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<span>Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constitutional economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Western antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Post-modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_to_the_public_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_to_the_public_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Link to the public sphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_to_the_public_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil-society_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil-society_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Civil-society scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil-society_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil society</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مجتمع مدني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع مدني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socied%C3%A1_civil" title="Sociedá civil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sociedá civil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_c%C9%99miyy%C9%99ti" title="Vətəndaş cəmiyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vətəndaş cəmiyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="سیویل جامیعه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیویل جامیعه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="সুশীল সমাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুশীল সমাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BC%D2%93%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Граждандар йәмғиәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Граждандар йәмғиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Грамадзянская супольнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская супольнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Грамадзянская супольнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская супольнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гражданско общество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданско общество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilno_dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Civilno društvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Civilno društvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_civil_(sociologia)" title="Societat civil (sociologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat civil (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Гражданла пĕрлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гражданла пĕрлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Občanská společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithas_sifil" title="Cymdeithas sifil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymdeithas sifil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilsamfundet" title="Civilsamfundet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Civilsamfundet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilgesellschaft" title="Zivilgesellschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zivilgesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaniku%C3%BChiskond" title="Kodanikuühiskond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodanikuühiskond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κοινωνία των πολιτών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνία των πολιτών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_civil_(ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Sociedad civil (ciencia política) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad civil (ciencia política)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civila_socio" title="Civila socio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Civila socio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_zibil" title="Gizarte zibil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte zibil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جامعه مدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه مدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_civile" title="Société civile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société civile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_civil" title="Sociedade civil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sociedade civil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%BC_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C" title="시민 사회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시민 사회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքացիական հասարակություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական հասարակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="नागरिक समाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नागरिक समाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilno_dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Civilno društvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Civilno društvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat_madani" title="Masyarakat madani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masyarakat madani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_civile" title="Società civile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società civile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חברה אזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברה אזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სამოქალაქო საზოგადოება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოქალაქო საზოგადოება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Азаматтық қоғам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азаматтық қоғам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Жарандык коом – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарандык коом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsoniska_sabiedr%C4%ABba" title="Pilsoniska sabiedrība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsoniska sabiedrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilietin%C4%97_visuomen%C4%97" title="Pilietinė visuomenė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilietinė visuomenė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_t%C3%A1rsadalom" title="Civil társadalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Civil társadalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiarahamonim-pirenena" title="Fiarahamonim-pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiarahamonim-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ომენოღალე ჯარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომენოღალე ჯარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Иргэний нийгэм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иргэний нийгэм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လူမှုအဖွဲ့အစည်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူမှုအဖွဲ့အစည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgermaatschappij" title="Burgermaatschappij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burgermaatschappij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="नागरिक समाज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नागरिक समाज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="市民社会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="市民社会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilt_samfunn" title="Sivilt samfunn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sivilt samfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqarolik_jamiyati" title="Fuqarolik jamiyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuqarolik jamiyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਸਮਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਸਮਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9B" title="សង្គមស៊ីវិល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គមស៊ីវិល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo_obywatelskie" title="Społeczeństwo obywatelskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Społeczeństwo obywatelskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_civil" title="Sociedade civil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociedade civil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societate_civil%C4%83" title="Societate civilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Societate civilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Цивилне сполоченство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цивилне сполоченство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гражданское общество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданское общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%C3%ABria_civile" title="Shoqëria civile – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria civile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="سول سوسائٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سول سوسائٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5_(modern%C3%BD_v%C3%BDznam)" title="Občianska spoločnosť (moderný význam) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska spoločnosť (moderný význam)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilna_dru%C5%BEba" title="Civilna družba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Civilna družba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵگای مەدەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵگای مەدەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilno_dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Civilno društvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Civilno društvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilno_dru%C5%A1tvo" title="Civilno društvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Civilno društvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansalaisyhteiskunta" title="Kansalaisyhteiskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansalaisyhteiskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilsamh%C3%A4llet" title="Civilsamhället – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Civilsamhället" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipunang_pambayan" title="Lipunang pambayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lipunang pambayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="ประชาสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҷомеаи шаҳрвандӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷомеаи шаҳрвандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivil_toplum" title="Sivil toplum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sivil toplum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Громадянське суспільство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянське суспільство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%81" title="شہری معاشرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہری معاشرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_d%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Xã hội dân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội dân sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="公民社会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公民社会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="公民社會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公民社會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third sector of society, distinct from government and business</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Civic_society" title="Civic society">Civic society</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg/220px-International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg/330px-International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg/440px-International_Civil_Society_Week_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>International Civil Society Week 2019</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Civil society</b> can be understood as the "third sector" of <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, distinct from <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, and including the family and the <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By other authors, <i>civil society</i> is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-diccom_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diccom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the term <i>civil society</i> is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (<i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> concept of civic values. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> presents the term <i>civil society</i> in the phrase <i>koinōnía politikḗ</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοινωνία πολιτική</span></span>), which refers to a <i>political community</i>, like the <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> (<i>polis</i>), established for collective survival.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (philosophy)">telos</a></i> or end of civil society, thus defined, was <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸ εὖ ζῆν</span></span>, <i>tò eu zēn</i>) (often translated as human flourishing or common well-being), in as man was defined as a ‘political (social) animal’ (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζῷον πολιτικόν</span></span> <i>zōon politikón</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was used by Roman writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, where it referred to the ancient notion of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> (<i>res publica</i>). It re-entered into Western political discourse following one of the late medieval translations of Aristotle's <i>Politics</i> into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Leonardo Bruni</a> who as a first translated <i>koinōnía politikḗ</i> into <i>societas civilis</i>. With the rise of a distinction between monarchical autonomy and public law, the term then gained currency to denote the corporate estates (<i>Ständestaat</i>) of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_p.86_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_p.86-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> as late as in the 1990s employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by the intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Smolar" title="Aleksander Smolar">Aleksander Smolar</a> in 1978–79.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term was not in use by <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> labor union in 1980–1981.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democracy">Democracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Romans were aware of the connections between democracy and a cooperative society, versus a monarchy and a competitive, or uncooperative society. The historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> makes an argument in the voice of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s general <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> beseeching Augustus, having defeated his rivals for power in the Roman civil wars, not to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman republic</a> because of its expected effect on society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literature on relations between civil society and democratic <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">political society</a> has its immediate origins in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> philosophy, including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" title="An Essay on the History of Civil Society">An Essay on the History of Civil Society</a></i>, and in the work of <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, from whom the concepts were adapted by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zaleski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaleski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>. They were developed in significant ways by 20th century researchers <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Verba" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a>, who identified the role of political culture in a democratic order as vital.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They argued that the political element of political organizations facilitates better awareness and a more informed citizenry, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil society acts as a forum for people with common goals and interests to further develop democratic ideals, which in turn can lead to a more democratic state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in these kinds of associations serves as a source of information which reduces the barriers to collective action.<sup id="cite_ref-Boulding_2014_128–154_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulding_2014_128–154-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups then affect policy by putting pressure on governments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that civil society serves to balance the power of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statutes of these political organizations have been considered micro-constitutions because they accustom participants to the formalities of democratic decision making. </p><p>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy because they build social capital, trust, and shared values within a society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social capital, as defined as the social networks and norms of reciprocity associated with them, can help societies resolve dilemmas of collective action; individuals with dense social networks are more likely to credibly commit to other members of society and leverage their social capital to build public goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, countries with strong civil societies are more likely to succeed as democracies. Some scholars have built on Putnam's claim and argued that the participation of a specific type of civil society organization—non-political organizations rooted in quotidian relationships—in the democratic transition process is what drives successful democratic transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gianfranco Poggi argues this as well, saying that interpersonal trust is needed if republican society is to be maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, however, have questioned the link between civil society and robust democracy. As <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carothers" title="Thomas Carothers">Thomas Carothers</a> points out, civil societies do not necessarily form for worthy reasons nor do they necessarily promote democratic values.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Sheri_Berman" title="Sheri Berman">Sheri Berman</a> argued that civil society organizations can actually be used to mobilize people against democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was evident in fall of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in Germany. The Weimar Republic's failure to address the ravages of economic depression, and domestic struggles, led to the creation of a multitude of German civil societies.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A defining and arguable fatal flaw of these groups was they reinforced societal conflicts and differences among Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-histphil.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histphil.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separation of German society into individual social groups meant they were incredibly vulnerable to nationalist ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-histphil.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histphil.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazis infiltrated these discontent groups where they eventually became the backbone and foundation for the party and its propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Nazi party transformed itself from a place of political irrelevancy to the largest party in the German Reichstag after the <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to Putnam's argument, in this instance, a dense civil society network had damaged democracy. The Nazi Party exploited the societal organization of Germany ultimately leading to the fall of the nation's first ever republic. </p><p>Even in well-established democracies, the proliferation of special interest groups—which signal a strong civil society—can potentially impede the functioning of representative institutions and distort policy outcomes in favor of the wealthy, well-connected, or well-organized.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, based on survey data collected by Kenneth Newton, there is little evidence that social and political trust overlap, which renders the relationship between the strength of civil society and democracy obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, as Larry Diamond asserts, in order to understand the multitude of ways civil society can serve democracy, it is also necessary to understand the tensions and contradictions civil society generates for democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Tocqueville states that the tendency to form associations that would manifest into civil societies has propelled its success as a democratic government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putnam argues that the strength of civil societies in the U.S. have historically brought more social trust and more social capital for citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others state that a dependence on civil societies can lead citizens to question the effectiveness of the U.S. government and can create instability by dividing society.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern America, Yuval Levin writes that civil societies are considered to be a gateway between the U.S. government and citizens<sup id="cite_ref-ssir.org_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssir.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some state that civil societies help maintain individual freedoms as a check to the U.S. government's power, while others see its role as upholding the state's efforts by helping it fuel social causes while constraining the un-democratic consolidation of power.<sup id="cite_ref-ssir.org_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssir.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as David Rieff, point out that the U.S. government is more financially equipped to work on social causes than civil societies like NGOs, who prove inadequate due to their lack of relative strength.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by Harvard professor Theda Skocpol indicates that though civil societies have brought more democracy to America, the shift from large unions and organizations to smaller movements targeting specific political issues is less likely to spur large-scale participation in democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galston and Levine state these new civil societies have proved to be less likely to engage in the political process and more likely to bring social activism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_participation">Political participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civil society organizations provide citizens with knowledge crucial to political participation, such as the obligations and rights of citizens with regard to government processes, different types of political issues and policy agendas, ways in which citizens can collaborate to address societal issues, and approaches to creating meaningful change in communities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professors Carew E. Boulding and Jami Nelson-Núñez assert that civil society organizations are beneficial in that citizens are more inclined to participate politically when they can act collectively and develop associative solidarities with others around shared policy preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-Boulding_2014_128–154_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulding_2014_128–154-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, however, note that there are some drawbacks of civil society organizations as it pertains to political participation and policy processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Thomas Carothers have explained that, because civil society organizations have such an influential role in political participation, the proliferation of these organizations has made it increasingly difficult for governments to meet both the widening range of policy preferences and rapidly changing social needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar David Rieff discusses another issue tied to civil society and political participation: single-issue activism.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most civil society organizations focus on one sector or societal issue, this sometimes causes voters to shift their attention away from the multifaceted broad issues facing society, such as the challenges of globalization, and instead the focus of elections becomes centered on a few specific hot-button topics, such as abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a considerable amount of data supporting the notion that civil society organizations significantly increase political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Robert Putnam conducted a study of civil society in Italy in the mid-1900s, and observed that those who were engaged with civil society organizations demonstrated greater “political sophistication, social trust, political participation, and ‘subjective civic competence’” than those not involved in these organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Dr. Sheri Berman found that the NSDAP (Nazi Party) civil society organization leveraged strong civil society networks among the middle class together for the purpose of mobilizing for political participation in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powerful influence of these efforts is evidenced by the NSDAP becoming the most potent political force in the nation in the mid-1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These case studies provide evidence of the crucial role of social networks in facilitating political participation and civic engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A strong civil society is often considered to be important for economic growth, with reasoning being that it can give important input on economic decisions, facilitate private enterprise and entrepreneurship, and prevent the state from stifling the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, labor leaders can ensure that economic growth benefits working people, faith leaders can advocate for greater inclusion in economic affairs, NGOs can flag and document harmful business practices, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially, civil society creates social capital, which the World Bank defines as "the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With higher social capital comes a greater amount of social interdependence, which increases productivity and economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one study found that high school drop out rates in areas within the United States with better social networks were lower than in areas with weaker social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some, like Thomas Carothers, somewhat dispute this narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that although civil society is beneficial toward economic growth, it is not <i>necessary</i>, which he illustrates through how South Korea's great economic success was built without a strong civil society, which only appeared after economic growth had more than took off, as well as how Bangladesh, with an incredibly rich civil society, has largely failed to grow its economy, remaining one of the poorest countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Going even further, Carothers also points out how too much civil society, at least in certain sectors, can lead to harmful economic impacts, citing how some economists believe labor unions in Latin America have restricted economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_economics">Constitutional economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitutional economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> which describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy including <a href="/wiki/Budget_process" title="Budget process">budget process</a>. The term "constitutional economics" was used by American economist <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a> as a name for a new <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> planning and the latter's <a href="/wiki/Transparency_in_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency in government">transparency</a> to the civil society, are of the primary guiding importance to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Also, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive <a href="/wiki/Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds" title="Impoundment of appropriated funds">impoundment</a> of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global">Global</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Global"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Brainbar_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/220px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/330px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/440px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Civil lecture at Budapest Brainbar</figcaption></figure> <p>Critics and activists currently often apply the term <i>civil society</i> to the domain of social life which needs to be protected against <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and to the sources of resistance thereto, because it is seen as acting beyond boundaries and across different territories.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as civil society can, under many definitions, include and be funded and directed by those businesses and institutions (especially donors linked to European and Northern states) who support <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, this is a contested use.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid development of civil society on the global scale after the fall of the communist system was a part of neo-liberal strategies linked to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-globall_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globall-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have also been published, which deal with unresolved issues regarding the use of the term in connection with the impact and conceptual power of the international aid system (see for example Tvedt 1998). </p><p>On the other hand, others see <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> as a social phenomenon expanding the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> values, which inevitably led to a larger role for civil society at the expense of politically derived state institutions. </p><p>The integrated Civil Society Organizations (iCSO) System,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> (DESA), facilitates interactions between civil society organizations and DESA.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil societies also have become involved in the environmental policy making process. These groups impact environmental policies by setting an agenda on fixing the harm done to the environment. They also get the public informed about environmental issues, which increases the public demand for environmental change.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From a historical perspective, the actual meaning of the concept of civil society has changed twice from its original, classical form. The first change occurred after the French Revolution, the second during the fall of communism in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_antiquity">Western antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of civil society in its pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">classical republican</a> understanding is usually connected to the early-modern thought of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century. However, it has much older history in the realm of political thought. Generally, civil society has been referred to as a political association governing social conflict through the imposition of rules that restrain citizens from harming one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the classical period, the concept was used as a synonym for the good society, and seen as indistinguishable from the state. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> taught that conflicts within society should be resolved through public argument using ‘<a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>’, a form of rational dialogue to uncover truth. According to Socrates, public argument through ‘dialectic’ was imperative to ensure ‘civility’ in the polis and ‘good life’ of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connell_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, the ideal state was a just society in which people dedicate themselves to the common good, practice civic virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice, and perform the occupational role to which they were best suited. It was the duty of the ‘<a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">philosopher king</a>’ to look after people in civility. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> thought the polis was an ‘association of associations’ that enables citizens to share in the virtuous task of ruling and being ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">koinonia</a> politike</i> described a political <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. </p><p>The concept of <i>societas civilis</i> is Roman and was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. The political discourse in the classical period, places importance on the idea of a ‘good society’ in ensuring peace and order among the people. The philosophers in the classical period did not make any distinction between the state and society. Rather they held that the state represented the civil form of society and ‘civility’ represented the requirement of good citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed6_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, they held that human beings are inherently rational so that they can collectively shape the nature of the society they belong to. In addition, human beings have the capacity to voluntarily gather for the common cause and maintain peace in society. By holding this view, we can say that classical political thinkers endorsed the genesis of civil society in its original sense. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> saw major changes in the topics discussed by political philosophers. Due to the unique political arrangements of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, the concept of classical civil society practically disappeared from mainstream discussion. Instead conversation was dominated by problems of <a href="/wiki/Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">just war</a>, a preoccupation that would last until the end of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> heralded the birth of <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">the sovereign states system</a>. The Treaty endorsed states as territorially-based political units having sovereignty. As a result, the monarchs were able to exert domestic control by circumventing the feudal lords by raising their own armed troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Bro70_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bro70-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henceforth, monarchs could form national armies and deploy a professional bureaucracy and fiscal departments, which enabled them to maintain direct control and authority over their subjects. In order to meet administrative expenditures, monarchs exerted greater control over the economy. This gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knut80_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knut80-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid-eighteenth century, absolutism was the hallmark of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Knut80_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knut80-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absolutist concept of the state was disputed in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Chand88_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chand88-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a natural consequence of Renaissance, Humanism, and the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment thinkers raised fundamental questions such as "What legitimacy does heredity confer?", "Why are governments instituted?", "Why do some human beings have more basic rights than others?", and so on. These questions led them to make certain assumptions about the nature of the human mind, the sources of political and <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>, the reasons behind absolutism, and how to move beyond absolutism. The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of the human mind to reason. They opposed the alliance between the state and the Church as the enemy of human progress and well-being because the coercive apparatus of the state curbed individual liberty and the Church legitimated monarchs by positing the theory of divine origin. Therefore, both were deemed to be against the will of the people. </p><p>Strongly influenced by the atrocities of Thirty Years' War, the political philosophers of the time held that social relations should be ordered in a different way from <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> conditions. Some of their attempts led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory that contested social relations existing in accordance with human nature. They held that human nature can be understood by analyzing objective realities and natural law conditions. Thus they endorsed that the nature of human beings should be encompassed by the contours of state and established <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive laws</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> underlined the need of a powerful state to maintain civility in society. For Hobbes, human beings are motivated by self-interests (Graham 1997:23). Moreover, these self-interests are often contradictory in nature. Therefore, in <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>, there was a condition of a war of all against all. In such a situation, life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" (Ibid: 25). Upon realizing the danger of anarchy, human beings became aware of the need of a mechanism to protect them. As far as Hobbes was concerned, rationality and self-interests persuaded human beings to combine in agreement, to surrender sovereignty to a common power (Kaviraj 2001:289).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hobbes called this common power, state, <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> had a similar concept to Hobbes about the political condition in England. It was the period of the Glorious Revolution, marked by the struggle between the divine right of the Crown and the political rights of Parliament. This influenced Locke to forge a social contract theory of a limited state and a powerful society. In Locke's view, human beings led also an unpeaceful life in the state of nature. However, it could be maintained at the sub-optimal level in the absence of a sufficient system (Brown 2001:73). From that major concern, people gathered together to sign a contract and constituted a common public authority. Nevertheless, Locke held that the consolidation of political power can be turned into autocracy, if it is not brought under reliable restrictions (Kaviraj 2001:291). Therefore, Locke set forth two treaties on government with reciprocal obligations. In the first treaty, people submit themselves to the common public authority. This authority has the power to enact and maintain laws. The second treaty contains the limitations of authority, i. e., the state has no power to threaten the basic rights of human beings. As far as Locke was concerned, the basic rights of human beings are the preservation of life, liberty and property. Moreover, he held that the state must operate within the bounds of civil and natural laws. </p><p>Both Hobbes and Locke had set forth a system, in which peaceful coexistence among human beings could be ensured through social pacts or contracts. They considered civil society as a community that maintained civil life, the realm where civic virtues and rights were derived from natural laws. However, they did not hold that civil society was a separate realm from the state. Rather, they underlined the co-existence of the state and civil society. The systematic approaches of Hobbes and Locke (in their analysis of social relations) were largely influenced by the experiences in their period. Their attempts to explain human nature, natural laws, the social contract and the formation of government had challenged the divine right theory. In contrast to divine right, Hobbes and Locke claimed that humans can design their political order. This idea had a great impact on the thinkers in the Enlightenment period. </p><p>The Enlightenment thinkers argued that human beings are rational and can shape their destiny. Hence, no need of an absolute authority to control them. Both <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, a critic of civil society, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> argued that people are peace lovers and that wars are the creation of absolute regimes (Burchill 2001:33). As far as Kant was concerned, this system was effective to guard against the domination of a single interest and check the tyranny of the majority (Alagappa 2004:30). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #008080; background:var( --background-color-base, #008080); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_particularism" title="Political particularism">Political particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive rights">Positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" title="Benjamin Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Barzilai" title="Gad Barzilai">Barzilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Bellah" title="Robert N. Bellah">Bellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyla_Benhabib" title="Seyla Benhabib">Seyla Benhabib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Blond" title="Phillip Blond">Blond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Etzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Galston" title="William Galston">Galston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hauerwas" title="Stanley Hauerwas">Hauerwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtain" title="Jean Bethke Elshtain">Jean Bethke Elshtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kuczewski" title="Mark Kuczewski">Kuczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Marglin" title="Stephen Marglin">Marglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Ad%C3%A1n" title="José Pérez Adán">Adán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Preve" title="Costanzo Preve">Preve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="text-align: center;"> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communitarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Communitarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communitarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Communitarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communitarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communitarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> completely changed the meaning of civil society, giving rise to a modern <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> understanding of it as a form of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">non</a>-political society as opposed to institutions of modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zaleski_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaleski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">classical republicanism</a> civil society where synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Political_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Political society">political society</a>, Hegel distinguished political state and civil society, what was followed by Tocqueville's distinction between civil and political societies and associations,<sup id="cite_ref-zaleski_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaleski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repeated by Marx and Tönnies. </p><p>Unlike his predecessors, Hegel considered civil society (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">bürgerliche Gesellschaft</i>) as a separate realm, a "system of needs", that is the, "[stage of] difference which intervenes between the family and the state".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil society is the realm of economic relationships as it exists in the modern industrial capitalist society,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for it had emerged at the particular period of capitalism and served its interests: individual rights and private property.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, he used the German term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" to denote civil society as "civilian society" – a sphere regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a>. This new way of thinking about civil society was followed by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-zaleski_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaleski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Hegel, civil society manifested contradictory forces. Being the realm of capitalist interests, there is a possibility of conflicts and inequalities within it (ex: mental and physical aptitude, talents and financial circumstances). He argued that these inequalities influence the choices that members are able to make in relation to the type of work they will do. The diverse positions in Civil Society fall into three estates: the substantial estate (agriculture), the formal estate (trade and industry), and the universal estate (civil society).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A man is able to choose his estate, though his choice is limited by the aforementioned inequalities. However, Hegel argues that these inequalities enable all estates in Civil Society to be filled, which leads to a more efficient system on the whole. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> followed the Hegelian way of using the concept of civil society. For Marx, the emergence of the modern state created a realm of civil society that reduced society to private interests competing against each other. Political society was autonomized into the state, which was in turn ruled by the bourgeois class (consider also that suffrage only belonged, then, to propertied men). Marx, in his early writings, anticipated the abolition of the separation between state and civil society, and looked forward to the reunification of private and public/political realms (Colletti, 1975). Hence, Marx rejected the positive role of state put forth by Hegel. Marx argued that the state cannot be a neutral problem solver. Rather, he depicted the state as the defender of the interests of the bourgeoisie. He considered the state to be the executive arm of the bourgeoisie, which would wither away once the working class took democratic control of society.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above view about civil society was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (Edwards 2004:10). Departing somewhat from Marx, Gramsci did not consider civil society as a realm of private and alienated relationships. Rather, Gramsci viewed civil society as the vehicle for bourgeois hegemony, when it just represents a particular class. He underlined the crucial role of civil society as the contributor of the cultural and ideological capital required for the survival of the hegemony of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than posing it as a problem, as in earlier Marxist conceptions, Gramsci viewed civil society as the site for problem-solving. Misunderstanding Gramsci, the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> assigned civil society a key role in defending people against the state and the market and in asserting the democratic will to influence the state.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, neo-liberal thinkers consider civil society as a site for struggle to subvert Communist and authoritarian regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the term civil society occupies an important place in the political discourses of the New Left and neo-liberals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-modern_history">Post-modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg/220px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg/330px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg/440px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Kossuth_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4561" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>After decades of forbidden national days, on the 15th of March, 1989, the communist regime of Hungary allowed people to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 revolution</a>. Parallel with the state celebration at the National Museum, independent organisations called the public to gather at the statue of <a href="/wiki/Pet%C5%91fi_S%C3%A1ndor" class="mw-redirect" title="Petőfi Sándor">Petőfi Sándor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is commonly believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the post-modern way of understanding civil society was first developed by political opposition in the former Soviet bloc East European countries in the 1980s. However, research shows that communist <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> had the most important influence on the development and popularization of the idea instead, in an effort to legitimize <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neoliberal</a> transformation in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to theory of restructurization of welfare systems, a new way of using the concept of civil society became a <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> legitimizing development of the third sector as a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. The recent development of the third sector is a result of this welfare systems restructuring, rather than of democratization.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From that time stems a political practice of using the idea of civil society instead of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">political society</a>. Henceforth, postmodern usage of the idea of civil society became divided into two main ones: as political society and as the third sector – apart from plethora of definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a> of the 1990s, which involved conditioned loans by the World Bank and IMF to debt-laden developing states, also created pressures for states in poorer countries to shrink.<sup id="cite_ref-globall_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globall-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn led to practical changes for civil society that went on to influence the theoretical debate. Initially the new conditionality led to an even greater emphasis on "civil society" as a panacea, replacing the state's service provision and social care,<sup id="cite_ref-globall_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globall-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulme and Edwards suggested that it was now seen as "the magic bullet". </p><p>By the end of the 1990s civil society was seen less as a panacea amid the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> and the transition of many countries to democracy; instead, civil society was increasingly called on to justify its legitimacy and democratic credentials. This led to the creation by the UN of a high level panel on civil society.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 1990s with the emergence of the nongovernmental organizations and the <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">new social movements</a> (NSMs) on a global scale, civil society as a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">third sector</a> became treated as a key terrain of strategic action to construct ‘an alternative social and world order.’ Post-modern civil society theory has now largely returned to a more neutral stance, but with marked differences between the study of the phenomena in richer societies and writing on civil society in developing states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Link_to_the_public_sphere">Link to the public sphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Link to the public sphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> encourages rational will-formation; it is a sphere of rational and democratic social interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habermas analyzes civil society as a sphere of "commodity exchange and social labor" and public sphere as a part of political realm. Habermas argues that even though society was representative of capitalist society, there are some institutions that were part of political society. Transformations in economy brought transformations to the public sphere. Though these transformations happen, a civil society develops into political society when it emerges as non-economic and has a populous aspect, and when the state is not represented by just one political party. There needs to be a locus of authority, and this is where society can begin to challenge authority. Jillian Schwedler points out that civil society emerges with the resurrection of the public sphere when individuals and groups begin to challenge boundaries of permissible behaviour – for example, by speaking out against the regime or demanding a government response to social needs – civil society begins to take shape.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Civil society organizations, also known as civic organizations, include among others: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activist_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist group">activist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">clubs</a> (sports, social, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_foundation" title="Community foundation">community foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Community organizations">community organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer organizations">consumer organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(non-profit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (non-profit)">foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organizations</a> (NPOs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_voluntary_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Private voluntary organization">private voluntary organizations</a> (PVOs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">religious organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_organization" title="Social movement organization">social movement organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">support groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associationalism" title="Associationalism">Associationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">Civic engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">Civics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_space" title="Civic space">Civic space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_affairs" title="Civil affairs">Civil affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_inattention" title="Civil inattention">Civil inattention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Society_and_Indigenous_Peoples%27_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Society and Indigenous Peoples' Mechanism">Civil Society and Indigenous Peoples' Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_good" title="Coordination good">Coordination good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_civics" title="Global civics">Global civics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">Liberal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public interest litigation">Public interest litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule According to Higher Law">Rule According to Higher Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">Social economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_innovation" title="Social innovation">Social innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Service organization">Service organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yearbook_of_International_Organizations" title="Yearbook of International Organizations">Yearbook of International Organizations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil-society_scholars">Civil-society scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Civil-society scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Alexander" title="Jeffrey C. Alexander">Jeffrey C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Anheier" title="Helmut Anheier">Helmut Anheier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Andrew Arato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Blond" title="Phillip Blond">Phillip Blond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" title="Benjamin Barber">Benjamin Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Daniel Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Neelly_Bellah" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Neelly Bellah">Robert N. Bellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L._Cohen" title="Jean L. Cohen">Jean L. Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(international_development_specialist)" title="Michael Edwards (international development specialist)">Michael Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtain" title="Jean Bethke Elshtain">Jean Bethke Elshtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dobkin_Hall" title="Peter Dobkin Hall">Peter Dobkin Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kaldor" title="Mary Kaldor">Mary Kaldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Dean_Karl" title="Barry Dean Karl">Barry Dean Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keane_(political_theorist)" title="John Keane (political theorist)">John Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Korten" title="David Korten">David Korten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Meyer" title="John W. Meyer">John W. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moulaert" title="Frank Moulaert">Frank Moulaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(educator)" title="Michael O'Neill (educator)">Michael O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Trade_Watch" title="Global Trade Watch">Lori Wallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurram_Zaki" title="Khurram Zaki">Khurram Zaki</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CSI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilsoc.org/whatisCS.htm"><i>What is Civil Society</i></a> civilsoc.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502111725/http://www.civilsoc.org/whatisCS.htm">Archived</a> 2 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diccom-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diccom_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/civil+society?r=66">"Civil society – Define Civil society at Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225095415/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/civil+society?r=66">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Civil+society+%E2%80%93+Define+Civil+society+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcivil%2Bsociety%3Fr%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/civil-society">"Civil society definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428192043/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/civil-society">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Civil+society+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcivil-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTugendhat1986" class="citation book cs1">Tugendhat, Ernst (1986). <i>Self-Consciousness and Self-Determination</i>. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Consciousness+and+Self-Determination&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Tugendhat&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Politics</i>, Bk. 1 passim, esp. 1252a1–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean L. Cohen,<i>Civil Society and Political Theory,</i> MIT Press, 1994 pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Blumenfeld <i>The Political Paul: Democracy and Kingship in Paul's Thought,</i> Sheffield Academic Press, 2001 pp. 45–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Davis,<i>The Politics of Philosophy: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics,</i> Rowman & Littlefield 1996 pp. 15–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_p.86-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_p.86_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean L. Cohen,<i>Civil Society and Political Theory,</i> MIT Press, 1994 p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick W. Powell,<i>The Politics of Civil Society: Neoliberalism Or Social Left?,</i> Policy Press, 2007. pp. 119–20, 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Stefan Zaleski, <i>Neoliberalizm i spoleczenstwo obywatelskie (Neoliberalism and Civil Society)</i>, Wydawnictwo UMK, Torun 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/52*.html">"Cassius Dio — Book 52"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio+%E2%80%94+Book+52&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fcassius_dio%2F52%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaleski-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaleski_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaleski_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaleski_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaleski_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zaleski, Pawel Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009053108/http://zaleski.wex.pl/2008%20tocqueville%20on%20civilian%20society.pdf">"Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte</i>. <b>50</b>. Felix Meiner Verlag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaleski.wex.pl/2008%20tocqueville%20on%20civilian%20society.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Begriffsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Tocqueville+on+Civilian+Society.+A+Romantic+Vision+of+the+Dichotomic+Structure+of+Social+Reality&rft.volume=50&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Pawel+Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzaleski.wex.pl%2F2008%2520tocqueville%2520on%2520civilian%2520society.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm#b1">Civil Society and the Conception of History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102205347/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm#b1">Archived</a> 2 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">Critique of the German Ideology</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Almond, G., & Verba, S.; 'The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes And Democracy In Five Nations; 1989; Sage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1998" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Benjamin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/173086879"><i>Place for us</i></a>. Hill & Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-7656-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-7656-X"><bdi>0-8090-7656-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173086879">173086879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+for+us.&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173086879&rft.isbn=0-8090-7656-X&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F173086879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulding_2014_128–154-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boulding_2014_128–154_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulding_2014_128–154_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouldingNelson-Núñez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Boulding, Carew E.; Nelson-Núñez, Jami (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43670156">"Civil Society and Support for the Political System in Times of Crisis"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 128–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2014.0015">10.1353/lar.2014.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8791">0023-8791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43670156">43670156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73712285">73712285</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303023757/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43670156">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+and+Support+for+the+Political+System+in+Times+of+Crisis&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-154&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0023-8791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73712285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43670156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flar.2014.0015&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=Carew+E.&rft.au=Nelson-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%2C+Jami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43670156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers1997" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Thomas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149329">"Think Again: Democracy"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i> (107): 11–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149329">10.2307/1149329</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149329">1149329</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404141450/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149329">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Think+Again%3A+Democracy&rft.issue=107&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyamaFFukuyama@imf.org2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fukuyama, Francis; FFukuyama@imf.org (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.imf.org/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1018-5941&volume=2000&issue=074">"Social Capital and Civil Society"</a>. <i>IMF Working Papers</i> (74): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9781451849585.001">10.5089/9781451849585.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1018-5941">1018-5941</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702101411/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2000/074/001.2000.issue-074-en.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IMF+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Social+Capital+and+Civil+Society&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5089%2F9781451849585.001&rft.issn=1018-5941&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=FFukuyama%40imf.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.imf.org%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Djournal%26issn%3D1018-5941%26volume%3D2000%26issue%3D074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Putnam,_Robert_Leonardi,_Raffaella_Y._NanettiRobert_LeonardiRaffaella_Y._Nanetti1994" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Putnam, Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi; Raffaella Y. Nanetti (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingdemocracyw00putn"><i>Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0"><bdi>0-691-07889-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Democracy+Work%3A+Civic+Traditions+in+Modern+Italy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-691-07889-0&rft.au=Robert+D.+Putnam%2C+Robert+Leonardi%2C+Raffaella+Y.+Nanetti&rft.au=Robert+Leonardi&rft.au=Raffaella+Y.+Nanetti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingdemocracyw00putn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinckney" class="citation journal cs1">Pinckney, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/66/1/sqab094/6514649">"Organizations, Resistance, and Democracy: How Civil Society Organizations Impact Democratization"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303001511/https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/66/1/sqab094/6514649">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Organizations%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Democracy%3A+How+Civil+Society+Organizations+Impact+Democratization&rft.aulast=Pinckney&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisq%2Farticle%2F66%2F1%2Fsqab094%2F6514649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.1993" class="citation book cs1">D., Putnam, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/246779019"><i>Making democracy work : civic traditions in modern Italy</i></a>. Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0"><bdi>0-691-07889-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246779019">246779019</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702101431/https://worldcat.org/title/246779019">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+democracy+work+%3A+civic+traditions+in+modern+Italy&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246779019&rft.isbn=0-691-07889-0&rft.aulast=D.&rft.aufirst=Putnam%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F246779019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothersBarndt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Thomas; Barndt, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">"Civil Society"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <b>117</b> (1999): 18–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149558">10.2307/1149558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">1149558</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304000623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Civil+Society&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1999&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Barndt%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Sheri (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 401–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008">10.1353/wp.1997.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">25054008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145285276">145285276</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607171209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-429&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145285276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histphil.org-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histphil.org_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histphil.org_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2021" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Sheri (13 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histphil.org/2021/05/13/revisiting-civil-society-and-the-collapse-of-the-weimar-republic/">"Revisiting "Civil Society And The Collapse Of The Weimar Republic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>HistPhil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303030704/https://histphil.org/2021/05/13/revisiting-civil-society-and-the-collapse-of-the-weimar-republic/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistPhil&rft.atitle=Revisiting+%22Civil+Society+And+The+Collapse+Of+The+Weimar+Republic%22&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistphil.org%2F2021%2F05%2F13%2Frevisiting-civil-society-and-the-collapse-of-the-weimar-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoigtländerVothSatyanath2013" class="citation web cs1">Voigtländer, Nico; Voth, Hans-Joachim; Satyanath, Shanker (5 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/bowling-adolf-how-social-capital-helped-destroy-germanys-first-democracy">"Bowling for Adolf: How social capital helped to destroy Germany's first democracy"</a>. <i>VoxEU - CEPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303030701/https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/bowling-adolf-how-social-capital-helped-destroy-germanys-first-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoxEU+-+CEPR&rft.atitle=Bowling+for+Adolf%3A+How+social+capital+helped+to+destroy+Germany%27s+first+democracy&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Voigtl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Nico&rft.au=Voth%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft.au=Satyanath%2C+Shanker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcepr.org%2Fvoxeu%2Fcolumns%2Fbowling-adolf-how-social-capital-helped-destroy-germanys-first-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers1997" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Thomas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1149329">"Think Again: Democracy"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i> (107): 11–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149329">10.2307/1149329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228">0015-7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149329">1149329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Think+Again%3A+Democracy&rft.issue=107&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0015-7228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149329&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1149329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Kenneth (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512101222004">"Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy"</a>. <i>International Political Science Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 201–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192512101222004">10.1177/0192512101222004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-5121">0192-5121</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145126824">145126824</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702101411/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0192512101222004">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Trust%2C+Social+Capital%2C+Civil+Society%2C+and+Democracy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-214&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145126824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0192-5121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0192512101222004&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0192512101222004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1994" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Larry Jay (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1994.0041">"Toward Democratic Consolidation"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 4–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.1994.0041">10.1353/jod.1994.0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153922136">153922136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Toward+Democratic+Consolidation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-17&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153922136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.1994.0041&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Larry+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fjod.1994.0041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/makingdemocracyw00putn">"Making democracy work"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Civil+Society&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Barndt%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Sheri (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0008">"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 401–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008">10.1353/wp.1997.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145285276">145285276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-429&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145285276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssir.org-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssir.org_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssir.org_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_american_context_of_civil_society">"The American Context of Civil Society (SSIR)"</a>. <i>ssir.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304041221/https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_american_context_of_civil_society">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssir.org&rft.atitle=The+American+Context+of+Civil+Society+%28SSIR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssir.org%2Farticles%2Fentry%2Fthe_american_context_of_civil_society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieff1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Rieff, David (4 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/false-dawn-civil-society/">"The False Dawn of Civil Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+False+Dawn+of+Civil+Society&rft.date=1999-02-04&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Ffalse-dawn-civil-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28264/chapter/213409475#342690982">"Civil Society in the United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304041207/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28264/chapter/213409475#342690982">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F28264%2Fchapter%2F213409475%23342690982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-civil-society-why-now/">Why Civil Society? Why Now?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304041207/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-civil-society-why-now/">Archived</a> 4 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brookings</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-society">"Civil Society | Social Science | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221075551/https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-society">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+%7C+Social+Science+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcivil-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothersBarndt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Thomas; Barndt, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">"Civil Society"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i> (117): 18–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149558">10.2307/1149558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228">0015-7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">1149558</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304000623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149558">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Civil+Society&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0015-7228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149558&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Barndt%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieff1999" class="citation news cs1">Rieff, David (4 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/false-dawn-civil-society/">"The False Dawn of Civil Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304000601/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/false-dawn-civil-society/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+False+Dawn+of+Civil+Society&rft.date=1999-02-04&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Ffalse-dawn-civil-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2020" class="citation web cs1">Ingram, George (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/04/06/civil-society-an-essential-ingredient-of-development/">"Civil society: An essential ingredient of development"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304000624/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/04/06/civil-society-an-essential-ingredient-of-development/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Civil+society%3A+An+essential+ingredient+of+development&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2020%2F04%2F06%2Fcivil-society-an-essential-ingredient-of-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnamLeonardiNonetti1994" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, Robert D.; Leonardi, Robert; Nonetti, Raffaella Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Democracy+Work&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s8r7&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2074-0&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Leonardi%2C+Robert&rft.au=Nonetti%2C+Raffaella+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7s8r7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Sheri (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 401–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008">10.1353/wp.1997.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">25054008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145285276">145285276</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607171209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054008">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-429&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0043-8871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145285276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.1997.0008&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalston1997" class="citation web cs1">Galston, Peter Levine and William A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=America%27s+Civic+Condition%3A+A+Glance+at+the+Evidence&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Galston&rft.aufirst=Peter+Levine+and+William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Famericas-civic-condition-a-glance-at-the-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/fp/fp_99cat01.html">"Foreign Policy: Think Again: Civil Society"</a>. <i>ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519083032/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/fp/fp_99cat01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Social+Capital+in+the+Creation+of+Human+Capital&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=S95-S120&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51859022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2780243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F228943&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2780243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/worldruleoflaw.pdf">The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia, in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705221504/http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/worldruleoflaw.pdf">Archived</a> 5 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Michael; 1984; "The Autonomous Power of The State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results"; <i>European Journal of Sociology</i> 25: pp. 185–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/partners/civil_society/home.htm">"NGOs NGO civil society partnerships UN United Nations"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715024417/http://www.un.org/partners/civil_society/home.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=NGOs+NGO+civil+society+partnerships+UN+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpartners%2Fcivil_society%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globall-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globall_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globall_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globall_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Stefan Zaleski <i>Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector</i>, [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making," IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://zaleski.wex.pl/2006%20global%20nongovernmental%20administrative%20system.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009053105/http://zaleski.wex.pl/2006%20global%20nongovernmental%20administrative%20system.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esango.un.org/civilsociety/login.do">"The integrated Civil Society Organizations (iCSO) System"</a>. <i>NGO Branch</i>. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204070747/http://esango.un.org/civilsociety/login.do">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGO+Branch&rft.atitle=The+integrated+Civil+Society+Organizations+%28iCSO%29+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesango.un.org%2Fcivilsociety%2Flogin.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/44625148"><i>Basta! Rio+20 Walkout</i></a>. <i>Vimeo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basta%21+Rio%2B20+Walkout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F44625148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dodge, Jennifer (5 June 2014). "Civil society organizations and deliberative policy making: interpreting environmental controversies in the deliberative system". <i>Policy Sciences</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 161–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11077-014-9200-y">10.1007/s11077-014-9200-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143686130">143686130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Sciences&rft.atitle=Civil+society+organizations+and+deliberative+policy+making%3A+interpreting+environmental+controversies+in+the+deliberative+system&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-185&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11077-014-9200-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143686130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ed6-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ed6_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed6_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed6_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards 2004. p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connell-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connell 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bro70-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bro70_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown 2001:70<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knut80-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knut80_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knut80_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnutsen1997" class="citation book cs1">Knutsen, Torbjorn L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XejIDV8S3TUC&pg=PA83"><i>History of International Relations Theory</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 83–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719049309" title="Special:BookSources/9780719049309"><bdi>9780719049309</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702101908/https://books.google.com/books?id=XejIDV8S3TUC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+International+Relations+Theory&rft.pages=83-114&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780719049309&rft.aulast=Knutsen&rft.aufirst=Torbjorn+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXejIDV8S3TUC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chand88-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chand88_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandhoke1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandhoke, Neera (1995). <i>State and Civil Society: Explorations in Political Theory</i>. Sage Publications. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170364764" title="Special:BookSources/9788170364764"><bdi>9788170364764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Civil+Society%3A+Explorations+in+Political+Theory&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788170364764&rft.aulast=Chandhoke&rft.aufirst=Neera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, G. W. F. (1821), <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right"><i>PR</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prethica.htm#PR157">§ 157</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110224548/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5XvGdmuTkkC&dq=#PR157">Archived</a> 10 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, G. F. W., <i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Wood" title="Allen W. Wood">Allen W. Wood</a> (Cambridge University Press, 1991), §184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stillman, Peter G. <i>Hegel’s Civil Society: A Locus of Freedom</i>, appearing in Polity, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Summer 1980), pp. 622–46. p. 623</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhanagare2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dhanagare, D.N. (September 2001). "Civil Society, State and Democracy: Contextualising a Discourse". <i>Sociological Bulletin</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038022920010201">10.1177/0038022920010201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23619837">23619837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151968126">151968126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Civil+Society%2C+State+and+Democracy%3A+Contextualising+a+Discourse&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151968126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23619837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038022920010201&rft.aulast=Dhanagare&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, G. F. W., <i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i>, edited by Allen W. Wood (Cambridge University Press, 1991), §202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/V._I._Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="V. I. Lenin">V. I. Lenin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i>, (2010), for a summary of Marx's thought on the State and an introduction to Marxist thought on the state up until 1917. For a detailed discussion of Marx's thought on the state and civil society see Draper, 1977 & 1986 (Volumes 1 and 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrenberg 1999:208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrenberg 1999:30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrenberg 1999:33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002044238/http://www.un.org/reform/civilsociety/bios.shtml">"Reforming the United Nations"</a>. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Freform%2Fcivilsociety%2Fbios.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habermas, J. (1974). The public sphere: an encyclopaedia article. <i>New German Critique</i>, 3, 49–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwedler, 1995:5<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alagappa, Muthiah. <i>Civil Society and Political Change in Asia</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5097-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5097-1">0-8047-5097-1</a></li> <li>Colletti, Lucio. ‘Introduction’, in Karl Marx, <i>Early Writings</i>, Pelican, 1975, pp. 7–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140216685" title="Special:BookSources/0140216685">0140216685</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(international_development_specialist)" title="Michael Edwards (international development specialist)">Edwards, Michael</a>. <i>Civil Society</i>. Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3133-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3133-9">0-7456-3133-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a>. <i>Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution</i> (Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics of Social Classes). New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977 & 1986.</li> <li>Ehrenberg, John. <i>Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea.</i> New York: New York University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Ginsborg, Paul. <i>Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State</i> (2003)</li> <li>Gosewinkel, Dieter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025280">Civil Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: 24 August 2011.</li> <li>Hemmati, Minu. Dodds, Felix. Enayati, Jasmin. and McHarry,Jan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091728/http://www.earthsummit2002.org/msp/book.html">downloadable copy of <i>Multistakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability:Beyond Deadlock and Conflict</i></a></li> <li>O'Connell, Brian. <i>Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy</i>. Medford, Mass:Tufts University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87451-924-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87451-924-1">0-87451-924-1</a>.</li> <li>Perlas, Nicolas. <i>Shaping Globalization – Civil Society, Cultural Power and Threefolding</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9583885-8-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9583885-8-X">0-9583885-8-X</a>.</li> <li>Pollock, Graham. "Civil Society Theory and Euro-Nationalism," <i>Studies In Social & Political Thought</i> , Issue 4, March 2001, pp. 31–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928072145/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cspt/documents/issue4-3.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Soper, Steven C. <i>Building a Civil Society: Associations, Public Life, and the Origins of Modern Italy</i> (2013)</li> <li>Tvedt, Terje. <i>Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid</i>. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.</li> <li>Whaites, Alan, <i>Let's get civil society straight: NGOs and Political Theory,</i> Development in Practice, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/results.asp?sf_20=oxfam_archive_flag&st_20=NOT+Y&sf_01=CAUTHOR&TAG=&CID=&st_01=whaites&SORT=SORT_DATE%2FD&x=0&y=0">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Whaites, Alan, <i>NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Avoiding theoretical extremes in real world issues,' Development in Practice</i> 1998 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/display.asp?K=002J0270&sf_20=oxfam_archive_flag&st_20=NOT+Y&sf_01=CTITLE&st_01=NGOs%2C+civil+society+and+state&sort=SORT_DATE%2FD&x=0&y=0&m=3&dc=3">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Zaleski, Pawel Stefan, <i>Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality</i>, Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte Bd. 50/2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009053108/http://zaleski.wex.pl/2008%20tocqueville%20on%20civilian%20society.pdf">[4]</a></li> <li>Helmut K. Anheier, Stefan Toepler, <i>International Encyclopedia of Civil Society</i>, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-93996-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-93996-4">978-0-387-93996-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Civil_society" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Civil society">Civil society</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/">LSE Centre for Civil Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903150040/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/">Archived</a> 3 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/civilsociety/index.shtml">UN and Civil Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063943/http://www.unep.org/civil_society/gcsf/">UNEP Global Civil Society Forum</a> (archived 4 March 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gefcso.org/">Global Environment Facility Civil Society Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202191522/http://ec.europa.eu/civil_society/index.htm">EU relations with Civil Society</a> (archived 2 February 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416025518/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/DFIDwork/civilsociety.asp">UK DFID relations with</a> (archived 16 April 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asesorianeo.com/sociedades-civiles/">Civil Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civicus.org">Civicus – Worldwide Alliance for Citizen Participation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcdf.org/civilsociety/default.htm">Global civil society (PCDF)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107135935/http://www.oneworldtrust.org/csoproject/">One World Trust Database of Civil Society Self-regulatory Initiatives</a> (archived 7 January 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411035152/http://wiser.org/">Wiser.org – World Index for Social and Environmental Responsibility</a> – formerly civilsociety.org (archived 11 April 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001018/http://www.stakeholderforum.org/1index.php">Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future engagement in UN stakeholder relations</a> (archived 10 April 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istr.org">International Society for Third-Sector Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831094235/https://www.istr.org/">Archived</a> 31 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/science-and-civil-society-in-the-fight-against-desertification">Requier-Desjardins Mélanie & Bied-Charreton Marc, 2007. Science and Civil Society in the fight against desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 6. 40 pp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052052/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/science-and-civil-society-in-the-fight-against-desertification">Archived</a> 29 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uia.be/node/164111">100 years of trends in international civil society</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Associations" title="Union of International Associations">Union of International Associations</a></li> <li>Interface journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfacejournal.nuim.ie/?p=1127">special issue</a> on civil society and social movements</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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