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<span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constantine_the_African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_the_African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Constantine the African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_the_African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Khaldun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Khaldun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ibn Khaldun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Khaldun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conquest phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umayyad_Governors_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyad_Governors_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Umayyad Governors of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyad_Governors_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fihrid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fihrid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fihrid Emirs of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fihrid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kharijite_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kharijite_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kharijite rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kharijite_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbasid_governors_in_Kairouan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_governors_in_Kairouan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Abbasid governors in Kairouan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_governors_in_Kairouan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aghlabid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aghlabid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aghlabid Emirs of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aghlabid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphs_in_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Caliphs_in_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Fatimid Caliphs in Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphs_in_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zirid_dynasty_rulers_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zirid_dynasty_rulers_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Zirid dynasty rulers of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zirid_dynasty_rulers_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_kings_of_the_Kingdom_of_Africa_(Ifriqiya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_kings_of_the_Kingdom_of_Africa_(Ifriqiya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Norman kings of the Kingdom of Africa (Ifriqiya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_kings_of_the_Kingdom_of_Africa_(Ifriqiya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hafsid_governors_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafsid_governors_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Hafsid governors of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafsid_governors_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hafsid_caliphs_of_Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafsid_caliphs_of_Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Hafsid caliphs of Ifriqiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafsid_caliphs_of_Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chronicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ifriqiya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إفريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0friqiyy%C9%99" title="İfriqiyyə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İfriqiyyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইফ্রিকিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইফ্রিকিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іфрыкія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іфрыкія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ифрикия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ифрикия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C3%ADqiya" title="Ifríqiya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ifríqiya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C3%ADk%C3%ADje" title="Ifríkíje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ifríkíje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C4%ABqiya" title="Ifrīqiya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ifrīqiya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ιφρικίγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιφρικίγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqu%C3%ADa" title="Ifriquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ifriquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrikio" title="Ifrikio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ifrikio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrikija" title="Ifrikija – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ifrikija" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87" title="افریقیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افریقیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EC%95%BC" title="이프리키야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이프리키야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiyah" title="Ifriqiyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ifriqiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="איפריקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איפריקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ифрикия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ифрикия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C3%ADkija" title="Ifríkija – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ifríkija" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrikiyah" title="Ifrikiyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ifrikiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A4" title="イフリーキヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イフリーキヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrikijja" title="Ifrikijja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ifrikijja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifr%C3%ADquia" title="Ifríquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ifríquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ифрикия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ифрикия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%95" title="ئیفریقیە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیفریقیە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ифрикија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ифрикија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrikija" title="Ifrikija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ifrikija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ifriqiya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0frikiye" title="İfrikiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İfrikiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іфрикія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іфрикія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="افریقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cfr%C3%ACk%C3%ADy%C3%A0" title="Ìfrìkíyà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìfrìkíyà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ifriqiya&params=35_00_N_7_00_E_type:country_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.000°N 7.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.000; 7.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic region of Northern Africa</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Empire_Africa.svg/215px-Roman_Empire_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Empire_Africa.svg/323px-Roman_Empire_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Roman_Empire_Africa.svg/430px-Roman_Empire_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Roman province <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa Proconsularis</a> (<i>in red</i>), to which Ifriqiya corresponded and from which it derived its name</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tunisia" title="Category:History of Tunisia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">History of <span class="fn org label">Tunisia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg/200px-Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg/300px-Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg/400px-Carte_Tunisie_1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia" title="History of early Tunisia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">12th C.–146 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">1st Roman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Province</a>)</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">146 BC–435</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia#Byzantine_Empire" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">2nd Roman (Byzantine)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">534–698</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">534–590</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">590–698</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia" title="History of early Islamic Tunisia">Early Islamic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">698–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">909–973</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia" title="History of medieval Tunisia">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">973–1148</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Norman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1148–1160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1160–1229</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1229–1574</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1574–1705</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Husainid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1705–1881</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule" title="History of Tunisia under French rule">French rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#Independence_of_the_Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Kingdom of Tunisia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Republic_of_Habib_Bourguiba" title="History of modern Tunisia">Bourguiba rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957–1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Ben Ali coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Era_of_Ben_Ali" title="History of modern Tunisia">Ben Ali rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010–2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Tunisian_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Tunisian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013–2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Saied self-coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Algeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10,000 BC)</span></li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(202–46 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(264–146 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(111–106 BC)</span></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 BC–590 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(435–534 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(477–578 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(484–703 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(578–708 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–585 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(585–698 AD)</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(647–709 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(703–744 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(742–1066 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(771–793 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(776–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(789–828 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(800–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(909–1171 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(970–1068 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(973–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1014–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1040–1147 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1121–1269 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1215–1465 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–1574 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–1556 AD)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries)</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>1960s–80s</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>2010s to present</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Libya" title="Category:History of Libya">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">History of <span class="fn org label">Libya</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/250px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/375px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/500px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14880" data-file-height="10720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.25em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 3200–146 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Roman era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 146 BC – mid-7C</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_Tripolitania_and_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica">Islamic rule</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> mid-7c–1510</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Spanish Tripoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1510–1530</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Hospitaller Tripoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1530–1551</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1551–1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1911–1934</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1934–1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951–1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1969–2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2011–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2012–2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2016–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/16px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/24px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Libya" title="Template:History of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Libya" title="Template talk:History of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ifriqiya</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إفريقية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Africa' <i><span title="Tunisian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="aeb-Latn">Ifrīqya</i></span></i>), also known as <b>al-Maghrib al-Adna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المغرب الأدنى</span>), was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> comprising today's <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (roughly western <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Brett_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Brett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Youssef_M._Choueiri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youssef_M._Choueiri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a> and extended beyond it,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramzi_Rouighi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramzi_Rouighi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not include the <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretanias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valérian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valérian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south, Ifriqiya was bounded by the semi-arid lands and salt marshes named el-<a href="/wiki/Djerid" title="Djerid">Djerid</a>. The northern boundary fluctuated from as far north as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to the North African coastline, and the western boundary usually reached <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>. Ifriqiya is bordered to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Maghreb">Central Maghreb</a>, with which the borders are fluid depending on the chroniclers and the eras. The capital was briefly <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Qayrawan</a> (Kairouan), then <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, from their base in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, initiated the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> beginning in 827, and established the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>, which lasted until it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png/220px-Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png/330px-Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png/440px-Les_trois_Maghreb_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_classique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Map of the tripartition of the Maghreb in medieval times, Ifriqiya is designated here under the name of Maghrib al-Adna.</figcaption></figure> <p>The province of Ifriqiya was created in 703 CE when the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> seized North Africa from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Although Islam existed throughout the province, there was still considerable religious tension and conflict between the invading Arabs and the native Berbers. The beliefs and perceptions of people also shifted from area to area. This contrast was at its greatest between coastal cities and villages. Muslim ownership of Ifriqiya changed hands numerous times in its history with the collapse of the Umayyads paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, who acted as agents of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> in Baghdad. </p><p>They were then overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> in 909, when they lost their capital of <a href="/wiki/Raqqada" title="Raqqada">Raqqada</a> and the Fatimids went on to control all of Ifriqiya in 969, when they took control of Egypt. The Fatimids slowly lost control over Ifriqiya as their regents, the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a>, became more and more autonomous until the mid-11th century when they fully separated. </p><p>Religious divisions paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> to take over western Ifriqiya (<a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>) in 1147 and all of Ifriqiya by 1160. This empire was to last until the early 13th century where it was then replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a>, an influential clan that boasted many of Ifriqiya's governors. The Hafsids in 1229 declared their independence from the Almohads and organized themselves under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Zakariya">Abu Zakariya</a>, who built the Hafsid empire around its new capital, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records of Arabic oral traditions imply that the Muslims first migrated to Africa feeling persecuted in their Arab homeland. However, Muslim military incursions into Africa began around seven years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in 632. This campaign into Africa was led by the General <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> and Muslim control of Africa rapidly spread after the initial seizure of Alexandria. </p><p>Islam slowly took root in the East African coast due to cross-cultural links established between Muslim traders and the natives of the African coast. The political situation in Islamic Africa was like any other, filled with a chaotic and constant power struggle between movements and dynasties. A key factor in the success of any hopeful party was securing the wealth to fund a push for dominance. One source of great wealth was the lucrative gold-mining areas of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The existence of these gold mines made expansion into Africa very worthwhile. The Muslim Empires pushed for influence and control of both the Northern and Southern parts of Africa. By the end of the 11th century, Islam had firmly established itself along the Mediterranean. Like the <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>, Muslims felt the brutal effects of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the 14th century when it arrived in Western Africa (Maghreb) through Europe. Maghreb and Ifriqiya were largely under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 16th and 18th centuries. Around the end of the 19th century, Islam accounted for 1/3rd of the religious population of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_the_African">Constantine the African</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constantine the African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_African" title="Constantine the African">Constantine the African</a> was a scholar who was born in Carthage and migrated to Sicily in the 11th century. Constantine traveled through places such as Cairo, India and Ethiopia, and his knowledge of numerous languages helped him interpret many academic texts. </p><p>His greatest work came when he joined the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> monastery at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, where he translated over 30 books, including works by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Jew" title="Isaac the Jew">Isaac the Jew</a>, one of the most accomplished physicians in the Western Caliphate. He translated Muslim books on medicine from Arabic to Latin, opening Europe up to a wave of medical knowledge they had had little access to before. His book <i>The Total Art</i> is based on <i>The Royal Book</i> by Persian physician <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">Ali ibn al Abbas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibn_Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ibn Khaldun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, a historian born in Tunis, was one of the most prolific academics of the Middle Ages. Ibn Khaldun's book <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqadimmah</a></i> influenced waves of writers in Egypt, Turkey, and France from the 15th through 19th centuries. Ibn Khaldun served in numerous political positions in al Andalus and Al Maghreb. He fell in and out of favor with the many different powers that rose and fell in Ifriqiya. In the latter 14th century Ibn Khaldun took refuge with a tribe in Algeria and began his four-year endeavor to write an introduction to history, <i>Muqadimmah</i>. Volume I laid the groundwork for sociology, while the two volumes that followed explored the world of politics, subsequent books explored many different themes such as urban life, economics and the study of knowledge. He spent his later years as a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> in Egypt where he took his work very seriously, evaluating each case on its merits and constantly trying to eradicate flaws that he discovered in the judicial system. His somewhat strict approach to Islamic laws made some Egyptians uneasy, so he eventually left his position and traveled through the eastern reaches of the Arab world. In 1400, he parleyed outside Damascus with <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, who was in awe of his wisdom. He managed to secure safe passage for many of the inhabitants of Damascus but could not save the city or its mosque from being sacked. After this, he went to Cairo and spent the remainder of his years in relative peace and quiet. He died in 1406 and was buried outside Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rulers_of_Ifriqiya"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_phase">Conquest phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripolitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitana">Tripolitana</a> conquered in 643 by <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, organized as new province with regional capital at <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barqa</a>; first governors uncertain.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_ibn_Hudayj" title="Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj">Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj</a>, c.665–666 — ruled from <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barqa</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a>, 666–674 — conquered south Tunisia (<a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>), founded <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> (670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Muhajir_Dinar" title="Abu al-Muhajir Dinar">Abu al-Muhajir Dinar</a>, 674–681</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a>, (restored), 681–683 — led cavalcade to Morocco, ostensibly brought the entire Maghreb under submission.</li> <li><i>Uqba killed. Arabs expelled from Byzacena, which was then occupied by <a href="/wiki/Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures">Awraba</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Kusaila" title="Kusaila">Kusaila</a>, 683–686.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_ibn_Qays" title="Zuhayr ibn Qays">Zuhayr ibn Qays</a>, 683–689 — initially only Barqa, retook Byzacena in 686.</li> <li><i>Zuhayr killed. Berbers under <a href="/wiki/Kahina" title="Kahina">Kahina</a> retake Byzacena in 689. No clear Arab governor</i>, 689–92</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn al-Nu'man">Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani</a>, 692–703 — initially only Barqa. Captured <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in 695 (lost again), then again in 698 (final). Permanent conquest of Ifriqiya, organized as a new province, separately from Egypt, directly under the Umayyad Caliph, with capital at Kairouan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyad_Governors_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> Governors of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Umayyad Governors of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusair" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa ibn Nusair">Musa ibn Nusair al-Lakhmi</a>, 703–715</li> <li>(<i>During <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">conquest of Spain</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_Allah_ibn_Musa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd Allah ibn Musa (page does not exist)">Abd Allah ibn Musa</a> was regent in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, while Musa was in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, 712–715</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Yazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Yazid (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Yazid</a>, 715–718</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Abi_al-Muhajir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir">Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir</a>, 718–720</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Muslim" title="Yazid ibn Abi Muslim">Yazid ibn Abi Muslim</a>, 720–721</li> <li>Muhammad ibn Yazid (restored), 721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishr_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" title="Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi</a>, 721–727</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubayda_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sulami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubayda ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (page does not exist)">Ubayda ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami</a>, 727–32</li> <li>Uqba ibn Qudama (temporary), 732–734</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab">Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mausili</a>, 734–41. (<i><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a> begins 740</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qushayri" title="Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri">Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri</a>, 741</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri</a> (<i>de jure</i>, in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Uqba_al-Ghifari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Uqba al-Ghifari (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rahman ibn Uqba al-Ghifari</a> (<i>de facto</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>), 741–42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handhala_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi</a>, 742–44</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fihrid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Fihrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fihrid">Fihrid</a> Emirs of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fihrid Emirs of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<i>Independence from Caliphate: Berber statelets in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fihrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fihrid">Fihrid</a> coup d'état in Kairouan</i>, 745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri">Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri</a>, 745–755.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_ibn_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri">Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri</a>, 755</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" title="Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a>, 755–57</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kharijite_rulers"><a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kharijite rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<i>Fihrid Ifriqiya conquered by <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> Berbers in 757 — <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufrite</a> Warfajuma in Kairouan, <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadite</a> <a href="/wiki/Nafusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafusa">Nafusa</a> in Tripoli</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asim_ibn_Jamil_al-Warfajumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asim ibn Jamil al-Warfajumi (page does not exist)">Asim ibn Jamil al-Warfajumi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufrite</a>), 757–758</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Abi_%27l-Jad_al-Waranjumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Abi 'l-Jad al-Waranjumi (page does not exist)">Abd al-Malik ibn Abi 'l-Jad al-Waranjumi</a> (Sufrite), 758</li> <li>(<i>Ibadites of Tripoli depose Sufrites in Kairouan, 758</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Khattab_Abd_al-Ala_ibn_al-Samh_al-Maafiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Khattab Abd al-Ala ibn al-Samh al-Maafiri (page does not exist)">Abu al-Khattab Abd al-Ala ibn al-Samh al-Maafiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadite</a>), 758–760</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam">Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustem al-Farissi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadite</a>), 760–62</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_governors_in_Kairouan"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> governors in Kairouan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abbasid governors in Kairouan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> invasion of Ifriqiya; Ibadites reduced to <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nafusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafusa">Nafusa</a>, 762</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Appointed governors</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Ash%27ath_al-Khuza%27i" title="Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i">Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i</a> 762–765 (former Abbasid <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Islamic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Islamic Egypt">governor of Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa_ibn_Yussuf_al-Khurasani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isa ibn Yussuf al-Khurasani (page does not exist)">Isa ibn Yussuf al-Khurasani</a> 765</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aghlab_ibn_Salim_at-Tamimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi (page does not exist)">al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi</a> 765–766</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hassan_ibn_Harb_al-Kindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hassan ibn Harb al-Kindi (page does not exist)">al-Hassan ibn Harb al-Kindi</a> 766–767</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mikhariq_ibn_Ghuffar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mikhariq ibn Ghuffar (page does not exist)">al-Mikhariq ibn Ghuffar</a> 767–768</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Hafs_al-Muhallabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi">Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi</a> 768–771</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habib_ibn_Habib_al-Muhallabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi (page does not exist)">Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi</a> 771</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Hafs_al-Muhallabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi">Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi</a> 771</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hatim_Yaqub_ibn_Labib_al-Khariji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji (page does not exist)">Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji</a> 771–772 (<a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> rebel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Hatim_al-Muhallabi" title="Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi">Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi</a> 772–787</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_ibn_Yazid_ibn_Hatim_al-Muhallabi" title="Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi">Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi</a> 787</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawh_ibn_Hatim_al-Muhallabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi (page does not exist)">Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi</a> 787–791</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Habib_al-Muhallabi" title="Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi">Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi</a> 791–793</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Rawh_ibn_Hatim_al-Muhallabi" title="Al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi">al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi</a> 793–795</li></ul> <dl><dt>Appointed governors</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthama_ibn_Ayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harthama ibn Ayan">Harthama ibn Ayan</a> 795–797</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Muqatil_al-Akki" title="Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki">Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki</a>, 797–799</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammam_ibn_Tamim_al-Tamimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tammam ibn Tamim al-Tamimi (page does not exist)">Tammam ibn Tamim al-Tamimi</a> 799–800</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Muqatil_al-Akki" title="Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki">Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki</a> 800</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aghlabid_Emirs_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> Emirs of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aghlabid Emirs of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_ibn_al-Aghlab" title="Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab">Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim</a> (800–812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_I_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah I of Ifriqiya">Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim</a> (812–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_I_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya">Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim</a>(817–838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Iqal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Iqal">al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim</a> (838–841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Abu_%27l-Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas">Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan</a> (841–856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ibrahim Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad ibn Muhammad</a> (856–863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_II_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyadat Allah II of Ifriqiya">Ziyadat Allah II ibn Abil-Abbas</a> (863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Muhammad II of Ifriqiya">Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad</a> (863–875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad</a> (875–902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abdallah II of Ifriqiya">Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim</a> (902–903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_III_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ziyadat Allah III of Ifriqiya">Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah</a> (903–909)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatimid_Caliphs_in_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> Caliphs in Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fatimid Caliphs in Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdu l-Lāh (ʻUbaydu l-Lāh) al-Mahdī bi'llāh</a> (909–934) — founder of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Qaim_Bi-Amrillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah">Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh</a> (934–946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_al-Mansur_Bi-Nasrillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il al-Mansur Bi-Nasrillah">Abū Ṭāhir Ismā'il al-Manṣūr bi-llāh</a> (946–953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Muizz_Li-Deenillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ad al-Muizz Li-Deenillah">Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Dīn Allāh</a> (953–975) (transferred to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 973)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zirid_dynasty_rulers_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> rulers of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zirid dynasty rulers of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG/220px-Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG/330px-Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG/440px-Zirides_et_Hammadides_apr%C3%A8s_les_invasion_hilaliennes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Zirids and Hammadids after Bedouin invasions</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a> (973–983)</li> <li>Abul-Fat'h <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_ibn_Buluggin" title="Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin">al-Mansur ibn Buluggin</a> (983–995)</li> <li>Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla <a href="/wiki/Badis_ibn_Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Badis ibn Mansur">Badis ibn Mansur</a> (995–1016)</li> <li>Sharaf ad-Dawla <a href="/wiki/Al-Muizz_ibn_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muizz ibn Badis">al-Muizz ibn Badis</a> (1016–1062), — lost west Ifriqiya to <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a>,(1018), declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> (1045)</li></ul> <p>(<i>invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hillal" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Hillal">Banu Hilal</a> (1057) — Kairouan destroyed, <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> reduced to the main coastal cities, rural areas fragments into petty <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirates</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i> </p> <ul><li>Abu Tahir <a href="/wiki/Tamim_ibn_al-Mu%27izz" title="Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz">Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz</a> (1062–1108)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Tamim" title="Yahya ibn Tamim">Yahya ibn Tamim</a> (1108–1131)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yahya" title="Ali ibn Yahya">Ali ibn Yahya</a> (1115–1121)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Hasan_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali">Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali</a> (1121–1152)</li></ul> <p>(<i>Ifriqiyan coast annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Norman Sicily</a></i> (1143–1160)) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_kings_of_the_Kingdom_of_Africa_(Ifriqiya)"><span id="Norman_kings_of_the_Kingdom_of_Africa_.28Ifriqiya.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Italo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Norman">Norman</a> kings of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Kingdom of Africa</a> (Ifriqiya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Norman kings of the Kingdom of Africa (Ifriqiya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnonormanno1160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/200px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/300px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Regnonormanno1160.jpg/400px-Regnonormanno1160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The "Kingdom of Africa" (<i>Regno d'Africa</i>) pinpointed in red</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> (1143-1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I of Sicily</a> (1154-1160)</li></ul> <p>(<i>All of Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a></i> (1160))<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hafsid_governors_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> governors of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hafsid governors of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Abi_Hafs" title="Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs</a> (1207–1216)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_(Hafsid)" title="Abd-Allah (Hafsid)">Abd-Allah</a> (1224–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Zakariya">Abu Zakariya</a> (1229–1249)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hafsid_caliphs_of_Ifriqiya"><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid caliphs</a> of Ifriqiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hafsid caliphs of Ifriqiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</a> (1249–1277)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_II_al-Watiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya II al-Watiq (page does not exist)">Yahya II al-Watiq</a> (1277–1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_(Hafsid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim I (Hafsid dynasty)">Ibrahim I</a> (1279–1283)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Abi_Umara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Abi Umara (page does not exist)">Ibn Abi Umara</a> (1283–1284)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hafs_Umar_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hafs Umar I (page does not exist)">Abu Hafs Umar I</a> (1284–1295)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Asida_Muhammad_al-Muntasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Asida Muhammad al-Muntasir (page does not exist)">Muhammad I</a> (1295–1309)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_Abu_Bakr_ash-Shahid" title="Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid">Abu Bakr I</a> (1309)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aba_al-Baqa_Khalid_an-Nasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir (page does not exist)">Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir</a> (1309–1311)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aba_Yahya_Zakariya_al-Lihyani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani (page does not exist)">Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani</a> (1311–1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Darba_Muhammad_al-Mustansir_al-Lihyani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Darba Muhammad al-Mustansir al-Lihyani (page does not exist)">Muhammad II</a> (1317–1318)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Bakr_II_(Banu_Haf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Bakr II (Banu Haf) (page does not exist)">Abu Bakr II</a> (1318–1346)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hafs_Umar_ben_Abi_Bakr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hafs Umar ben Abi Bakr (page does not exist)">Abu Hafs Umar II</a> (1346–1349)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Fadi_al-Mutawakkil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadi al-Mutawakkil (page does not exist)">Ahmad I</a> (1349)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishaq_II_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishaq II (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Ishaq II</a> (1350–1369)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Baqa_Khalid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Baqa Khalid (page does not exist)">Abu al-Baqa Khalid</a> (1369–1371)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_II" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II">Ahmad II</a> (1371–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz II">Abd al-Aziz II</a> (1394–1434)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abd-Allah_Muhammad_al-Mutansir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Mutansir">Muhammad III</a> (1434–1436)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_(Hafsid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman (Hafsid)">Uthman</a> (1436–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya_Yahya" title="Abu Zakariya Yahya">Abu Zakariya Yahya</a> (1488–1489)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Mu%27min_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid)</a> (1489–1490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_Zakariya" title="Abu Yahya Zakariya">Abu Yahya Zakariya</a> (1490–1494)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_IV_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad IV (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Muhammad IV</a> (1494–1526)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_V_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad V (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Muhammad V</a> (1526–1543)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_III_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad III (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Ahmad III</a> (1543–1570)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_VI_(Hafsid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad VI (Hafsid) (page does not exist)">Muhammad VI</a> (1574–1574)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jafari_%22Jafari_the_Clean%22_Yahya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya (page does not exist)">Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya</a> (1574–1581)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alem_Nafirr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alem Nafirr (page does not exist)">Alem Nafirr</a> (1581)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">History of Roman-era Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia" title="History of early Islamic Tunisia">History of early Islamic Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia" title="History of medieval Tunisia">History of medieval Tunisia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Ifriqiya/124749">Article « Ifriqiya » (Larousse.fr)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Brett-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Brett_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Brett2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Brett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMM3ESAahMC&pg=PA64"><i>Approaching African History</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-063-6"><bdi>978-1-84701-063-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+African+History&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-063-6&rft.au=Michael+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHMM3ESAahMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Youssef_M._Choueiri-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Youssef_M._Choueiri_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef_M._Choueiri2008" class="citation book cs1">Youssef M. Choueiri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ioTXW3316AC&pg=PA171"><i>A Companion to the History of the Middle East</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5204-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-5204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5204-4&rft.au=Youssef+M.+Choueiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ioTXW3316AC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramzi_Rouighi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramzi_Rouighi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzi_Rouighi2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramzi Rouighi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIO9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Inventing the Berbers History and Ideology in the Maghrib</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9618-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-9618-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Berbers+History+and+Ideology+in+the+Maghrib&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9618-1&rft.au=Ramzi+Rouighi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIO9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valérian-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valérian_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValérian2019" class="citation book cs1">Valérian, Dominique (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-32378.xml">"Ifrīqiya"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ifr%C4%ABqiya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Val%C3%A9rian&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEI3O%2FCOM-32378.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arabic_Thought_and_Its_Place_in_History">"Arabic Thought and Its Place in History - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. <i>en.wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Arabic+Thought+and+Its+Place+in+History+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FArabic_Thought_and_Its_Place_in_History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmara2016" class="citation cs2">Amara, Allaoua (2016), "Ifriqiya, medieval empires of (Aghlabid to Hafsid)", <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i>, American Cancer Society, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe361">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe361</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118455074" title="Special:BookSources/9781118455074"><bdi>9781118455074</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ifriqiya%2C+medieval+empires+of+%28Aghlabid+to+Hafsid%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe361&rft.isbn=9781118455074&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=Allaoua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section7.shtml">"The Story of Africa| BBC World Service"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Africa%7C+BBC+World+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fafrica%2Ffeatures%2Fstoryofafrica%2Findex_section7.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2017" class="citation book cs1">James, Fromherz, Allen (August 2017). <i>The Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age</i> ([Paperback edition] ed.). Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474426404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474426404"><bdi>978-1474426404</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973383412">973383412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+West%3A+Medieval+North+Africa%2C+Latin+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+in+the+Second+Axial+Age&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=%5BPaperback+edition%5D&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973383412&rft.isbn=978-1474426404&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Fromherz%2C+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun">"Ibn Khaldūn | Muslim historian"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+%7C+Muslim+historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">al-Nuwayri</a> for accounts of the conquest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This follows the tradition of al-Nuwayri, who says Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij was the first emir of Ifriqiya (ruling from Baqra) in 665. Ibn Khaldoun, however, dates the appointment of Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij as early as 651/52, when <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Sa%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Sa'ad">Abdallah ibn Sa'ad</a> was governor in Egypt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is primarily covered in the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">al-Nuwayri</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the rise of the Fatimids, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> (v.2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb01slangoog/page/n203">App. #2</a>(pp.496–549))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">al-Nuwayri</a> (v.2, App.1) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, v.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abulafia, "The Norman Kingdom of Africa"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an account of the Almohad and Norman conquests of Ifriqiya, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb01slangoog/page/n585">p.578ff</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 & 3)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicles">Chronicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chronicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a>, English trans. by C.C. Torrey, 1901, "The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa", <i>Historical and Critical Contributions to Biblical Science</i>, pp. 277–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlrXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA277">online</a>; French trans. in De la Salle <i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale</i>, 1852, v.1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PgAoAAAAYAAJ/page/n417">App. 1</a> (pp. 301–308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">al-Nuwayri</a>, French trans. in De La Salle, <i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale</i>, 1852, v.1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PgAoAAAAYAAJ/page/n429">App. 2</a> (pp. 314–444) (From 647 raid through end of Aghlabids) and 1854, v. 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb01slangoog/page/n190">App.1</a> (pp. 483–89) (for Zirids). Italian transl. in M. Amari (1851) <i>Nuova raccolta di scritture e documenti intorno alla dominazione degli arabi in Sicilia</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27">p.27-163</a>) (Aghlabids only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, French trans. in De La Salle (1852–56), <i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale</i> 4 vols, Algiers: Imprimerie du Gouvernment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PgAoAAAAYAAJ/page/n239">v.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb01slangoog/page/n599">v.2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb00khalgoog/page/n207">v.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb00slangoog/page/n598">vol. 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> extracts from <i>Kamel al-Tewarikh</i>, French trans. in De La Salle, <i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale</i>, 1854, v.2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredesberb01slangoog/page/n580">App.#5</a>, (pp. 573ff)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifriqiya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Julien, C.A. (1931) <i>Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 – De la conquête arabe à 1830</i>, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Idris, Hady Roger (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MiBangEACAAJ"><i>La Berbérie orientale sous les Zirides X.-XII. siècles</i></a> (in French). Vol. 1. Adrien-Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Berb%C3%A9rie+orientale+sous+les+Zirides+X.-XII.+si%C3%A8cles&rft.pub=Adrien-Maisonneuve&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Idris&rft.aufirst=Hady+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMiBangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Idris, H. R. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYE1AAAAIAAJ"><i>La Berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes, Xe-XIIe siècles</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2. Adrien-Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Berb%C3%A9rie+orientale+sous+les+Z%C4%ABr%C4%ABdes%2C+Xe-XIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.pub=Adrien-Maisonneuve&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Idris&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYE1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunschvig, Robert (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXhJewAACAAJ"><i>La Berberie orientale sous les Hafsides des origines à la fin du XVe siècle</i></a> (in French). Vol. 1. Adrien-Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Berberie+orientale+sous+les+Hafsides+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Adrien-Maisonneuve&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Brunschvig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXhJewAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunschvig, Robert (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SQ_AQAAIAAJ&q=lA+BERBERIE+ORIENTALE+SOUS+LES+hafsides"><i>La Berbérie orientale sous les Ḥafṣides: des origines à la fin du XVe siècle</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2. Adrien-Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Berb%C3%A9rie+orientale+sous+les+%E1%B8%A4af%E1%B9%A3ides%3A+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Adrien-Maisonneuve&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Brunschvig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SQ_AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DlA%2BBERBERIE%2BORIENTALE%2BSOUS%2BLES%2Bhafsides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIfriqiya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical rulers of Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty#List_of_rulers" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid rulers</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a><br />(1235–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayyan_I" title="Abu Zayyan I">Abu Zayyan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_I" title="Abu Hammu I">Abu Hammu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashufin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid I (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_II" title="Abu Hammu II">Abu Hammu II Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_Muhammad_II_ibn_Uthman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin II (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid II (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abul_Hadjdjadj_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abul Hadjdjadj I (page does not exist)">Abul Hadjdjadj I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan II (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh I (page does not exist)">Abu Muh I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah I (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_er_Rahman_I_bin_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_I_bin_Abu_Tashufin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said I bin Abu Tashufin (page does not exist)">Said I bin Abu Tashufin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Malek_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Malek I (page does not exist)">Abu Malek I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah II (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abbas_Ahmad_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abbas Ahmad I (page does not exist)">Abu Abbas Ahmad I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah III (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin III (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_IV" title="Abu Abdallah IV">Abu Abdallah IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_V" title="Abu Abdallah V">Abu Abdallah V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu III (page does not exist)">Abu Hammu III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh II (page does not exist)">Abu Muh II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah VI (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan III (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hassan_ben_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Hassan ben Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Al Hassan ben Abu Muh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman governors of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a><br />(1517–1710)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalifa_Saffah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalifa Saffah (page does not exist)">Khalifa Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Tekkelerli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Tekkelerli (page does not exist)">Mehmed Tekkelerli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf I Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahyia_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahyia Pasha (page does not exist)">Yahyia Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Kh%C3%BCsro_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Khüsro Aga (page does not exist)">Hasan Khüsro Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Bostandji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Bostandji (page does not exist)">Ahmed Bostandji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pasha_Qabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Pasha Qabia (page does not exist)">Ahmad Pasha Qabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhamad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occiali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occiali (page does not exist)">Uluç Ali Reis</a></li> <li>Mehmet Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Arab Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramdan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramdan Pasha (page does not exist)">Ramdan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djafar_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djafar Pasha (page does not exist)">Djafar Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mami_Muhammad_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mami Muhammad Pasha (page does not exist)">Mami Muhammad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dali_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dali Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Dali Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hızır Pasha (page does not exist)">Hızır Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Shaban_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Shaban Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Shaban Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daly_Hassan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daly Hassan Pasha (page does not exist)">Daly Hassan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Pasha (page does not exist)">Soliman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_the_eunuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II the eunuch (page does not exist)">Muhammad II the eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha II Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizvan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizvan Pasha (page does not exist)">Rizvan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6se_Mustafa_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köse Mustafa Pacha (page does not exist)">Köse Mustafa Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Hasan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha IV Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Katanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Katanya (page does not exist)">Soliman Katanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassan_Kaid_Ko%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassan Kaid Koça (page does not exist)">Kassan Kaid Koça</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hizir_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hizir Pasha (page does not exist)">Hizir Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa III Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustafa III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%BCsrev_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khüsrev Pacha (page does not exist)">Khüsrev Pacha</a></li> <li>Murat Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Khodja (page does not exist)">Hassan Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf II Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Bursali_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Bursali Pacha (page does not exist)">Mahmud Bursali Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed I Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf III Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_Pasha_(Algiers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad Pasha (Algiers) (page does not exist)">Murad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzenak-Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzenak-Muhammad (page does not exist)">Buzenak-Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed II Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismail Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ismail Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil Aga (page does not exist)">Khalil Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan Aga (page does not exist)">Ramadan Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaban_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaban Aga (page does not exist)">Shaban Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Aga (page does not exist)">Ali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadj_Mohamed_Dey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadj Mohamed Dey (page does not exist)">Hadj Mohamed Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Hassan" title="Baba Hassan">Baba Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadj_Ahmed_Chabane" title="Hadj Ahmed Chabane">Ahmed Sharban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Ahmed_ben_al-Hadji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji (page does not exist)">Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Chaouch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Chaouch (page does not exist)">Hassan Chaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Mustapha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Mustapha (page does not exist)">Hadji Mustapha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Kodja (page does not exist)">Hussein Kodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bektach" title="Mohamed Bektach">Mohamed Bektach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Deli Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Deys</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a><br />(1710–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Chauch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Chauch">Ali I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_ben_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad III ben Hassan">Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdy_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdy Pasha (page does not exist)">Abdy Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Arslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Arslan (page does not exist)">Mohammed Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ben_Ramdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim ben Ramdan">Ibrahim III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutchuk_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutchuk Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Ibrahim IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_ibn_Bekir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed ibn Bekir (page does not exist)">Muhammad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba_Ali_Bou_Seb%C3%A2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba Ali Bou Sebâa (page does not exist)">Ali II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Muhammad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hassan" title="Sidi Hassan">Sidi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_ibn_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa ibn Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Mustapha II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Ali_Khodja" title="Ahmed bin Ali Khodja">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muhammad_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn Muhammad Khodja (page does not exist)">Ali III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Ali_ben_Khrelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Ali ben Khrelil">Ali IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammad_(Dey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Muhammad (Dey)">Mohammed Khaznadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_VI_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad VI ben Ali (page does not exist)">Muhammad VI ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">Governors</a><br /> of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a><br />(1830–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Auguste-Victor,_Count_de_Ghaisnes_de_Bourmont" title="Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont">Louis-Auguste-Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthez%C3%A8ne" title="Pierre Berthezène">Pierre Berthezène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Voirol,_Baron_Voirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Théophile Voirol, Baron Voirol">Théophile Voirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont" title="Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont">Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Charles_Val%C3%A9e" title="Sylvain Charles Valée">Sylvain Charles Valée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" title="Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Juchault de Lamoricière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Marie Alphonse Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Th%C3%A9odule_Changarnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Théodule Changarnier">Nicolas Théodule Changarnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viala_Charon" title="Viala Charon">Viala Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimable_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Aimable Pélissier">Aimable Pélissier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Joseph_Charles_Paul_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte">Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_de_Martimprey" title="Edmond-Charles de Martimprey">Edmond-Charles de Martimprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Alfred_Durrieu" title="François Louis Alfred Durrieu">François Louis Alfred Durrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Walsin-Esterhazy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Walsin-Esterhazy (page does not exist)">Jean Walsin-Esterhazy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri-Gabriel_Didier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri-Gabriel Didier (page does not exist)">Henri-Gabriel Didier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Bouzet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Bouzet (page does not exist)">Charles de Bouzet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romuald_Vuillermoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romuald Vuillermoz (page does not exist)">Romuald Vuillermoz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Lambert (page does not exist)">Alexis Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_de_Gueydon" title="Louis Henri de Gueydon">Louis Henri de Gueydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Chanzy" title="Antoine Chanzy">Antoine Chanzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Albert Grévy">Albert Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Tirman" title="Louis Tirman">Louis Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Loze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Loze (page does not exist)">Auguste Loze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9pine" title="Louis Lépine">Louis Lépine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Édouard Laferrière">Édouard Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Charles Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9voil" title="Paul Révoil">Paul Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Varnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Varnier (page does not exist)">Maurice Varnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lutaud" title="Charles Lutaud">Charles Lutaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Abel" title="Jean-Baptiste Abel">Jean-Baptiste Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Dubief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Dubief (page does not exist)">Henri Dubief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Viollette" title="Maurice Viollette">Maurice Viollette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bordes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bordes (page does not exist)">Pierre Bordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-Gaston_Henri_Carde" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules-Gaston Henri Carde">Jules-Gaston Henri Carde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_le_Beau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges le Beau (page does not exist)">Georges le Beau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Charles_Abrial" title="Jean-Marie Charles Abrial">Jean-Marie Charles Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves-Charles_Chatel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves-Charles Chatel (page does not exist)">Yves-Charles Chatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Peyrouton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton">Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chataigneau" title="Yves Chataigneau">Yves Chataigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Naegelen" title="Marcel-Edmond Naegelen">Marcel-Edmond Naegelen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_L%C3%A9onard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Léonard (page does not exist)">Roger Léonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Robert Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Mutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Mutter (page does not exist)">André Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Albin_Louis_Salan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Albin Louis Salan">Raoul Salan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Albert_Louis_Delouvrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier (page does not exist)">Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Morin_(Delegate-General)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Morin (Delegate-General) (page does not exist)">Jean Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fouchet" title="Christian Fouchet">Christian Fouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">Presidents</a> of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Republic of Algeria</a><br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s" title="Abderrahmane Farès">Abderrahmane Farès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Benhabyles" title="Abdelmalek Benhabyles">Abdelmalek Benhabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kafi" title="Ali Kafi">Ali Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Bensalah" title="Abdelkader Bensalah">Abdelkader Bensalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a> (710–1019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Midrarids</a> (757–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (777–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a> (790–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabids</a> (800–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a> (814–922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (909–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (1008–1152)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khurasan" title="Banu Khurasan">Khurasanids</a> (1059–1158)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (1147–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanids</a> (1235–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (1269–1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (1472–1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Sa'dids</a> (1549–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawids</a> (1666–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husaynids</a> (1705–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanlids</a> (1711–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussids</a> (1837–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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name="timeline_sys8nbvg04gymfm14c9s7swv8wj1r38"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" coords="688,229,763,250" title="Kingdom of Libya" alt="Kingdom of Libya" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" coords="453,229,567,250" title="Ottoman Empire" alt="Ottoman Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" coords="273,229,376,250" title="Banu Ghaniya" alt="Banu Ghaniya" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" coords="123,229,254,250" title="Fatimid Caliphate" alt="Fatimid Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty" coords="556,207,681,227" title="Husainid Dynasty" alt="Husainid Dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" coords="297,207,411,227" title="Hafsid dynasty" alt="Hafsid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hammadid" coords="180,207,261,227" title="Hammadid" alt="Hammadid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rustamid" coords="43,207,123,227" title="Rustamid" alt="Rustamid" /><area shape="rect" 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title="Marinid Sultanate" alt="Marinid Sultanate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Almoravids" coords="194,117,286,137" title="Almoravids" alt="Almoravids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" coords="58,117,138,137" title="Idrisid dynasty" alt="Idrisid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" coords="534,94,659,115" title="Alaouite dynasty" alt="Alaouite dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" coords="449,94,557,115" title="Saadi dynasty" alt="Saadi dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" coords="238,94,319,115" title="Almohad Caliphate" alt="Almohad Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Barghawata" coords="33,94,186,115" title="Barghawata" alt="Barghawata" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" coords="302,72,416,92" title="Emirate of Granada" alt="Emirate of Granada" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" coords="134,72,281,92" title="Caliphate of Córdoba" alt="Caliphate of 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236019811">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4261807-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007479431105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ifriqiya&params=35_00_N_7_00_E_type:country_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.000°N 7.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.000; 7.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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