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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Properties_of_a_Homogeneous_Mixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Properties_of_a_Homogeneous_Mixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>General Properties of a Homogeneous Mixture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Properties_of_a_Homogeneous_Mixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterogeneous_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterogeneous_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Heterogeneous mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterogeneous_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_between_mixture_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_between_mixture_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distinguishing between mixture types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_between_mixture_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homogenization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homogenization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Homogenization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homogenization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_of_a_mixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_of_a_mixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Properties of a mixture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_of_a_mixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengsel" title="Mengsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mengsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7" title="خليط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خليط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcla" title="Mezcla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mezcla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiestu" title="Amiestu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amiestu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehe%27a" title="Jehe'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jehe'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99hlulun_qat%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_ifad%C9%99_%C3%BCsullar%C4%B1" title="Məhlulun qatılığının ifadə üsulları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhlulun qatılığının ifadə üsulları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="মিশ্র পদার্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশ্র পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сумесь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сумесь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сумесь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сумесь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Смес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescla" title="Mescla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mescla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83%D1%88" title="Хутăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хутăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C4%9Bs" title="Směs – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Směs" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_blanding" title="Kemisk blanding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk blanding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemisch" title="Gemisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segu" title="Segu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Segu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μείγμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μείγμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcla" title="Mezcla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mezcla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksa%C4%B5o" title="Miksaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miksaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahaste_(kimika)" title="Nahaste (kimika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nahaste (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7" title="مخلوط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخلوط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mélange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measc%C3%A1n_(ceimic)" title="Meascán (ceimic) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meascán (ceimic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestura" title="Mestura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mestura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="혼합물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼합물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="मिश्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिश्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smjesa" title="Smjesa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smjesa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixuro" title="Mixuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mixuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campuran" title="Campuran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Campuran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umxube" title="Umxube – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umxube" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnablanda" title="Efnablanda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnablanda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscela" title="Miscela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miscela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA" title="תערובת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תערובת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮಿಶ್ರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಶ್ರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Қоспа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоспа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanj_etewoj%C3%A8n" title="Melanj etewojèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Melanj etewojèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtura" title="Mixtura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mixtura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais%C4%ABjums" title="Maisījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maisījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang%C3%ADsa" title="Sangísa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sangísa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%27ciada_(chimica)" title="Mes'ciada (chimica) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mes'ciada (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kever%C3%A9kek" title="Keverékek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keverékek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Смеса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Смеса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മിശ്രിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിശ്രിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campuran" title="Campuran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Campuran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengsel" title="Mengsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mengsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="混合物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanding" title="Blanding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blanding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaa" title="Makaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Makaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%9F" title="ਰਲਾਵਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਲਾਵਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="آمیزا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آمیزا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszanina" title="Mieszanina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mieszanina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistura" title="Mistura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mistura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amestec" title="Amestec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amestec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqrusqa" title="Chaqrusqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqrusqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Смесь (химия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смесь (химия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrzierja" title="Përzierja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përzierja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mixture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="مڪسچر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڪسچر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmes" title="Zmes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zmes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmes" title="Zmes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zmes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Смеша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смеша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C5%A1a" title="Smeša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smeša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seos" title="Seos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandning" title="Blandning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blandning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo" title="Halo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="கலவை (வேதியியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலவை (வேதியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arway" title="Arway – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arway" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เนื้อสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนื้อสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1m" title="Karışım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karışım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Суміш (хімія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суміш (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%81" title="آمیزہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آمیزہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%97n_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Hỗn hợp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hỗn hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E9%9B%9C%E7%89%A9" title="混雜物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="混雜物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="混合物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="混合物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混合物" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_(chemistry)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous (chemistry)">Homogeneous (chemistry)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance formed when two or more constituents are physically combined</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mixture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mixture (disambiguation)">Mixture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a <b>mixture</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> made up of two or more different chemical substances which can be separated by physical method. It's an impure substance made up of 2 or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed together in any proportion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixtures are one product of mechanically blending or mixing chemical substances such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound (chemistry)">compounds</a>, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separated</a> into their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means. <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotropes</a> are one kind of mixture that usually poses considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laider_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laider-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weast_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weast-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_mixtures">Characteristics of mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics of mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All mixtures can be characterized as being separable by mechanical means (e.g. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purification" class="extiw" title="wikt:purification">purification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitational</a> sorting, <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mixture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mixture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixtures differ from chemical compounds in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>The substances in a mixture can be separated using physical methods such as filtration, freezing, and distillation.</li> <li>There is little or no energy change when a mixture forms (see <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">Enthalpy of mixing</a>).</li> <li>The substances in a mixture keep their separate properties.</li></ul> <p>In the example of sand and water, neither one of the two substances changed in any way when they are mixed. Although the sand is in the water it still keeps the same properties that it had when it was outside the water. </p> <ul><li>mixtures have variable compositions, while compounds have a fixed, definite formula.</li> <li>when mixed, individual substances keep their properties in a mixture, while if they form a compound their properties can change.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following table shows the main properties and examples for all possible phase combinations of the three "families" of mixtures : </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mixtures Table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Dispersion medium (mixture phase)</th> <th>Dissolved or dispersed phase</th> <th>Solution</th> <th>Colloid</th> <th>Suspension (coarse dispersion) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> </th> <td>Gas</td> <td>Gas mixture: <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and other gases in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>)</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">None</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">None </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">None</td> <td>Liquid <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-PDF1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">mist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_spray" title="Hair spray">hair sprays</a></td> <td>Spray </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solid</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">None</td> <td>Solid aerosol:<sup id="cite_ref-PDF1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cloud" title="Ice cloud">ice cloud</a>, air <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulates</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a> </th> <td>Gas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a>:<br /> oxygen in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></td> <td>Liquid <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Whipped_cream" title="Whipped cream">whipped cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaving_cream" title="Shaving cream">shaving cream</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_head" title="Beer head">beer head</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid</td> <td>Solution:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand cream">hand cream</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">Vinaigrette</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solid</td> <td>Solution:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> in water</td> <td>Liquid <a href="/wiki/Sol_(colloid)" title="Sol (colloid)">sol</a>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmented</a> <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> particles suspended in water), <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> powder suspended in water </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a> </th> <td>Gas</td> <td>Solution:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a></td> <td>Solid foam:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a></td> <td>Foam:<br /> dry <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid</td> <td>Solution:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">Gel</a>:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicagel" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicagel">silicagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></td> <td>Wet sponge </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solid</td> <td>Solution:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a></td> <td>Solid sol:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">cranberry glass</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homogeneous_and_heterogeneous_mixtures">Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg/220px-Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg/330px-Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg/440px-Mixtures_and_Pure_Substances_2x2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>A diagram representing at the microscopic level the differences between homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, compounds, and elements.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mixtures can be either <i>homogeneous</i> or <i>heterogeneous</i>: a mixture of uniform composition and in which all components are in the same phase, such as salt in water, is called homogeneous, whereas a mixture of non-uniform composition and of which the components can be easily identified, such as sand in water, it is called heterogeneous. </p><p>In addition, "<b>uniform mixture</b>" is another term for <b>homogeneous mixture</b> and "<b>non-uniform mixture</b>" is another term for <b>heterogeneous mixture</b>. These terms are derived from the idea that a <b>homogeneous mixture</b> has a <b>uniform appearance</b>, or <b>only one visible phase</b>, because the particles are evenly distributed. However, a <b>heterogeneous mixture</b> has <b>non-uniform composition</b>, and its constituent substances are <b>easily distinguishable</b> from one another (often, but not always, in different phases). </p><p>Several solid substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, dissolve in water to form a special type of homogeneous mixture called a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>, in which there is both a <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> (dissolved substance) and <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> (dissolving medium) present. <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a> is an example of a solution as well: a homogeneous mixture of gaseous nitrogen solvent, in which oxygen and smaller amounts of other gaseous solutes are dissolved. Mixtures are not limited in either their number of substances or the amounts of those substances, though in a homogeneous mixture the solute-to-solvent proportion can only reach <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">a certain point</a> before the mixture separates and becomes heterogeneous. </p><p>A homogeneous mixture is characterized by uniform dispersion of its constituent substances throughout; the substances exist in equal proportion everywhere within the mixture. Differently put, a homogeneous mixture will be the same no matter from where in the mixture it is sampled. For example, if a solid-liquid solution is divided into two halves of equal <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>, the halves will contain equal <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amounts</a> of both the liquid medium and dissolved solid (solvent and solute). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, "homogeneous" more narrowly describes substances and mixtures which are in a single <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-define_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homogeneous_mixtures">Homogeneous mixtures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Homogeneous mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solutions">Solutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution (chemistry)</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> is a special type of homogeneous mixture where the ratio of solute to solvent remains the same throughout the solution and the particles are not visible with the naked eye, even if homogenized with multiple sources. In solutions, solutes will not settle out after any period of time and they cannot be removed by physical methods, such as a filter or <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solution_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solution-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a homogeneous mixture, a solution has one phase (solid, liquid, or gas), although the phase of the solute and solvent may initially have been different (e.g., salt water). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gases">Gases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gases exhibit by far the greatest space (and, consequently, the weakest intermolecular forces) between their atoms or molecules; since intermolecular interactions are minuscule in comparison to those in liquids and solids, dilute gases very easily form solutions with one another. Air is one such example: it can be more specifically described as a gaseous solution of oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen (its major component). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Properties_of_a_Homogeneous_Mixture">General Properties of a Homogeneous Mixture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General Properties of a Homogeneous Mixture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic properties of solutions are as drafted under:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>All solutions are the examples of homogeneous mixture.</li> <li>The particles of a homogeneous mixture are less than one nanometre in size.</li> <li>A homogeneous mixture does not show Tyndall effect.</li> <li>The constituent of homogeneous mixture cannot be separated using centrifugation or decantation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterogeneous_mixtures">Heterogeneous mixtures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heterogeneous mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foams</a>. In most cases, the mixture consists of two main constituents. For an emulsion, these are <a href="/wiki/Immiscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscible">immiscible</a> fluids such as water and oil. For a foam, these are a solid and a fluid, or a liquid and a gas. On larger scales both constituents are present in any region of the mixture, and in a well-mixed mixture in the same or only slightly varying concentrations. On a microscopic scale, however, one of the constituents is absent in almost any sufficiently small region. (If such absence is common on macroscopic scales, the combination of the constituents is a <a href="/wiki/Dispersed_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersed medium">dispersed medium</a>, not a mixture.) One can distinguish different characteristics of heterogeneous mixtures by the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Continuum_percolation_theory" title="Continuum percolation theory">continuum percolation</a> of their constituents. For a foam, a distinction is made between <a href="/wiki/Reticulated_foam" title="Reticulated foam">reticulated foam</a> in which one constituent forms a connected network through which the other can freely percolate, or a closed-cell foam in which one constituent is present as trapped in small cells whose walls are formed by the other constituents. A similar distinction is possible for emulsions. In many emulsions, one constituent is present in the form of isolated regions of typically a globular shape, dispersed throughout the other constituent. However, it is also possible each constituent forms a large, connected network. Such a mixture is then called <b>bicontinuous</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_between_mixture_types">Distinguishing between mixture types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distinguishing between mixture types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making a distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is a matter of the scale of sampling. On a coarse enough scale, any mixture can be said to be homogeneous, if the entire article is allowed to count as a "sample" of it. On a fine enough scale, any mixture can be said to be heterogeneous, because a sample could be as small as a single molecule. In practical terms, if the property of interest of the mixture is the same regardless of which sample of it is taken for the examination used, the mixture is homogeneous. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gy%27s_sampling_theory" title="Gy's sampling theory">Gy's sampling theory</a> quantitatively defines the <b>heterogeneity</b> of a particle as:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{i}={\frac {(c_{i}-c_{\text{batch}})m_{i}}{c_{\text{batch}}m_{\text{aver}}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>batch</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>batch</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aver</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{i}={\frac {(c_{i}-c_{\text{batch}})m_{i}}{c_{\text{batch}}m_{\text{aver}}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e6656d78263a7a233acbf80bab69cea7d9dc430" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:21.275ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{i}={\frac {(c_{i}-c_{\text{batch}})m_{i}}{c_{\text{batch}}m_{\text{aver}}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d535f210cbd9b9fe6689e61427b3e213e5b2d547" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.139ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{i}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01acb7953ba52c2aa44264b5d0f8fd223aa178a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.807ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{i}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{\text{batch}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>batch</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{\text{batch}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77e5dc1bd00fdfca048bd2224602082b364c93b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{\text{batch}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95ec8e804f69706d3f5ad235f4f983220c8df7c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{aver}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aver</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{aver}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d46b57bb59c73a59695b431648735efd5426c07c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.337ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{aver}}}"></span> are respectively: the heterogeneity of the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the population, the mass of the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>th particle in the population, and the average mass of a particle in the population. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a> of heterogeneous mixtures of particles, the variance of the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_error" title="Sampling error">sampling error</a> is generally non-zero. </p><p>Pierre Gy derived, from the Poisson sampling model, the following formula for the variance of the sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{(\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}m_{i})^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}(1-q_{i})m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-{\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}a_{j}m_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}m_{j}}}\right)^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{(\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}m_{i})^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}(1-q_{i})m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-{\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}a_{j}m_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}m_{j}}}\right)^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddd8d3790434841a782a6d9e598e007ae4ce745e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:60.074ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{(\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}m_{i})^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}(1-q_{i})m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-{\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}a_{j}m_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}m_{j}}}\right)^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>in which <i>V</i> is the variance of the sampling error, <i>N</i> is the number of particles in the population (before the sample was taken), <i>q</i><sub> <i>i</i></sub> is the probability of including the <i>i</i>th particle of the population in the sample (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/First-order_inclusion_probability" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order inclusion probability">first-order inclusion probability</a> of the <i>i</i>th particle), <i>m</i><sub> <i>i</i></sub> is the mass of the <i>i</i>th particle of the population and <i>a</i><sub> <i>i</i></sub> is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the <i>i</i>th particle of the population. </p><p>The above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a <a href="/wiki/Linearization" title="Linearization">linearization</a> of the mass concentration in a sample. </p><p>In the theory of Gy, <a href="/wiki/Correct_sampling" title="Correct sampling">correct sampling</a> is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that <i>q</i><sub> <i>i</i></sub> no longer depends on <i>i</i>, and can therefore be replaced by the symbol <i>q</i>. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1-q}{qM_{\text{batch}}^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-a_{\text{batch}}\right)^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <msubsup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>batch</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>batch</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {1-q}{qM_{\text{batch}}^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-a_{\text{batch}}\right)^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c3e2e3c70aaf47ba70d9044d0b3a4f26545a3ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.383ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1-q}{qM_{\text{batch}}^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-a_{\text{batch}}\right)^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>a</i><sub>batch</sub> is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and <i>M</i><sub>batch</sub> is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> research<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> show biological and health effects after exposure to mixtures are more potent than effects from exposures of individual components.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homogenization">Homogenization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homogenization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">Homogenization (chemistry)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixing_(process_engineering)" title="Mixing (process engineering)">Mixing (process engineering)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_of_a_mixture">Properties of a mixture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Properties of a mixture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_(process_engineering)" title="Mixing (process engineering)">Mixing (process engineering)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03949.html">mixture</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03949">10.1351/goldbook.M03949</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitten_K.W.,_Gailey_K._D._and_Davis_R._E.1992" class="citation book cs1">Whitten K.W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. (1992). <i>General chemistry</i> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-072373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-072373-5"><bdi>978-0-03-072373-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+chemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-03-072373-5&rft.au=Whitten+K.W.%2C+Gailey+K.+D.+and+Davis+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucciHarwoodHerring2002" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geography (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill"><i>General chemistry: principles and modern applications</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-014329-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001032331">2001032331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46872308">46872308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+chemistry%3A+principles+and+modern+applications&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46872308&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001032331&rft.isbn=978-0-13-014329-7&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_PaulaAtkins2002" class="citation book cs1">De Paula, Julio; Atkins, P. W. (2002). <i>Atkins' Physical Chemistry</i> (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879285-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879285-7"><bdi>978-0-19-879285-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atkins%27+Physical+Chemistry&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879285-7&rft.aulast=De+Paula&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft.au=Atkins%2C+P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts_B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B.; et al. (2002). <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Ed</i>. Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4072-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-4072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%2C+4th+Ed.&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4072-0&rft.au=Alberts+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laider-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laider_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidler_K._J.1978" class="citation book cs1">Laidler K. J. (1978). <i>Physical chemistry with biological applications</i>. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5680-9"><bdi>978-0-8053-5680-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+chemistry+with+biological+applications&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-5680-9&rft.au=Laidler+K.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weast-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weast_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast_R._C.,_Ed.1990" class="citation book cs1">Weast R. C., Ed. (1990). <i>CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics</i>. Boca Raton: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0470-5"><bdi>978-0-8493-0470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+chemistry+and+physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0470-5&rft.au=Weast+R.+C.%2C+Ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleasants2017" class="citation book cs1">Pleasants, Julian M, ed. (2017). "A Call to Duty: The Selective Service Act of 1940". <i>Home Front</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9780813054254.003.0003">10.5744/florida/9780813054254.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5425-4"><bdi>978-0-8130-5425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Call+to+Duty%3A+The+Selective+Service+Act+of+1940&rft.btitle=Home+Front&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9780813054254.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-5425-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mixture-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mixture_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthLittle2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ashworth, William; Little, Charles E., eds. (2001). "Mixture". <i>The Encyclopedia of Environmental Studies</i>. Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mixture&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Environmental+Studies&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemicool.com/definition/mixture.html">"Definition of mixture - Chemistry Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.chemicool.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chemicool.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+mixture+-+Chemistry+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemicool.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmixture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDF1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDF1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDF1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett1971" class="citation report cs1">Everett, D. H. (23 July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1972/pdf/3104x0577👺.pdf">Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units. Appendix II Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Part I</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). London: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Division of Physical Chemistry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084759/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1972/pdf/3104x0577.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Symbols+and+Terminology+for+Physicochemical+Quantities+and+Units.+Appendix+II+Definitions%2C+Terminology+and+Symbols+in+Colloid+and+Surface+Chemistry.+Part+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%3A+Division+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.date=1971-07-23&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F1972%2Fpdf%2F3104x0577%F0%9F%91%BA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-define-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-define_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lew, Kristi (2009). "Homogeneous". <i>Acids and Bases, Essential Chemistry. New York: Chelsea House Publishing</i>. Online publisher: Science Online. 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(2001). "Solution (chemistry)". <i>Encyclopedia of Studies, New Edition</i>. Online publisher: Science Online. Facts on File, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solution+%28chemistry%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Studies%2C+New+Edition&rft.pub=Online+publisher%3A+Science+Online.+Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Little%2C+Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahimi2006" class="citation book cs1">Sahimi, Muhammad (26 May 2006). <i>Heterogeneous Materials I: Linear Transport and Optical Properties</i>. Springer. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-21705-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-21705-5"><bdi>978-0-387-21705-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heterogeneous+Materials+I%3A+Linear+Transport+and+Optical+Properties&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-387-21705-5&rft.aulast=Sahimi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGy1979" class="citation book cs1">Gy, P (1979). <i>Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Effects+Institute&rft.atitle=Multipollutant+Mixtures&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.aulast=Institute&rft.aufirst=Health+Effects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healtheffects.org%2Fair-pollution%2Fmultipollutant-mixtures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumderKodaliVelayuthamGoldsmith2022" class="citation journal cs1">Majumder, Nairrita; Kodali, Vamsi; Velayutham, Murugesan; Goldsmith, Travis; Amedro, Jessica; Khramtsov, Valery V; Erdely, Aaron; Nurkiewicz, Timothy R; Harkema, Jack R; Kelley, Eric E; Hussain, Salik (27 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9887725">"Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity"</a>. <i>Toxicological Sciences</i>. <b>191</b> (1): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfac113">10.1093/toxsci/kfac113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6080">1096-6080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9887725">9887725</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36303316">36303316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Aerosol+physicochemical+determinants+of+carbon+black+and+ozone+inhalation+co-exposure+induced+pulmonary+toxicity&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9887725%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1096-6080&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36303316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfac113&rft.aulast=Majumder&rft.aufirst=Nairrita&rft.au=Kodali%2C+Vamsi&rft.au=Velayutham%2C+Murugesan&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+Travis&rft.au=Amedro%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Khramtsov%2C+Valery+V&rft.au=Erdely%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Nurkiewicz%2C+Timothy+R&rft.au=Harkema%2C+Jack+R&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Eric+E&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Salik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9887725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03949.html">mixture</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03949">10.1351/goldbook.M03949</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins_solution_theory" title="Flory–Huggins solution theory">Flory–Huggins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">Phase separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation concentration">Saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">Serial dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution (equation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_molar_property" title="Apparent molar property">Apparent molar property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a><br />and related quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">Molar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">Mass concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_density" title="Number density">Number concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_fraction" title="Volume fraction">Volume concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_concentration" title="Equivalent concentration">Normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molality" title="Molality">Molality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">Mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Isotopic abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">Mixing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_plot" title="Ternary plot">Ternary plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation_shell" title="Solvation shell">Solvation shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_change_of_solution" title="Enthalpy change of solution">Enthalpy of solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">Lattice energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_table" title="Solubility table">Solubility table (data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_chart" title="Solubility chart">Solubility chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">Miscibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Solvents" title="Category:Solvents">Category</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acid dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protic_solvent" title="Protic solvent">Protic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_aprotic_solvent" title="Polar aprotic solvent">Polar aprotic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent">Inorganic nonaqueous solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boiling_and_freezing_information_of_solvents" title="List of boiling and freezing information of solvents">List of boiling and freezing information of solvents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">Partition coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">Hydrophobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">Hydrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">Lipophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">Amphiphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonium_ion" title="Lyonium ion">Lyonium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyate_ion" title="Lyate ion">Lyate ion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936928s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576600">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mezclas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534319">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541033105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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