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href="#Trend_asas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trend asas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trend_asas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abad ke-20</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Bacaan lanjut</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamus_dan_ensiklopedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamus_dan_ensiklopedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kamus dan ensiklopedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamus_dan_ensiklopedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota_lapangan_dan_memoirs_anthropologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota_lapangan_dan_memoirs_anthropologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nota lapangan dan memoirs anthropologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota_lapangan_dan_memoirs_anthropologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buku_teks_dan_kerja_teori_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buku_teks_dan_kerja_teori_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Buku teks dan kerja teori utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buku_teks_dan_kerja_teori_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antropologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 174 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የሰው ልጅ ጥናት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሰው ልጅ ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم الإنسان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoloch%C3%ADa" title="Antropolochía – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antropolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարդաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարդաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa" title="Antropoloxía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antropoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवशास्त्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avakuaaty" title="Avakuaaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avakuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologiya" title="Antropologiya – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="آنتروپولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتروپولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoloji" title="Antropoloji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Antropoloji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="নৃবিজ্ঞান – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৃবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jîn-lūi-ha̍k – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-lūi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антрапалогія – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антрапалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антрапалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антрапалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनुष्य विज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मनुष्य विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antropolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མིའི་རིགས་དཔྱད་པའི་རིག་པ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིའི་རིགས་དཔྱད་པའི་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antropologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologiezh" title="Antropologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antropologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antropolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Антропологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антропологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolugia" title="Antropolugia – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Antropolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropoleg" title="Anthropoleg – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anthropoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoloogia" title="Antropoloogia – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antropoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ανθρωπολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρωπολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anthropology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolog%C3%ADa" title="Antropología – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antropología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologio" title="Antropologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antropologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolog%C3%ADa" title="Antropología – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antropología" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropology" title="Antropology – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antropology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologjie" title="Antropologjie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antropologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antraipeola%C3%ADocht" title="Antraipeolaíocht – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antraipeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrapoaylleeaght" title="Antrapoaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Antrapoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corp-e%C3%B2las" title="Corp-eòlas – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Corp-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa" title="Antropoloxía – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antropoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="માનવશાસ્ત્ર – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માનવશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn-lui-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Ngìn-lui-ho̍k – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn-lui-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="인류학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin_%C9%97an_adam" title="Ilimin ɗan adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimin ɗan adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարդաբանություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antropologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologio" title="Antropologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antropologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologia" title="Anthropologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anthropologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Антропологи – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Антропологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazabuntu" title="Umchazabuntu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazabuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Mannfræði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנתרופולוגיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנתרופולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90y%C9%A9t%CA%8A_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuup_ineriartorneranik_ilisimatusarneq" title="Inuup ineriartorneranik ilisimatusarneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Inuup ineriartorneranik ilisimatusarneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮಾನವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანთროპოლოგია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანთროპოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بَشرِیات – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَشرِیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrop%C3%B2logij%C3%B4" title="Antropòlogijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Antropòlogijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropolojia" title="Anthropolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anthropolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwopoloji" title="Antwopoloji – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antwopoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantropoloji" title="Lantropoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lantropoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovnas%C3%AE" title="Mirovnasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirovnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolojiya" title="Antropolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Antropolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ມະນຸດສາດ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະນຸດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologia" title="Anthropologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anthropologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolo%C4%A3ija" title="Antropoloģija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antropoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antropologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolojia" title="Antropolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Antropolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remske" title="remske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropol%C3%B3gia" title="Antropológia – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antropológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवशास्त्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Антропологија – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антропологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antr%C3%B4p%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Antrôpôlôjia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antrôpôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നരവംശശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നരവംശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolo%C4%A1ija" title="Antropoloġija – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Antropoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानववंशशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानववंशशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანთროპოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანთროპოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انثروبولوجيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انثروبولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хүн судлал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%BF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="မနုဿဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မနုဿဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवशास्त्र – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="人類学 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologii" title="Antropologii – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antropologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Антропологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Антропологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ନୃତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନୃତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiroppooloojii" title="Antiroppooloojii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Antiroppooloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologiya" title="Antropologiya – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بشریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بشریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%BF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%92" title="မနုဿဗေႏဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မနုဿဗေႏဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="انسان پيژندنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسان پيژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchopalaji" title="Anchopalaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Anchopalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F" title="មនុស្សសាស្រ្ត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មនុស្សសាស្រ្ត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologiya" title="Antropologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антрополоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Антрополоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मानवविज्ञानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मानवविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C/_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اینتھروپولوجی/ بشریات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اینتھروپولوجی/ بشریات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologjia" title="Antropologjia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antropologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolugg%C3%ACa" title="Antropoluggìa – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antropoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මානවවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානවවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anthropology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%BF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="ائنٿراپالاجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ائنٿراپالاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropol%C3%B3gia" title="Antropológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antropológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antropologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroboloji" title="Anthroboloji – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Anthroboloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مرۆڤناسی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مرۆڤناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Антропологија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антропологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologija" title="Antropologija – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antropologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antropologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antropologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antropolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மானிடவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மானிடவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnamdant" title="Tasnamdant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnamdant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Антропология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="మానవ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6cemanhraan" title="Piöcemanhraan – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcemanhraan" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="มานุษยวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มานุษยวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhân loại học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân loại học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Инсоншиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инсоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolosi" title="Antropolosi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Antropolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoloji" title="Antropoloji – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antropoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi%C3%BDa" title="Antropologiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Antropologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антропологія – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антропологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بشریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بشریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_de_l%27omo" title="Studio de l'omo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Studio de l'omo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoloogia" title="Antropoloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Antropoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Antropologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antropolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人类学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אנטראפאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנטראפאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人類學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolociye" title="Antropolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antropolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohie" title="Antropolohie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Antropolohie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Antropoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Antropoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人类学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94:%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23404#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Anthropologi</b> merupakan kajian berkenaan kemanusiaan. Bidang anthropologi berasal dari sains semulajadi, kemanusiaan, dan sains sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah anthropologi", disebut <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English (laman tidak wujud)">/ænθrɵˈpɒlədʒi/</a></span><small></small>, adalah dari istilah Yunani <span title="Yunani Purba (sehingga 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνθρωπος</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: grc is deprecated </span>, <i>anthrōpos</i>, "human", and -λογία, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-logia">-logia</a></i>, "discourse" atau "kaji", dan pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Péron (laman tidak wujud)">François Péron</a> ketika berbincang mengenai pertembungannya dengan masyarakat Pribumi Tasmania.<sup id="cite_ref-Flannery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flannery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matlamat asas anthropologi adalah "Apa yang mentakrifkan <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>?", "Siapakan leluhur <i>Homo sapiens</i> moden?", "Apakah ciri fizikal manusia?", "Bagaimana perangai manusia?", "Kenapa terdapat perbezaan dan perbezaan antara kumpulan manusia berbeza?", "Bagaimana evolusi lalu <i>Homo sapiens</i> mempengaruhi organisasi dan budayanya?" dan seterusnya. </p><p>Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, anthropologi semasa dibahagi kepada empat bidang kecil: anthropologi budaya (juga dikenali sebagai " anthropologi sosial"), <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>, anthropologi bahasa, dan anthropologi biologi/fizikal.<sup id="cite_ref-aaanet.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaanet.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apa yang digelar pendekatan "empat bidang " kepada anthropologi dibayangkan dalam kebanyakan buku teks belum ijazah(“undergraduate”) <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga program anthropologi (contoh. Michigan, Berkeley, Penn, etc.). Di universiti di <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, dan kebanyakan Eropah, "bidang-kecil " biasanya ditempatkan di jabatan berlainan dan dilihat sebagai displin berbeza.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bidang kecil sosial dan budaya telah dipengaruhi oleh teori strukturalist dan pos-moden, termasuk juga peralihan terhadap analisa budaya moden (arena lebih kebiasaan bidang sosiologist). Semasa 1970-an dan 1980-an terdapat peralihan epistemologikal dari tradisional positifnes yang sebelumnya membentuk bidang tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semasa perubahan ini, persoalan berkekalan mengenai sifat dan penghasilan pengetahuan mula menduduki tempat utama dalam anthropologi budaya dan sosial. Sebaliknya, arkeologi, anthropologi biologikal, dan anthropologi bahasa kebanyakannya kekal positif. Kerana perbezaan dalam epistemologi, antropologi sebagai sebuah disiplin memiliki kekurangan kohesi selama beberapa dekad terakhir. Hal ini bahkan telah menyebabkan jabatan berpecah, misalnya pada tahun 1998-9 akademik di Universiti Stanford, di mana "saintis" dan "bukan-saintis" dibahagikan menjadi dua jabatan: antropologi, dan sosial budaya & Antropologi. .<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Antropologi di Stanford kemudian disatukan pada tahun akademik 2008-9)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menyeluruh">Menyeluruh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Menyeluruh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Menyeluruh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropologi secara tradisi telah dibahagi kepada empat bidang kecil, setiap satu dengan lanjutan cabangnya sendiri: Anthropologi biologi atau anthropologi fizikal, anthropologi masyarakat atau anthropologi budaya, <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a> dan anthropologi bahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-aaanet.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaanet.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bidang-bidang ini sering kali bertindan, tetapi cenderung menggunakan teknik dan methodologi yang berbeza. </p><p>Anthropologi biologi atau anthropologi physikal, menumpu pada kajian berkait dengan populasi manusia dengan menggunakan kerangka evolusi.. Anthropologi biologi mencipta teori tentang bagaimana bumi diduduki manusia (contoh. Pertikaian antara "Teori Datang dari Afrika" dengan "Asal manusia moden pelbagai region"), termasuk juga cubaan menjelaskan variasi manusia berciri geografi dan ras. Ramai anthropologi biologi yang mengkaji populasi manusia mengenal pasti bidang mereka sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi manusia (laman tidak wujud)">ekologi manusia</a> – ia sendiri berkait dengan sosialbiologi. Ekologi manusia menggunakan teori evolusi bagi memahami fenomena dikalangan populasi manusia kini. Sektor besar lain dalam anthropologi biologi adalah <a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">primatologi</a>, di mana anthropologis menumpu bagi memahami populasi primate lain. Secara methodologi, primatologis banyak meminjam dari bidang biologi dan ekologi dalam penyelidikan mereka. </p><p>Anthropologi budaya juga dikenali sebagai antropologi sosio-budaya atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropologi_sosial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropologi sosial (laman tidak wujud)">anthropologi sosial</a> (terutama di <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>). Ia merupakan kajian budaya, dan sering kali berasaskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnografi (laman tidak wujud)">ethnografi</a>. Ethnografi boleh merujuk kepada kedua-dua methodologi dan hasil kajian, terutamanya monograf atau buku. Ethnografi merupakan kaedah dasar, inductive, yang banyak bergantung pada penyertaan -pemantauan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnologi (laman tidak wujud)">Ethnologi</a> membabitkan perbandingan bersistematik budaya berlainan. Proses penyertaan-pemantauan amat berguna terutama bagi membantu memahami budaya dari sudut pandangan emik; yang jika tidak tidak mungkin dapat dicapai dengan semata-mata membaca buku. Di sesetengah negara Eropah, kesemua anthropologi budaya dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnologi (laman tidak wujud)">ethnologi</a> (istilah yang dicipta dan ditakrif oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam František Kollár (laman tidak wujud)">Adam F. Kollár</a> pada 1783).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kajian berkaitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekeluargaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekeluargaan (laman tidak wujud)">kekeluargaan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasi_sosial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasi sosial (laman tidak wujud)">organisasi sosial</a> merupakan tumpuan utama bagi anthropologi budaya, kerana kekeluargaan adalah sifat manusia sejagat (“human universal”). Anthropologi budaya turut merangkumi organisasi ekonomi dan politik, undang-undang dan penyelesaian pertelingkahan, pola penggunaan dan pertukaran, budaya material, teknologi, kemudahan asas, hubungan gender, ethnik, penjagaan anak dan kemasyarakatan, ugama, mitos, simbol, nilai, adapt sopan, pandangan melihat dunia, sukan, muzik, zat permakanan, riadah, permainan, makanan, perayaan, dan bahasa (yang juga merupakan objek kajian dalam anthropologi bahasa). </p><p>Arkeologi merupakan kajian tentang budaya material manusia, termasuk artifak (bahagian silam kebudayaan manusia) yang dikumpul dengan cermat <i>in situ</i>, barangan muzium dan sampah moden <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahli arkeologi bekerja sama dengan para antropologi biologi, ahli sejarah seni, makmal fizik (untuk pentarihan), dan muzium. Mereka ditugaskan untuk mengekalkan keputusan penggalian mereka dan sering dilihat di muzium. Biasanya, para arkeologi dikaitkan dengan "penggalian," atau pembongkaran lapisan tapak purba. </p><p>Arkeologi membahagi masa kepada tempoh budaya berdasarkan artifak yang kekal lama: <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik" title="Zaman Paleolitik">Zaman Paleolitik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_gangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman gangsa (laman tidak wujud)">zaman gangsa</a>, yang dibahagi selanjutnya menurut tradisi dan artifak kebudayaan daerah, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldowan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldowan (laman tidak wujud)">Oldowan</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravettian.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravettian. (laman tidak wujud)">Gravettian.</a> Dengan cara ini, arkeologi memiliki rangka rujukan yang luas untuk kawasan yang telah dilalui manusia, cara mereka mencari nafkah, dan demografi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mereka.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mereka. (laman tidak wujud)">mereka.</a> Arkeologi juga menyiasat zat, simbolisasi, seni, sistem penulisan, dan sisa-sisa fizikal aktiviti budaya manusia yang lain. </p><p>Antropologi bahasa berusaha untuk memahami proses perhubungan manusia, lisan dan bukan-lisan, perbezaan dalam bahasa merentasi masa dan ruang, penggunaan bahasa dalam masyarak, dan kaitan antara bahasa dan budaya. Ia merupakan cabang antropologi yang membawa kaedah linguistik untuk menangani masalah antropologi, menghubungkan analisis bentuk-bentuk linguistik dan proses penafsiran proses sosial budaya. Antropologi bahasa sering merujuk bidang berkaitan termasuk <a href="/wiki/Sosiolinguistik" title="Sosiolinguistik">sosiolinguistik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatik" title="Pragmatik">pragmatik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistik_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistik kognitif (laman tidak wujud)">linguistik kognitif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic (laman tidak wujud)">semantic</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_wacana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis wacana (laman tidak wujud)">analisis wacana</a>, dan analisa narasi. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antropologi bahasa dibahagi kepada bidang kecilnya sendiri: Linguistik deskriptif pembangunan tata bahasa dan leksikon untuk bahasa dipelajari; linguistic sejarah, termasuk pembinaan semula bahasa masa silam, dari mana bahasa yang kita gunakan berasal; ethnolinguistik, kajian tentang hubungan antara bahasa dan budaya, dan sosiolinguistik, kajian tentang fungsi bahasa dalam masyarakat. Antropologi bahasa turut menekankan berkaitan evolusi bahagian otak yang mengendali bahasa. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oleh kerana antropologi berkembang dari banyak usaha berbeza (lihat Sejarah Anthropologi), termasuk tetapi tidak terhad kepada mengumpul fosil, penjelajahan, menghasilkan filem dokumentari, <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">primatologi</a>, pengendalian barangan antic dan kurator, <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a>, etimologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etymology (laman tidak wujud)">etymology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetik</a>, analisa serantau, <a href="/wiki/Etnologi" title="Etnologi">Etnologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah">falsafah</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajian_agama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajian agama (laman tidak wujud)">kajian agama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia adalah sukar bagi mencirikan keseluruhan bidang dalam rencana ringkas, sungguhpun usaha untuk menulis sejarah keseluruhan bidang ini telah diusahakan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di suatu pihak, keadaan ini telah menyebabkan ketidakstabilan di banyak jabatan antropologi Amerika Syarikat, menyebabkan penyusunan semula bahagian atau bidang-kecil (misalnya di Stanford, Duke, dan Harvard).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, jika dilihat dari segi positif, antropologi adalah salah satu sebahagian tempat kecil di universiti Amerika di mana bidang kemanusiaan, sosial, dan sains alam dipaksa untuk bersekemuka sesame sendiri. Dengan itu, antropologi juga telah menjadi pusat kepada pembangunan beberapa lapangan antara bidang (akhir abad ke-20) seperti sains kognitif, kajian global, pergaulan manusia-komputer, dan berbagai kajian etnik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trend_asas">Trend asas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Trend asas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Trend asas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada beberapa ciri yang berkecenderungan untuk menyatukan kerja antropologi. Salah satu ciri utamanya adalah antropologi cenderung untuk memberikan perbandingan gambaran menyeluruh “holistic” mengenai sesuatu perkara dan cenderung lebih ke arah pemantauan empirical. Pencarian bagi <b>gambaran menyeluruh mendorong ramai ahli antropologi untuk mempelajari sesuatu tempat tertentu atau hal secara terperinci, dengan menggunakan pelbagai kaedah</b>, melebihi tempoh normal di bidang akademik yang lain. </p><p>Penumpuan khusus pada anthropologi budaya sosial telah banyak berubah. Pada awalnya bidang kecil ini tertumpu pada kajian mengenai kebudayaan di seluruh dunia. </p><p>Pada 1990-an dan 2000-an, permintaan untuk penjelasan mengenai apakah yang membentuk budaya, tentang bagaimana pemerhati tahu di mana berakhirnya budaya sendiri dan permulaan yang lain, dan topik-topik penting lain secara bertulis yang diketahui oleh ahli antropologi. Adalah mungkin untuk melihat semua budaya manusia sebagai sebahagian daripada satu budaya besar, sejagat yang berkembang. Hubungan dinamik ini, antara apa yang dapat diamati di lapangan, bertentangan dengan apa yang dapat diamati dengan menyusun banyak pemerhatian tempatan kekal menjadi dasar bagi setiap jenis antropologi, baik budaya, biologi, bahasa atau arkeologi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologi biologi tertarik dengan kedua-dua kepelbagaian manusia<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kemungkinan wujudnya kemungkinan manusia sejagat (tingkah-laku, idea atau konsep yang dikongsikan oleh kesemua budaya manusia)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka menggunakan pelbagai kaedah penyelidikan, tapi <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetik</a> penduduk moden, peserta pemantauan dan teknik lain sering menggunakan antropologi "ke lapangan " yang bererti mengembara ke masyarakat dalam persekelilingnya sendiri, untuk melakukan apa yang dikenali sebagai "kajian lapangan." Di sebelah biologi atau fizikal, pengukuran manusia, sampel genetik, data zat dapat dikumpul dan diterbitkan sebagai buku atau monograf. Kerana kepentingan dalam kelainan, antropologi tertarik untuk kajian manusia melampau, penyelewengan dan keadaan luar biasa yang lain, seperti pengayauan, darwis berputar, samaada orang Hobbit benar-benar wujud, pengendalian ular, Glossolalia (bertutur dalam bahasa roh)]], sebagai sebahagian daftar ringkas. </p><p>Pada masa yang sama, ahli antropologi berusaha, sebagai sebahagian daripada usaha mereka untuk objektif saintifik, budaya relatif, yang mempunyai pengaruh bagi semua bidang kecil antropologi. Ini merupakan pandangan bahawa budaya tertentu tidak harus dinilai dengan nilai-nilai atau sudut pandang budaya sendiri, tetapi bahawa semua budaya harus dipandang sebagai relatif berbanding satu sama lain. Seharusnya tidak ada idea, dalam antropologi yang baik, satu budaya yang lebih baik atau lebih buruk daripada kebudayaan lain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etika komitmen dalam bidang antropologi termasuk menyedari dan mendokumentasikan <a href="/wiki/Pembunuhan" title="Pembunuhan">pembunuhan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infantisida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantisida (laman tidak wujud)">infantisida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perkauman" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkauman">perkauman</a>, mutilasi termasuk <a href="/wiki/Sunat" title="Sunat">sunat</a> dan subincision, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiksaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyiksaan (laman tidak wujud)">penyiksaan</a> . Topik seperti perkauman, perhambaan atau korban manusia, dengan itu, menarik perhatian antropologi termasuk teori termasuk kekurangan zat. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hingga kepada gen<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk akulturasi telah dicadangkan, tidak termasuk kolonialisme dan lain-lain sebagai punca kekejaman manusia terhadap manusia. Untuk menggambarkan keperincian pendekatan antropologi, seseorang dapat mengambil salah satu daripada topik, seperti "perkauman" dan menemukan beribu-ribu rujukan antropologi, pembentangan dalam setiap bidang besar dan bidang-kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seiring dengan membahagikan projek mereka dengan penekanan teori, ahli antropologi biasanya membahagikan dunia kepada tempoh masa yang berkait dan wilayah geografi. Tempoh waktu manusia wujud di Bumi dibahagi kepada tradisi budaya yang berkaitan berdasarkan bahan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik" title="Zaman Paleolitik">Zaman Paleolitik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a>, amat berguna dalam arkeologi. Selanjutnya budaya pembahagian mengikut jenis alat, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olduwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olduwan (laman tidak wujud)">Olduwan</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mousterian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mousterian (laman tidak wujud)">Mousterian</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknik_Levallois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknik Levallois (laman tidak wujud)">Levallois</a> membantu arkeologi dan antropologi lain dalam memahami trend besar manusia di masa lalu. Ahli antropologi dan geografi turut berkongsi pendekatan bagi Budaya Daerah, karena pemetaan kebudaya adalah pusat utama bagi kedua bidang ilmu. Dengan membuat perbandingan merentasi semua budaya tradisi (berasaskan masa) dan wilayah budaya (berasaskan ruang), antropologi telah mengembangkan pelbagai jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_perbandingan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah perbandingan (laman tidak wujud)">kaedah perbandingan</a>, bahagian penting bagi kajian sains mereka. </p><p>Antropologi kini merupakan satu bidang sains yang diterima dengan penubuhan jabatan akademik di kebanyakan universiti dan kolej. Organisasi tunggal terbesar bagi Antropologi adalah American Anthropological Association, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1903 <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Keahlian terdiri dari ahli Antropologi dari seluruh dunia <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratusan organisasi lain yang ada dalam berbagai bidang kecil antropologi, kadang-kadang dibahagi menurut negeri atau wilayah, dan ramai antropologi yang bekerjasama dalam bidang lain, seperti geologi, fizik, zoologi, paleontologi, anatomi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_muzik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori muzik (laman tidak wujud)">teori muzik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah seni (laman tidak wujud)">sejarah seni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> dan sebagainya, tergolong ke dalam masyarakat profesional dalam bidang itu juga <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penggunaan pertama kali istilah "anthropologi" dalam penerbitan Inggeris yang diketahui merujuk kepada sains semulajadi kemanusiaan muncul pada 1593, "…logi" yang pertama dicipta.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> mengambil masa 25 tahun bagi menulis treatises utama pertama berkenaan anthropologi, <i>Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagaimanapun, Kant pada umumnya tidak dianggap sebagai anthropologist moden, kerana dia tidak pernah meninggalkan wilayah Jerman maupun mengkaji sebarang budaya kecuali budayanya sendiri, malah, menggambarkan keperluan anthropologi sebagai bidang sampingan kepada bidang utama falsafahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dia bagaimanapun, mula mengajar kursus tahunan mengenai anthropologi pada 1772. Dengan itu, anthropologi merupakan usaha Tempoh Kesedaran (“Age of Enlightenment”) dan selepasnya. </p><p>Sejarawan antropologi, seperti Marvin Harris,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menunjukkan dua rangka kerja utama yang membawa kepada empirik antropologi: minat bagi membandingkan manusia merentasi ruang dan kepentingan manusia dari segi proses manusia jangka panjang atau manusia bagai dilihat menerusi masa. Harris menetapkan tarikh keduanya pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Greek klasik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Rom Klasik</a>, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, yang sering digelar "bapa sejarah" dan sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacitus (laman tidak wujud)">Tacitus</a> Rom Purba, yang menulis kebanyakan gambaran semasa mengenai Celtic dan masyarakat Jerman. Herodotus pertama kali merumuskan beberapa masalah yang kekal bagi antropologi .<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarjana Zaman Pertengahan boleh juga dianggap sebagai pelopor antropologi moden, darisegi mereka melakukan atau menulis kajian terperinci mengenai adat istiadat masyarakat dianggap "berbeza" dari diri mereka sendiri dalam hal geografi. John of Plano Carpini melaporkan mengenai dia tinggal di kalangan kaum <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a>. Laporannya luar biasa dari segi gambaran terperinci mengenai budaya bukan-Eropah<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Penelitian bersistematik <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> mengenai alam semulajadi, anthropologi, dan geografi adalah satu lagi contoh mengkaji kepelbagaian manusia merentasi ruang.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengembaraan Polo membawa dirinya merentasi persekitaran manusia yang begitu berbeza dan gambarannya mengenai orang-orang yang ditemuinya ketika dia mengembara adalah begitu terperinci sehinggakan ia Polo digelar "bapa anthropologi moden."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calon lain sebagai ilmuwan pertama yang melakukan kajian etnografi perbandingan bagi manusia adalah cendekiawan berbangsa Parsi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Rayhan_Biruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni (laman tidak wujud)">Abu Rayhan Biruni</a> yang menulis tentang bangsa, adat istiadat, dan agama dari benua <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> pada abad ke-11. Seperti mana antropologi moden, dia terbabit dengan banyak pemantauan penyertaan dengan sekumpulan orang tertentu, belajar bahasa mereka dan mempelajari teks-teks utama mereka, dan membentangkan penemuannya dengan objektif dan berkecuali dengan menggunakan perbandingan merentas budaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagaimanapun, terdapat yang lain berpendapat bahawa dia tidak boleh dianggap sebagai antropologi dalam erti konvensional.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Dia menulis kajian perbandingan terperinci berkenaan ugama dan kebudayaan di <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>, Lembangan Mediterranean dan terutamanya Asia Selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradisi Biruni bagi kajian perbandingan merentasi budaya diteruskan di dunia Muslim sehingga kajian Ibn Khaldun pada abad ke- 14.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat sarjana yang menganggap anthropologi moden sebagai pertumbuhan dari Zaman Pemulihan, tempoh bilamana orang-orang Eropah cuba mengkaji tabiat manusia secara sistematik, kepelbagaian yang meningkat sejak abad ke- 15 hasil gelombang penjajahan Eropah pertama. Tradisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisprudence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurisprudence (laman tidak wujud)">jurisprudence</a>, sejarah, <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> kemudian berkembang kepada sesuatu yang lebih menyerupai pandangan moden bagi bidang ini dan perkembangan maklumat sains kebudayaan, yang turut merangkumi anthropologi. </p><p>Perkembangan dalam kajian sistematik ke atas peradapan kuno melalui bidang Klasik dan Mesir Purba memberikan maklumat bagi archaeology dan kemudiannya anthropologi kemasyarakatan, sebagaimana juga kajian ke atas bahasa dan kebudayaan Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Pada masa yang sama, tindak balas golongan Romantik kepada Kebangkitan semula (“Enlightenment”) menghasilkan pemikir, seperti Johann Gottfried Herder dan kemudiannya Wilhelm Dilthey, yang hasil kerja mereka membentuk "konsep budaya," yang merupakan pusat bagi bidang ini. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Table_of_Natural_History,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/200px-Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/300px-Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/400px-Table_of_Natural_History%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Jadual sejarah semulajadi, 1728 <i>Cyclopaedia</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Antropologi awal terbahagi kepada para penyokong evolusi satu garisan (unilinealism), yang menyatakan bahawa semua masyarakat melalui satu proses evolusi tunggal, dari yang paling primitif sampai yang paling canggih, dan berbagai bentuk teori tidak-langsung, yang cenderung untuk menerima idea-idea seperti penyebaran “diffusionism” <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebahagian besar pemikir teori kemasyarakatan abad ke- 19, termasuk anthropologis, melihat masyarakat bukan-Eropah sebagai tingkap kepada manusia sebelum industri yang lalu. </p><p>Ketika bidang akademik mula berpecah sepanjang abad ke- 19, anthropologi menjadi semakin berbeza berbanding pendekatan biologi sejarah alam semulajadi, di satu pihak, dan dari sejarah tulin atau bidang-bidang sastera seperti Klasik, di pihak yang lain. Kritikan biasa adalah ramai sarjana sains sosial (seperti ekonomi, sosiologi, dan psikologi) di negara-negara Barat memberi tumpuan tidak sekata pada subjek Barat, sedangkan antropologi memberi fokus yang tidak seimbang pada yang lain;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia berubah sepanjang akhir abad ke-20 ketika para anthropologi semakin mendalami subjek Barat, terutama kelainan merentasi kelas masyarakat, daerah, atau ethnic dikalangan masyarakat Barat, dan pakar sains masyarakat lain semakin mengambil pandangan sejagat dalam bidang mereka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-20">Abad ke-20</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Abad ke-20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Abad ke-20"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada abad kedua puluh, bidang akademik seringkali dibadankan sebagai institusi dan dibahagi menjadi tiga domain yang luas. Sains Ilmu alam dan biologi berusaha untuk menghasilkan hokum umum melalui ujikaji yang boleh diulang dan boleh disahkan. Kemanusiaan pada umumnya mengkaji tradisi-tradisi tempatan, melalui sejarah mereka, sastera, muzik, dan <a href="/wiki/Seni" title="Seni">seni</a> , dengan penekanan untuk memahami individu-individu, peristiwa, atau era tertentu. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sains_sosial" title="Sains sosial">sains sosial</a></i> pada umumnya cuba untuk membangunkan <a href="/wiki/Kaedah_saintifik" title="Kaedah saintifik">kaedah saintifik</a> untuk memahami fenomena sosial dengan cara umum, sungguhpun biasanya dengan kaedah yang berbeza berbanding sains semula jadi. Khususnya, sains sosial sering mengembangkan keterangan statistik, dan bukannya hokum umum seperti dihasilkan dalam bidang fizik dan kimia, atau mereka mungkin menjelaskan kes-kes individu melalui prinsip-prinsip yang lebih umum, sebagaimana dalam kebanyakan bidang <a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">psikologi</a>. Antropologi (dalam beberapa bidang sejarah) tidak mudah dimasukkan dalam kategori ini, dan cabang-cabang antropologi berlainan menggunakan satu atau lebih daripada bidang ini.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antropologi sebagaimana ia berkembang dikalangan kuasa penjajah Barat (disebutkan di atas) secara umum mengambil laluan berbeza berbanding yang di negara-negara di Eropah selatan dan tengah (<a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek">Greek</a>, dan Pengganti kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria_-Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria -Hungary (laman tidak wujud)">Austria -Hungary</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Uthmaniyyah">Empayar Uthmaniyyah</a>). Pada yang sebelumnya, pertembungan dengan beberapa, budaya yang jauh berbeza, sering kali sangat berbeza dari segi organisasi dan bahasa berbanding orang-orang Eropah, telah menyebabkan penekanan berterusan kepada perbandingan lintas-budaya dan terbuka terhadap perbandingan budaya tertentu. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebaliknya, di negara-negara pewaris dari benua Eropah, para antropologi sering bergabung dengan ahli bahasa dan cerita rakyat (“folklorists “) bagi membina sudut pandangan kebangsaan. Para etnologi di negara-negara ini cenderung untuk menumpukan pada perbezaan antara kumpulan-kumpulan etnik tempatan, mendokumentasikan budaya rakyat tempatan, dan mewakili prasejarah dari apa yang telah menjadi sebuah bangsa melalui pelbagai bentuk pendidikan awam (contohnya, pelbagai jenis muzium) <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam skim ini, Russia menduduki posisi tengah. Di satu sudut, ia memiliki wilayah besar (terutama timur Ural) yang sangat berbeza, pra-industri, sering orang-orang tidak-terpelajar, serupa dengan situasi di Amerika Syarikat. Di sisi lain, Russia juga terbabit pada beberapa peringkat dalam pergerakan kebangsaan (“nasionalis”) (budaya dan politik) bagi Eropah Tengah dan Eropah Timur. Selepas Revolusi tahun 1917, antropologi di Kesatuan Soviet, dan kemudian negara-negara Blok Soviet, amat dipengaruhi oleh keperluan untuk menyesuai dengan teori evolusi sosial Marxsis <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Eric (1994) <i>Perilous Ideas: Race, Culture, People.</i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Current_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Current Anthropology (laman tidak wujud)">Current Anthropology</a></i> 35: 1-7. p.227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flannery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flannery_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Flannery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Flannery (laman tidak wujud)">Flannery, T.F.</a> (1994) <i>The Future Eaters: An ecological history of the Australasian lands and people</i> Chatswood: New South Wales <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0802139434" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8021-3943-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaanet.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaanet.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaanet.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/profdev/careers/Careers.cfm">AAAnet.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Kottak, C)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Layton, Robert (1998) An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology. 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"Melanin, Afrocentricity...," 36(1993):33-58.; see Stanford's recent collection of overarching bibliographies on race and racism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/race.html">Library.stanford.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728123506/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/race.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2010-07-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/about/">AAAnet.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613021448/http://aaanet.org/membership/upload/MAY-08-AAA.pdf">"AAAnet.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/membership/upload/MAY-08-AAA.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2010-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fmembership%2Fupload%2FMAY-08-AAA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAntropologi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanson, Donald and Kate Wong. <i>Lucy's Legacy</i>. Kindle Books. 2007; Netti, Bruno. <i>The study of ethnomusicology.</i> University of Illinois Press. 2005. Chapter One</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urbanowicz, Charles. In the Newsletter of the American Anthropological Association, reprinted online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/Pub_Papers/4field.html">Csuchico.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014201126/http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/Pub_Papers/4field.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2018-10-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault, Michel. "Introduction" to his 1961 translation of Kant's work, reprinted, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpfoucault1.htm">Generation-online.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Brian, and Kain, Patrick (eds.), Essays on Kant's Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 278pp., <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0521790387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-79038-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Marvin. <i>The Rise of Anthropological Theory.</i> Alta Mira Press. 2000 (revised from 1968); Harris, Marvin. <i>Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times. Altamira. 1998</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, 1968, op cit. pp. 8-52; Leaf 1970, op cit. pp. 1-13; Erickson and Murph, 2003, pp. 21-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231041925/http://www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/Publications/Source_pages/AnthroHist.htm">"Resources for a History of Anthropology"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/Publications/Source_pages/AnthroHist.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2012-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+a+History+of+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timothyjpmason.com%2FWebPages%2FPublications%2FSource_pages%2FAnthroHist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAntropologi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tk421.net/essays/polo.html">Marco Polo's Asia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904194548/http://www.aaanet.org/sections/gad/history/011rowe.pdf">"The Renaissance Foundations of Anthropology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/sections/gad/history/011rowe.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2012-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+Foundations+of+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fsections%2Fgad%2Fhistory%2F011rowe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAntropologi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", <i>RAIN</i> 60, p. 9-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i> <b>68</b> (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 59 (3), p. 389-403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i> 68 (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorq.org/Articles/article.aspx?d=2002&x=arabviews">West Asian views on black Africans during the medieval era</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocking, George W. (1968) Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology. London: The Free Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford, James and George E. Marcus (1986) Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wallerstein., Immanuel. (2003) "Antropologi, sosiologi, dan disiplin lain meragukan." Antropologi Lancar'<b>44 :453-466. </b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On varieties of cultural relativism in anthropology, see Spiro, Melford E. (1987) "Some Reflections on Cultural Determinism and Relativism with Special Reference to Emotion and Reason," in <i>Culture and Human Nature: theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro</i>. Edited by B. Kilborne and L. L. Langness, pp. 32-58. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gellner, Ernest. (1998) <i>Language and solitude: Wittgenstein, Malinowski, and the Habsburg dilemma</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gellner, Ernest, ed. (1980) <i>Soviet and Western anthropology</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="references-small"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamus_dan_ensiklopedia">Kamus dan ensiklopedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kamus dan ensiklopedia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kamus dan ensiklopedia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barfield, Thomas (1997). <i>The dictionary of anthropology.</i> Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Levinson, David and Melvin Ember. eds. (1996) <i>Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology</i>. (4 vols.) New York: Henry Holt.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nota_lapangan_dan_memoirs_anthropologis">Nota lapangan dan memoirs anthropologis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota lapangan dan memoirs anthropologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota lapangan dan memoirs anthropologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barley, Nigel (1983) <i>The innocent anthropologist: notes from a mud hut</i>. London: British Museum Publications.</li> <li>Geertz, Clifford (1995) <i>After the fact: two countries, four decades, one anthropologist</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1967) <i>Tristes tropiques</i>. Translated from the French by John Russell. New York: Atheneum.</li> <li>Malinowski, Bronisław (1967) <i>A diary in the strict sense of the term</i>. Translated by Norbert Guterman. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.</li> <li>Mead, Margaret (1972) <i> Blackberry winter: my earlier years</i>. New York: William Marrow.</li> <li>Mead, Margaret, (1977) <i>Letters from the field, 1925 - 1975</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</li> <li>Rabinow, Paul. (1977) <i>Reflections on fieldwork in Morocco</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_2">Sejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asad, Talal, ed. (1973) <i>Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter</i>. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.</li> <li>Barth, Fredrik, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, <i>One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American anthropology</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>D'Andrade, R. "The Sad Story of Anthropology: 1950-1999." In E. L. Cerroni-Long, ed. <i>Anthropological Theory in North America</i>. Westport: Berin & Garvey 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/~rdandrad/Sadstory">Anthro.ucsd.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419231431/http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/~rdandrad/Sadstory">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-04-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Darnell, Regna. (2001) <i>Invisible Genealogies: A History of Americanist Anthropology</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Harris, Marvin. (2001[1968]) <i>The rise of anthropological theory: a history of theories of culture</i>. AltaMira Press. Walnut Creek, CA.</li> <li>Kehoe, Alice B. (1998) <i>The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology</i>.</li> <li>Lewis, Herbert S. (1998) "The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences." <i>American Anthropologist</i>, 100: 716-731. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120141882/abstract">Interscience.wiley.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada Ogos 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, Lewis</li> <li>Lewis, Herbert S. (2004) "Imagining Anthropology's History." <i>Reviews in Anthropology</i>, v. 33.</li> <li>Lewis, Herbert S. (2005) "Anthropology, the Cold War, and Intellectual History. In R. Darnell & F.W. Gleach, eds. <i>Histories of Anthropology Annual</i>, Vol. I.</li> <li>Pels, Peter & Oscar Salemink, eds. (2000) <i>Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology</i>.</li> <li>Price, David. (2004) <i>Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists</i>.</li> <li>Stocking, George, Jr. (1968) <i>Race, Culture and Evolution</i>. New York: Free Press.</li> <li>Trencher, Susan. (2000) <i>Mirrored Images: American Anthropology and American Culture, 1960-1980</i>.</li> <li>Gisi, Lucas Marco. (2007) <i>Einbildungskraft und Mythologie. Die Verschränkung von Anthropologie und Geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert</i>, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buku_teks_dan_kerja_teori_utama">Buku teks dan kerja teori utama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Buku teks dan kerja teori utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Buku teks dan kerja teori utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clifford, James and George E. Marcus (1986) <i>Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Geertz, Clifford (1973) <i>The Interpretation of Cultures</i>. New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>Harris, Marvin (1997) <i>Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology (7th Edition)</i>. Boston: Allyn & Bacon</li> <li>Salzmann, Zdeněk. (1993) <i>Language, culture, and society: an introduction to linguistic anthropology</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</li> <li>Shweder, Richard A., and Robert A. LeVine, eds. (1984) <i>Culture Theory: essays on mind, self, and emotion</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antropologi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: <i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/wq/ms/Anthropology" class="extiw" title="incubator:wq/ms/Anthropology">Anthropology</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/">American Anthropological Association Homepage</a> Home page of largest professional organization of anthropologists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physanth.org/">American Association of Physical Anthropologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aas.asn.au/">Australian Anthropological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easaonline.org/">European Association of Social Anthropologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isita-org.com/">Italian Institute of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.practicinganthropology.org/">National Association for the Practice of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therai.org.uk/">The Royal Anthropological Institute Homepage</a>—The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfaa.net/">The Society for Applied Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/anthro">Annual Review of Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.amnh.org/">Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History</a> Online collections database with detailed description and digital images for over 160,000 ethnographic artifacts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/">National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution</a> Collects and preserves historical and contemporary anthropological materials that document the world's cultures and the history of anthropology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aio.anthropology.org.uk">The Anthropological Index Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314002557/http://aio.anthropology.org.uk/">Diarkibkan</a> 2015-03-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Online biblographic database.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/science/26_Anthropology">Anthropology Researcher and Groups</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible collapsed nowraplinks" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"><div style="float:left; 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