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Hart (1971) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_S._Hart_(1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_hardware_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_hardware_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early hardware implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_hardware_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-book_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-book_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 E-book formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-book_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Archival storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_hardware_readers_and_mobile_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_hardware_readers_and_mobile_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Dedicated hardware readers and mobile software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_hardware_readers_and_mobile_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Before the 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 1980s and 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Formats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_rights_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rights_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Digital rights management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rights_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reading data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_printed_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_printed_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparison to printed books </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_printed_books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison to printed books subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_printed_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Advantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Disadvantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Market share </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Market share subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 UK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Public domain books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-vBook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#vBook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 vBook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-vBook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ebook</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boek" title="E-boek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="E-boek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title="كتاب رقمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب رقمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="E-book" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="ই-বুক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ই-বুক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="ई-पुस्तक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ई-पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kitab_(s%C9%99n%C9%99d)" title="Elektron kitab (sənəd) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron kitab (sənəd)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="ই-বই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ই-বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_iliktrunik" title="Buku iliktrunik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buku iliktrunik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Електронна книга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронна книга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Buach" title="E-Buach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="E-Buach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-knjiga" title="E-knjiga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="E-knjiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Llibre electrònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre electrònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%A1_kniha" title="Elektronická kniha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronická kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-lyfr" title="E-lyfr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="E-lyfr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bog" title="E-bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="E-bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Book" title="E-Book – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Book" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-raamat" title="E-raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="E-raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρονικό βιβλίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονικό βιβλίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Libro electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlibro" title="Bitlibro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bitlibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburu_elektroniko" title="Liburu elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburu elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کتاب الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_num%C3%A9rique" title="Livre numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boek" title="E-boek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="E-boek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-libri" title="E-libri – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="E-libri" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomhleabhar" title="Ríomhleabhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomhleabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Libro electrónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro electrónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%B1%85" title="전자책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Էլեկտրոնային գիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="ई-पुस्तक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ई-पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-knjiga" title="E-knjiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="E-knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronala_libro" title="Elektronala libro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektronala libro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukel" title="Bukel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bukel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_electronic" title="Libro electronic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libro electronic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafb%C3%B3k" title="Rafbók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafbók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="E-book" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ספר אלקטרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר אלקטרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ktronik" title="Buku éléktronik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buku éléktronik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_(%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Электронды кітап (құжат) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды кітап (құжат)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_pepe" title="Kitabu pepe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu pepe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-pirt%C3%BBk" title="E-pirtûk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="E-pirtûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ປຶ້ມເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປຶ້ມເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_electronicus" title="Liber electronicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber electronicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk%C4%81_gr%C4%81mata" title="Elektroniskā grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroniskā grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaitmenin%C4%97_knyga" title="Skaitmeninė knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skaitmeninė knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ebook" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-k%C3%B6nyv" title="E-könyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="E-könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Е-книга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Е-книга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇ ബുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇ ബുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="ई-पुस्तक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ई-पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_elektronik" title="Buku elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukel" title="Bukel – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bukel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Цахим ном – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахим ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်စာအုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်စာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boek" title="E-boek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="E-boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="इबुक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इबुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D" title="電子書籍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子書籍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bok" title="E-bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="E-bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="E-book" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_digital" title="Livro digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="E-book" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Электронная книга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4-%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤ-ᱵᱩᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤ-ᱵᱩᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%ABr_elektronik" title="Libër elektronik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libër elektronik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A-%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඊ-පොත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊ-පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" title="E-book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="E-book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A-%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="برقي-ڪتاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برقي-ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%A1_kniha" title="Elektronická kniha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronická kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_knjiga" title="Elektronska knjiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronska knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Електронска књига – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронска књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-knjiga" title="E-knjiga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="E-knjiga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6kirja" title="Sähkökirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkökirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bok" title="E-bok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="E-bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="หนังสืออิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสืออิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Китоби электронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоби электронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="עלעקטראנישער בוך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראנישער בוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8" title="電子書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8" title="電子書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-file-height="95" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Retail goods and services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Auctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-by-mail" title="DVD-by-mail">DVD-by-mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Grocery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ride-hailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">Comparison shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_trading_community" title="Online trading community">Trading communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wallet" title="Online wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Mobile commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Live support software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Purchase-to-pay" title="Purchase-to-pay">Purchase-to-pay</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">Super-apps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-commerce" title="Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-commerce" title="Template talk:E-commerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An ebook (short for electronic book), also spelled as e-book or eBook, is a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> publication made available in electronic form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel display</a> of computers or other electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book",<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. E-books can be read on dedicated <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> devices, also on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> using <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> systems. With print books, readers are increasingly browsing through <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> of the covers of books on publisher or bookstore websites and selecting and ordering titles online. The paper books are then delivered to the reader by mail or any other delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through titles online, select and order titles, then the e-book can be sent to them online or the user can download the e-book.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> By the early 2010s, e-books had begun to overtake <a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> by overall publication figures in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> The main reasons people buy e-books are possibly because of lower prices, increased comfort (as they can buy from home or on the go with mobile devices) and a larger selection of titles.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> With e-books, "electronic <a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmark (World Wide Web)">bookmarks</a> make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages."<a href="#cite_note-pcmag.com-7">[7]</a> "Although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be digitally searched" for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied.<a href="#cite_note-pcmag.com-7">[7]</a> In the U.S., the amount of e-book reading is increasing. By 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. By 2014, 50% of American adults had an <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet</a>, compared to 30% owning such devices in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Besides published books and magazines that have a digital equivalent, there are also <a href="/wiki/Digital_textbook" title="Digital textbook">digital textbooks</a> that are intended to serve as the text for a class and help in technology-based education. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> E-books are also referred to as "ebooks", "e-books", "eBooks", "Ebooks", "e-Books", "e-journals", "e-editions", or "digital books". A device that is designed specifically for reading e-books is called an "e-reader", "ebook device", or "eReader". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Readies_(1930)">The Readies (1930)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Readies (1930)">edit</a>]</div> Some trace the concept of an e-reader, a device that would enable the user to view books on a screen, to a 1930 manifesto by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brown_(writer,_poet,_publisher)" title="Bob Brown (writer, poet, publisher)">Bob Brown</a>, written after watching his first "<a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a>" (movie with sound). He titled it The Readies, playing off the idea of the "talkie".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In his book, Brown says movies have outmaneuvered the book by creating the "talkies" and, as a result, reading should find a new medium: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A simple reading machine which I can carry or move around, attach to any old electric light plug and read hundred-thousand-word novels in 10 minutes if I want to, and I want to.</blockquote> Brown's notion, however, was much more focused on reforming <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and vocabulary, than on medium. He says: "It is time to pull out the stopper" and begin "a bloody revolution of the word," introducing huge numbers of <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> symbols to replace normal words, and punctuation to simulate action or movement, so it is not clear whether this fits into the history of "e-books" or not. Later e-readers never followed a model at all like Brown's. However, he correctly predicted the miniaturization and portability of e-readers. In an article, Jennifer Schuessler writes: "The machine, Brown argued, would allow readers to adjust the type size, avoid paper cuts and save trees, all while hastening the day when words could be 'recorded directly on the palpitating ether.'"<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-10">[10]</a> Brown believed that the e-reader (and his notions for changing the text itself) would bring a completely new life to reading. Schuessler correlates it with a <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a> spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or an entirely new song, as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventor">Inventor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inventor">edit</a>]</div> The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon. Some notable candidates include the following: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roberto_Busa_(1946–1970)">Roberto Busa (1946–1970)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roberto Busa (1946–1970)">edit</a>]</div> The first e-book may be the <a href="/wiki/Index_Thomisticus" title="Index Thomisticus">Index Thomisticus</a>, a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, prepared by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Busa" title="Roberto Busa">Roberto Busa</a>, S.J. beginning in 1946 and completed in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Bryson_2014_p.-11">[11]</a> Although originally stored on a single computer, a distributable CD-ROM version appeared in 1989. However, this work is sometimes omitted. Maybe this is because the digitized text was a means for studying written texts and developing linguistic concordances, rather than as a published edition in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-thomisticus-12">[12]</a> In 2005, the Index was published online.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ángela_Ruiz_Robles_(1949)">Ángela Ruiz Robles (1949)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ángela Ruiz Robles (1949)">edit</a>]</div> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngela_Ruiz_Robles" title="Ángela Ruiz Robles">Ángela Ruiz Robles</a>, a teacher from <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol, Spain</a>, patented the Enciclopedia Mecánica, or the Mechanical Encyclopedia, a mechanical device which operated on compressed air where text and graphics were contained on spools that users would load onto rotating spindles. Her idea was to create a device which would decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The final device was planned to include audio recordings, a magnifying glass, a calculator, and an electric light for night reading.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Her device was never put into production but a prototype is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology_(Spain)" title="National Museum of Science and Technology (Spain)">National Museum of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Douglas_Engelbart_and_Andries_van_Dam_(1960s)">Douglas Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960s)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Douglas Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960s)">edit</a>]</div> Alternatively, some historians consider electronic books to have started in the early 1960s, with the <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a> project headed by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a> (SRI), and the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Editing_System" title="Hypertext Editing System">Hypertext Editing System</a> and <a href="/wiki/FRESS" class="mw-redirect" title="FRESS">FRESS</a> projects headed by <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ML-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-HES-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpub-18">[18]</a> FRESS documents ran on IBM main frames and were structure-oriented rather than line-oriented. They were formatted dynamically for different users, display hardware, window sizes, and so on, as well as having automated tables of contents, indexes, and so on. All these systems also provided extensive <a href="/wiki/Hyperlinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlinking">hyperlinking</a>, graphics, and other capabilities. Van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term "electronic book",<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry. Brown's faculty made extensive use of FRESS. For example the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a> used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object (1979) he writes: "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System..."<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-22">[22]</a> Brown University's work in electronic book systems continued for many years, including <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> funded projects for electronic repair-manuals;<a href="#cite_note-Feiner-23">[23]</a> a large-scale distributed hypermedia system known as InterMedia;<a href="#cite_note-rweb-24">[24]</a> a spinoff company Electronic Book Technologies that built <a href="/wiki/DynaText" class="mw-redirect" title="DynaText">DynaText</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a>-based e-reader system; and the Scholarly Technology Group's extensive work on the <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a> standard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michael_S._Hart_(1971)">Michael S. Hart (1971)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Michael S. Hart (1971)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg/250px-Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg/330px-Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg/500px-Michael_Hart_and_Gregory_Newby_at_HOPE_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hart" title="Michael S. Hart">Michael S. Hart</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Newby" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Newby">Gregory Newby</a> (right) of <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Hackers_on_Planet_Earth" title="Hackers on Planet Earth">Hackers on Planet Earth</a> (HOPE) Conference, 2006</figcaption></figure> Despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hart" title="Michael S. Hart">Michael S. Hart</a> as the inventor of the e-book.<a href="#cite_note-GutenbergMH-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-27">[27]</a> In 1971, the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> gave Hart extensive computer time. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> into a computer in plain text.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-28">[28]</a> Hart planned to create documents using plain text to make them as easy as possible to download and view on devices. After Hart first adapted the U.S. Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in 1971, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> was launched to create electronic copies of more texts, especially books.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_hardware_implementations">Early hardware implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early hardware implementations">edit</a>]</div> Dedicated hardware devices for ebook reading began to appear in the 70s and 80s, in addition to the main frame and laptop solutions, and collections of data per se. One early e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the <a href="/wiki/Dynabook" title="Dynabook">Dynabook</a>, in the 1970s at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">PARC</a>: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> began a concept development for a portable electronic delivery device for technical maintenance information called project PEAM, the Portable Electronic Aid for Maintenance. Detailed specifications were completed in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a> 1981/82, and prototype development began with <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> that same year. Four prototypes were produced and delivered for testing in 1986, and tests were completed in 1987. The final summary report was produced in 1989 by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, authored by Robert Wisher and <a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Kincaid" title="J. Peter Kincaid">J. Peter Kincaid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A patent application for the PEAM device,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> titled "Apparatus for delivering procedural type instructions", was submitted by Texas Instruments on December 4, 1985, listing John K. Harkins and Stephen H. Morriss as inventors. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg/220px-Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg/330px-Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg/440px-Personal_Electronic_Aid_to_Maintenance_PEAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The first portable electronic book, the US Department of Defense's "Personal Electronic Aid to Maintenance"</figcaption></figure> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Data_Discman" title="Data Discman">Data Discman</a>, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called <a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Future" title="Library of the Future">Library of the Future</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1990s, the general availability of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1993, Paul Baim released a freeware <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> stack, called EBook, that allowed easy import of any text file to create a pageable version similar to an electronic paperback book. A notable feature was automatic tracking of the last page read so that on returning to the 'book' you were taken back to where you had previously left off reading. The title of this stack may have helped popularize the term 'ebook'.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-book_formats">E-book formats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: E-book formats">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Comparison of e-book formats</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/250px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/330px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/500px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Reading an e-book on a third-generation Kindle</figcaption></figure> As e-book formats emerged and proliferated,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] some garnered support from major software companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> format that was introduced in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Unlike most other formats, PDF documents are generally tied to a particular dimension and layout, rather than adjusting dynamically to the current page, window, or another size. Different e-reader devices followed different formats, most of them accepting books in only one or a few formats, thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to the exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, scholars formed the <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a>, which developed consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scholarly interest for a variety of analytic uses as well as reading. Countless literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach. In the late 1990s, a consortium formed to develop the <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a> format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Several scholars from the TEI were closely involved in the early development of <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a>, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Renear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Renear (page does not exist)">Allen Renear</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elli_Mylonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elli Mylonas (page does not exist)">Elli Mylonas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_DeRose" title="Steven DeRose">Steven DeRose</a>, all from Brown. Focused on portability, Open eBook as defined required subsets of <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>; a set of multimedia formats (others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats), and an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> schema for a "manifest", to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This format led to the open format <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> has converted many <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> works to this open format.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2010, e-books continued to gain in their own specialist and underground markets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the "Big Five". The "Big Five" publishers are: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> U.S. libraries began to offer free e-books to the public in 1998 through their websites and associated services,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical, or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an <a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">e-book lending</a> model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The number of library e-book distributors and lending models continued to increase over the next few years. From 2005 to 2008, libraries experienced a 60% growth in e-book collections.<a href="#cite_note-Saylor124-41">[41]</a> In 2010, a Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> found that 66% of public libraries in the U.S. were offering e-books,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and a large movement in the library industry began to seriously examine the issues relating to e-book lending, acknowledging a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tipping_point" class="extiw" title="wikt:tipping point">tipping point</a>" when e-book technology would become widely established.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Content from public libraries can be downloaded to e-readers using <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> like <a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">Overdrive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Library of Medicine">U.S. National Library of Medicine</a> has for many years provided <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>, a comprehensive bibliography of medical literature. In early 2000, NLM set up the <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a> repository, which stores full-text e-book versions of many medical journal articles and books, through co-operation with scholars and publishers in the field. Pubmed Central also now provides archiving and access to over 4.1 million articles, maintained in a standard <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> format known as the <a href="/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite" title="Journal Article Tag Suite">Journal Article Tag Suite</a> (JATS). Despite the widespread adoption of e-books, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a>, citing issues with user demand, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and challenges with proprietary devices and systems.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In a survey of <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> (ILL) librarians, it was found that 92% of libraries held e-books in their collections and that 27% of those libraries had negotiated ILL rights for some of their e-books. This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patron-driven_acquisition" title="Patron-driven acquisition">Patron-driven acquisition</a> (PDA) has been available for several years in public libraries, allowing vendors to streamline the acquisition process by offering to match a library's selection profile to the vendor's e-book titles.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-48">[48]</a> The library's catalog is then populated with records for all of the e-books that match the profile.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-48">[48]</a> The decision to purchase the title is left to the patrons, although the library can set purchasing conditions such as a maximum price and purchasing caps so that the dedicated funds are spent according to the library's budget.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-48">[48]</a> The 2012 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_University_Presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of American University Presses">Association of American University Presses</a> included a panel on the PDA of books produced by university presses, based on a preliminary report by Joseph Esposito, a digital publishing consultant who has studied the implications of PDA with a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges">Challenges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Challenges">edit</a>]</div> Although the demand for e-book services in libraries has grown in the first two decades of the 21st century, difficulties keep libraries from providing some e-books to clients.<a href="#cite_note-thedigitalshift.com-50">[50]</a> Publishers will sell e-books to libraries, but in most cases they will only give libraries a limited license to the title, meaning that the library does not own the electronic text but is allowed to circulate it for either a certain period of time, or a certain number of check outs, or both. When a library purchases an e-book license, the cost is at least three times what it would be for a personal consumer.<a href="#cite_note-thedigitalshift.com-50">[50]</a> E-book licenses are more expensive than paper-format editions because publishers are concerned that an e-book that is sold could theoretically be read and/or checked out by a huge number of users, potentially damaging sales. However, some studies have found the opposite effect to be true (for example, Hilton and Wikey 2010).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_storage">Archival storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archival storage">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> offer more than six million fully accessible public domain e-books. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> has over 52,000 freely available <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> e-books. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_hardware_readers_and_mobile_software">Dedicated hardware readers and mobile software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dedicated hardware readers and mobile software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of e-readers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_software" title="Comparison of e-book software">Comparison of e-book software</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-Reader_held_up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/E-Reader_held_up.JPG/250px-E-Reader_held_up.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/E-Reader_held_up.JPG/330px-E-Reader_held_up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/E-Reader_held_up.JPG/500px-E-Reader_held_up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The BEBook e-reader</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a>, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile electronic device</a> that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading <a href="/wiki/E-books" class="mw-redirect" title="E-books">e-books</a> and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet</a>. In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In July 2010, online bookseller <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> reported sales of e-books for its proprietary <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, outnumbered sales of <a href="/wiki/Hardcover_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcover book">hardcover books</a> for the first time ever during the second <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal quarter">quarter</a> of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no <a href="/wiki/Digital_edition" title="Digital edition">digital edition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT071910-53">[53]</a> By January 2011, e-book sales at Amazon had surpassed its paperback sales.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the overall US market, paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book. The American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010, up from 3% a year before.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At the end of the first quarter of 2012, e-book sales in the United States surpassed hardcover book sales for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-auto-5">[5]</a> Until late 2013, use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing by the <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In November 2013, the FAA allowed use of e-readers on airplanes at all times if it is in Airplane Mode, which means all radios turned off, and Europe followed this guidance the next month.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2014, The New York Times predicted that by 2018 e-books will make up over 50% of total consumer publishing revenue in the United States and Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applications">Applications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EReading_devices.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EReading_devices.JPG/250px-EReading_devices.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EReading_devices.JPG/330px-EReading_devices.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EReading_devices.JPG/500px-EReading_devices.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Reading applications on different devices</figcaption></figure> Some of the major book retailers and multiple third-party developers offer free (and in some third-party cases, premium paid) e-reader <a href="/wiki/Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software applications</a> (apps) for the Mac and PC computers as well as for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">Blackberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> devices to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independently of dedicated e-book devices. Examples are apps for the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_the_1980s">Before the 1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Before the 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1949</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngela_Ruiz_Robles" title="Ángela Ruiz Robles">Ángela Ruiz Robles</a> patents the idea of the electronic book, called the Mechanical Encyclopedia, in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia, Spain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Busa" title="Roberto Busa">Roberto Busa</a> begins planning the Index Thomisticus.<a href="#cite_note-thomisticus-12">[12]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1963</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> starts the <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augment</a>) projects.<a href="#cite_note-ML-16">[16]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>c. 1965</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a> starts the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Editing_System" title="Hypertext Editing System">HES</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/FRESS" class="mw-redirect" title="FRESS">FRESS</a>) projects, with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a>, to develop and use electronic textbooks for <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HES-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpub-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1971</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hart" title="Michael S. Hart">Michael S. Hart</a> types the <a href="/wiki/US_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="US Declaration of Independence">US Declaration of Independence</a> into a computer to create the first e-book available on the Internet and launches <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> in order to create electronic copies of more books.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-28">[28]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>c. 1979</dt></dl> <ul><li>Roberto Busa finishes the Index Thomisticus, a complete <a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">lemmatisation</a> of the 56 printed volumes of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a> and of a few related authors.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>1986</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Malloy" title="Judy Malloy">Judy Malloy</a> writes and programmes the first online <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">hypertext fiction</a>, Uncle Roger, with links that take the narrative in different directions depending on the reader's choice.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1989</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Electronic_Publishers" title="Franklin Electronic Publishers">Franklin Computer</a> releases an electronic edition of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> that can only be read with a stand-alone device.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1990</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastgate_Systems" title="Eastgate Systems">Eastgate Systems</a> publishes the first hypertext fiction released on floppy disk, <a href="/wiki/Afternoon,_a_story" title="Afternoon, a story">afternoon, a story</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joyce_(writer)" title="Michael Joyce (writer)">Michael Joyce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Electronic Book Technologies releases <a href="/wiki/DynaText" class="mw-redirect" title="DynaText">DynaText</a>, the first SGML-based system for delivering large-scale books such as aircraft technical manuals. It was later tested on a US aircraft carrier as replacement for paper manuals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> launches the <a href="/wiki/Data_Discman" title="Data Discman">Data Discman</a> e-book player.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1991</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Company" title="Voyager Company">Voyager Company</a> develops <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Books" title="Expanded Books">Expanded Books</a>, which are books on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> in a digital format.<a href="#cite_note-themagazine-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg/250px-DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg/330px-DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg/500px-DD_8_Electronic_Book_Player_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The DD-8 Data Discman</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1992</dt></dl> <ul><li>F. Crugnola and I. Rigamonti design and create the first e-reader, called Incipit, as a thesis project at the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Polytechnic University of Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> starts using its Doc Viewer<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> format "to distribute documentation to developers in an electronic form",<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> which effectively meant <a href="/wiki/Inside_Macintosh" title="Inside Macintosh">Inside Macintosh</a> books.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1993</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)" title="Peter James (writer)">Peter James</a> publishes his novel Host on two <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disks">floppy disks</a>, which at the time was called the "world's first electronic novel", a copy of it is stored at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a> nominee works are included on a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Templeton" title="Brad Templeton">Brad Templeton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Launch of Bibliobytes, a website for obtaining e-books, both for free and for sale on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Paul Baim releases the EBook 1.0 <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> stack that allows the user to easily convert any text file into a <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> based pageable book.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-33">[33]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1994</dt></dl> <ul><li>C & M Online is founded in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a> and begins publishing e-books through its imprint, <a href="/wiki/Boson_Books" title="Boson Books">Boson Books</a>; authors include <a href="/wiki/Fred_Chappell" title="Fred Chappell">Fred Chappell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Cherry" title="Kelly Cherry">Kelly Cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Katz_(playwright)" title="Leon Katz (playwright)">Leon Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Popkin" title="Richard Popkin">Richard Popkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rodman" title="Robert Rodman">Robert Rodman</a>.</li> <li>More than two dozen volumes of Inside Macintosh are published<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> together on a single CD-ROM in Apple Doc Viewer format. Apple subsequently switches to using <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat_version_history" title="Adobe Acrobat version history">Adobe Acrobat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>The popular format for publishing e-books changes from plain text to <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1995</dt></dl> <ul><li>Online poet <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kirke" title="Alexis Kirke">Alexis Kirke</a> discusses the need for wireless internet <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a> readers in his article "The Emuse".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1996</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> reaches 1,000 titles.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobson" title="Joseph Jacobson">Joseph Jacobson</a> works at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Electronic_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic ink">electronic ink</a>, a high-contrast, low-cost, read/write/erase medium to display e-books.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1997</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_Ink_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="E Ink Corporation">E Ink Corporation</a> is co-founded by MIT undergraduates <a href="/wiki/JD_Albert" title="JD Albert">J.D. Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Comiskey" title="Barrett Comiskey">Barrett Comiskey</a>, MIT professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobson" title="Joseph Jacobson">Joseph Jacobson</a>, as well as Jeremy Rubin and Russ Wilcox to create an electronic printing technology.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This technology is later used on the displays of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cybook_gen1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Cybook_gen1.jpeg/250px-Cybook_gen1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Cybook_gen1.jpeg/330px-Cybook_gen1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Cybook_gen1.jpeg/340px-Cybook_gen1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Bookeen's Cybook Gen1</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1998</dt></dl> <ul><li>Nuvo Media releases the first handheld e-reader, the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a> launches its SoftBook reader. This e-reader, with expandable storage, could store up to 100,000 pages of content, including text, graphics and pictures.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cybook_Gen1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybook Gen1">Cybook</a> is sold and manufactured at first by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytale (page does not exist)">Cytale</a> (1998–2003) and later by <a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1999</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a> format based on <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> to the public domain; most future e-book formats derive from Open eBook.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Publisher <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> creates a new imprint called iBooks and becomes the first trade publisher to simultaneously publish some of its titles in e-book and print format.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> makes a selection of its books available as e-books through netLibrary.</li> <li>Publisher <a href="/wiki/Baen_Books" title="Baen Books">Baen Books</a> opens up the <a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a> to make available Baen titles as free e-books.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Kim Blagg, via her company Books OnScreen, begins selling multimedia-enhanced e-books on CDs through retailers including <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borders_(retailer)" title="Borders (retailer)">Borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s">2000s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>2000</dt></dl> <ul><li>Joseph Jacobson, Barrett O. Comiskey and Jonathan D. Albert are granted <a href="/wiki/US_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="US patent">US patents</a> related to displaying electronic books, these patents are later used in the displays for most e-readers.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> releases his novella <a href="/wiki/Riding_the_Bullet" title="Riding the Bullet">Riding the Bullet</a> exclusively online and it became the first mass-market e-book, selling 500,000 copies in 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a> with <a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a> for increased readability on PCs and handheld devices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Microsoft and Amazon work together to sell e-books that can be purchased on Amazon, and using Microsoft software downloaded to PCs and handhelds.</li> <li>A digitized version of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> is made available online at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2001</dt></dl> <ul><li>Adobe releases Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 allowing users to underline, take notes and bookmark.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2002</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm, Inc">Palm, Inc</a> and <a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="OverDrive, Inc">OverDrive, Inc</a> make Palm Reader e-books available worldwide, offering over 5,000 e-books in several languages; these could be read on Palm PDAs or using a computer application.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> and <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dt>2004</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sony Librie, the first e-reader using an <a href="/wiki/E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a> display is released; it has a six-inch screen.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> announces plans to digitize the holdings of several major libraries,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> as part of what would later be called the <a href="/wiki/Google_Books_Library_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books Library Project">Google Books Library Project</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2005</dt></dl> <ul><li>Amazon buys <a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a>, the creator of the mobi <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">e-book file format</a> and e-reader software.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>Google is sued for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> for scanning books still in copyright.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2006</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a> PRS-500, with an E Ink screen and two weeks of battery life, is released.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>LibreDigital launches BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KDX_and_K2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KDX_and_K2.jpg/220px-KDX_and_K2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KDX_and_K2.jpg/330px-KDX_and_K2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/KDX_and_K2.jpg/440px-KDX_and_K2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of the Kindle 2 with the larger Kindle DX</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>2007</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a> releases EPUB to replace Open eBook.<a href="#cite_note-ops_approved-95">[95]</a></li> <li>In November, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a> e-reader with 6-inch E Ink screen in the US and it sells outs in 5.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-96">[96]</a> Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a> opens, with initially more than 88,000 e-books available.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a> launches <a href="/wiki/Cybook_Gen3" title="Cybook Gen3">Cybook Gen3</a> in Europe; it can display e-books and play audiobooks.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2008</dt></dl> <ul><li>Adobe and Sony agree to share their technologies (<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Reader">Adobe Reader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>) with each other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Sony sells the <a href="/wiki/PRS-505" class="mw-redirect" title="PRS-505">Sony Reader PRS-505</a> in UK and France.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2009</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Cybook_Opus" title="Cybook Opus">Cybook Opus</a> in the US and Europe.</li> <li>Sony releases the Reader Pocket Edition and Reader Touch Edition.</li> <li>Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle 2">Kindle 2</a> that includes a text-to-speech feature.</li> <li>Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_DX" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle DX">Kindle DX</a> that has a 9.7-inch screen in the U.S.</li> <li>Barnes & Noble releases the <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a> e-reader in the US.</li> <li>Amazon releases the Kindle for PC <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a> in late 2009, making the Kindle Store library available for the first time outside Kindle hardware.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s">2010s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>2010</dt></dl> <ul><li>January – Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_DX" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle DX">Kindle DX</a> International Edition worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation)" title="IPad (1st generation)">iPad</a> bundled with an e-book app called <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Announce_iPad_2-100">[100]</a></li> <li>May – Kobo Inc. releases its <a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a> to be sold at <a href="/wiki/Indigo_Books_and_Music" title="Indigo Books and Music">Indigo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chapters_(bookstore)" title="Chapters (bookstore)">Chapters</a> in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Borders_(retailer)" title="Borders (retailer)">Borders</a> in the United States.</li> <li>July – Amazon reports that its e-book sales outnumbered sales of <a href="/wiki/Hardcover_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcover book">hardcover books</a> for the first time during the second <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal quarter">quarter</a> of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-NYT071910-53">[53]</a></li> <li>August – <a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook</a> expands its line with an Android e-reader.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>August – Amazon releases the third generation Kindle, available in <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and 3G & Wi-Fi versions.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a> reveals the <a href="/wiki/Cybook_Orizon" title="Cybook Orizon">Cybook Orizon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Show">CES</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Inc.</a> releases an updated Kobo eReader, which includes Wi-Fi capability.</li> <li>November – <a href="/wiki/The_Sentimentalists_(novel)" title="The Sentimentalists (novel)">The Sentimentalists</a> wins the prestigious national <a href="/wiki/Giller_Prize" title="Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a> in Canada; due to the small scale of the novel's publisher, the book is not widely available in printed form, so the e-book edition becomes the top-selling title on <a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo</a> devices for 2010.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>November – Barnes & Noble releases the <a href="/wiki/Nook_Color" title="Nook Color">Nook Color</a>, a color LCD tablet.</li> <li>December – Google launches <a href="/wiki/Google_eBooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Google eBooks">Google eBooks</a> offering over three million titles, becoming the world's largest e-book store to date.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2011</dt></dl> <ul><li>May – Amazon.com announces that its e-book sales in the US now exceed all of its printed book sales.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>June – Barnes & Noble releases the <a href="/wiki/Nook_Simple_Touch" title="Nook Simple Touch">Nook Simple Touch</a> e-reader and <a href="/wiki/Nook_Tablet" title="Nook Tablet">Nook Tablet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>August – <a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a> launches its own e-books store, BookeenStore.com, and starts to sell digital versions of titles in French.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing</a> releases the pilot version of <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Biology" title="Principles of Biology">Principles of Biology</a>, a customizable, modular textbook, with no corresponding paper edition.<a href="#cite_note-Principles_of_Biology-108">[108]</a></li> <li>June/November – As the e-reader market grows in Spain, companies like Telefónica, Fnac, and Casa del Libro launch their e-readers with the Spanish brand "bq readers".</li> <li>November – Amazon launches the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Touch">Kindle Touch</a>, both devices designed for e-reading.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2012</dt></dl> <ul><li>E-book sales in the US market collect over three billion in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-newrepublic1-109">[109]</a></li> <li>January – Apple releases <a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a>, software for creating <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> e-books to be directly published in its <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a> bookstore or to be shared as <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> files.<a href="#cite_note-pcmagrelease-110">[110]</a></li> <li>January – Apple opens a <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> section in its <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a> bookstore.<a href="#cite_note-cnetrelease-111">[111]</a></li> <li>February – Nature Publishing announces the worldwide release of Principles of Biology, following the success of the pilot version some months earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Principles_of_Biology-108">[108]</a></li> <li>February – <a href="/wiki/Library.nu" title="Library.nu">Library.nu</a> (previously called ebooksclub.org and gigapedia.com, a popular linking website for downloading e-books) is accused of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and closed down by court order.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>March – The publishing companies <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Holtzbrinck">Holtzbrinck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arvato_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvato services">arvato</a> bring to market an e-book library called Skoobe.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> prepares <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">anti-trust lawsuit</a> against Apple, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Book Group USA">Hachette Book Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, alleging <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> to increase the price of books sold on Amazon.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-dojcollusionwsj-115">[115]</a></li> <li>March – PocketBook releases the PocketBook Touch, an E Ink Pearl e-reader, winning awards from German magazines Tablet PC and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Bild" title="Computer Bild">Computer Bild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>June – Kbuuk releases the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>-based e-book self-publishing <a href="/wiki/SaaS" class="mw-redirect" title="SaaS">SaaS</a> platform<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pubsoft" title="Pubsoft">Pubsoft</a> digital publishing engine.</li> <li>September – Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Paperwhite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Paperwhite">Kindle Paperwhite</a>, its first e-reader with built-in front LED lights.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2013</dt></dl> <ul><li>April – Kobo releases the <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Aura_HD" title="Kobo Aura HD">Kobo Aura HD</a> with a 6.8-inch screen, which is larger than the current models produced by its US competitors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[119]</a></li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/Mofibo" title="Mofibo">Mofibo</a> launches the first Scandinavian unlimited access e-book subscription service.<a href="#cite_note-mofibo-120">[120]</a></li> <li>June – <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> announces that e-books now account for about 20% of book sales. Barnes & Noble estimates it has a 27% share of the US e-book market.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-121">[121]</a></li> <li>June – Barnes & Noble announces its intention to discontinue manufacturing Nook tablets, but to continue producing black-and-white e-readers such as the Nook Simple Touch.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-121">[121]</a></li> <li>June – Apple executive Keith Moerer testifies in the e-book price fixing trial that the iBookstore held approximately 20% of the e-book market share in the United States within the months after launch – a figure that <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a> reports is roughly double many of the previous estimates made by third parties. Moerer further testified that iBookstore acquired about an additional 20% by adding Random House in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobo_Aura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kobo_Aura.jpg/220px-Kobo_Aura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kobo_Aura.jpg/330px-Kobo_Aura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kobo_Aura.jpg/440px-Kobo_Aura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>A Kobo Aura's settings menu</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Five major US e-book publishers, as part of their settlement of a price-fixing suit, are ordered to refund about $3 for every electronic copy of a New York Times best-seller that they sold from April 2010 to May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-newrepublic1-109">[109]</a> This could equal $160 million in settlement charges.</li> <li>Barnes & Noble releases the <a href="/wiki/Nook_Glowlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Nook Glowlight">Nook Glowlight</a>, which has a 6-inch touchscreen using E Ink Pearl and Regal, with built-in front LED lights.</li> <li>July – US District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Denise_Cote" title="Denise Cote">Denise Cote</a> finds Apple guilty of conspiring to raise the retail price of e-books and schedules a trial in 2014 to determine damages.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>August – Kobo releases the <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Aura" title="Kobo Aura">Kobo Aura</a>, a baseline touchscreen six-inch e-reader.</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a> launches its unlimited access e-book subscription service.<a href="#cite_note-oyster-124">[124]</a></li> <li>November – US District Judge Chin sides with Google in <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild_v._Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors Guild v. Google">Authors Guild v. Google</a>, citing fair use.<a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica-125">[125]</a> The authors said they would appeal.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a> launches the first public unlimited access subscription service for e-books.<a href="#cite_note-wired.com-127">[127]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2014</dt></dl> <ul><li>April – Kobo releases the <a href="/wiki/Aura_H%E2%82%820" class="mw-redirect" title="Aura H₂0">Aura H₂0</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproof</a> commercially produced e-reader.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>June – US District Court Judge Cote grants class action certification to plaintiffs in a lawsuit over Apple's alleged e-book price conspiracy; the plaintiffs are seeking $840 million in damages.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Apple appeals the decision.</li> <li>June – Apple settles the e-book antitrust case that alleged Apple conspired to e-book price fixing out of court with the States; however if Judge Cote's ruling is overturned in appeal the settlement would be reversed.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>July – Amazon launches <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store#Kindle_Unlimited" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Unlimited</a>, an unlimited-access e-book and audiobook subscription service.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2015</dt></dl> <ul><li>June – The 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals with a 2:1 vote concurs with Judge Cote that Apple conspired to e-book price fixing and violated federal antitrust law.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Apple appealed the decision.</li> <li>June – Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Paperwhite_(3rd_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Paperwhite (3rd generation)">Kindle Paperwhite (3rd generation)</a> that is the first e-reader to feature <a href="/wiki/Bookerly" title="Bookerly">Bookerly</a>, a font exclusively designed for e-readers.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>September – Oyster announces its unlimited access e-book subscription service would be shut down in early 2016 and that it would be acquired by Google.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>September – Malaysian e-book company, <a href="/wiki/E-Sentral" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Sentral">e-Sentral</a>, introduces for the first time geo-location distribution technology for e-books via bluetooth beacon. It was first demonstrated in a large scale at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>October – Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Voyage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Voyage">Kindle Voyage</a> that has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> It also features adaptive LED lights and page turn sensors on the sides of the device.</li> <li>October – Barnes & Noble releases the <a href="/wiki/Glowlight_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Glowlight Plus">Glowlight Plus</a>, its first waterproof e-reader.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>October – The US appeals court sides with Google instead of the Authors' Guild, declaring that Google did not violate copyright law in its book scanning project.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_2015_10_16-138">[138]</a></li> <li>December – Playster launches an unlimited-access subscription service including e-books and audiobooks.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>By the end of 2015, Google Books scanned more than 25 million books.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-10">[10]</a></li> <li>By 2015, over 70 million e-readers had been shipped worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2016</dt></dl> <ul><li>March – The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> declines to hear Apple's appeal against the court's decision of July 2013 that the company conspired to e-book price fixing, hence the previous court decision stands, obliging Apple to pay $450 million.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>April – The Supreme Court declines to hear the Authors Guild's appeal of its book scanning case, so the lower court's decision stands; the result means that Google can scan library books and display snippets in search results without violating US copyright law.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>April – Amazon releases the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Oasis">Kindle Oasis</a>, its first e-reader in five years to have physical page turn buttons and, as a <a href="/wiki/Premium_pricing" title="Premium pricing">premium product</a>, it includes a leather case with a battery inside; without including the case, it is the lightest e-reader on the market to date.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>August – Kobo releases the <a href="/wiki/Aura_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Aura One">Aura One</a>, the first commercial e-reader with a 7.8-inch E Ink Carta HD display.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>By the end of the year, smartphones and tablets have both individually overtaken e-readers as methods for reading an e-book, and paperback book sales are now higher than e-book sales.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2017</dt></dl> <ul><li>February – The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> releases data showing that the US adult e-book market declined 16.9% in the first nine months of 2016 over the same period in 2015, and Nielsen Book determines that the e-book market had an overall total decline of 16% in 2016 over 2015, including all age groups.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> This decline is partly due to widespread e-book price increases by major publishers, which has increased the average e-book price from $6 to almost $10.<a href="#cite_note-LA-146">[146]</a></li> <li>February – The US version of Kindle Unlimited comprises more than 1.5 million titles, including over 290,000 foreign language titles.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reports that sales of physical books are outperforming digital titles in the UK, since it can be cheaper to buy the physical version of a book when compared to the digital version due to Amazon's deal with publishers that allows agency pricing.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-144">[144]</a></li> <li>April – The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reports that, in 2016, sales of hardcover books were higher than e-books for the first time in five years.<a href="#cite_note-LA-146">[146]</a></li> <li>October – Amazon releases the Oasis 2, the first Kindle to be <a href="/wiki/IP_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="IP Code">IPX8</a> rated meaning that it is water resistant up to 2 meters for up to 60 minutes; it is also the first Kindle to enable white text on a black background, a feature that may be helpful for nighttime reading.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2018</dt></dl> <ul><li>January – U.S. public libraries report record-breaking borrowing of OverDrive e-books over the course of the year, with more than 274 million e-books loaned to card holders, a 22% increase over the 2017 figure.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>October – The EU allowed its member countries to charge the same <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a> for ebooks as for paper books.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>2019</dt></dl> <ul><li>May – Barnes & Noble releases the GlowLight Plus e-reader, the largest Nook e-reader to date with a 7.8-inch E Ink screen.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Formats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Comparison of e-book formats</a></div> Writers and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing e-books. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-readers<a href="#cite_note-mccracken1-151">[151]</a> and their natively supported formats are shown below: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; width:75%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Reader </th> <th>Native e-book formats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Fire_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Fire HD">Fire</a> tablets<a href="#cite_note-inquirer-sony-kindle-152">[152]</a> </td> <td>EPUB,<a href="#cite_note-154">[a]</a> KFX, AZW, AZW3, KF8, non-DRM MOBI,<a href="#cite_note-156">[b]</a> PDF, PRC, TXT </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nook_Tablet" title="Nook Tablet">Nook Tablet</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> </td> <td>EPUB, PDF </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_iPad" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple iPad">Apple iPad</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget-158">[156]</a> </td> <td>EPUB, IBA,<a href="#cite_note-159">[c]</a> PDF </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a><a href="#cite_note-inquirer-sony-kindle-152">[152]</a> </td> <td>EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, BBeB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Arc" title="Kobo Arc">Kobo Arc</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> </td> <td>EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, HTML, CBR (comic), CBZ (comic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices with Google Play Books preinstalled </td> <td>EPUB, PDF </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="PocketBook Reader">PocketBook Reader</a> and PocketBook Touch<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> </td> <td>EPUB DRM, EPUB, PDF DRM, PDF, FB2, FB2.ZIP, TXT, DJVU, HTM, HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, CHM, TCR, PRC (MOBI) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> As of 2022, Kindle devices support importing EPUB files<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> As of 2022, Kindle devices removed support for importing MOBI files<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Multitouch books made via iBooks Author </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rights_management">Digital rights management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Digital rights management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management#DRM_and_e-books" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management § DRM and e-books</a></div> Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> tied to their products. Generally, they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent illegal copying of the e-book. However, in many cases, it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of access by the purchaser to the e-book.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The e-books sold by most major publishers and electronic retailers, which are <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, are DRM-protected and tied to the publisher's <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> software or hardware. The first major publisher to omit DRM was <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>, one of the largest publishers of science fiction and fantasy, in 2012. Smaller e-book publishers such as <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, Carina Press and <a href="/wiki/Baen_Books" title="Baen Books">Baen Books</a> had already forgone DRM previously.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Book scanning</a></div> Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a>, though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Hard-copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard-copy">hard-copy</a> books, generally by <a href="/wiki/Document_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Document scanning">document scanning</a>, sometimes with the use of <a href="/wiki/Robotic_book_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic book scanner">robotic book scanners</a>, having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Occasionally, as in some projects, an e-book may be produced by re-entering the text from a keyboard. Sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] It is possible to release an e-book chapter by chapter as each chapter is written.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] This is useful in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> where topics can change quickly in the months that it takes to write a typical book. It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print on demand</a>. However, these are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> keeps a list of best-selling e-books, for both fiction<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> and non-fiction.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reading_data">Reading data</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reading data">edit</a>]</div> All of the e-readers and reading apps are capable of tracking e-book reading data, and what the data could contain which e-books users open, how long the users spend reading each e-book and how much of each e-book is finished.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> In December 2014, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a> released e-book reading data collected from over 21 million of its users worldwide. Some of the results were that only 44.4% of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> readers finished the bestselling e-book <a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a> and the 2014 top selling e-book in the UK, "One Cold Night", was finished by 69% of readers. This is evidence that while popular e-books are being completely read, some e-books are only sampled.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_printed_books">Comparison to printed books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparison to printed books">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg/220px-Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg/330px-Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg/440px-Bouquin_%C3%A9lectronique_iLiad_en_plein_soleil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ILiad" title="ILiad">iLiad</a> e-book reader equipped with an e-paper display visible in sunlight</figcaption></figure> In the space that a comparably sized physical book takes up, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many e-readers have a built-in light source, can enlarge or change fonts, use <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech software">text-to-speech software</a> to read the text aloud for visually impaired, elderly or <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexic</a> people or just for convenience.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Additionally, e-readers allow readers to look up words or find more information about the topic immediately using an online dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Amazon reports that 85% of its e-book readers look up a word while reading.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> A 2017 study found that even when accounting for the emissions created in manufacturing the e-reader device, substituting more than 4.7 print books a year resulted in less <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> than print.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> While an e-reader costs more than most individual books, e-books may have a lower cost than paper books.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> E-books may be made available for less than the price of traditional books using <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">on-demand book printers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Moreover, numerous e-books are available online free of charge on sites such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> For example, all books printed before 1928 are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States, which enables websites to host ebook versions of such titles for free.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Depending on possible <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>, e-books (unlike physical books) can be backed up and recovered in the case of loss or damage to the device on which they are stored, a new copy can be downloaded without incurring an additional cost from the distributor. Readers can synchronize their reading location, highlights and bookmarks across several devices.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/250px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/330px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/500px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">spine</a> of the printed book is an important aspect in <a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">book design</a> and is seen as part of its beauty as an object.</figcaption></figure> There may be a lack of <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> for the user's e-book reading activities. For example, Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted.<a href="#cite_note-The_Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_Paradox-182">[179]</a> One obstacle to wide adoption of the e-book is that a large portion of people value the printed book as an object itself, including aspects such as the texture, smell, weight and appearance on the shelf.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Print books are also considered valuable cultural items, and symbols of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">liberal education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ballatore_1461444815586984-184">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a> found that 60% of e-books that are purchased from their e-book store are never opened and found that the more expensive the book is, the more likely the reader would at least open the e-book.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Queenan_(author)" title="Joe Queenan (author)">Joe Queenan</a> has written about the pros and cons of e-books: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Electronic books are ideal for people who value the information contained in them, or who have vision problems, or who like to read on the subway, or who do not want other people to see how they are amusing themselves, or who have storage and clutter issues, but they are useless for people who are engaged in an intense, lifelong love affair with books. Books that we can touch; books that we can smell; books that we can depend on.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> </blockquote> Apart from all the emotional and habitual aspects, there are also some readability and usability issues that need to be addressed by publishers and software developers. Many e-book readers who complain about eyestrain, lack of overview and distractions could be helped if they could use a more suitable device or a more user-friendly reading application, but when they buy or borrow a DRM-protected e-book, they often have to read the book on the default device or application, even if it has insufficient functionality.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> While a paper book is vulnerable to various threats, including water damage, mold and theft, e-books files may be corrupted, deleted or otherwise lost as well as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">pirated</a>. Where the ownership of a paper book is fairly straightforward (albeit subject to restrictions on renting or copying pages, depending on the book), the purchaser of an e-book's digital file has conditional access with the possible loss of access to the e-book due to <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> provisions, copyright issues, the provider's business failing or possibly if the user's credit card expired.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share">Market share</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Market share">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> According to the Association of American Publishers 2018 annual report, ebooks accounted for 12.4% of the total trade revenue.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Publishers of books in all formats made $22.6 billion in print form and $2.04 billion in e-books, according to the Association of American Publishers' annual report 2019.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Market share of e-readers in Canada by Ipsos Reid as of January 2012 <a href="#cite_note-barbour1-191">[188]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Sellers</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Kobo</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkCyan; width:46.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">46.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Amazon</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:24.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Sony</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:18.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Pink; width:12.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.0%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, Carrenho estimates that e-books would have a 15% market share in Spain in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK">UK</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: UK">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen</a> Book Research, e-book share went up from 20% to 33% between 2012 and 2014, but down to 29% in the first quarter of 2015. Amazon-published and self-published titles accounted for 17 million of those books (worth £58m) in 2014, representing 5% of the overall book market and 15% of the digital market. The volume and value sales, although similar to 2013, had seen a 70% increase since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share to be 4.3%.<a href="#cite_note-Wischenbart-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> The Brazilian e-book market is only emerging. Brazilians are technology savvy, and that attitude is shared by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Wischenbart-194">[191]</a> In 2013, around 2.5% of all trade titles sold were in digital format. This was a 400% growth over 2012 when only 0.5% of trade titles were digital. In 2014, the growth was slower, and Brazil had 3.5% of its trade titles being sold as e-books.<a href="#cite_note-Wischenbart-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> The Wischenbart Report 2015 estimates the e-book market share to be around 1%.<a href="#cite_note-Wischenbart-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_domain_books">Public domain books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Public domain books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></div> Public domain books are those whose copyrights have expired, meaning they can be copied, edited, and sold freely without restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle_2008_38-195">[192]</a> Many of these books can be downloaded for free from websites like the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, in formats that many e-readers support, such as <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">TXT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a>. Books in other formats may be converted to an e-reader-compatible format using e-book writing software, for example <a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="vBook">vBook</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: vBook">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Help:Wikitext</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">Vlog</a></div> A vBook is an eBook that is <a href="/wiki/Digital_first" title="Digital first">digital first</a> media with <a href="/wiki/Compound_document" title="Compound document">embedded</a> <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">graphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">text</a>, and other useful <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blook" title="Blook">Blook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Cell phone novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects" title="List of digital library projects">List of digital library projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_book" title="Networked book">Networked book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_fiction" title="Web fiction">Web fiction</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. "The Electronic Book." In Suarez, Michael Felix, and H. R. 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Retrieved January 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Physical+books+still+outsell+e-books+%E2%80%94+and+here%27s+why&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F09%2F19%2Fphysical-books-still-outsell-e-books-and-heres-why.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbour1-191"><a href="#cite_ref-barbour1_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbour2012" class="citation web cs1">Barbour, Mary Beth (April 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5596">"Latest Wave of Ipsos Study Reveals Mobile Device Brands Canadian Consumers are Considering in 2012"</a>. Ipsos Reid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523203016/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5596">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+Wave+of+Ipsos+Study+Reveals+Mobile+Device+Brands+Canadian+Consumers+are+Considering+in+2012&rft.pub=Ipsos+Reid&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos-na.com%2Fnews-polls%2Fpressrelease.aspx%3Fid%3D5596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRüdigerCarrenho2013" class="citation book cs1">Rüdiger, W.; Carrenho, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universoabierto.com/11532/mercado-mundial-del-libro-electronico-para-2013-y-previsiones-de-futuro/">Global eBook: Current Conditions & Future Projections</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073016/http://www.universoabierto.com/11532/mercado-mundial-del-libro-electronico-para-2013-y-previsiones-de-futuro/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+eBook%3A+Current+Conditions+%26+Future+Projections&rft.place=London&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Carrenho%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universoabierto.com%2F11532%2Fmercado-mundial-del-libro-electronico-para-2013-y-previsiones-de-futuro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Lisa (June 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebookseller.com/news/e-book-market-share-down-slightly-2015">"E-book market share down slightly in 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210829/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/e-book-market-share-down-slightly-2015">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-book+market+share+down+slightly+in+2015&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fnews%2Fe-book-market-share-down-slightly-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wischenbart-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wischenbart_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wischenbart_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wischenbart_194-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wischenbart_194-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWischenbart2015" class="citation book cs1">Wischenbart, Rüdiger (2015). Global E-book Report 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+E-book+Report+2015&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wischenbart&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle_2008_38-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_2008_38_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&q=public+domain">The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind</a>. CSPD. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13740-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065428/http://www.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&dq=public+domain&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Domain%3A+Enclosing+the+Commons+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=CSPD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13740-8&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFn1Pl9Gv_EMC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bdomain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vidyard.com/blog/vbook-video-book-replaces-ebook/">"A vBook (Video Book) is the New Alternative to an eBook"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+vBook+%28Video+Book%29+is+the+New+Alternative+to+an+eBook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vidyard.com%2Fblog%2Fvbook-video-book-replaces-ebook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronic_books" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electronic books">Electronic books</a> at Wikimedia Commons <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>James, Bradley (November 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095848/http://www.scinet.cc/articles/ebook/electronicbook.html">The Electronic Book: Looking Beyond the Physical Codex</a>, SciNet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a> (February 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://craphound.com/ebooksneitherenorbooks.txt">Ebooks: Neither E, Nor Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810004056/http://craphound.com/ebooksneitherenorbooks.txt">Archived</a> August 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, O'Reilly Emerging Technologies Conference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch,_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch, Clifford">Lynch, Clifford</a> (May 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024171251/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/864/773">The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World</a>, First Monday – Peer reviewed journal.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123190432/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20090929_scanning_the_horizon_of_books_and_libraries">"Scanning the horizon of books & libraries – Google book settlement and online book rights"</a>, Truth dig, September 29, 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20090929_scanning_the_horizon_of_books_and_libraries/">the original</a> on January 23, 2013, retrieved October 3, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+dig&rft.atitle=Scanning+the+horizon+of+books+%26+libraries+%E2%80%93+Google+book+settlement+and+online+book+rights&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Freport%2Fitem%2F20090929_scanning_the_horizon_of_books_and_libraries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/24/AR2009122403326.html">"E-Books Spark Battle Inside Publishing Industry"</a>, The Washington Post, December 27, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920065035/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/24/AR2009122403326.html">archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2017, retrieved August 26, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=E-Books+Spark+Battle+Inside+Publishing+Industry&rft.date=2009-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F24%2FAR2009122403326.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbook" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Dene Grigar & Stuart Moulthrop (2013–2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtc-wsuv.org/wp/pathfinders/description/">"Pathfinders: Documenting the Experience of Early Digital Literature"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603171349/http://dtc-wsuv.org/wp/pathfinders/description/">Archived</a> June 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University_Vancouver" title="Washington State University Vancouver">Washington State University Vancouver</a>, July 1, 2013.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebooks108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ebooks" title="Template:Ebooks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> (iBooks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-book_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-book digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebook_digital_distribution_platforms91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudLibrary" title="CloudLibrary">cloudLibrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM.com" title="DMM.com">DMM.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokomari.com" title="Rokomari.com">Rokomari.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NoiseTrade" title="NoiseTrade">NoiseTrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OkadaBooks" title="OkadaBooks">OkadaBooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_(publishing_platform)" title="Pronoun (publishing platform)">Pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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