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<li id="toc-Jewish_architects_in_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_architects_in_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jewish architects in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_architects_in_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_evolution_of_Italian_Fascist_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_evolution_of_Italian_Fascist_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The evolution of Italian Fascist Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_evolution_of_Italian_Fascist_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Nazi_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Nazi_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Nazi architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Nazi_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1936_Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936_Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>1936 Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936_Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuremberg_rally_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuremberg_rally_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Nuremberg rally grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuremberg_rally_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_between_Italy_and_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_between_Italy_and_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rivalry between Italy and Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_between_Italy_and_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style and purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_feixista" title="Arquitectura feixista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura feixista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschistische_Architektur" title="Faschistische Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faschistische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_fascista" title="Arquitectura fascista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura fascista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="معماری فاشیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری فاشیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_fasciste" title="Architecture fasciste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture fasciste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_del_periodo_fascista" title="Architettura del periodo fascista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura del periodo fascista" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Fascist architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#eaecf0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#eaecf0;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascist_architecture_(26967871033).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg/300px-Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg/450px-Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg/600px-Fascist_architecture_%2826967871033%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#eaecf0;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano,_sede_del_Tribunale,_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg/149px-Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg/224px-Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg/298px-Il_Palazzo_di_Giustizia_di_Milano%2C_sede_del_Tribunale%2C_opera_di_Marcello_Piacentini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIC_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/CSIC_1939.jpg/149px-CSIC_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/CSIC_1939.jpg/224px-CSIC_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/CSIC_1939.jpg/298px-CSIC_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#eaecf0;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32,_Berlin,_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/149px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/224px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/298px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-092-32%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310,_M%C3%BCnchen,_K%C3%B6nigsplatz,_Ehrentempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg/149px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg/224px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg/298px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S22310%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C_Ehrentempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Top</b>: <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palace of Italian Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR, Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. <b>Middle left</b>: The Palace of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, home to the Tribunal, designed by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a> and built between 1932 and 1940; <b>Middle right</b>: The CSIC honouring Franco's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. <b>Bottom left</b>: The <a href="/wiki/New_Reich_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="New Reich Chancellery">New Reich Chancellery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, built between 1938 and 1940; <b>Bottom right</b>: <a href="/wiki/Ehrentempel" title="Ehrentempel">Ehrentempel</a> (Honor Temples) two structures built in Munich in 1935, housing the sarcophagi of the 16 Party members who died in the failed Beer Hall Putsch.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1920s – early 1940s (Italy and Germany), 1950s and later (Spain, Portugal and others)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal and more</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data">other totalitarian architectural styles</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg/220px-Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg/330px-Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg/440px-Casa_del_Fascio_Primogenito_-_Torre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Casa del Fascio Primogenito, <a href="/wiki/San_Sepolcro,_Milan" title="San Sepolcro, Milan">San Sepolcro</a> square, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Rationalist tower attached to the 1600s baroque building (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castani" title="Palazzo Castani">Palazzo Castani</a>, on the right) which used to host Mussolini's newspaper. The square gave the name to one of the early fascist movements, the "Sansepolcristi". Attaching this modern tower to the old baroque building signified the fascist will to violently modernize the country and break with the past</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg/220px-Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg/330px-Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg/440px-Como_-_Casa_del_Fascio_-_27-09-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Fascio_(Como)" title="Casa del Fascio (Como)">Casa del Fascio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Designed by Terragni, it is considered the best example of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Italian Rationalism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomeUniversity1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RomeUniversity1938.jpg/220px-RomeUniversity1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RomeUniversity1938.jpg/330px-RomeUniversity1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RomeUniversity1938.jpg/440px-RomeUniversity1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>The city of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, 1938. In the background there is also the building of the CNR, <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)" title="National Research Council (Italy)">National Research Council</a>, another example of Fascist Architecture, erected at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_(34393342414).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg/220px-Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg/330px-Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg/440px-Stadio_dei_Marmi_e_Palazzo_della_Farnesina_%2834393342414%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Palazzo del Littorio, today <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>, seen from <a href="/wiki/Stadio_dei_Marmi" title="Stadio dei Marmi">Stadio dei Marmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A,_Berlin,_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-074-36A%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichsluftfahrtministerium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>The Ministry of Aviation, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, today hosts the German Ministry of Finance. One of the main examples of Nazi architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome,_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi,_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg/220px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg/330px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg/440px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_sintelbaan_in_het_Stadio_dei_Marmi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadio_dei_Marmi" title="Stadio dei Marmi">Stadio dei Marmi</a> with Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Olympic Committee">Italian Olympic Committee</a> in the background, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532,_Berlin,_Olympia-Stadion_(Luftaufnahme).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Olympia-Stadion, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG/220px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG/330px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG/440px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Kongresshalle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>The Kongresshalle of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/330px-EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/440px-EUR_Piazza_Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Guglielmo Marconi Square, <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR, Rome</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg/220px-Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg/330px-Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg/440px-Genova_Castello_d%27Albertis_Vista_su_Genova_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, the 2 skyscrapers in Dante Square, the <a href="/wiki/Piacentini_Tower" title="Piacentini Tower">tallest of which</a> was designed by Piacentini and was the tallest skyscraper in Europe for many years. Fascism wrote about wanting to turn Genoa into a "New York City of the Mediterranean"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiavari_(GE)_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg/220px-Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg/330px-Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg/440px-Chiavari_%28GE%29_-_torre_Fara_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption>Summer sea colony, <a href="/wiki/Chiavari" title="Chiavari">Chiavari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli,_Marina_di_Massa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg/220px-Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg/330px-Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg/440px-Colonia_marina_Edoardo_Agnelli%2C_Marina_di_Massa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Summer sea colony, <a href="/wiki/Marina_di_Massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina di Massa">Marina di Massa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato,_Naples_20230622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg/220px-Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg/330px-Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg/440px-Palazzo_della_Casa_del_Mutilato%2C_Naples_20230622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Casa del Mutilato, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG/220px-Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG/330px-Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG/440px-Casa_del_fascio_a_Predappio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Casa del Fascio, <a href="/wiki/Predappio" title="Predappio">Predappio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, one of the most famous fascist buildings, situated in Mussolini's home town which underwent extensive works of expansion and development during the Fascist era</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_(Imola)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg/220px-Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg/330px-Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg/440px-Ex_Casa_del_Fascio_%28Imola%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Casa del Fascio, <a href="/wiki/Imola" title="Imola">Imola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Fascio,_Triest,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg/220px-Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg/330px-Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg/440px-Casa_del_Fascio%2C_Triest%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Casa del Fascio, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fascist architecture</b> encompasses various stylistic trends in architecture developed by architects of <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> states, primarily in the early 20th century. Fascist architectural styles gained popularity in the late 1920s with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a> associated with fascist governments in western Europe. Fascist styles often resemble that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, but can extend to modern aesthetics as well. Fascist-era buildings are frequently constructed with particular concern given to <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">simplicity</a>; and monumental size, especially for public buildings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> utilised several styles of architecture, incorporating classical elements into modern <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalist</a> architecture to convey a sense of continuity with ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">National Socialist architecture</a> under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> is often associated with Italian Fascist Architecture. It also utilised new styles of architecture but favoured <a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a> over modernism, in an attempt to unify the people, mark a new era of nationalist culture, and exhibit the absolute rule of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, such as the Italian "foundation cities" (città di fondazione), the new architecture also followed the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> economic model: smaller buildings inspired by local architecture were sometimes favoured to create small rural cities. This practice of moving people out of the city centers and into rural areas<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to farm or to work in mines, especially during the time of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarchy</a>, is similar to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disurbanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disurbanism (page does not exist)">disurbanism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fascist architecture in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a> with elements of classical Roman architecture was born under dictator Benito Mussolini's rule of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini invested in public construction projects in order to foster economic development, to gain popular support and modernize the country. But it is especially during the totalitarian acceleration of the 1930s that the Regime asked its architects to reflect the values of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, a form of pedagogical architecture for the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussolini utilized all forms of media along with architecture to shape the new Italian identity. When He came to power he found tens of different architects each with its own style, ranging from Futurism and Rationalism to neoclassical. Together with his chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Piacentini</a>, he coordinated and mediated between the other architects to give Fascist Architecture a "unitary direction", as Piacentini called it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_architects_in_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy">Jewish architects in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish architects in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly, once Hitler came to power in 1933 and transformed the German Chancellery into a dictatorship, he used architecture in the form of <a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a> with German features as one of many tools to help unify and nationalize Germany under his rule. </p><p>Hitler banned <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> and Jewish architects, some of which escaped to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> and would later go on to build the <a href="/wiki/White_City,_Tel_Aviv" title="White City, Tel Aviv">White City of Tel Aviv</a>. Others, like <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Frankl" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Frankl">Wolfgang Frankl</a>, found refuge in Italy, where they kept working until 1937 when Italy adopted racial laws too. However even after 1937 some Italian Jewish architects were exempted from the racial laws, such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pagano" title="Giuseppe Pagano">Giuseppe Pagano</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Ballio_Morpurgo" class="extiw" title="it:Vittorio Ballio Morpurgo">Vittorio Morpurgo</a>, and kept working on some of the most important Fascist monuments and buildings. </p><p>Morpurgo worked on the buildings in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Augusto_Imperatore" title="Piazza Augusto Imperatore">Emperor Augustus Square</a>, including the 1938 enclosure of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> (demolished in the early 2000s) and the <a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Museum of the Roman ships of lake Nemi</a>. At the time these were considered two of the most important public works by Fascist propagandists. </p><p>Morpurgo and Pagano had a strong fascist faith, Pagano was in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a> and voluntarily enlisted in WW2, at the end he was captured by the Germans, sent to a concentration camp, and died of illness and mistreatment in the infirmary at Gusen in 1945, just days before the camp's liberation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_evolution_of_Italian_Fascist_Architecture">The evolution of Italian Fascist Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The evolution of Italian Fascist Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mussolini's chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Piacentini</a>, was already an important architect before Fascist times, his style wasn't Rationalist at first nor was he very fond of Fascism (he only got the card of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> in 1932),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a similar way to Hitler's chief architect <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> he was connected to the dictator through a personal bond and by understanding what the respective dictators desired. Both Piacentini and Speer distinguished themselves for their efficiency and organizing skills. </p><p>In 1922 Piacentini was assaulted by Fascists for his connections with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, but he didn't join anti-fascism, instead he put himself at the service of Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piacentini wanted to give Fascist Italy a proper architectural style and Mussolini repaid him by assigning him some of the most important public building projects of the Regime. Piacentini distinguished himself for his extraordinary efficiency and organizing skills, he completed <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Vittoria_(Brescia)" class="extiw" title="it:Piazza della Vittoria (Brescia)">Victory Square in Brescia</a> in just 3 years,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for embracing the modernist rationalist style, and understanding what Mussolini wanted. Other cities called Piacentini to work on their squares similarly to what he did for Brescia. </p><p>Before he was even finished with the square in Brescia, he was tasked with an even bigger project: La Città Universitaria di Roma (the city of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University</a> in Rome). Piacentini designed the main building with the rectorate and divided the rest of the project among other architects, giving them a unitary direction to follow. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a> would later define him: "coordinator of minds".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussolini at first was in favor of modern architecture, in 1931 he had visited the second exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalist</a> architecture in Rome, where the works of architects such as Terragni, Lingeri, Libera, Figini and Pollini were displayed. Mussolini made it clear that he was for this modern architecture, going as far as to say: "Rationalism must be the architecture of Fascism". The same year however he also approved architectural projects that implemented classical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Via della Conciliazione in Rome, another work of Piacentini, shows simple but monumental architecture with neoclassical elements that fit the center of Rome and the vicinity with Saint Peter's basilica. </p><p>In 1934 the fascist deputies discussed the new project for the Palazzo del Littorio, the central headquarters of the National Fascist Party, to be built along <a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dell'Impero</a> in Rome. Most of the deputies, lead by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Farinacci" title="Roberto Farinacci">Farinacci</a>, were against modern architecture. Mussolini thus invited the architects of the <a href="/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">new train station of Florence</a> and the architects of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sabaudia" title="Sabaudia">Sabaudia</a> to Rome and praised their work, once again reaffirming his taste for modern architecture. Of all the projects for the headquarters that were submitted, some very sleak and futuristic, even featuring skyscrapers covered in glass, others more neo-classical, Mussolini chose a project that was halfway between modern and neo-roman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the project was later moved near the Foro Mussolini (Mussolini Forum, today renamed <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Foro Italico</a>), and the building was re-designed to be more monumental and in line with the latest developments of Fascist Architecture. Today <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">the building</a> is used as headquarters of the Ministero degli Esteri. </p><p>According to historians Renzo de Felice and Paolo Nicoloso, it was at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian war</a>, when popular consensus reached its peak, that Fascism moved from a logic of "lasting" in power by gathering consensus to a logic of "daring" to make bold moves, of creating the "new man" and penetrating even more into the lives of every citizen, building a faith around the myth of ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To convey the idea of romanity to the masses, Fascist Architecture shifted towards more neo-roman styles and the main turning point was the E42 project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born for the 1942 Rome Universal Expo, it was to become an example of "mussolinian city", its buildings weren't supposed to be temporary like the international expos of the past, but they were meant to last hundreds if not thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was meant to house the new administrative buildings of Rome and to be the first step in the expansion of Rome towards the sea. Massive boulevards were opened, from the center of Rome all the way to the sea, passing through the new E42 district. Along the main roads, large monuments and hotels for the millions of visitors of the expo started being built, some are still visible today. The profits from the Expo would also be used to finance the war, which at the time was expected to begin after 1942 or 1945. Again the modern projects submitted, featuring glass skyscrapers, were scrapped in favor of buildings with Roman elements, a city of arches and columns meant to convey the idea that "a people of conquerors and dominators had returned".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian colonial architecture of the time also featured modernist and monumental buildings; for example the buildings in <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square" title="Skanderbeg Square">Skanderberg square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania. The modernist buildings in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> (Eritrea) have been declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes these buildings utilized local materials and took inspiration from local architecture, blending local and Italian styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Nazi_architecture">Early Nazi architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Nazi architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1936_Olympic_Games">1936 Olympic Games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1936 Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their differences, German National Socialism is often considered a form of Fascism, their architectures show similarities but also some differences. </p><p>The 1936 Olympic Games had been awarded to Weimar Germany in 1931, when Hitler came to power he decided to use the games for propaganda purposes. He made plans for the construction of a great sports complex in Grunewald named the "Reichssportfeld", with a brand-new <a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympiastadion</a> as its centerpiece. Hitler desired more grand and extravagant venues than those that had been proposed before the IOC in 1931 by Berlin's bid team.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 December 1933, Hitler had the March brothers create a third design for an Olympic Stadium. This is the plan that was used, and contained not only the Olympic Stadium that would be built, but also other elements that were built such as the Olympischer Platz, parade grounds with the "Führerloge", the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Berlin_Olympic_Stadium" title="Bell Tower of Berlin Olympic Stadium">Olympic Bell Tower</a> along the east-west axis the Coubertinplatz, and the swimming stadium placed on the north-south axis.<sup id="cite_ref-visitor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late fall of 1933 demolition work began on the old Deutsches Stadion, and work commenced on the completion of the gymnasium that had been left half-finished since 1928. Construction took place from 1934 to 1936. Complying with Hitler's wishes, March was the stadium's architect for the majority of the project,<sup id="cite_ref-historynewsnetwork_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynewsnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Hitler ultimately replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> as the stadium's architect.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>March's stadium, modern in its aesthetics, did not match the Nazi's goal to use the Olympics to display themselves as an imperial power in the mold of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. March's design lacked the monumental scale and neo-classical architecture that were the core values of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a>. Hitler allegedly had even threatened to cancel the Berlin games altogether if March's stadium was not altered to his satisfaction. After being appointed, Speer designed a neo-classical facade for the stadium literally overnight to meet Hitler's satisfaction. Speer's design was used, and clad March's stadium's exposed steel frame with stone.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuremberg_rally_grounds">Nuremberg rally grounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuremberg rally grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 August 1933, Hitler declared Nuremberg the "City of the <i>Reichsparteitage</i> (Reich Party Congresses)". </p><p>The grounds were designed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler's</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, except for the Congress Hall, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ruff" title="Ludwig Ruff">Ludwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ruff" title="Franz Ruff">Franz Ruff</a>. However, only <i>Zeppelinfeld</i>, <i>Luitpoldarena</i>, and the <i>Große Straße</i> were finished. </p><p>The project included: </p> <ul><li>the <i>Luitpoldarena</i>, a deployment area</li> <li>the Luitpold Hall or "Old Congress Hall" (damaged during World War II, later demolished)</li> <li>the <i>Kongresshalle</i> (Congress Hall) or <i>Neue Kongresshalle</i> (New Congress Hall) (unfinished)</li> <li>the <i>Zeppelinfeld</i> (Zeppelin Field), another deployment area</li> <li>the <i>Märzfeld</i> (March Field) (unfinished, later demolished), a deployment area for the <i>Wehrmacht</i> (army)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Stadion" title="Deutsches Stadion">Deutsche Stadion</a></i> (German stadium) (only foundations were built), which was to be the largest sports stadium in the world</li> <li>the former <i>Stadion der Hitlerjugend</i> ("stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>", today <a href="/wiki/Frankenstadion" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstadion">Frankenstadion</a>)</li> <li>the <i>Große Straße</i> ("Great Road"), a (never-used) parade road</li></ul> <p>A "Haus der Kultur" (House of Culture) and a representative entrance portal towards the "Great Road" were planned at the northwestern end of the "Great Road", near the (new) Congress Hall. </p><p>The whole site is now a memorial maintained to commemorate the victims of Nazi repression. The <i>Kongresshalle</i>, <i>Zeppelinfeld</i>, and the <i>Grosse Strasse</i> have been protected monuments since 1973 as significant examples of Nazi Party architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_between_Italy_and_Germany">Rivalry between Italy and Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rivalry between Italy and Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important for the turning point in the style of Italian Fascist Architecture was the rivalry with Nazi Germany. The two countries chased and imitated each other in many fields, including that of architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's impossible not to see the resemblance between the façades of the New Reich Chancellery (built between 1938-1939) and the Palace of Justice of Milan (built between 1932 and 1940), although the tribunal of Milan is much bigger and modern in style (simplified from its original, more elaborate project) it is unclear whether it influenced the design of the New Chancellery. </p><p>Around 1936 Italy designed a large rally ground called Arengo delle Nazioni to be built near the <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Mussolini Forum</a>, about the size of the Zeppelinfeld in Nuremberg. Later the plans were revised, and it was said about the 1941 final plan: "Finally the Forum can compete with Nuremberg". </p><p>In January 1937 Hitler and his chief architect Albert Speer started designing the new Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called Welthauptstadt Germania (World Capital Germania, similarly to the idea of Roma Caput Mundi). Hitler and Speer worked on a colossal scale, Piacentini would later go on to say: "the German meter is made of 1000 centimeters".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1937 Mussolini visited Hitler in Munich, among other things the two dictators also talked about architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, Hitler laid the first stone of the Deutsches Stadion in Nuremberg, which was never completed. </p><p>Hitler and Speer also visited Rome, Naples and Florence in Italy in 1938. </p><p>Like the E42, the new Berlin was designed to last hundreds if not thousands of years, and took inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome, Egypt, Babylon, and was meant to surpass Paris and London and Washington D.C. with its monuments. Another proof of the rivalry between Germany and Italy at the time is the fact that, while the rest of the plans for the new Berlin were made public, and Piacentini even dedicated a number of the magazine Architettura to them, Hitler told Speer and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a> to not show the <a href="/wiki/Volkshalle" title="Volkshalle">Grosse Halle</a> to Mussolini, for fear that he might copy it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doubts arose immediately about the stability of the terrain, the marshland which Berlin rests on. A test construction was built, consisting of a large and heavy block of concrete. The building sank by about 18 cm during the three years of testing, while the maximum acceptable value would have been 6 cm. This test demonstrated that the ground would hardly have supported the structures of Hitler's design without further preparations. </p><p>At the end almost no building designed for the new Berlin was built. </p><p>The 1941 regulation plan for Rome, "a project to leave people astonished" as Piacentini said, is considered by some to be the response to Hitler and Speer's projects for the new Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however very few pictures and documents about this project have survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_purpose">Style and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Style and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fascist styles of architecture are a branch of modernist architecture which became popular in the early 20th century. The Italian Fascist style was also greatly influenced by the rationalist movement in Italy in the 1920s. <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalist architecture</a>, with the help of Italian government support, celebrated the new fascist age of culture and government in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some today consider it a second Italian Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of Rationalism initially was to build according to the necessity, according to the function of the buildings, and rejected unnecessary things such as decorations. Later it evolved to reflect the ideal continuity with the Roman Empire and to celebrate Fascist achievements. Statues and high-reliefs also adorned Fascist buildings. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the extremely large and spacious architecture was one way envisioned by Hitler to unify Germany for what he described as "mass experiences", in which thousands of citizens could gather and take part in the patriotism of community events, and listen to speeches made by Hitler and other Nazi party leaders. </p><p>Some of the buildings purposefully conveyed a sense of awe and intimidation through their size, and were made of limestone, travertino, marble and other durable stones in order to last for centuries and to create impressive ruins. </p><p>Hitler and Mussolini used this architecture as a source of propaganda to display to the world the strength, pride and power their regimes had<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also to break ties with the liberal past; in some cases the buildings were part of the modernization process of the country or followed the need dictated by the economic models. In particular in Italy the idea of the corporatist city arose.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases the buildings served the welfare programs of the respective regimes: in Italy, Fascism built public buildings such as thousands of Case del Fascio (plural of Casa del Fascio) in every major town and city, which were the local Nationalist Fascist Party house and served various purposes including offering services to the population. There were also Case del Mutilato (houses of the mutilated soldier, to provide assistance to disabled veterans), Case della madre e del bambino (houses of the mother and the child, operated by the Opera Nazionale Maternità created in 1925 to assist the mothers in need), and more such buildings. They also built theatres, cinemas, both for propaganda and cultural purposes, sports buildings and large summer camps called "summer colonies", on the seaside and sometimes in the mountains, these were usually operated by the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro and were used by the workers and children in their free time or holidays. Thousands of workers and children could thus afford vacations or to go to the cinema. Some of these summer camps remained operational after the war but most have been abandoned. Something similar was done in Germany by the Strength Through Joy (KdF) organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architects">Architects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prominent architects of the Fascist era include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a> – Piacentini was Mussolini's chief architect, he ended up being responsible for around half of the total architectural projects of Fascist Italy, and for coordinating most other architects. He notably worked on the <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR</a> district, the Palazzo delle Corporazioni (Palace of the Corporations), <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a>, the rectorate of the City of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University</a>, Victory Square in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, Victory Square and Dante Square in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> with the 2 skyscrapers, one of which was the tallest in Europe for many years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Terragni" title="Giuseppe Terragni">Giuseppe Terragni</a> – The most famous works of Terragni are the <a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Fascio_(Como)" title="Casa del Fascio (Como)">Casa del Fascio</a> of Como and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novocomum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novocomum (page does not exist)">Novocomum</a> apartment building, examples of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Italian Rationalism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Libera" title="Adalberto Libera">Adalberto Libera</a> – The most famous work of Libera is the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Congressi" title="Palazzo dei Congressi">Palazzo dei Congressi in the EUR district</a> (Congress Palace).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Moretti" title="Luigi Moretti">Luigi Moretti</a> – His notable works include the Casa delle Armi (an academy for fencing and other sports) in the <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Foro Mussolini</a>, and the unbuilt Arengario delle Nazioni rally ground. His style is strikingly modern and Rationalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Del_Debbio" title="Enrico Del Debbio">Enrico Del Debbio</a> – His most famous works are the Stadio dei Marmi and other buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Foro Mussolini</a>, he also co-designed the Palazzo Littorio (now <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittorio_Morpurgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittorio Morpurgo (page does not exist)">Vittorio Morpurgo</a> – Notable works include the buildings around <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Augusto_Imperatore" title="Piazza Augusto Imperatore">Emperor Augustus square</a>, including the old museum of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, the Museum of the Roman Ships of Lake Nemi, and more.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ettore_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ettore Rossi (page does not exist)">Ettore Rossi</a> – Notable works include the Post Office of Palermo, (1934-1935), functional public building with a large monumental presence, and the E42 Official Restaurant building, inspired by classic temples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gio_Ponti" title="Gio Ponti">Gio Ponti</a> – famous Italian architect and designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_dell%27Ira" title="Arnaldo dell'Ira">Arnaldo Dell'Ira</a> – Italian architect and designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> – Speer was Hitler's chief architect, his notable works include the German Pavilion for the 1937 Paris Expo and for the E42 Rome Expo, the Zeppelinfeld, the New Reich Chancellery which suffered severe damage during WW2 and was later demolished, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Stadion" title="Deutsches Stadion">Deutsches Stadion</a> that was never completed, and the plans for the new Berlin, Welthauptstadt Germania, that were also never built.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Giesler" title="Hermann Giesler">Hermann Giesler</a> – he was commissioned to build Hitler's house in Munich, later he became General Building Inspector for the city of Munich and then Linz. Throughout the war, Giesler and Speer had several heated arguments about architectural styles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Troost" title="Paul Troost">Paul Troost</a> – he was also one of Hitler's favorite architects, he designed the <a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst" title="Haus der Kunst">House of German Art in Munich</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ruff" title="Ludwig Ruff">Ludwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ruff" title="Franz Ruff">Franz Ruff</a> – they worked on the Nuremberg rally grounds, most notably on the Kongresshalle (Congress Hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Muguruza" title="Pedro Muguruza">Pedro Muguruza</a> – Spanish architect, notable work includes the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caídos">Valle de los Caídos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juli%C3%A1n_Otamendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julián Otamendi (page does not exist)">Julián Otamendi</a> – Spanish architect, notable works include the skyscrapers of <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a,_Madrid" title="Plaza de España, Madrid">Plaza de España</a>, Madrid.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Moya_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Moya Blanco (page does not exist)">Luis Moya Blanco</a> – Spanish architect</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porf%C3%ADrio_Pardal_Monteiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porfírio Pardal Monteiro (page does not exist)">Porfírio Pardal Monteiro</a> – Portuguese modernist architect who designed the most public buildings and industrial buildings during the Estado Novo period</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures">Structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few of the notable fascist architectural projects of the 20th century include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR, Rome</a> (Esposizione Universale Roma) – Construction of the EUR began in 1936 in anticipation for Mussolini's World Fair in 1942 to mark the 20th anniversary of the Italian fascist era, the most important buildings were completed but the project was interrupted due to the war and the Expo never took place. Later it was also featured in the 1960 Rome Olympic games, which made the EUR district known to the whole world, and started a process of modernization of the EUR district which continues to this day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro Mussolini">Foro Mussolini</a> - sports complex in Rome, also featured in the 1960s Rome Olympic games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a> – A famous edifice of the EUR</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_di_Giustizia_(Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo di Giustizia (Milan) (page does not exist)">Palazzo di Giustizia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_di_Giustizia_(Milano)" class="extiw" title="it:Palazzo di Giustizia (Milano)">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>The City of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">La Sapienza University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacentini_Tower" title="Piacentini Tower">Piacentini Tower</a>, skyscraper in Genoa that was the tallest skyscraper in Europe for many years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Poste,_Palermo" title="Palazzo delle Poste, Palermo">Palazzo delle Poste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station" title="Roma Termini railway station">Roma-Termini railway station</a> (unfinished, later modified after WW2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympia-Stadion in Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst" title="Haus der Kunst">House of German Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party rally grounds">Nazi party rally grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (unfinished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin-Tempelhof airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Stadion" title="Deutsches Stadion">Deutsches Stadion</a> – (unbuilt) the component of the Nazi party rally grounds Albert Speer designed and Hitler envisioned would host all the future Olympic games during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">Welthauptstadt Germania</a> – (unbuilt) the plans to rebuild Berlin in a monumental stripped-classicist style</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnr.it/it/news/7779/il-palazzo-della-sede-centrale-compie-80-anni#:~:text=Il%2020%20novembre%202017%20si,gli%20edifici%20dell'Aeronautica%20militare.">"Il palazzo della sede 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&oldid=1256326555">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascist_architecture&oldid=1256326555</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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