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application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practical_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unité_d'Habitation_à_Marseille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unité_d'Habitation_à_Marseille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unité d'Habitation à Marseille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unité_d'Habitation_à_Marseille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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</li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="المودولور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المودولور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88%EB%9F%AC" title="르모듈러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르모듈러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Մոդուլոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդուլոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="モデュロール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モデュロール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Модулор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модулор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modulor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor-mittaj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Modulor-mittajärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modulor-mittajärjestelmä" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Scale of proportions by Le Corbusier</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-1987-CHF-5-obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-1987-CHF-5-obverse.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative Swiss coin showing the <i>modulor</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Modulor</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Anthropometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropometric">anthropometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">proportions</a> devised by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_people" title="List of Swiss people">Swiss-born</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> (1887–1965). </p><p>It was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Imperial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> systems. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised. The Modulor considered the standard human height as 1.83 m, excluding feminine measures. The dimensions were refined with overall height of raised arm set at 2.26 m. </p><p>It was used as a system to set out a number of Le Corbusier's buildings and was later codified into two books. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Corbusier developed the Modulor in the long tradition of <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci's</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a>, the work of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, and other attempts to discover mathematical proportions in the human body and then to use that knowledge to improve both the appearance and function of <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is inspired by but does not exactly correspond to <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">human measurements</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it also draws inspiration from the double unit,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is this measurement? (October 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci numbers">Fibonacci numbers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>. Le Corbusier described it as a "range of harmonious measurements to suit the human scale, universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things". </p><p>With the Modulor, Le Corbusier sought to introduce a scale of visual measures that would unite two virtually incompatible systems: the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a> and the international <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200417_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200417-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst he was intrigued by ancient civilisations who used measuring systems linked to the human body: elbow (<a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a>), finger (<a href="/wiki/Digit_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digit (length)">digit</a>), thumb (inch) etc., he was troubled by the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> as a measure that was a forty-millionth part of the meridian of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200420_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200420-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, in response to the French National Organisation for Standardisation's (<a href="/wiki/AFNOR" title="AFNOR">AFNOR</a>) requirement for standardising all the objects involved in the construction process, Le Corbusier asked an apprentice to consider a scale based upon a man with his arm raised to 2.20 m in height.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200436_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200436-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result, in August 1943 was the first graphical representation of the derivation of the scale. This was refined after a visit to the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Sorbonne on 7 February 1945 which resulted in the inclusion of a golden section into the representation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200443_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200443-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst initially the Modulor Man's height was based on a French man's height of 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) it was changed to 1.83 m in 1946 because "in English detective novels, the good-looking men, such as policemen, are always six feet tall!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200456_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200456-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dimensions were refined to give round numbers and the overall height of the raised arm was set at 2.262 m. </p><p>Of the works leading to the creation of the Modulor, Robin Evans notes that the female body "was only belatedly considered and rejected as a source of proportional harmony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promotion">Promotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 January 1946 during a visit to New York, Le Corbusier met with <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser" title="Henry J. Kaiser">Henry J. Kaiser</a>, an American industrialist whose <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Shipyard">Kaiser Shipyard</a> had built <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ships</a> during World War II. Kaiser's project was to build ten thousand new houses a day, but he had changed his mind and decided to build cars instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200452_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200452-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the interview, Le Corbusier sympathised with Kaiser's problems of coordinating the adoption of equipment between the American and British armies because of the differences in units of length; and promoted his own <i>harmonious scale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004115_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004115-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same trip he met with <a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> to promote the use of his <i>harmonious scale</i> on further civil engineering projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200453_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200453-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also applied the principle of the Modulor to the efficient design of distribution crates in post war France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphic_representation">Graphic representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graphic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modulor_measurements.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Modulor_measurements.svg/220px-Modulor_measurements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Modulor_measurements.svg/330px-Modulor_measurements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Modulor_measurements.svg/440px-Modulor_measurements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Modulor measurements of humans in various positions</figcaption></figure> <p>The graphic representation of the Modulor, a stylised human figure with one arm raised, stands next to two vertical measurements, a red series based on the figure's navel height (1.08 m in the original version, 1.13 m in the revised version) and segmented according to <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a> and a blue series based on the figure's entire height, double the navel height (2.16 m in the original version, 2.26 m in the revised), segmented similarly. A <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a>, graphically developed between the red and blue segments, seems to mimic the volume of the human figure. </p><p>The Modulor 2 was drawn by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Maissonier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Maissonier (page does not exist)">André Maissonier</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justino_Serralta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justino Serralta (page does not exist)">Justino Serralta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_application">Practical application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Practical application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Corbusier used his Modulor scale in the design of many <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier#Key_buildings" title="Le Corbusier">buildings</a>, including: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unité_d'Habitation_à_Marseille"><span id="Unit.C3.A9_d.27Habitation_.C3.A0_Marseille"></span>Unité d'Habitation à Marseille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unité d'Habitation à Marseille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first book on the subject <i>The Modulor</i>, Le Corbusier has a chapter on the use of the modular in the <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a>. The modular governs: the plan, section and elevations; the <a href="/wiki/Brise_soleil" title="Brise soleil">brise-soleil</a>; the roof; the supporting columns and the plan and section of the apartments. It was also used for the dimensions of the commemorative stone laid on 14 October 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004131_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004131-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of the Modulor Man was <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> near the entrance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette">Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Church of Sainte Marie de La Tourette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Church of <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette" title="Sainte Marie de La Tourette">Sainte Marie de La Tourette</a> Le Corbusier floors the majority of the church in pale concrete panels set to Modulor dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200762_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200762-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the engineer <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> applied the Modulor system to the design of the exterior vertical ventilators or "ondulatoires".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200783_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200783-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts">Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Carpenter Center</a> the Modulor system was used for the brise-soleil distances, the floor to floor heights, the bay distances and the column thicknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Corbusier conceived that the dimensioning of the entrance ramp would be "<i>visible essay on the mathematics of the human body</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978182_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978182-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Modulor apartment in Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg/220px-Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg/330px-Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg/440px-Modulor_image_in_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>Modulor applied in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unite_d'Habitation_a_Berlin."><span id="Unite_d.27Habitation_a_Berlin."></span>Unite d'Habitation a Berlin.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unite d'Habitation a Berlin."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this image of the Modulor in Berlin, there are several messages: </p> <ol><li>The typical apartment is designed for four people. (Note 4 people in bed on the right).</li> <li>The patterns of paint on the side of the balconies is explained by diagonal line.</li> <li>Brie Soleil is sized by the height of the Modulor man.</li> <li>The room height is calculated by the Modulor.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Corbusier published <i>Le Modulor</i> in 1948, followed by <i>Modulor 2</i> in 1955. These works were first published in English as <i>The Modulor</i> in 1954 and <i>Modulor 2 (Let the User Speak Next)</i> in 1958. </p><p>The 2004 reprinted box set including both books was printed in a square format using the Modulor with the series twenty seven to one hundred and forty reduced in size to one tenth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004back_cover_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004back_cover-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorative_usage">Commemorative usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commemorative usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg/250px-CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg/375px-CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg/500px-CHF10_8_back_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Back side of the Swiss 10 CHF banknote, showing the Modulor</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A picture of the Modulor appears on the eighth banknote series on the 10 CHF <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Swiss_franc" title="Banknotes of the Swiss franc">Swiss banknote</a> dedicated to Le Corbusier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Body proportions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">List of unusual units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_number" title="Preferred number">Preferred number</a>, especially the section about Renard series, which covers a mathematical approach on evenly distributed numbers using <a href="/wiki/Geometric_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric sequence">geometric sequences</a>, for use in constructing houses or devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower">Rudolf Wittkower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">Rule of thumb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2001146_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstwald2001">Ostwald (2001)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsLarterAnderson1999" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Terry; Larter, Sarah; Anderson, Janice, eds. (1999). <i>ITV Visual History of the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Books">Carlton Books</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-688-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-688-1"><bdi>1-85868-688-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ITV+Visual+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85868-688-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200417-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200417_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200420-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200420_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200436-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200436_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200443-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200443_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200456-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200456_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200452-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200452_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004115-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004115_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200453-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier200453_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004122-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004122_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorge Nudelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farq.edu.uy/patio/institucion/en-recuerdo.html">"En recuerdo: Justino Serralta, 'arquitecto de comunidades', 1919–2011"</a>, <i>Boletín Facultad de Arquitectura UDELAR</i> (30 October 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004131-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004131_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200762-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200762_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2007">Samuel (2007)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200783-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200783_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2007">Samuel (2007)</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978158_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeklerCurtis1978">Sekler & Curtis (1978)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978182-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeklerCurtis1978182_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeklerCurtis1978">Sekler & Curtis (1978)</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004back_cover-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Corbusier2004back_cover_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004">Le Corbusier (2004)</a>, p. back cover.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeklerCurtis1978" class="citation book cs1">Sekler, Eduard F.; Curtis, William (1978). <i>Le Corbusier at Work: The Genesis of the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Corbusier+at+Work%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+Carpenter+Center+for+Visual+Arts&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sekler&rft.aufirst=Eduard+F.&rft.au=Curtis%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1995" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Robin (1995). <i>The Projective Cast: Architecture and Its Three Geometries</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262050498" title="Special:BookSources/0262050498"><bdi>0262050498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Projective+Cast%3A+Architecture+and+Its+Three+Geometries&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0262050498&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Corbusier2004" class="citation book cs1">Le Corbusier (2004) [First published in two volumes in 1954 and 1958.]. <i>The Modulor: A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale, Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics</i>. Basel & Boston: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3764361883" title="Special:BookSources/3764361883"><bdi>3764361883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modulor%3A+A+Harmonious+Measure+to+the+Human+Scale%2C+Universally+Applicable+to+Architecture+and+Mechanics&rft.place=Basel+%26+Boston&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3764361883&rft.au=Le+Corbusier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstwald2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ostwald, Michael J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-000-0015-0">"<i>The Modulor</i> and <i>Modulor 2</i> by Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), 2 volumes. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2000"</a>. <i>Nexus Network Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 145–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-000-0015-0">10.1007/s00004-000-0015-0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nexus+Network+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Modulor+and+Modulor+2+by+Le+Corbusier+%28Charles+Edouard+Jeanneret%29%2C+2+volumes.+Basel%3A+Birkh%C3%A4user%2C+2000&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-48&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00004-000-0015-0&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00004-000-0015-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2007" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Flora (2007). <i>Corbusier in Detail</i>. Architectural Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corbusier+in+Detail&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Flora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModulor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%">Private houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Fallet" title="Villa Fallet">Villa Fallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jeanneret-Perret" title="Villa Jeanneret-Perret">Villa Jeanneret-Perret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Schwob" title="Villa Schwob">Villa Schwob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Le_Lac" title="Villa Le Lac">Villa Le Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Planeix" title="Maison Planeix">Planeix House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Cook" title="Villa Cook">Villa Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Guiette" title="Maison Guiette">Maison Guiette/Les Peupliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Stein" title="Villa Stein">Villa Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curutchet_House" title="Curutchet House">Curutchet House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisons_Jaoul" title="Maisons Jaoul">Maisons Jaoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Sarabhai" title="Villa Sarabhai">Villa Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Shodhan" title="Villa Shodhan">Villa Shodhan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier_(1964).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg/100px-Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg/150px-Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg/200px-Le_Corbusier_%281964%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsentrosoyuz_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentrosoyuz building">Tsentrosoyuz building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_du_Haut" title="Notre-Dame du Haut">Notre-Dame du Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Western_Art" title="National Museum of Western Art">National Museum of Western Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Open_Hand_Monument" title="Open Hand Monument">Open Hand Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Esprit_Nouveau" title="Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau">Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_Suisse" title="Pavillon Suisse">Pavillon Suisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immeuble_Clart%C3%A9" title="Immeuble Clarté">Immeuble Clarté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immeuble_Molitor" title="Immeuble Molitor">Immeuble Molitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanon_de_vacances" title="Cabanon de vacances">Cabanon de vacances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Owners%27_Association_Building" title="Mill Owners' Association Building">Mill Owners' Association Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">United Nations Secretariat Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskar_Kendra" title="Sanskar Kendra">Sanskar Kendra Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Museum_and_Art_Gallery,_Chandigarh" title="Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh">Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_Building,_Chandigarh" title="Secretariat Building, Chandigarh">Secretariat Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Assembly" title="Palace of Assembly">Palace of Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Gymnasium" title="Baghdad Gymnasium">Baghdad Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Maison du Brésil">Maison du Brésil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Firminy" title="Saint-Pierre, Firminy">Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firminy-Vert_Stadium" title="Firminy-Vert Stadium">Firminy-Vert Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Capitol_Complex" title="Chandigarh Capitol Complex">Complexe du Capitole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette" title="Sainte Marie de La Tourette">Couvent Sainte-Marie-de-la-Tourette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_la_Culture_de_Firminy" title="Maison de la Culture de Firminy">Maison de la Culture de Firminy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usine_Claude_et_Duval" title="Usine Claude et Duval">Usine Claude et Duval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unbuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's Palace (Chandigarh)">Governor's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Soviets" title="Palace of the Soviets">Palace of the Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Voisin" title="Plan Voisin">Plan Voisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ville_Contemporaine" title="Ville Contemporaine">Ville Contemporaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Meyer" title="Villa Meyer">Villa Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ville_Radieuse" title="Ville Radieuse">Ville Radieuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Housing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Maisons de la Weissenhof-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">Butterfly roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom-Ino_House" title="Dom-Ino House">Dom-Ino House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier%27s_Five_Points_of_Architecture" title="Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture">Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Frug%C3%A8s_de_Pessac" title="Cité Frugès de Pessac">Cité Frugès de Pessac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_du_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité du Refuge">Cité du Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation" title="Unité d'habitation">Unité d'habitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation_of_Nantes-Rez%C3%A9" title="Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé">Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation_of_Berlin" title="Unité d'Habitation of Berlin">Unité d'Habitation of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation_of_Briey" title="Unité d'Habitation of Briey">Unité d'Habitation of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation_of_Firminy-Vert" title="Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert">Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Furniture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaise_Longue_(Le_Corbusier)" title="Chaise Longue (Le Corbusier)">Chaise Longue LC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Confort" title="Grand Confort">Grand Confort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier%27s_Furniture" title="Le Corbusier's Furniture">Le Corbusier's Furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings and poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poem_of_the_Right_Angle" title="Poem of the Right Angle">Poem of the Right Angle</a></i> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture" title="Toward an Architecture">Toward an Architecture</a></i> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_Le_Corbusier" title="Pavillon Le Corbusier">Pavillon Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Roche" title="Villa La Roche">Villa La Roche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Le_Corbusier" title="Fondation Le Corbusier">Fondation Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_Internationaux_d%27Architecture_Moderne" title="Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne">Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Le_Corbusier_buildings" title="List of Le Corbusier buildings">List of Le Corbusier buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier" title="The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modulor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Capanema_Palace" title="Gustavo Capanema Palace">Palace of Ministry of National Education and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Pavilion" title="Philips Pavilion">Philips Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Desire" title="The Price of Desire">The Price of Desire</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Ozenfant" title="Amédée Ozenfant">Amédée Ozenfant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeanneret" title="Pierre Jeanneret">Pierre Jeanneret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perriand" title="Charlotte Perriand">Charlotte Perriand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Le_Corbusier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Le Corbusier">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Le_Corbusier" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Le Corbusier">Wikinews</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Le_Corbusier" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Le Corbusier">Wikiquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_of_measurement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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