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Fonem – Wikipedia

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<div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hovedmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hovedmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forside" title="Gå til hovedsiden [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Forside</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig" title="Vis en tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Portal" title="Stedet for å få hjelp"><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Siste_endringer" title="Liste over siste endringer på wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" 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siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&amp;returnto=Fonem" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&amp;returnto=Fonem" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&amp;returnto=Fonem" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&amp;returnto=Fonem" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Notasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Notasjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hvilke_språklyder_er_fonemer?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hvilke_språklyder_er_fonemer?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hvilke språklyder er fonemer?</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hvilke_språklyder_er_fonemer?-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Hvilke språklyder er fonemer?</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hvilke_språklyder_er_fonemer?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minimale_par" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimale_par"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Minimale par</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimale_par-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribusjon_av_allofoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribusjon_av_allofoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribusjon av allofoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribusjon_av_allofoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samsvar_mellom_bokstaver_og_fonemer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsvar_mellom_bokstaver_og_fonemer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samsvar_mellom_bokstaver_og_fonemer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antall fonemer i ulike språk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_språk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Antall fonemer i ulike språk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norske_dialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norske_dialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Norske dialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norske_dialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonemer_og_fremmedspråklæring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonemer_og_fremmedspråklæring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fonemer og fremmedspråklæring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonemer_og_fremmedspråklæring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fonem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 118 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0an" title="Hljóðan – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة صوتية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة صوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipu" title="Taipu – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Taipu" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="স্বনিম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বনিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Im-sò͘ – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанема – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанэма – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྲ་ཚན། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་ཚན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Абяалбари – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абяалбари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9m" title="Foném – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Foném" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffonem" title="Ffonem – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffonem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φώνημα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φώνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="واج – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3in%C3%A9im" title="Fóinéim – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fóinéim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-heean" title="Myn-heean – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-heean" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%86%8C" title="음소 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հնչույթ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्वनिम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वनिम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Фонемæ – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фонемæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פונמה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ფონემა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonimu" title="Fonimu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fonimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8m" title="Fonèm – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fonèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac" title="Vac – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vac" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C4%93ma" title="Fonēma – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funema" title="Funema – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funema" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasimpeo" title="Hasimpeo – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasimpeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വനിമം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വനിമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneme" title="Foneme – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Foneme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8ma" title="Fonèma – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fonèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਧੁਨੀਮ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="غږيزه څپه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږيزه څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneem" title="Phoneem – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phoneem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funemi" title="Funemi – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funemi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="صوتيو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوتيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фѡнима – kirkeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Фѡнима" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فۆنیم – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneemi" title="Foneemi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foneemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒலியன் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยเสียง – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbirim" title="Sesbirim – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sesbirim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81" title="صوتیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوتیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Âm vị – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foninme" title="Foninme – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foninme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="פאנעם – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuonema" title="Fuonema – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuonema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fonem"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fonem"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Fonem" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Fonem" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;oldid=23918489" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&amp;page=Fonem&amp;id=23918489&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFonem"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFonem"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Fonem&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonemes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8183" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p>I talespråk er <b>fonem</b> en grunnleggende, teoretisk enhet &#8211; det minste lydsegmentet som kan endre betydningen av et <a href="/wiki/Ord" title="Ord">ord</a>. Når fonologer skal kartlegge hvilke fonemer et språk inneholder, forsøker de å finne <i>minimale par</i> – to ord med ulik betydning som skiller seg fra hverandre med bare én språklyd. </p><p>Innen <a href="/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk">lingvistikk</a> er det ulike syn på hva fonemer er og hvordan et gitt språk bør analyseres i fonemiske termer. Men et fonem blir vanligvis regnet som en <a href="/wiki/Abstraksjon" title="Abstraksjon">abstraksjon</a> av et sett språklyder (<i><a href="/wiki/Fon" title="Fon">foner</a></i>) som blir oppfattet som likeverdige i et gitt språk eller dialekt. Språklyden <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19918143">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Code2000","MV Boli","MS Mincho","Arial",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/r/</span> blir regnet som ett fonem på norsk, men kan uttales som to ulike <a href="/wiki/Allofon" title="Allofon">allofoner</a>: <a href="/wiki/Skarre-r" title="Skarre-r">skarre-r</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʁ]</span>) eller <a href="/wiki/Rulle-r" title="Rulle-r">rulle-r</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[r]</span>). Fordi betydningen er akkurat den samme uansett hvilken uttalevariant vi velger, regnes begge r-lydene for å høre til det samme fonemet. </p><p>Studiet av systemer av fonemer er en viktig komponent i den grenen av lingvistikken som kalles <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notasjon">Notasjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Notasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Notasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fonemer er vanligvis plassert mellom <a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A5strek" title="Skråstrek">skråstreker</a> i transkripsjon, mens språklyder (<a href="/wiki/Fon" title="Fon">foner</a>) er plassert mellom <a href="/wiki/Hakeparentes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakeparentes">hakeparenteser</a>. Ordet <i>takk</i> vil altså transkriberes fonemisk <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/tak/</span> som en sekvens av tre fonemer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/a/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/k/</span>, mens det <a href="/wiki/Fonetikk" title="Fonetikk">fonetisk</a> transkriberes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tʰak:]</span>. Forskjellen ligger her i <a href="/wiki/Aspirasjon_(fonetikk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirasjon (fonetikk)">aspirasjonen</a> av "t", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span>, som ikke vil utgjøre en meningsforskjell om den ikke aspireres (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tak]</span>). </p><p>Symbolene som brukes for spesielle fonemer er som oftest hentet fra <a href="/wiki/Det_internasjonale_fonetiske_alfabetet" title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet">det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet</a> (IPA), det samme sett av symboler som er mest brukt for foner. (For å skrive på data finnes systemer som <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-SAMPA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="X-SAMPA (ikke skrevet ennå)">X-SAMPA</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirshenbaum (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kirshenbaum</a> for å representere IPA symboler i <a href="/wiki/Ren_tekst" title="Ren tekst">ren tekst</a>.) Enkelte språk kan likevel bruke ulike konvensjonelle symboler for å representere fonemer i disse språkene. For språk der skriftsystemer benytter <a href="/wiki/Ortofoni" title="Ortofoni">ortofoniprinsippet</a> kan vanlige bokstaver brukes til å betegne fonemer, men denne tilnærmingen er ofte hemmet av kompleksiteten i forholdet mellom ortografi og uttale (se <a href="#Samsvar_mellom_bokstaver_og_fonemer">Samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer</a> under). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hvilke_språklyder_er_fonemer?"><span id="Hvilke_spr.C3.A5klyder_er_fonemer.3F"></span>Hvilke språklyder er fonemer?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Hvilke språklyder er fonemer?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Hvilke språklyder er fonemer?"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et fonem er en lyd eller en gruppe av forskjellige lyder som oppfattes å ha samme funksjon i talespråket eller en dialekt. Et eksempel er det <a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">norske</a> fonemet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/K/</span>, som forekommer i ord som <i><b>k</b>att</i>, <i>s<b>k</b>ala</i>, <i><b>k</b>ull</i> og <i>s<b>k</b>rek</i>. Selv om de fleste innfødte ikke legger merke til dette, vil uttalen i størsteparten av norske dialekter av "k"-lyden som høres i disse ordene ikke være identiske: i <i><b>k</b>att</i> og <i><b>k</b>ull</i> er lyden <a href="/wiki/Aspirasjon_(fonetikk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirasjon (fonetikk)">aspirerert</a>, mens i <i>s<b>k</b>ala</i> og <i>s<b>k</b>rek</i> er den uaspirert. Ordene inneholder dermed forskjellige <i>språklyder</i>, eller <i><a href="/wiki/Fon" title="Fon">foner</a></i>, transkribert <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> for den aspirerte formen og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> for den uaspirerte. Disse ulike lydene anses likevel å tilhøre det samme fonemet fordi hvis den ene brukes i stedet for den andre ville betydningen av ordet ikke endre seg. Om man bruker den aspirerte formen <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> i <i>skrek</i> vil det kanskje høres rart ut, men ordet ville fortsatt bli gjenkjent. Noen andre lyder vil føre til en endring om de byttes inn: for eksempel vil substitusjon av lyden med <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> produsere annet ord, og lyden må derfor anses å representere et annet fonem (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span>). </p><p>Ovennevnte viser at i norsk er <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> <a href="/wiki/Allofon" title="Allofon">allofoner</a> av ett enkelt fonem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/K/</span>. I noen språk vil <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> bli oppfattet av morsmålstalere som forskjellige lyder, og om en erstattes med den andre kan betydningen av et ord endres. I disse språkene representerer de to lydene forskjellige fonemer. For eksempel, på <a href="/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk">islandsk</a> er <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> den første lyden av <i>kátur</i>, som betyr "glede", mens <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span> er den første lyden av <i>gátur</i> som betyr "gåter". Islandsk har derfor to separate fonemer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/kʰ/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/k/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimale_par">Minimale par</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Minimale par" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Minimale par"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et ordpar som <i>kátur</i> og <i>gátur</i> (ovenfor), som bare skiller seg fra hverandre ved ett fon, kalles et <a href="/wiki/Minimalt_par" title="Minimalt par">minimalt par</a> for de to alternative fonene (i dette tilfellet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[k]</span>). Eksistensen av minimale par er en vanlig test for å avgjøre om to foner representerer forskjellige fonemer eller er allofoner av samme fonem. For å ta et annet eksempel, det minimale paret <i><b>t</b>am</i> og <i><b>d</b>am</i> illustrerer at på norsk er <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d]</span> separate fonemer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/d/</span>, siden disse to ordene har ulik betydning, og norsktalende må være bevisste skillet mellom de to lydene. I andre språk, for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Koreansk" title="Koreansk">koreansk</a>, kan både <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d]</span> forekomme, men ingen slike minimale par eksisterer. Mangelen på minimale par som skiller <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[t]</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[d]</span> i koreansk gir bevis på at i dette språket er de allofoner av ett enkelt fonem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span>. (For eksempel uttales ordet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/tata/</span> som <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[tada]</span>, men når en koreaner hører dette ordet oppfattes den samme lyden både i begynnelsen og midten av ordet. En nordmann vil oppfatte ulike lyder i disse to posisjonene.) </p><p>Fraværet av minimale par for et gitt par foner vil likevel ikke alltid bety at de tilhører det samme fonemet. De kan være altfor ulike fonetisk for at det skal være tenkelig at de oppfattes som den samme lyden. For eksempel har norsk ingen minimale par for de lydene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[h]</span> (som i <i><b>h</b>att</i>) og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span> (som i <i>sa<b>ng</b></i>), men de er så ulike at de regnes som separate fonemer. Det kan også være "nær minimale par" eller andre data som viser at de som snakker språket oppfatter to lyder som vesentlig forskjellige selv om ingen eksakte minimale par eksisterer i ordforrådet. </p><p><b>Eksempler på minimale par:</b> </p> <ul><li>H<b>a</b>n skrev boken.</li> <li>H<b>u</b>n skrev boken.</li></ul> <p>Det er <i>a</i> og <i>u</i> som er lydsegmenter som endrer (her f.eks) kjønn. </p> <ul><li>/çek/ (kjekk)</li> <li>/ʃek/ (sjekk)</li></ul> <p>Her er /ç/ og /ʃ/ lydsegmenter som endrer ordets mening, altså ulike fonemer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribusjon_av_allofoner">Distribusjon av allofoner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Distribusjon av allofoner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Distribusjon av allofoner"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Når et fonem har mer enn ett allofon kan allofonet som faktisk høres ved en gitt forekomst av et fonem være avhengig av de fonetiske omgivelsene (hvilke lyder omgir allofonet). Allofoner som normalt ikke kan forekomme i de samme omgivelsene sies å være i <i>komplementær distribusjon</i>. I andre tilfeller kan valget av allofon være avhengig av den enkelte brukeren av språket eller andre uforutsigbare faktorer. Slike allofoner sies å være i <i>fri variasjon</i>. </p><p>Et eksempel på komplementær distribusjon kan hentes fra <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">trøndersk</a>. Fonemet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/L/</span> kan uttales <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[l]</span> (som i <i>los</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[lo:s]</span>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ɭ]</span> (tjukk <i>L</i> som i <i>sol</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[soɭ]</span>) eller <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[ʎ]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Palatalisering" title="Palatalisering">palatalisert</a> <i>L</i> som i <i>ball</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">[baʎ]</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samsvar_mellom_bokstaver_og_fonemer">Samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Ortofoni" title="Ortofoni">Ortofoni</a> </p> </div> <p>Fonemer anses å være grunnlaget for <a href="/wiki/Alfabetet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabetet">alfabetbaserte</a> skriftsystemer. I slike systemer skal de skriftlige symbolene (<a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">grafemene</a>) i prinsippet representere språkets fonemer skriftlig. Men fordi endringer i talespråket ofte ikke er ledsaget av endringer i den etablerte <a href="/wiki/Rettskrivning" class="mw-redirect" title="Rettskrivning">rettskrivningen</a> (samt andre årsaker, blant annet <a href="/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt">dialektforskjeller</a> og bruken av utenlandske skrivemåter for noen <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord">lånord</a>), kan korrespondansen mellom stavemåte og uttale i et gitt språk være svært skjevt. Dette er tilfelle med engelsk, for eksempel. Norsk er noe nærmere samsvar, men også her kan det være noe avstand (for eksempel i ord som <i>giro</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ʃi:ro/</span>). </p><p>Korrespondansen mellom symboler og fonemer i alfabetiske skriftsystemer er ikke nødvendigvis en en-til-en korrespondanse. Et fonem kan bli representert av en kombinasjon av to eller flere bokstaver (<a href="/wiki/Digraf" title="Digraf">digraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digraf" title="Digraf">trigraph</a>, etc.), som &lt;sj&gt; eller &lt;skj&gt; på norsk (begge representerer fonemet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span>). Enkelte bokstaver kan også representere to fonemer, som &lt;g&gt; som kan uttales <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/j/</span> (<i>gift</i>) eller <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/g/</span> (<i>gigant</i>). Det kan også eksistere rettskrivningsregler og uttaleregler (slik som for uttalen av &lt;c&gt; i <a href="/wiki/Italiensk" title="Italiensk">italiensk</a>) som ytterligere kompliserer samsvar mellom bokstaver og fonemer, men de trenger ikke påvirke evnen til å forutsi uttalen fra skrift og vice versa, forutsatt at reglene er kjente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_språk"><span id="Antall_fonemer_i_ulike_spr.C3.A5k"></span>Antall fonemer i ulike språk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Antall fonemer i ulike språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Antall fonemer i ulike språk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et gitt språk vil bruke bare en liten undergruppe av de mange mulige <a href="/wiki/Fon" title="Fon">lyder</a> at de menneskelige taleorganene kan produsere, og antallet distinkte fonemer vil generelt være mindre enn antallet identifiserbart forskjellige lyder (på grunn av <a href="/wiki/Allofon" title="Allofon">allofoni</a>). Forskjellige språk varierer betydelig i antall fonemer de har i sine systemer (selv tydelig variasjon kan tidvis føre fra de ulike tilnærminger tatt av språkforskere gjør analysen). Den totale fonemisk inventar i språk varierer fra så lite som 11 i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotokas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotokas (ikke skrevet ennå)">rotokas</a> til så mange som 112 i <a href="/wiki/%C7%83X%C3%B3%C3%B5" title="ǃXóõ">ǃXóõ</a> (inkludert fire toner). </p><p>Antallet fonemisk distinkte <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokaler</a> kan være så lite som to, som i <a href="/wiki/Ubykhisk" title="Ubykhisk">ubykhisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arrernte" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte">arrernte</a>. Den andre ytterligheten, <a href="/wiki/Bantuspr%C3%A5k" title="Bantuspråk">bantu</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngwe (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ngwe</a>, har 14 vokalkvaliteter, 12 av dem kan opptre som lang eller kort, noe som gir 26 muntlige vokaler, pluss 6 <a href="/wiki/Nasal" class="mw-disambig" title="Nasal">nasaliserte</a> vokaler, lange og korte, totalt 38 vokaler, mens <a href="/wiki/%C7%83X%C3%B3%C3%B5" title="ǃXóõ">ǃXóõ</a> oppnår 31 rene vokaler, ikke medregnet den ekstra variasjonen i vokal lengde, ved å variere artikulasjonen. Når det gjelder <a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonantfonemer</a>, har <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotokas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotokas (ikke skrevet ennå)">rotokas</a> bare seks, mens Xóõ har et sted rundt 77, og ubykhisk 81. <a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">Norsk</a> bruker et ganske stort sett med rundt 25 vokalfonemer, inkludert diftongene. Antallet konsonantfonemer varierer sterkt avhengig av dialekt, fra 17 i enkelte sørlandsdialekter til rundt 30 i enkelte nordlandsdialekter<sup id="cite_ref-HiH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HiH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noen språk, som for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a>, har ingen fonemisk <a href="/wiki/Tonespr%C3%A5k" title="Tonespråk">tone</a> eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trykk_(lingvistikk)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trykk (lingvistikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">trykk</a>, mens flere av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kam-sui&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kam-sui (ikke skrevet ennå)">kam-suispråkene</a> har ni toner, og ett av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruspr%C3%A5k&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kruspråk (ikke skrevet ennå)">kruspråkene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wob%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wobé (ikke skrevet ennå)">wobé</a>, har blitt hevdet å ha 14, men dette er omstridt. </p><p>De vanligste vokalsystemene består av de fem vokalene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/</span>. De vanligste konsonantene er <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/</span>. Relativt få språk mangler noen av disse, selv om det skjer, for eksempel mangler <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/p/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiisk" title="Hawaiisk">hawaiisk</a> mangler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Mohawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk">Mohawk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tlingit (språk)">tlingit</a> mangler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/p/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/m/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">hupa</a> mangler både <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/p/</span> og en enkel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/K/</span>, dagligspråket <a href="/wiki/Samoansk" title="Samoansk">samoansk</a> mangler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/t/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/n/</span>, mens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotokas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotokas (ikke skrevet ennå)">rotokas</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quileute_(spr%C3%A5k)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quileute (språk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Quileute</a> mangler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/m/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/n/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norske_dialekter">Norske dialekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Norske dialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Norske dialekter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">Det norske språket</a> har et mangfold av dialekter, og noen av forskjellene er også på fonemnivå. <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-disambig" title="Østnorsk">Østnorsk</a> skiller seg for eksempel fra <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandsk" title="Sørlandsk">sørlandsk</a> ved at førstnevnte har flere <a href="/wiki/Retrofleks" title="Retrofleks">retroflekse</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosiver" title="Plosiver">plosiver</a> som ikke er i bruk i de fleste dialekter med <a href="/wiki/Skarre-r" title="Skarre-r">skarre-r</a>. Ta for eksempel det følgende minimale paret: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/kaʈ/</span> og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/kat/</span> (kart og katt)</dd></dl> <p>På østnorsk vil begge ordene uttales som en sekvens av tre fonemer, men på sørlandsk vil <i>kart</i> uttales som en sekvens av fire fonemer, altså <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/kaʁt/</span>. Andre eksempler på slike retroflekse plosiver er <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ɖ/</span> som i <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/gaɖɪ:n/</span> (gardin) og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ɳ/</span> som i <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/baɳ/</span> (barn). </p><p>Det er størst forskjell på konsonantfonemene, det spenner fra 17 i noen sørlandske dialekter til rundt 30 i noen dialekter i Nord-Norge<sup id="cite_ref-HiH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HiH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a> har dessuten en lyd som ikke forekommer i andre dialekter og kun finnes i to andre europeiske språk. Det er en alveolar lateral ejektiv frikativ, <span class="IPA nounderlines" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Medium:Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative.ogg" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative.ogg"><img alt="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative.ogg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative.ogg">/ɬʼ/</a></span> <span class="metadata audiolinkinfo"><small><sup><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Multimedia" title="Hjelp:Multimedia">hjelp</a>•<a href="/wiki/Fil:Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative.ogg" title="Fil:Alveolar lateral ejective fricative.ogg">info</a></sup></small></span>, som i ordet <i>lille</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/liɬə/</span>. </p><p>På vokalfonemene ligger de fleste dialektene på ni korte og ni lange vokalfonemer, samt et lite antall diftonger. De mest utpregede forskjellene ligger her i <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftongene</a>, noen dialekter har kuttet ned på antallet. På det indre østlandet kan for eksempel ordet <i>stein</i> uttales <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ste:n/</span>. </p><p>Selv om et ord er bygd opp av de samme fonemene kan andre faktorer utgjøre en meningsforskjell. Forskjellen på <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">´forkle</span></i> og <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">for´kle</span></i>, hvor det første er et plagg som brukes på kjøkkenet og det andre noe du gjør om du ikke ønsker å bli gjenkjent, ligger i om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trykk_(lingvistikk)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trykk (lingvistikk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">trykket</a> kommer på første eller andre <a href="/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse">stavelse</a>. De fleste dialekter bruker også <a href="/wiki/Tonelag" title="Tonelag">tonelag</a> for å uttrykke forskjellen på for eksempel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">ka´stet</span> (bestemt form av <i>et kast</i>) og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">ka`stet</span> (pereteritum av <i>å kaste</i>). Et eksempel på en dialekt som mangler denne distinksjonen, er dialekten i Øst-Finnmark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonemer_og_fremmedspråklæring"><span id="Fonemer_og_fremmedspr.C3.A5kl.C3.A6ring"></span>Fonemer og fremmedspråklæring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fonemer og fremmedspråklæring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fonemer og fremmedspråklæring"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En av utfordringene når man skal lære et <a href="/wiki/Fremmedspr%C3%A5k" title="Fremmedspråk">fremmedspråk</a> er at ulike språk har ulike sett fonemer. Ikke bare må man være bevisst når man uttaler ord, det kan også være vanskelig å oppfatte forskjeller når man hører språket. Det er for eksempel en utfordring for norske elever som lærer engelsk at stemt <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">S</span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/z/</span>) og ustemt <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">S</span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/s/</span>) er to fonemer på engelsk, men ikke på norsk. Det kan dermed være vanskelig å høre forskjell på ordene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/laɪz/</span> (<i>lies</i>=løgner) og <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/laɪs/</span> (<i>lice</i>=lus). </p><p>For mange som skal lære seg norsk som fremmedspråk, kan fonemet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/y/</span> by på problemer. Språk som engelsk og <a href="/wiki/Spansk" title="Spansk">spansk</a> har ikke dette fonemet, og man risikerer å høre ord som <i>skyte</i> uttalt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19918143"><span title="IPA-uttale" class="IPA">/ʃi:te/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">Fonologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Det_internasjonale_fonetiske_alfabetet" title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet">Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HiH-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-HiH_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HiH_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Høgskolen i Hedmark: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jenshaugan.com/norsk/aarsstudium/2NO34_fonologi_01.ppt">Fonetikk og fonologi</a>, besøkt 5. april 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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