Jul. 1, 2009. p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Boomer, Tim; Berry, Mick. The Bassist's Bible: How to Play Every Bass Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco. See Sharp Press, Jul. 1, 2009. p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/johnny-flippin-mn0001326101">"Johnny Flippin | Credits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Johnny+Flippin+%26%23124%3B+Credits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fjohnny-flippin-mn0001326101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overthrow-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overthrow_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overthrow_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overthrow_30-2">c</a> Overthrow, David. Complete Electric Bass Method: Mastering Electric Bass. Alfred Music </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickens-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickens_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickens_31-1">b</a> Dickens, Bill "the Buddha"; Rock, Bobby. Funk Bass and Beyond. Alfred Music Publishing, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2008" class="citation web cs1">Berkowitz, Dan (January 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/how-to-funk-up-your-bass-1">"How to Funk Up Your Bass"</a>. premierguitar.com. Premier Guitar. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=premierguitar.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Funk+Up+Your+Bass&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierguitar.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-funk-up-your-bass-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer" class="citation web cs1">Pfeiffer, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/bass-guitar/effects-pedals-for-your-bass-guitar/">"Effects Pedals for Your Bass Guitar"</a>. dummies.com. Dummies. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dummies.com&rft.atitle=Effects+Pedals+for+Your+Bass+Guitar&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Fart-center%2Fmusic%2Fbass-guitar%2Feffects-pedals-for-your-bass-guitar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeall" class="citation web cs1">Veall, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801000238/https://www.guitarinteractivemagazine.com/issues/issue-50/reviews/electro-harmonix-bass-blogger-bass-metaphors-and-bass-micro-synthesizer/">"Electro-Harmonix Bass Blogger, Bass Metaphors and Bass Micro Synthesizer"</a>. Guitar Interactive Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarinteractivemagazine.com/issues/issue-50/reviews/electro-harmonix-bass-blogger-bass-metaphors-and-bass-micro-synthesizer/">the original</a> on August 1, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guitar+Interactive+Magazine&rft.atitle=Electro-Harmonix+Bass+Blogger%2C+Bass+Metaphors+and+Bass+Micro+Synthesizer&rft.aulast=Veall&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarinteractivemagazine.com%2Fissues%2Fissue-50%2Freviews%2Felectro-harmonix-bass-blogger-bass-metaphors-and-bass-micro-synthesizer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dearcangelis1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dearcangelis1_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dearcangelis1_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dearcangelis1_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeArcangelis2017" class="citation web cs1">DeArcangelis, Christopher (January 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reverb.com/ca/news/the-essential-gear-of-parliament-slash-funkadelic">"The Essential Gear of Parliament/Funkadelic"</a>. reverb.com. Reverb. Retrieved May 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reverb.com&rft.atitle=The+Essential+Gear+of+Parliament%2FFunkadelic&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.aulast=DeArcangelis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freverb.com%2Fca%2Fnews%2Fthe-essential-gear-of-parliament-slash-funkadelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlueter-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlueter_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlueter_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlueter_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlueter_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlueter_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlueter2016" class="citation web cs1">Schlueter, Brad (May 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reverb.com/ca/news/10-old-school-funk-grooves-every-drummer-should-know">"10 Old School Funk Grooves Every Drummer Should Know"</a>. reverb.com. Reverb. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reverb.com&rft.atitle=10+Old+School+Funk+Grooves+Every+Drummer+Should+Know&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.aulast=Schlueter&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freverb.com%2Fca%2Fnews%2F10-old-school-funk-grooves-every-drummer-should-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Burns, Roy; Farris, Joey. Studio Funk Drumming: A Professional Workbook. Alfred Music, 1981. p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated53-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated53_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated53_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated53_38-2">c</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Burns, Roy; Farris, Joey. Studio Funk Drumming: A Professional Workbook. Alfred Music, 1981. pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_40-1">b</a> Payne, Jim. Complete Funk Drumming Book. Mel Bay Publications, Feb. 9, 2011. p. 7-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Payne, Jim. Complete Funk Drumming Book. Mel Bay Publications, Feb. 9, 2011. p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bortnick-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bortnick_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bortnick_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortnick2013" class="citation web cs1">Bortnick, Avi (March 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/Rhythm_Rules_Call_and_Response_Funk_Guitar">"Rhythm Rules: Call-and-Response Funk Guitar"</a>. premierguitar.com. Premier Guitar. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=premierguitar.com&rft.atitle=Rhythm+Rules%3A+Call-and-Response+Funk+Guitar&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Bortnick&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierguitar.com%2Farticles%2FRhythm_Rules_Call_and_Response_Funk_Guitar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musical-u.com/learn/the-funky-ones-what-makes-funk-guitar-what-it-is/">"The Funky Ones — What Makes Funk Guitar What It Is - Musical U"</a>. Musical U. August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musical+U&rft.atitle=The+Funky+Ones+%E2%80%94+What+Makes+Funk+Guitar+What+It+Is+-+Musical+U&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musical-u.com%2Flearn%2Fthe-funky-ones-what-makes-funk-guitar-what-it-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogdal1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bogdal1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogdal1_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogdal1_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogdal1_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdal2017" class="citation web cs1">Bogdal, John (July 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringjoy.com/funk-guitar-history-techniques-gear/">"Funk Guitar: The History, Techniques and Gear Behind the Groove"</a>. stringjoy.com. StringJoy. Retrieved April 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stringjoy.com&rft.atitle=Funk+Guitar%3A+The+History%2C+Techniques+and+Gear+Behind+the+Groove&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Bogdal&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringjoy.com%2Ffunk-guitar-history-techniques-gear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2019" class="citation web cs1">Kolb, Tom (March 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419234724/https://www.guitarplayer.com/technique/licks-tricks-and-riffs-for-a-variety-of-effects">"Licks, Tricks and Riffs for a Variety of Effects"</a>. guitarplayer.com. Guitar Player. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarplayer.com/technique/licks-tricks-and-riffs-for-a-variety-of-effects">the original</a> on April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guitarplayer.com&rft.atitle=Licks%2C+Tricks+and+Riffs+for+a+Variety+of+Effects&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Ftechnique%2Flicks-tricks-and-riffs-for-a-variety-of-effects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnbar2015" class="citation web cs1">Anbar, Elyadeen (October 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flypaper.soundfly.com/play/guitar-pedal-tone/">"Finding Your Ideal Guitar Tone: Guitar Pedals"</a>. flypaper.soundfly.com. Flypaper. Retrieved April 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flypaper.soundfly.com&rft.atitle=Finding+Your+Ideal+Guitar+Tone%3A+Guitar+Pedals&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft.aulast=Anbar&rft.aufirst=Elyadeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflypaper.soundfly.com%2Fplay%2Fguitar-pedal-tone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated51-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated51_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated51_47-1">b</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., "Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated75-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated75_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated75_49-1">b</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Harrison, Scott D.; O'Bryan, Jessica. Teaching Singing in the 21st Century. Springer, May 14, 2014. p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated36-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated36_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated36_58-1">b</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. pp. 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated66-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated66_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated66_60-1">b</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-citypages1-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypages1_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypages1_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypages1_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypages.com/music/funks-five-most-ridiculous-lyrics-6629603">"Funk's five most ridiculous lyrics"</a>. City Pages. Retrieved April 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funk%27s+five+most+ridiculous+lyrics&rft.pub=City+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypages.com%2Fmusic%2Ffunks-five-most-ridiculous-lyrics-6629603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., "Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 56-57 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated48-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated48_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated48_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated48_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated48_64-3">d</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Lacy, Travis K., ""Funk is its own reward" : an analysis of selected lyrics in popular funk music of the 1970s" (2008). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 22. p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-anne1-68"><a href="#cite_ref-anne1_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Danielsen, Anne (2006). Presence and pleasure: the funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presence+and+pleasure%3A+the+funk+grooves+of+James+Brown+and+Parliament&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Danielsen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Kubik (1999: 51). Africa and the Blues. Jackson, MS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> "Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans." Campbell, Michael, and James Brody (2007: 83). Rock and Roll: An Introduction. Schirmer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64295-0">0-534-64295-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Dr. John quoted by Stewart (2000: 297). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Kevin Moore: "There are two common ways that the three-side [of clave] is expressed in Cuban popular music. The first to come into regular use, which David Peñalosa calls 'clave motif,' is based on the decorated version of the three-side of the clave rhythm. By the 1940s [there was] a trend toward the use of what Peñalosa calls the 'offbeat/onbeat motif.' Today, the offbeat/onbeat motif method is much more common." Moore (2011). Understanding Clave and Clave Changes p. 32. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1466462302" title="Special:BookSources/1466462302">1466462302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Stewart (2000: 302). </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2000-293-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2000-293_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2000-293_74-1">b</a> Stewart (2000: 293). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisErlewine2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Harris, Keith; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/little-richard-20-essential-songs-15792/">"Little Richard: 20 Essential Songs"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%3A+20+Essential+Songs&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Erlewine%2C+Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Flittle-richard-20-essential-songs-15792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anisman.com/steve/samd02.htm">Lessons in listening – Concepts section: Fantasy, Earth Wind & Fire, The Best of Earth Wind & Fire Volume I, Freddie White.</a> (January 1998). Modern Drummer Magazine, pp. 146–152. Retrieved January 21, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-jbmusicstyle-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbmusicstyle_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbmusicstyle_77-1">b</a> Collins, W. (January 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628140121/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200141">James Brown.</a> St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Retrieved January 12, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis quoted by Stewart (2000: 303). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Stewart (2000: 306). </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-80"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_80-0">^</a> Pareles, J. (December 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/arts/music/26brown.html?pagewanted=2&en=aef74e8250526096&ei=5087&ex=1182920400&excamp=GGGNjamesbrown">James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul" dies at 73.</a> The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-fa_maceo-81"><a href="#cite_ref-fa_maceo_81-0">^</a> Gross, T. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6676990">Musician Maceo Parker (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview).</a> National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby2009" class="citation book cs1">Maultsby, Portia K. (2009). "Dayton Street Funk: The Layering of Musical Identities". In Scott, Derek B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eL37scDf0PMC&q=psychedelic%2Bfunk%2Bgenre">The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6476-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6476-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-6476-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dayton+Street+Funk%3A+The+Layering+of+Musical+Identities&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Popular+Musicology&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6476-5&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeL37scDf0PMC%26q%3Dpsychedelic%252Bfunk%252Bgenre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083925/http://www.rhapsody.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html">"Rhapsody :: Jazz-Funk"</a>. Us.napster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.napster.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html">the original</a> on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Us.napster.com&rft.atitle=Rhapsody+%3A%3A+Jazz-Funk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.napster.com%2Fjazz%2Fjazzfunk%2Fmore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-84"><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/genre/jazz-ma0000002674">"Jazz | Significant Albums, Artists and Songs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. November 24, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Jazz+%26%23124%3B+Significant+Albums%2C+Artists+and+Songs&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fgenre%2Fjazz-ma0000002674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planet_Rock-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Planet_Rock_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planet_Rock_85-1">b</a> Planet Rock – The Album (Liner notes). Afrika Bambaataa & the Soul Sonic Force. Tommy Boy Records. 1986. TBLP 1007. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayal2006" class="citation web cs1">Dayal, Gheeta (July 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002224518/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/blog/archives/00000615.htm">"Yellow Magic Orchestra"</a>. Groove. The Original Soundtrack. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/blog/archives/00000615.htm">the original</a> on October 2, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groove&rft.atitle=Yellow+Magic+Orchestra&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft.aulast=Dayal&rft.aufirst=Gheeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoriginalsoundtrack.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F00000615.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc_808-87"><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_808_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jason (November 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508">"Slaves to the rhythm: Kanye West is the latest to pay tribute to a classic drum machine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaves+to+the+rhythm%3A+Kanye+West+is+the+latest+to+pay+tribute+to+a+classic+drum+machine&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fslaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wire_1996-88"><a href="#cite_ref-wire_1996_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToop1996" class="citation cs2">Toop, David (March 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/210/">"A-Z Of Electro"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)" title="The Wire (magazine)">The Wire</a>, no. 145, retrieved May 29, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=A-Z+Of+Electro&rft.issue=145&rft.date=1996-03&rft.aulast=Toop&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewire.co.uk%2Farticles%2F210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524234641/http://www.cheebadesign.com/legends/articleX.html">"Kurtis Mantronik Interview"</a>, Hip Hop Storage, July 2002, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheebadesign.com/legends/articleX.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hip+Hop+Storage&rft.atitle=Kurtis+Mantronik+Interview&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheebadesign.com%2Flegends%2FarticleX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/74163-best-selling-album-of-funk-music">"Best-selling album of funk music"</a>. Guinness World Records. Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Best-selling+album+of+funk+music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F74163-best-selling-album-of-funk-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220104429/http://www.musicstrands.com/artist/6599/biography">"MusicStrands"</a>. Musicstrands.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicstrands.com/">the original</a> on February 20, 2006. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicstrands.com&rft.atitle=MusicStrands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicstrands.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2007" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Marc (March 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livemusicblog.com/features/phish-friday-fall-97-not-just-the-cow-funk-era/">"Phish Friday | Fall '97, Not Just the Cow Funk Era"</a>. LIVE music blog. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIVE+music+blog&rft.atitle=Phish+Friday+%7C+Fall+%2797%2C+Not+Just+the+Cow+Funk+Era&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivemusicblog.com%2Ffeatures%2Fphish-friday-fall-97-not-just-the-cow-funk-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Walters, Barry. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233404/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tomtomclub/albums/album/127680/review/5940822/the_good_the_bad__the_funky">Tom Tom Club:The Good, The Bad & The Funky</a>", <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>, 28 September 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Davis, Lindsay. "Chicken Lips: DJ Kicks", <a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</a>, 5 December 2003, p. B13. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Gold, Kerry. "Groove Armada", <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a>. 17 February 2000, p. C15. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Brown, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/features/article2934333.ece">Everything you ever wanted to know about pop (but were too old to ask)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224185113/http://arts.independent.co.uk/music/features/article2934333.ece">Archived</a> December 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, 6 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell,_Ray" class="citation magazine cs1">Waddell, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825025926/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1433055/particle-to-fuel-beats-of-peace-tour">"Particle To Fuel 'Beats of Peace' Tour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1433055/particle-to-fuel-beats-of-peace-tour">the original</a> on August 25, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Particle+To+Fuel+%27Beats+of+Peace%27+Tour&rft.au=Waddell%2C+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1433055%2Fparticle-to-fuel-beats-of-peace-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popmatters-98"><a href="#cite_ref-popmatters_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour,_Jane_Jansen2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Seymour, Jane Jansen (November 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/post/133824-headtronics/">"Funktronica Jams: An Interview with Freekbass of Headtronics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PopMatters" title="PopMatters">PopMatters</a>. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PopMatters&rft.atitle=Funktronica+Jams%3A+An+Interview+with+Freekbass+of+Headtronics&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.au=Seymour%2C+Jane+Jansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Fpost%2F133824-headtronics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liveforlivemusic-99"><a href="#cite_ref-liveforlivemusic_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Rex2016" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Rex (July 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liveforlivemusic.com/features/the-floozies-talk-improvisation-in-funktronica-red-rocks-karl-densons-avocados/">"The Floozies Talk Improvisation In Funktronica, Red Rocks & Karl Denson's Avocados"</a>. Live For Live Music. Retrieved July 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Floozies+Talk+Improvisation+In+Funktronica%2C+Red+Rocks+%26+Karl+Denson%27s+Avocados&rft.pub=Live+For+Live+Music&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Rex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliveforlivemusic.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-floozies-talk-improvisation-in-funktronica-red-rocks-karl-densons-avocados%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Presence and pleasure: the funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2004" class="citation conference cs1">Vincent, Rickey (2004). "Hip-Hop and Black Noise:Raising Hell". That's the Joint!: The Hip-hop Studies Reader. pp. 489–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96919-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96919-0"><bdi>0-415-96919-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+and+Black+Noise%3ARaising+Hell&rft.btitle=That%27s+the+Joint%21%3A+The+Hip-hop+Studies+Reader&rft.pages=489-490&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-96919-0&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Rickey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/05/end-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html">"End of the Track"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. Retrieved March 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Track&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freynoldsretro.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fend-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-melody-103"><a href="#cite_ref-melody_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1995" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Simon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/03/krautrock-melody-maker-july-1996-by.html">"Krautrock Reissues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a>. Retrieved March 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melody+Maker&rft.atitle=Krautrock+Reissues&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freynoldsretro.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F03%2Fkrautrock-melody-maker-july-1996-by.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard-104"><a href="#cite_ref-billboard_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22avant-funk%22+sly+stone&pg=RA1-PA39">"Passings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Magazine">Billboard</a>. No. 116. Nielsen. December 25, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Passings&rft.issue=116&rft.date=2004-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BMEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522avant-funk%2522%2Bsly%2Bstone%26pg%3DRA1-PA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-energy-105"><a href="#cite_ref-energy_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2012" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Simon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5wGKnxoTAwC&q=disco+%22avant-funk%22">Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture</a>. Soft Skull Press. pp. 20, 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593764777" title="Special:BookSources/9781593764777"><bdi>9781593764777</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Flash%3A+A+Journey+Through+Rave+Music+and+Dance+Culture&rft.pages=20%2C+202&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781593764777&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5wGKnxoTAwC%26q%3Ddisco%2B%2522avant-funk%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-rip-106"><a href="#cite_ref-rip_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2006" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Simon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ripitupstartagai00reyno">Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143036722" title="Special:BookSources/9780143036722"><bdi>9780143036722</bdi></a>. <q>avant-funk sly stone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rip+It+Up+and+Start+Again%3A+Postpunk+1978-1984&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780143036722&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fripitupstartagai00reyno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray-107"><a href="#cite_ref-murray_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1991" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Charles Shaar (October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiWtlIxnQ6gC&q=avant-funk+no+wave&pg=PA205">Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix & The Post-War Rock 'N' Roll Revolution</a>. Macmillan. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312063245" title="Special:BookSources/9780312063245"><bdi>9780312063245</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crosstown+Traffic%3A+Jimi+Hendrix+%26+The+Post-War+Rock+%27N%27+Roll+Revolution&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991-10&rft.isbn=9780312063245&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles+Shaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCiWtlIxnQ6gC%26q%3Davant-funk%2Bno%2Bwave%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFricke2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Fricke, David (November 13, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412062112/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/livingcolour/albums/album/290616/review/6209668/collideoscope">"Living Colour – Collideoscope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/livingcolour/albums/album/290616/review/6209668/collideoscope">the original</a> on April 12, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2011. <q>Black-funk-metal pioneers return in righteous form when black-rock warriors Living Colour broke up in 1995,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Living+Colour+%E2%80%93+Collideoscope&rft.date=2003-11-13&rft.aulast=Fricke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Flivingcolour%2Falbums%2Falbum%2F290616%2Freview%2F6209668%2Fcollideoscope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1991" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Valerie (July 1991). "Primus: Nice and Cheesy". Hot Metal. 29. Sydney, Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hot+Metal&rft.atitle=Primus%3A+Nice+and+Cheesy&rft.volume=29&rft.date=1991-07&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spin_Jan_91-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Spin_Jan_91_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarzinSpencer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Darzin, Daina; Spencer, Lauren (January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9fMwxwJ7tkC&pg=PA39">"The Thrash-Funk scene proudly presents Primus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a>. 6 (10): 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=The+Thrash-Funk+scene+proudly+presents+Primus&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1991-01&rft.aulast=Darzin&rft.aufirst=Daina&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9fMwxwJ7tkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Keyes, Cheryl (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4476">"She Was too Black for Rock and too hard for Soul: (Re)discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis"</a>. American Studies. 52 (4): 35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fams.2013.0107">10.1353/ams.2013.0107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159486276">159486276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=She+Was+too+Black+for+Rock+and+too+hard+for+Soul%3A+%28Re%29discovering+the+Musical+Career+of+Betty+Mabry+Davis&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fams.2013.0107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159486276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2013" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Nikki A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4472">"The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout"</a>. American Studies. 52 (4): 57–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fams.2013.0117">10.1353/ams.2013.0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24589269">24589269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143460406">143460406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Feminist+Funk+Power+of+Betty+Davis+and+Ren%C3%A9e+Stout&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57-76&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143460406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24589269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fams.2013.0117&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Nikki+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/amsj/article/download/4472/4302/">"The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout"</a>. journals.ku.edu. Retrieved October 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journals.ku.edu&rft.atitle=The+Feminist+Funk+Power+of+Betty+Davis+and+Ren%C3%A9e+Stout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Famsj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F4472%2F4302%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2016" class="citation web cs1">Gonzales, Michael A. (July 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/rise-of-the-funky-diva-999/">"Rise of the Funky Divas"</a>. EBONY. Retrieved October 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EBONY&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+Funky+Divas&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebony.com%2Fentertainment%2Frise-of-the-funky-diva-999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyster2013" class="citation journal cs1">Royster, Francesca T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120140025/https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4474">"Labelle: Funk, Feminism, and the Politics of Flight and Fight"</a>. American Studies. 52 (4): 77–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fams.2013.0120">10.1353/ams.2013.0120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-6856">2153-6856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143971031">143971031</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4474">the original</a> on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=Labelle%3A+Funk%2C+Feminism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Flight+and+Fight&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=77-98&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143971031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2153-6856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fams.2013.0120&rft.aulast=Royster&rft.aufirst=Francesca+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/08/01/on-the-difference-between-funk-and-disco/25fcc5c6-1a13-4d64-9e99-a67dbd004b9a/">"On the Difference Between Funk and Disco"</a>. The Washington Post. August 1, 1979. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=On+the+Difference+Between+Funk+and+Disco&rft.date=1979-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1979%2F08%2F01%2Fon-the-difference-between-funk-and-disco%2F25fcc5c6-1a13-4d64-9e99-a67dbd004b9a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valnes-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valnes_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valnes_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValnes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Valnes, Matthew (September 2017). "Janelle Monáe and Afro-Sonic Feminist Funk". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 29 (3): e12224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpms.12224">10.1111/jpms.12224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-2226">1524-2226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Music+Studies&rft.atitle=Janelle+Mon%C3%A1e+and+Afro-Sonic+Feminist+Funk&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e12224&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjpms.12224&rft.issn=1524-2226&rft.aulast=Valnes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vox.com/2018/5/16/17318242/janelle-monae-science-fiction-influences-afrofuturism">"Janelle Monáe's body of work is a masterpiece of modern science fiction"</a>. Vox. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Janelle+Mon%C3%A1e%27s+body+of+work+is+a+masterpiece+of+modern+science+fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F5%2F16%2F17318242%2Fjanelle-monae-science-fiction-influences-afrofuturism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordi2018" class="citation news cs1">Lordi, Emily (May 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-artful-erotic-and-still-misunderstood-funk-of-betty-davis">"The Artful, Erotic, and Still Misunderstood Funk of Betty Davis"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Artful%2C+Erotic%2C+and+Still+Misunderstood+Funk+of+Betty+Davis&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Lordi&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fthe-artful-erotic-and-still-misunderstood-funk-of-betty-davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Funk&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Danielsen, Anne (2006). Presence and pleasure: The funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament. Wesleyan University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1996" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Rickey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/funkmusicpeopler00vinc">Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13499-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13499-1"><bdi>0-312-13499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk%3A+The+Music%2C+The+People%2C+and+The+Rhythm+of+The+One&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-312-13499-1&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Rickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffunkmusicpeopler00vinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/funk00thom">Funk</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-629-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-629-7"><bdi>0-87930-629-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87930-629-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffunk00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermelinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Wermelinger, Peter (2005). Funky & Groovy Music Records Lexicon. -. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9522773-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-9522773-1-2"><bdi>3-9522773-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funky+%26+Groovy+Music+Records+Lexicon&rft.pub=-&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-9522773-1-2&rft.aulast=Wermelinger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Funk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Funk" title="Template:Funk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Funk" title="Template talk:Funk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Funk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Funk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Funk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Funk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_funk" title="Brit funk">Brit funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_funk" title="Deep funk">Deep funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_sound" title="Minneapolis sound">Minneapolis sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funktronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktronica">Funktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu-funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu-funk">Nu-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">Psychedelic funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_funk_musicians" title="List of funk musicians">List of funk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_melody" title="Funk melody">Funk melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_ousadia" title="Funk ousadia">Funk ousadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_ostenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Funk ostentação">Funk paulista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proibid%C3%A3o" title="Proibidão">Proibidão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasteirinha" title="Rasteirinha">Rasteirinha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">Liquid funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">Neurofunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940s <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1950s <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1970s <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1980s <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1990s <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2000s <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010s <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rhythm_and_blues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: blue; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template talk:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhythm_and_blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_music" title="Beach music">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">British rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_R%26B" title="Alternative R&B">Alternative R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunk&B">Crunk&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">Latin R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluggnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluggnb">Pluggnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF%27n%27B" title="Raï'n'B">Raï'n'B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Rhythm_&_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Rhythm & grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RnBass" title="RnBass">RnBass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap&B">Snap&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music" title="Urban contemporary music">Urban contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban adult contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_jam" title="Slow jam">Slow jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">Blue-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">British soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164444#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4303520-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95005189">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124751002">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124751002">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph321774&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph224338&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX536782">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000290897&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551680205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funk&oldid=1256008898">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funk&oldid=1256008898</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Funk" title="Category:Funk">Funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_music_genres" title="Category:20th-century music genres">20th-century music genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_cultural_history" title="Category:African-American cultural history">African-American cultural history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">African-American music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_styles_of_music" title="Category:American styles of music">American styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popular_music" title="Category:Popular music">Popular music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhythm_and_blues_genres" title="Category:Rhythm and blues genres">Rhythm and blues genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_music" title="Category:1960s in music">1960s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_music" title="Category:1970s in music">1970s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_music" title="Category:1980s in music">1980s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_fads_and_trends" title="Category:1970s fads and trends">1970s fads and trends</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2018" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2018">Use mdy dates from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2018" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2018">Vague or ambiguous time from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2018">Articles with disputed statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 19:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funk&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lzhrf","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.515","walltime":"1.827","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9394,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":181635,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10342,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":315576,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1454.388 1 -total"," 38.07% 553.680 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.37% 150.808 26 Template:Cite_web"," 10.10% 146.955 11 Template:Cite_book"," 8.44% 122.687 2 Template:Lang"," 7.92% 115.124 2 Template:Infobox"," 7.79% 113.348 5 Template:Navbox"," 7.70% 112.056 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.59% 110.413 1 Template:Infobox_music_genre"," 5.43% 78.964 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.823","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16783469,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"\u003Cspan style\"] = \"\\\"color:white\\\"\u003EPortal\u003C/span\u003E\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jhvjh","timestamp":"20241122140842","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Funk","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funk","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q164444","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q164444","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-31T21:49:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T19:28:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/James-Brown_1973.jpg","headline":"music genre that originated in African-American communities in the mid-1960s when African-American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, psychedelic rock, jazz, and rhythm and blues (R&B)"}</script> </body> </html>