What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect?

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="author" content="Elsevier"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="07F3B1BE4722E46C4C133E84B660C733" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="woieZOfrYLFVL8DUY0QJtJMq5i7S5D4uDzYay4gHrWU" /> <meta name="tdm-reservation" content="1"> <meta name="tdm-policy" content="https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/tdmrep-policy.json"> <meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOODP,NOYDIR"> <meta name="description" content="What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect?"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_160x160.png" sizes="160x160"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato" rel="stylesheet"> <title>What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect? - ScienceDirect Support Center</title>  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Home Search" href="/ci/browserSearch/desc/https%3A%2F%2Fservice.elsevier.com%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Flist%2Fkw%2F%7BsearchTerms%7D/Home+Search/Home+Search/%2Feuf%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Ficons%2Ffavicon_browserSearchPlugin.ico"/> <link rel='canonical' href='https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/9831/~/what-are-the-technical-requirements-for-sciencedirect%3F'/> <style type='text/css'> </style> <base href='https://service.elsevier.com/euf/generated/optimized/1732621957/themes/elsevier/'/> <link href='/euf/generated/optimized/1732621957/templates/elsevier.themes.elsevier.SITE.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' media='all'/> <style type="text/css">  </style> <script>window.caughtErrors = [];window.onerror = function(msg, file, line, col, error) {window.caughtErrors.push({msg: msg,file: file,line: line,col: col,error: error,readyState: (document.readyState ? document.readyState : 'unknown'),caughtEarly: true});};</script> <script> ;(function(win, doc, style, timeout) { var STYLE_ID = 'at-body-style'; function getParent() { return doc.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; } function addStyle(parent, id, def) { if (!parent) { return; } var style = doc.createElement('style'); style.id = id; style.innerHTML = def; parent.appendChild(style); } function removeStyle(parent, id) { if (!parent) { return; } var style = doc.getElementById(id); if (!style) { return; } parent.removeChild(style); } addStyle(getParent(), STYLE_ID, style); setTimeout(function() { removeStyle(getParent(), STYLE_ID); }, timeout); }(window, document, "body {opacity: 0 !important}", 3000)); </script> <script src='//assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/dfecfa1f6904/launch-576a26794a92.min.js' async></script> <style> #aa-globalheader-search { margin-bottom: 0 } .inform_your_decisions > div { margin-bottom: 30px; } .inform_your_decisions svg { height: 30px; margin-bottom: 7px; } .small-block-grid-3 a { color: #e9711c; } .small-block-grid-3 a:hover { color: #007398; } </style> <script src="../base/javascript/stacktrace.min.js" async></script> </head> <body class="yui-skin-sam yui3-skin-sam supporthub"> <div id="rn_SkipLinks_5" class="rn_SkipLinks"> <a class="accessibility-skip" href="#siteSearch" data-skip="search">Skip to search</a> <a class="accessibility-skip" href="#mainContent" data-skip="content">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="off-canvas-wrap" data-offcanvas> <div class="inner-wrap push-row-first"> <header id="gh-cnt" class="gh-reduce-v-space"> <div id="gh-main-cnt" class="u-flex-center-ver u-position-relative gh-sides-padding"> <a href="/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/" id="gh-branding" class="u-flex-center-ver"> <img src="../base/header/tree.svg" alt="Elsevier Logo" class="gh-logo"/> <img src="../base/header/sciencedirect_wordmark.svg" alt="Product Wordmark" class="gh-wordmark">    </a> <div id="gh-nav-cnt" class="u-flex-center-ver"> <nav aria-label="links" class="gh-nav gh-nav-links gh-nav-h"> <ul class="gh-nav-list u-list-reset"> <li class="gh-nav-item gh-move-to-spine"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action anchor-external-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/" target="_blank" data-location="headerProductLink"> <span class="anchor-text"> Visit ScienceDirect </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item gh-has-dd gh-move-to-spine" data-location="globalHeaderHolder"> <div id="rn_GlobalHeader_6_GlobalHeaderLanguageDiv" class="gh-ppvr"> <div class="gh-ppvr-trigger"> <button id="rn_GlobalHeader_6_GlobalHeaderLanguageSwitch" class="button-link button-medium button-link-primary gh-nav-action" tabindex="0" data-aa-button="menu:language-switch" role="button" aria-expanded="false" type="button"> <span class="icon-gizmo-internet language-switch-globe"></span> <span class="button-link-text" data-location="currentLanguage"> <span>Language | English</span> <span class="icon-gizmo-navigate-down language-switch-arrow"></span> </span> </button> </div> <div class="gh-ppvr-cnt gh-ppvr-right"> <div class="gh-ppvr-arrow-cnt"> <div class="gh-ppvr-arrow gh-arrow-right"> <div class="u-position-relative"> <div class="gh-ppvr-arrow-fill"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="gh-ppvr-cnt-inner"> <ul class="gh-dd-nav"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_en_GB" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/en_GB/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="headerLanguageItem_en_GB"> English </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_ko_KR" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/ko_KR/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="headerLanguageItem_ko_KR"> 한국어 </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_ja_JP" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/ja_JP/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="headerLanguageItem_ja_JP"> 日本語 </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_zh_CN" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/zh_CN/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="headerLanguageItem_zh_CN"> 简体中文 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="gh-profile-container gh-move-to-spine header-account-link" data-location="accountAccessButton"> <a href="/cc/auth/signin?redirect=%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Fdetail%2Fa_id%2F9831%2Fsupporthub%2Fsciencedirect%2F" id="gh-cta-btn" data-aa-region="aa-sso-header-link" data-aa-name="Sign In | Register" class="button-link button-medium gh-nav-action"> <span class="identity-link-text">Sign in | Register</span> </a> <span class="icon-gizmo-person identity-icon"></span> </div> <div id="gh-mobile-menu" class="" data-location="spineIconContainer"> <div class="gh-hamburger u-fill-grey7 u-margin-left-m"> <button class="button-link button-medium u-flex-center-ver button-link-primary" data-location="closedSpineIcon" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="false" type="button"> <svg class="gh-hamburger-svg-el gh-hamburger-closed" role="img" aria-hidden="true" height="18" width="40"> <path d="M0 14h40v2H0zm0-7h40v2H0zm0-7h40v2H0z"></path> </svg> </button> </div> <div id="gh-overlay" class="u-overlay u-display-none" role="button" tabindex="-1"></div> <div id="gh-drawer" aria-label="Mobile menu" class="" role="navigation"> <header id="gh-drawer-header" class="u-padding-s-xs text-s"> <div class="gh-hamburger u-margin-left-s"> <button class="button-link button-medium u-flex-center-ver button-link-primary" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="true" type="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="gh-hamburger-open" width="20" height="20" viewbox="0 0 20 20"> <rect x="9.01" y="-2.95" width="1.97" height="25.91" transform="translate(9.86 -4.29) rotate(45)"></rect> <rect x="9.01" y="-2.95" width="1.97" height="25.91" transform="translate(24 9.86) rotate(135)"></rect> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="gh-dh-opt"> <div> <div class="gh-dh-actions" data-location="accountAccessLinksNew"> <a href="/cc/auth/signin?redirect=%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Fdetail%2Fa_id%2F9831%2Fsupporthub%2Fsciencedirect%2F" data-aa-region="aa-sso-spine-link" data-aa-name="Sign In | Register" class="button-link button-medium button-link-secondary" type="button"> <span class="button-link-text"> Sign in | Register </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="gh-mob-inst-cnt"> </div> <nav aria-label="links" class="gh-nav gh-nav-links gh-nav-v"> <ul class="gh-nav-list u-list-reset"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action anchor-external-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/" target="_blank" data-location="spineProductLink"> <span class="anchor-text"> Visit ScienceDirect </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" href="/app/whats_new/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="spineWhatsNew"> <span class="anchor-text"> New and updated FAQs </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item gh-has-dd"> <h2 class="u-clr-grey4 u-margin-bottom-s gh-lbl">Language</h2> <ul class="gh-dd-nav u-margin-bottom-m"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_en_GB" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/en_GB/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineLanguageItem_en_GB"> English </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_ko_KR" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/ko_KR/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineLanguageItem_ko_KR"> 한국어 </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_ja_JP" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/ja_JP/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineLanguageItem_ja_JP"> 日本語 </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-aa-region="aa-language-switch" data-aa-name="LanguageItem_zh_CN" onclick="location.href='/cc/Localisation/redirect/locale/zh_CN/pg/answers-detail/a_id/9831/supporthub/sciencedirect/';" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineLanguageItem_zh_CN"> 简体中文 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <h2 class="u-clr-grey4 u-margin-bottom-s gh-lbl">Categories</h2> <div id="rn_LeftNavigation_9" class="rn_LeftNavigation-spine"> <nav id="secondary-nav-spine" class="spinecatlist"> <ul class="not-enum side-nav-spine gh-dd-nav"> <li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10542/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_1spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Orders & Renewals</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item menu-item-active" aria-current="true"><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10543/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_2spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Access</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10544/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_3spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Onboarding</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10545/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_4spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Training</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10546/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_5spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Using the product</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10547/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_6spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Content</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <h2 class="u-clr-grey4 u-margin-bottom-s gh-lbl">Contact Us</h2> <ul class="gh-dd-nav u-margin-bottom-m"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" href="/app/contact/supporthub/sciencedirect/"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineContactOption_email"> Email </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" href="#"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineContactOption_chat"> Chat </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" href="/app/phone/supporthub/sciencedirect/"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineContactOption_phone"> Phone </span> </a> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" data-location="leftNavContact_myinfo_Spine" href="/app/myinfo/supporthub/sciencedirect/"> <span class="anchor-text"> My Info </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="gh-sub-header" class="u-flex-center-ver gh-sides-padding gh-move-to-spine"></div> </header> <div class="gh-sides-padding"> <h2> <a href="/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/" id="gh-site-title" data-location="supportHubTitle"> ScienceDirect Support Center </a> </h2> </div> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10" class="rn_UserInfoDialog rn_Hidden"> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_UserInfoContent"> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_UserInfoErrorMessage"></div> <p id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_UserInfoDescription" class="rn_UserInfoDescription">To post social content, you must have a display name. The page will refresh upon submission. Any pending input will be lost.</p> <form id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_UserInfoForm" onsubmit="return false;"> <label for="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_DisplayName" id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_DisplayName_Label" class="rn_Label">Display Name <span class="rn_Required" aria-label="Required"> *</span> </label> <input id="rn_UserInfoDialog_10_DisplayName" type="text" maxlength="80" name="CommunityUser.DisplayName" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off"/> </form> </div> </div> <div class="container-form-search standout"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns medium-9 medium-offset-3" id="siteSearch"> <div id="rn_Search_13" class="rn_Search"> <form id="rn_Search_13_SearchForm" class="search"> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="0" id="rn_Search_13_SearchProduct"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-5 large-4 columns"> <label for="rn_Search_13_SearchCategory" id="rn_Search_13_SearchCategory_label" class="sr-only"> Category </label> <select name="c" title="Category" id="rn_Search_13_SearchCategory" aria-label="search scope"> <option value="0"> All Topics </option> <option value="10542" > Orders & Renewals </option> <option value="10543" > Access </option> <option value="10544" > Onboarding </option> <option value="10545" > Training </option> <option value="10546" > Using the product </option> <option value="10547" > Content </option> </select> </div> <div class="medium-7 large-8 columns"> <input type="search" name="kw" placeholder="Search" data-location="searchBar" id="rn_Search_13_SearchField" value="" aria-label="Search"> <button class="search-button" data-location="searchButton" id="rn_Search_13_Submit" type="submit" aria-label="Submit Search"> <span class="icon-gizmo-search"></span> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <main role="main" class="maincontent" id="mainContent"> <div class="row "> <div class="leftRnCol columns medium-3"> <div id="rn_LeftNavigation_16" class="rn_LeftNavigation"> <nav id="secondary-nav" > <ul class="not-enum side-nav"> <li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10542/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_1" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Orders & Renewals</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item menu-item-active" aria-current="true"><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10543/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_2" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Access</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10544/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_3" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Onboarding</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10545/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_4" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Training</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10546/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_5" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Using the product</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10547/supporthub/sciencedirect/" data-location="categoryList_6" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Content</a></li> <hr/> <li data-location="whatsNewPage"> <a href="/app/whats_new/supporthub/sciencedirect/" class="anchor gh-nav-action"> New and updated FAQs </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="columns medium-9 hide-for-large-up end"> <h1 data-location="title">What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect?</h1> <small data-location="updatedTime"> Last updated on November 05, 2024 </small> </div> <div class="columns medium-9 border"> <div class="show-for-large-up"> <h1 data-location="title"> What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect? </h1> <small data-location="updatedTime"> Last updated on November 05, 2024 </small> </div> <div id="answer_solution" data-location="solution"> <p>Requirements for the best performance include using the latest version of one of the recommended browsers, and enabling JavaScript.</p> <p>If you need any further help with accessing ScienceDirect, contact us so we can solve your issue as quickly as possible.</p>   <h2>Browsers</h2> <p>For optimal performance we recommend using the latest version of your preferred browser. Follow the links to find out which version of your browser you are currently using and how to update it (if needed).</p> <p>Recommended browsers:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95414?hl=en-GB" rel="external" target="_blank">Google Chrome</a>  (last 3 versions)</li> <li><a href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/update-firefox-latest-version" rel="external" target="_blank">Mozilla Firefox</a> (last 3 versions)</li> <li><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/edge" rel="external" target="_blank">Edge</a> (last 2 versions)</li> <li><a href="https://www.apple.com/safari/" rel="external" target="_blank">Safari</a> (last 2 versions)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Please note: </strong>Since 1st October 2021 Internet Explorer is no longer supported.</p>   <h2>Required browser settings</h2> <p>The following settings are required to make use of all features in ScienceDirect:</p> <ul> <li>JavaScript must be enabled</li> <li>Cookies must be enabled</li> <li><a href="https://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/" rel="external" target="_blank">Adobe Acrobat Reader</a> is up to date.</li> </ul>   <h2>Common questions</h2> <div>  <dl class="accordion"> <dd><a href="#blocked">Why is my access to content blocked?</a> <div class="content" id="blocked"> <p>Your access to ScienceDirect content was blocked by our firewall, because our system has detected activities matching the patterns associated with automated activity. Some examples of those patterns are:</p> <ul> <li>Doing the same thing over and over again very quickly</li> <li>Accessing a website in a way that is different from how most people do</li> <li>Sending or requesting a large amount of data</li> </ul> <p>The use of automation is strictly prohibited according to <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions" rel="external" target="_blank">our website's Terms and conditions</a>. If you are not using any automation tools or software, we recommend the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>Check your browser settings to ensure that it is not blocking any necessary cookies required for our website's functionality. You can find a list of cookies used on our ScienceDirect web pages by accessing the "Cookie Settings" option located at the bottom of the pages.</li> <li>Disable any browser extensions and try your request again. Sometimes browser extensions can unintentionally modify requests, which may trigger our bot/automation prevention mechanisms.</li> <li>If you’ve accessed ScienceDirect through an organization (e.g., university, company), please contact your librarian or admin and let them know what happened.</li> </ol> <p>We apologize for any inconvenience caused and hope you can resume your work shortly. If you have any further questions or need assistance, please feel free to reach out to our customer support team using the options at the bottom of this page.</p> </div> </dd> <dd><a href="#cookies">Why do I have to allow cookies?</a> <div class="content" id="cookies"> <p>Certain content and features in our services depend on cookies to function. For example, authentication cookies are used to identify and recognize registered users and to enable them to gain access to requested content or features. If you choose to block cookies, you cannot sign in or use certain content or features. If you choose to delete cookies, any settings and preferences dependent on those cookies will be lost.</p> <p>Also view our <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/cookienotice" rel="external" target="_blank">Cookies on ScienceDirect policy page</a> for more information.</p> </div> </dd> <dd><a href="#javascript">How do I know if JavaScript is enabled?</a> <div class="content" id="Javascript">JavaScript must be enabled to successfully download articles and chapters on ScienceDirect. <a href="https://activatejavascript.org/en/instructions" rel="external" target="_blank">View the Activate JavaScript website</a> to check if JavaScript is enabled.</div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div> </div> </div> <div class="answer-feedback"> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22" class="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback rn_AnswerFeedback"> <div class="rn_Title"><h3>Was this answer helpful?</h3></div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_AnswerFeedbackControl" class="rn_AnswerFeedbackControl" data-location="feedbackControlButtons"> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_RatingButtons" class="rn_RatingButtons"> <button id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_PositiveFeedbackButton" class="AnswerRatingGood" data-aa-name="answer-helpful-yes" data-location="answerHelpful" data-show-submit="true" data-show-popup="positive" data-clicked-before="false" data-show-form="positive" data-aria-label="How was this helpful"> Yes </button> <button id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeFeedbackButton" class="AnswerRatingBad" data-aa-name="answer-helpful-no" data-location="answerNotHelpful" data-show-submit="false" data-clicked-before="false" data-show-popup="negative-options" data-aria-label="Why was this not helpful?"> No </button> </div> </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_ThanksMessage" class="rn_Hidden" data-location="thanksLabel"> <p>Thank you for your feedback, it will help us serve you better. <br> If you require assistance, please scroll down and use one of the contact options to get in touch.</p> </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_FeedbackPopup" class="answer-feedback-popup rn_Hidden" aria-label="Why was this not helpful?" role="dialog"> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_Form" class="answer-feedback-inner"> <form> <fieldset id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeFeedbackOptions" class="rn_RatingButtons rn_Hidden" data-form="negative-options"> <legend class="sr-only">Thanks for letting us know</legend> <strong>Thanks for letting us know</strong> <p>Help us to help you:</p> <button id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeOption1" type="button" class="feedbackButton" data-location="feedbackNegativeOption1" data-aa-region="aa-answer-feedback" data-aa-name="Further Assistance" onclick="window.location.href='/app/contact/supporthub/sciencedirect/'"> I need further assistance. </button> <button id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeOption3" type="button" class="feedbackButton" data-show-form="answer" data-show-submit="true" data-location="feedbackNegativeOption3"> The answer can be improved. </button> </fieldset> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_AnswerFeedbackFormHolder" class="rn_AnswerFeedbackFormHolder"> <fieldset id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_PositiveRatingForm" class="rn_Hidden" data-form="positive"> <legend class="sr-only">Thank you for your feedback!</legend> <p>Thank you for your feedback!</p> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_PositiveTextarea"> Feel free to leave any comments below: </label> <textarea id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_PositiveTextarea" class="rn_Textarea rn_FeedbackTextarea" rows="4" data-location="positiveTextArea" cols="60"></textarea> <span id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_PositiveTextareaError" class="webflow-error-span rn_Hidden"> Please enter your feedback to submit this form </span> </fieldset> <fieldset id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeAnswerFeedbackForm" class="rn_Hidden" data-form="answer"> <legend class="sr-only">Why was this answer not helpful?</legend> <ul> <li> <strong>Why was this answer not helpful?</strong> </li> <li class="feedbackValue"> <input id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_Hard" type="radio" name="feedbackoption" data-location="feedbackRadio_1" value="It was hard to understand / follow."> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_Hard"> It was hard to understand / follow. </label> </li> <li class="feedbackValue"> <input id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_DidntAnswer" type="radio" name="feedbackoption" data-location="feedbackRadio_2" value="It did not answer my question."> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_DidntAnswer"> It did not answer my question. </label> </li> <li class="feedbackValue"> <input id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_Tried" type="radio" name="feedbackoption" data-location="feedbackRadio_3" value="The solution did not work."> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_Tried"> The solution did not work. </label> </li> <li class="feedbackValue"> <input id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_AnswerError" type="radio" name="feedbackoption" data-location="feedbackRadio_4" value="There was a mistake in the answer."> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_AnswerError"> There was a mistake in the answer. </label> </li> <span id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_ReasonError" class="webflow-error-span rn_Hidden"> Please select one of the above reasons </span> <li> <label for="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeTextarea"> Feel free to leave any comments below: </label> <textarea id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_NegativeTextarea" class="rn_Textarea rn_FeedbackTextarea" rows="4" data-location="negativeTextArea" cols="60"></textarea> <span id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_AnswerTextareaError" class="webflow-error-span rn_Hidden"> Please enter your feedback to submit this form </span> </li> </ul> </fieldset> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_SendingFeedback" class="rn_Hidden"> <div class="webflow-wait-while-submit_image"></div> <div class="webflow-wait-while-submit_message">Please, wait...</div> </div> </div> <fieldset> <legend class="sr-only">Buttons</legend> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_ButtonContainer" class="answer-feedback-submit" > <button id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_FeedbackButton" class="rn_Hidden" type="button" data-button="sendFeedbackButton" data-form-type="none" data-location="sendFeedback" tabindex="0"> Send feedback </button> </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_CancelButtonContainer" class="answer-feedback-cancel"> <a id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_CancelFeedbackButton" class="cta-tertiary" data-location="cancelFeedback" tabindex="0"> Cancel </a> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_CancelConfirmation" class="answer-feedback-inner rn_Hidden"> <div> <div> Are you sure you do not want to provide feedback? </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_ConfirmCancelButtonContainer" class="answer-feedback-cancel"> <a id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_ConfirmCancelFeedbackButton" class="cta-tertiary" data-location="confirmCancelFeedback" tabindex="0"> Yes </a> </div> <div id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_BackButtonContainer" > <a id="rn_ExternalAnswerFeedback_22_BackToFeedbackButton" class="cta-tertiary" data-location="backToFeedback" tabindex="0"> Back to feedback </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="row"> <div class="columns medium-6"> <div id="rn_RelatedAnswers_23" class="rn_RelatedAnswers rn_RelatedAnswers"> <h3>Related Articles:</h3> <ul> <li> <a href=" /app/answers/detail/a_id/28037/supporthub/sciencedirect/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE=/" data-location="relatedAnswer_1" target="_self"> How does id.elsevier.com use cookies? </a> </li> <li> <a href=" /app/answers/detail/a_id/25974/supporthub/sciencedirect/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE=/" data-location="relatedAnswer_2" target="_self"> How do I use the advanced search? </a> </li> <li> <a href=" /app/answers/detail/a_id/10263/supporthub/sciencedirect/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE=/" data-location="relatedAnswer_3" target="_self"> Where can I find tutorials for ScienceDirect? </a> </li> <li> <a href=" /app/answers/detail/a_id/5117/supporthub/sciencedirect/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE=/" data-location="relatedAnswer_4" target="_self"> How do I clear my cache and all cookies? </a> </li> <li> <a href=" /app/answers/detail/a_id/25793/supporthub/sciencedirect/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE=/" data-location="relatedAnswer_5" target="_self"> What is a topic page? </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="columns medium-6"> </div> </section> </div> </div> <section class="standout clear contact-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns medium-9 medium-offset-3"> <div id="rn_MainContactTypes_25" class="rn_MainContactTypes rn_MainContactContainer"> <div class="rn_MainContactRow" data-location="mainContactOptionRow" id="rn_MainContactTypes_25_MainContactRow"> <p>For further assistance:</p> <div class="row" data-equalizer="contactPanel"> <div class="email"> <div class="rn_MainContactTileContainer columns medium-3 small-6 large-2 end"> <a href="/app/contact/supporthub/sciencedirect/" class="panel" title="We aim to respond within 24 hours" data-location="mainContactOption_email" aria-haspopup="true" data-aa-region="aa-contact-options" data-aa-name="email" data-equalizer-watch="contactPanel" onclick="" > <span class="icon-gizmo-email"></span><br /> Email </a> </div> </div> <div class="chat"> <div class="rn_MainContactTileContainer columns medium-3 small-6 large-2 end"> <a href="#" class="panel" title="Chat with us" data-location="mainContactOption_chat" aria-haspopup="true" data-aa-region="aa-contact-options" data-aa-name="chat" data-equalizer-watch="contactPanel" onclick="toggleWebChatStartVariable()" > <span class="icon-gizmo-chat"></span><br /> Chat </a> </div> </div> <div class="phone"> <div class="rn_MainContactTileContainer columns medium-3 small-6 large-2 end"> <a href="/app/phone/supporthub/sciencedirect/" class="panel" title="Call our support by phone" data-location="mainContactOption_phone" aria-haspopup="true" data-aa-region="aa-contact-options" data-aa-name="phone" data-equalizer-watch="contactPanel" onclick="" > <span class="icon-gizmo-phone"></span><br /> Phone </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <span class="sr-only" id="link_external_desc">Opens new window</span> <span class="sr-only" id="link_download_desc">Download file</span> <span class="sr-only" id="link_lightbox_desc">Opens an image</span> </main> <footer class="footer-main"> <div class="row expand"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <a class="els-footer-elsevier" href="http://www.elsevier.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <span class="ccs-icon svg-wordmark-non-solus" aria-label="Elsevier"> <span class="svg-text">Elsevier</span> </span> </a> <div class="footer-content"> <p class="footer-links"> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions" data-location="termsAndConditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy" data-location="privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> <button class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Settings</button> </p> <p> Copyright ©2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. </p> </div> <a class="els-footer-relx" href="http://www.relx.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <span class="ccs-icon svg-wordmark-relx-group" aria-label="RELX Group" data-location="relx"> <span class="svg-text">RELX Group</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div>  <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/jquery2.1.4.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/jqueryui.1.11.4.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/modernizr2.8.3.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/foundation5.5.3.min.js"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { Foundation.global.namespace = ''; $(document).foundation(); }); var rejectedCookies = false; // Wait till window is loaded before trying as otherwise gets messed up by Adobe async loading window.addEventListener("load", () => { window.OptanonWrapper = function () { // Auto reject cookies if ?no-cookies=1 is set. const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); if (urlParams.get('no-cookies') === '1' && !rejectedCookies) { rejectedCookies = true; OneTrust.RejectAll(); } // Call Digital Assistant wrapper if it exists if (window.OptanonWrapperDA) { window.OptanonWrapperDA(); } // Call Engagement Engine wrapper if it exists if (window.OptanonWrapperEE) { window.OptanonWrapperEE(); } } }); </script> <script src="../base/javascript/tkcfunctions.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/webflow.js"></script> <script src="/cc/localisation/messages"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/globalbranding.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/validate.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/knowledge.js"></script> <div id="rn_EngagementEngine_26" class="rn_EngagementEngine"> <script type='text/javascript'> var prodEe = '10959'; var firstNameEe = ''; var lastNameEe = ''; var emailEe = ''; var ipAddressEe = '8.222.208.146'; var startWebChat = false; var preLaunchFormFields = '[{"name":"subject","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear"},{"name":"firstName","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear"},{"name":"lastName","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear"},{"name":"email","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear"},{"name":"country_name","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear","customFieldType":"text","options":[{"value":"250","text":"Afghanistan"},{"value":"251","text":"Aland Islands"},{"value":"252","text":"Albania"},{"value":"253","text":"Algeria"},{"value":"254","text":"American Samoa"},{"value":"255","text":"Andorra"},{"value":"256","text":"Angola"},{"value":"257","text":"Anguilla"},{"value":"258","text":"Antarctica"},{"value":"259","text":"Antigua and Barbuda"},{"value":"260","text":"Argentina"},{"value":"261","text":"Armenia"},{"value":"262","text":"Aruba"},{"value":"263","text":"Australia"},{"value":"264","text":"Austria"},{"value":"265","text":"Azerbaijan"},{"value":"266","text":"Bahamas"},{"value":"267","text":"Bahrain"},{"value":"268","text":"Bangladesh"},{"value":"269","text":"Barbados"},{"value":"270","text":"Belarus"},{"value":"271","text":"Belgium"},{"value":"272","text":"Belize"},{"value":"273","text":"Benin"},{"value":"274","text":"Bermuda"},{"value":"275","text":"Bhutan"},{"value":"276","text":"Bolivia"},{"value":"281","text":"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"},{"value":"277","text":"Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"value":"278","text":"Botswana"},{"value":"279","text":"Bouvet Island"},{"value":"280","text":"Brazil"},{"value":"282","text":"British Indian Ocean Territory"},{"value":"283","text":"Brunei Darussalam"},{"value":"284","text":"Bulgaria"},{"value":"285","text":"Burkina Faso"},{"value":"286","text":"Burundi"},{"value":"287","text":"Cambodia"},{"value":"288","text":"Cameroon"},{"value":"289","text":"Canada"},{"value":"290","text":"Cape Verde"},{"value":"291","text":"Cayman Islands"},{"value":"292","text":"Central African Republic"},{"value":"293","text":"Chad"},{"value":"294","text":"Chile"},{"value":"295","text":"China"},{"value":"296","text":"Christmas Island"},{"value":"297","text":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"},{"value":"298","text":"Colombia"},{"value":"299","text":"Comoros"},{"value":"300","text":"Congo Dem. Rep of the"},{"value":"301","text":"Congo, Republic of"},{"value":"302","text":"Cook Islands"},{"value":"303","text":"Costa Rica"},{"value":"304","text":"Cote d Ivoire"},{"value":"305","text":"Croatia"},{"value":"306","text":"Cuba"},{"value":"307","text":"Curacao"},{"value":"308","text":"Cyprus"},{"value":"309","text":"Czech Republic"},{"value":"310","text":"Denmark"},{"value":"311","text":"Djibouti"},{"value":"312","text":"Dominica"},{"value":"313","text":"Dominican Republic"},{"value":"314","text":"Ecuador"},{"value":"315","text":"Egypt"},{"value":"316","text":"El Salvador"},{"value":"317","text":"Equatorial Guinea"},{"value":"318","text":"Eritrea"},{"value":"319","text":"Estonia"},{"value":"320","text":"Eswatini"},{"value":"321","text":"Ethiopia"},{"value":"322","text":"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"},{"value":"323","text":"Faroe Islands"},{"value":"324","text":"Fiji"},{"value":"325","text":"Finland"},{"value":"326","text":"France"},{"value":"327","text":"French Guiana"},{"value":"328","text":"French Polynesia"},{"value":"329","text":"French Southern Territories"},{"value":"330","text":"Gabon"},{"value":"331","text":"Gambia"},{"value":"332","text":"Georgia"},{"value":"333","text":"Germany"},{"value":"334","text":"Ghana"},{"value":"335","text":"Gibraltar"},{"value":"336","text":"Greece"},{"value":"337","text":"Greenland"},{"value":"338","text":"Grenada"},{"value":"339","text":"Guadeloupe"},{"value":"340","text":"Guam"},{"value":"341","text":"Guatemala"},{"value":"342","text":"Guernsey"},{"value":"343","text":"Guinea"},{"value":"344","text":"Guinea-Bissau"},{"value":"345","text":"Guyana"},{"value":"346","text":"Haiti"},{"value":"347","text":"Heard and Mc Donald Islands"},{"value":"348","text":"Holy See (Vatican)"},{"value":"349","text":"Honduras"},{"value":"350","text":"Hong Kong"},{"value":"351","text":"Hungary"},{"value":"352","text":"Iceland"},{"value":"353","text":"India"},{"value":"354","text":"Indonesia"},{"value":"355","text":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)"},{"value":"356","text":"Iraq"},{"value":"357","text":"Ireland"},{"value":"358","text":"Isle of Man"},{"value":"359","text":"Israel"},{"value":"360","text":"Italy"},{"value":"361","text":"Jamaica"},{"value":"362","text":"Japan"},{"value":"363","text":"Jersey"},{"value":"364","text":"Jordan"},{"value":"365","text":"Kazakhstan"},{"value":"366","text":"Kenya"},{"value":"367","text":"Kiribati"},{"value":"368","text":"Korea, DPR"},{"value":"369","text":"Korea, Republic of"},{"value":"370","text":"Kuwait"},{"value":"371","text":"Kyrgyzstan"},{"value":"372","text":"Lao, PDR"},{"value":"373","text":"Latvia"},{"value":"374","text":"Lebanon"},{"value":"375","text":"Lesotho"},{"value":"376","text":"Liberia"},{"value":"377","text":"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"},{"value":"378","text":"Liechtenstein"},{"value":"379","text":"Lithuania"},{"value":"380","text":"Luxembourg"},{"value":"381","text":"Macau"},{"value":"382","text":"Madagascar"},{"value":"383","text":"Malawi"},{"value":"384","text":"Malaysia"},{"value":"385","text":"Maldives"},{"value":"386","text":"Mali"},{"value":"387","text":"Malta"},{"value":"388","text":"Marshall Islands"},{"value":"389","text":"Martinique"},{"value":"390","text":"Mauritania"},{"value":"391","text":"Mauritius"},{"value":"392","text":"Mayotte"},{"value":"393","text":"Mexico"},{"value":"394","text":"Micronesia, Fed.States of"},{"value":"395","text":"Moldova, Republic of"},{"value":"396","text":"Monaco"},{"value":"397","text":"Mongolia"},{"value":"398","text":"Montenegro"},{"value":"399","text":"Montserrat"},{"value":"400","text":"Morocco"},{"value":"401","text":"Mozambique"},{"value":"402","text":"Myanmar"},{"value":"403","text":"Namibia"},{"value":"404","text":"Nauru"},{"value":"405","text":"Nepal"},{"value":"406","text":"Netherlands"},{"value":"407","text":"New Caledonia"},{"value":"408","text":"New Zealand"},{"value":"409","text":"Nicaragua"},{"value":"410","text":"Niger"},{"value":"411","text":"Nigeria"},{"value":"412","text":"Niue"},{"value":"413","text":"Norfolk Island"},{"value":"414","text":"North Macedonia"},{"value":"415","text":"Northern Mariana Islands"},{"value":"416","text":"Norway"},{"value":"417","text":"Oman"},{"value":"418","text":"Pakistan"},{"value":"419","text":"Palau"},{"value":"420","text":"Palestine"},{"value":"421","text":"Panama"},{"value":"422","text":"Papua New Guinea"},{"value":"423","text":"Paraguay"},{"value":"424","text":"Peru"},{"value":"425","text":"Philippines"},{"value":"426","text":"Pitcairn Island"},{"value":"427","text":"Poland"},{"value":"428","text":"Portugal"},{"value":"429","text":"Puerto Rico"},{"value":"430","text":"Qatar"},{"value":"431","text":"Reunion"},{"value":"432","text":"Romania"},{"value":"433","text":"Russian Federation"},{"value":"434","text":"Rwanda"},{"value":"435","text":"Saint Barthelemy"},{"value":"436","text":"Saint Helena"},{"value":"437","text":"Saint Kitts and Nevis"},{"value":"438","text":"Saint Lucia"},{"value":"439","text":"Saint Martin"},{"value":"440","text":"Saint Martin (Dutch)"},{"value":"441","text":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"},{"value":"442","text":"Samoa"},{"value":"443","text":"San Marino"},{"value":"444","text":"Sao Tome and Principe"},{"value":"445","text":"Saudi Arabia"},{"value":"446","text":"Senegal"},{"value":"447","text":"Serbia"},{"value":"448","text":"Seychelles"},{"value":"449","text":"Sierra Leone"},{"value":"450","text":"Singapore"},{"value":"451","text":"Slovakia"},{"value":"452","text":"Slovenia"},{"value":"453","text":"Solomon Islands"},{"value":"454","text":"Somalia"},{"value":"455","text":"South Africa"},{"value":"456","text":"South Georgia\/South Sandwich Islands"},{"value":"457","text":"South Sudan"},{"value":"458","text":"Spain"},{"value":"459","text":"Sri Lanka"},{"value":"460","text":"St Vincent and the Grenadines"},{"value":"461","text":"Sudan"},{"value":"462","text":"Suriname"},{"value":"463","text":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"},{"value":"464","text":"Sweden"},{"value":"465","text":"Switzerland"},{"value":"466","text":"Syrian Arab Republic (the)"},{"value":"467","text":"Taiwan"},{"value":"468","text":"Tajikistan"},{"value":"469","text":"Tanzania, the United Republic of"},{"value":"470","text":"Thailand"},{"value":"471","text":"Timor-Leste (East Timor)"},{"value":"472","text":"Togo"},{"value":"473","text":"Tokelau"},{"value":"474","text":"Tonga"},{"value":"475","text":"Trinidad and Tobago"},{"value":"476","text":"Tunisia"},{"value":"477","text":"Turkey"},{"value":"478","text":"Turkmenistan"},{"value":"479","text":"Turks and Caicos Islands"},{"value":"480","text":"Tuvalu"},{"value":"481","text":"Uganda"},{"value":"482","text":"Ukraine"},{"value":"483","text":"United Arab Emirates"},{"value":"484","text":"United Kingdom"},{"value":"485","text":"United States"},{"value":"486","text":"Uruguay"},{"value":"487","text":"US Minor Outlying Islands"},{"value":"488","text":"Uzbekistan"},{"value":"489","text":"Vanuatu"},{"value":"490","text":"Venezuela"},{"value":"491","text":"Viet Nam"},{"value":"492","text":"Virgin Islands (British)"},{"value":"493","text":"Virgin Islands (U.S.)"},{"value":"494","text":"Wallis and Futuna Islands"},{"value":"495","text":"Western Sahara"},{"value":"496","text":"Yemen"},{"value":"497","text":"Zambia"},{"value":"498","text":"Zimbabwe"}]},{"name":"productId","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear","options":[{"value":"12339","text":"Administrator\/Librarian"},{"value":"12334","text":"Researcher"}]},{"name":"categoryId","required":true,"relaunchValue":"clear","options":[{"value":"10542","text":"Orders & Renewals"},{"value":"10543","text":"Access"},{"value":"10544","text":"Onboarding"},{"value":"10545","text":"Training"},{"value":"10546","text":"Using the product"},{"value":"10547","text":"Content"},{"value":"17804","text":"Refund Request"}]}]' function toggleWebChatStartVariable() { if (window.appData && startWebChat === false) { window.appData.push({ event: 'buttonClick', buttonType: 'anchor:webchat' }); } startWebChat = !startWebChat; } window.EESvcs = { 'eeid': 200106308477 }; </script> <script type='text/javascript' src="//ee.channels.ocs.oraclecloud.com/js/eesvcs.js"> </script> </div>  <script> pageData = {"event":"pageLoad","page":{"businessUnit":"ELS:OPS:GCS","cmsName":"","productName":"RN","environment":"prod","language":"en","loadTimestamp":1732669246.8724,"name":"sciencedirect:answer","type":"CP-CR","noTracking":"false","productAppVersion":"oracle","secondaryProductName":"sd"},"visitor":{"ipAddress":"8.222.208.146","accessType":"rn:anon_guest"},"content":[{"format":"MIME-XHTML","id":"rn:support-answer:a_id:9831","title":"What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect?","type":"rn:support-answer:scope-full","subjectAreas":"Access"}]}; if (typeof performance !== "undefined" && typeof performance.now !== "undefined") { pageData.page.loadTime = Math.round(performance.now()).toString(); } else { pageData.page.loadTime = ''; } try { window.appData = window.appData || []; window.appData.push(pageData); } catch(e) { console.warn("There was an error loading or running Adobe DTM:\r\n ", e); } </script>  <script>var YUI_config={"fetchCSS":false,"modules":{"RightNowTreeView":"/euf/core/3.9/js/4.299/min/modules/ui/treeview.js","RightNowTreeViewDialog":"/euf/core/3.9/js/4.299/min/modules/ui/treeviewdialog.js","RightNowTreeViewDropdown":"/euf/core/3.9/js/4.299/min/modules/ui/treeviewdropdown.js"},"lang":["en-GB","en-US"],"injected":true,"comboBase":"//elsevier5.widget.custhelp.com/ci/cache/yuiCombo/","groups":{"gallery-treeview":{"base":"/rnt/rnw/yui_3.18/gallery-treeview/","modules":{"gallery-treeview":{"path":"gallery-treeview-min.js"}}}}};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/core/3.9/js/4.299/min/RightNow.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/generated/optimized/1732621957/templates/elsevier.7e797713dedcc5da715adc1ca8a1fac7.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/generated/optimized/1732621957/pages/answers/detail.fec482218439a095f2842011944b2168.js"></script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */ RightNow.Env=(function(){var _props={module:'standard',coreAssets:'/euf/core/3.9/',yuiCore:'/rnt/rnw/yui_3.18/',profileData:{"isLoggedIn":false,"previouslySeenEmail":null}};return function(prop){return _props[prop];};})();RightNow.Interface.setMessagebase(function(){return {"ATTRIBUTES_LC_LBL":"attributes","ATTRIBUTE_HAVENT_SPECIFIED_VALID_IT_LBL":"Value for '%s' attribute is a number and you haven't specified a valid value for it.","BACK_LBL":"Back","BEG_DIALOG_PLS_DISMISS_DIALOG_BEF_MSG":"Beginning of dialogue. Please dismiss dialogue before continuing","CHANGED_LBL":"Changed","CLOSE_CMD":"Close","COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_L_INV_E_PERMISSIONS_MSG":"Widget changes could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the file permissions.","DIALOG_LBL":"dialogue","DIALOG_PLEASE_READ_TEXT_DIALOG_MSG_MSG":"Dialogue. Please read text above for dialogue message","END_DIALOG_PLS_DISMISS_DIALOG_BEF_MSG":"End of dialogue. Please dismiss dialogue before continuing","ERROR_LBL":"Error","ERRORS_LBL":"Errors","ERROR_PCT_S_LBL":"Error: %s","ERROR_REQUEST_ACTION_COMPLETED_MSG":"There was an error with the request and the action could not be completed.","ERR_SUBMITTING_FORM_DUE_INV_INPUT_LBL":"There was an error submitting the form, due to invalid input","ERR_SUBMITTING_SEARCH_MSG":"There was a problem with your request. Please change your search terms and try again.","HELP_LBL":"Help","INFORMATION_LBL":"Information","INFORMATION_S_LBL":"Information: %s","OK_LBL":"OK","PCT_S_ATTRIB_REQD_HAVENT_VALUE_MSG":"The '%s' attribute is required and you haven't specified a value for it.","PG_COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_L_INV_E_PERMISSIONS_MSG":"Widget changes of page could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the page file permissions.","REVEALED_DISP_TB_DD_OP_ADDTL_T_EXPOSED_MSG":"Note: The widget, when revealed, can be inspected, but you may need to perform additional actions for it to be exposed.","SOME_INST_ID_BUT_SEE_ITS_SATTRIBUTESS_MSG":"Some or all instances of this widget are hidden, but you can see its %sattributes%s.","SUCCESS_S_LBL":"Success: %s","TEMPL_COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_INV_TEMPL_PRMSSNS_MSG":"Widget changes of template could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the template file permissions.","THIS_WIDGET_HAS_NO_ATTRIBUTES_MSG":"This widget has no attributes.","THIS_WIDGET_HAS_NO_VIEW_LBL":"This widget has no view","VAL_PCT_S_ATTRIB_MINIMUM_VAL_ACCD_MSG":"Value for '%s' attribute is too small. The minimum value accepted is %s, but the value received was %s.","VAL_PCT_S_ATTRIB_MAX_VAL_ACCD_PCT_S_MSG":"Value for '%s' attribute is too large. The maximum value accepted is %s, but the value received was %s.","VIEW_ATTRIBUTES_LBL":"View Attributes","WARNING_LBL":"Warning","WARNING_S_LBL":"Warning: %s","WIDGET_CHANGES_ERRORS_WILL_IGNORED_MSG":"Widget changes with errors will be ignored.","VALUE_MUST_BE_AN_INTEGER_MSG":"value must be an integer","VALUE_IS_TOO_LARGE_MAX_VALUE_MSG":"value is too large (max value: ","VALUE_IS_TOO_SMALL_MIN_VALUE_MSG":"value is too small (min value: ","CONTAIN_1_CHARACTER_MSG":"must contain at least 1 more character","PCT_D_CHARACTERS_MSG":"must be at least %d characters long","EXCEEDS_SZ_LIMIT_PCT_D_CHARS_1_LBL":"exceeds its size limit of %d characters by 1 character","S_SZ_CHARS_CHARS_CHARS_XP_SBM_SZ_XCDD_MSG":"exceeds its size limit of %d characters by %d characters. Note that some characters (such as '&' and '<') are expanded upon submission which may cause the size limit to be exceeded.","PCT_S_IS_AN_INVALID_POSTAL_CODE_MSG":"%s is an invalid postal code","PCT_S_IS_AN_INVALID_PHONE_NUMBER_MSG":"%s is an invalid phone number","PCT_S_CONT_SPACES_DOUBLE_QUOTES_LBL":"%s cannot contain spaces, double quotes or <>","PCT_S_DIDNT_MATCH_EXPECTED_INPUT_LBL":"%s didn't match expected input","CONTAIN_SPACES_PLEASE_TRY_MSG":"must not contain quotes. Please try again.","PCT_S_IS_INVALID_MSG":"%s is invalid","IS_NOT_A_VALID_URL_MSG":"is not a valid URL","FORMSUBMIT_PLACED_FORM_UNIQUE_ID_MSG":"FormSubmit must be placed within a form with a unique ID.","PLS_VERIFY_REQ_ENTERING_TEXT_IMG_MSG":"Please verify your request by entering the text in the image.","REQUIRED_LBL":"Required","FIELD_REQUIRED_MARK_LBL":"*","RESPONSE_PLACEHOLDER_LBL":"<Response Placeholder>","NO_ANSWERS_FOUND_MSG":"No Answers found.","AGT_TEXT_LBL":"Agent text:","ADD_TO_CHAT_CMD":"Add to Chat","NEW_CONTENT_ADDED_BELOW_MSG":"New content added below.","TOP_CONTENT_CONTENT_ADDED_MSG":"Top of new content. New content has been added below.","ANSWERFEEDBACK_DIALOG_MISSING_REQD_MSG":"AnswerFeedback dialog is missing required element %s.","PCT_S_IS_REQUIRED_MSG":"%s is required","PCT_S_MUST_NOT_CONTAIN_SPACES_MSG":"%s must not contain spaces.","USERNAME_LBL":"Username","PCT_S_CONTAIN_DOUBLE_QUOTES_MSG":"%s must not contain double quotes.","PCT_S_CNT_THAN_MSG":"%s must not contain either '<' or '>'","DISPLAY_NAME_LBL":"Display Name","THUMBNAIL_FOR_ATTACHED_IMAGE_MSG":"Thumbnail for attached image.","LOGIN_LBL":"Login","CANCEL_LBL":"Cancel","OOPS_LBL":"Oops!","THERE_PROB_REQ_ACTION_COULD_COMPLETED_MSG":"There was a problem with the request and the action could not be completed.","COOKIES_ENABLED_BROWSER_ORDER_LOG_MSG":"You must have cookies enabled in your browser in order to log in. Please enable cookies and try again.","ERROR_PAGE_PLEASE_S_TRY_MSG":"There is an error on the page. Please correct the problem(s) and try again.","PCT_S_IS_NOT_COMPLETELY_FILLED_IN_MSG":"%s is not completely filled in","PCT_S_IS_NOT_A_VALID_DATE_MSG":"%s is not a valid date","VALUE_MIN_VALUE_PCT_S_MSG":"value is too small (min value: %s)","PCT_S_REQUIREMENTS_MET_LBL":"%s requirements have not been met","PASSWD_VALIDATION_REQS_READ_L_MSG":"For password validation requirements, read the list below.","PASSWORD_IS_TOO_SHORT_MSG":"Password is too short","PERFECT_LBL":"Perfect","PASSWORD_IS_TOO_INSECURE_MSG":"Password is too insecure","COMPLETE_LBL":"Complete","INCOMPLETE_LBL":"Incomplete","EXPECTED_INPUT_LBL":"Expected Input","WAITING_FOR_CHARACTER_LBL":"Waiting for character: ' ","PLEASE_TYPE_A_NUMBER_MSG":"Please type a number","PLEASE_ENTER_UPPERCASE_LETTER_MSG":"Please enter an upper case letter or a number","PLEASE_ENTER_AN_UPPERCASE_LETTER_MSG":"Please enter an upper case letter","PLS_ENTER_UPPERCASE_LETTER_SPECIAL_MSG":"Please enter an upper case letter, a number or a special character","PLEASE_ENTER_LOWERCASE_LETTER_MSG":"Please enter a lower case letter or a number","PLEASE_ENTER_A_LOWERCASE_LETTER_MSG":"Please enter a lower case letter","PLS_ENTER_LOWERCASE_LETTER_SPECIAL_MSG":"Please enter a lower case letter, a number or a special character","PLEASE_ENTER_A_LETTER_OR_A_NUMBER_MSG":"Please enter a letter or a number","PLEASE_ENTER_A_LETTER_MSG":"Please enter a letter","PLEASE_ENTER_LETTER_SPECIAL_CHAR_MSG":"Please enter a letter, a number or a special character","THE_INPUT_IS_TOO_LONG_MSG":"The input is too long","THE_INPUT_IS_TOO_SHORT_MSG":"The input is too short","CHARACTER_LBL":"Character"};}); RightNow.Interface.setConfigbase(function(){return {"DE_VALID_EMAIL_PATTERN":"^((([-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+(\\.[.]?[-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+)*)|(\"[^\"]+\"))@[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*(\\.[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*)+[; ]*)$","CP_HOME_URL":"overview\/elsevier\/","CP_FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_TIME":300,"OE_WEB_SERVER":"service.elsevier.com","SUBMIT_TOKEN_EXP":30,"ANS_NOTIF_ENABLED":true};}); RightNow.Url.setParameterSegment(5); RightNow.Url.setSession('L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L2dlbi8xNzMyNjY5MjQ3L3NpZC9mVUFzMHFSY3J4UU1nSW5kdkZYcGRlN0JGNmpDcHgwUl9Ea2lrRFo4OVpSVHZFZklkR0F6N2QwamNERndIY3A5Z2R5NnhOVWptbW1FNERUVVM0c0hialFoRUNGdlo1OHVMWEZ1TndMRVBGWUxNMHZyaEE5em04clElMjElMjE='); RightNow.Event.setNoSessionCookies(true); RightNow.Interface.Constants = {"API_VALIDATION_REGEX_EMAIL":"((([-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+([.][-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]*)*)|(\"[^\"]+\"))@[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*(\\.[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*)+[;, ]*)+"}; YUI().use('event-base',function(Y){Y.on('domready',function(){var n=RightNow.namespace,W=RightNow.Widgets,c='createWidgetInstance'; n('Custom.Widgets.feedback.ExternalAnswerFeedback').requires=["event-key"]; W.setInitialWidgetCount(8); W[c]({"i":{"c":"SkipLinks","n":"SkipLinks","w":5},"a":{"show_search":true},"j":[]},'W10=','fUZlp0cO2U5Vl_dr9uwkPP1SENgJ5iHWAhaJjYaKz4YNKdyDkFJ2_CmRnKyQdcdrEat0IyoXw7NEAIUj8_w586HCPrip9ZqJhZ5ucuc_U_HOo_GNAEjPq6eLL1RI4Iv~w3y3quljs7yj8!',1732669247,'SkipLinks_5','custom/navigation/SkipLinks','Custom.Widgets.navigation.SkipLinks','5','ZlV6SHJybDdkak1DYVg1RjJiN1k3WmF5ejNrUkFPMkZzMVZqQ09mODVyRVNSTW1yclZJdVA2emRtWm9GcTdDOW5fTzFGSVZ1amdBQVNhcFcwX2xxV2ZCYmZnME9wdlBmNmdvbThWMkUyYUlOWXNQOHZXelB0cVNlNFJkRjY2QXNHaVVaMjduY0xvMUZLczZoTX5UOFBsYjlKMnhHanVKenJs'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"GlobalHeader","n":"GlobalHeader","w":6},"a":[],"j":[]},'W10=','fUF86qQAaOz_f0zZyt1iDq_4nZYs5rhqW5BAk9j48lRl_Ddules0WfC~fiT46PpVyWezj2IrLCz8sxLtG5LxwCz~OIT~NJkcFgK0kZttJ1qIWJ8yyPORBm8K8oLw4jIKiiJ1ENEnJaMpk!',1732669247,'GlobalHeader_6','custom/navigation/GlobalHeader','Custom.Widgets.navigation.GlobalHeader','6','ZlVJR2YzbXlqfkpyYXF3WWJqaktiNWEwdGlrblgyMW5WZUxrU1NwUFJHZ0VHRVN6UGFRY2xNSk9uNTJkdEx4ZXN2RTNhNEFMdlJPRldmWmtjTElLeVNaUHN4UjB2ZUlCamY0VGx0a29Jb3BVVVRDVmY3VzBuVUE2TFdtT2t_NGNmSkhtbzZuaFZkZDFYUHhJS2h4c2ozQ0E1UG41RXF2MXNG'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"UserInfoDialog","n":"UserInfoDialog","w":10},"a":{"display_on_page_load":false,"show_social_warning":true,"label_dialog_title":"Additional information needed","label_submit_button":"Finish","label_cancel_button":"Cancel","label_form_description":"To post social content, you must have a display name.","label_social_form_description":"To post social content, you must have a display name. The page will refresh upon submission. Any pending input will be lost.","label_display_name":"Display Name","label_incorrect_display_name":"Incorrect Display Name","create_social_user_ajax":"\/ci\/ajaxRequest\/createSocialUser","id":"userinfo"},"j":[]},'W10=','fU2NeIOIo9TqciNLgGFvAqH7NlKLixVRnqADsQA8Qhq9TP7I8NLqYvt~k7T71XSJMCYyRCtIbstAnp9MfrY1C4U7YDAYaff04kV77Y07vmtZ9ugcgddqAWlw0eMYrHfS93zhS8tKIjW1A!',1732669247,'UserInfoDialog_10','standard/user/UserInfoDialog','RightNow.Widgets.UserInfoDialog','10','ZlV1cGRVfkViX096c0dLT3pKZDVlcE5jOElsZ0ltal9qRk5nMzVVWVdrT21xVHNzSXdsRHphdFlEYjNlMWN1R2FZU2lkQ1lSU0VlZ2wzemZibGZaTjhoU09PTlZIdDJhaEpSUjNxMHVHRmZoMTdJSW1fQVVLbWticW9nSzZpUnFPWjNXdWZmaEJKYjJOZnhlakVocTlJeXhUbzVZd3VXalVF'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"Search","n":"Search","w":13},"a":{"report_page_url":"\/app\/answers\/list","placeholder":"Search support center"},"j":{"supportHub":"sciencedirect"}},'W10=','fUky1Y1pp4eNcJTiVwKt31s5C~gxPnYzOdaaGJq0Zj03JQ3rgyJ0pIR6YsAuJ8GnfBaMBB6Noi6MjJSt8IDwt7xr8DaZVXvHKlPcWZL4lcnCAfBncQBBLon54LHBEtZt~Zz_zYVK4aPUg!',1732669247,'Search_13','custom/navigation/Search','Custom.Widgets.navigation.Search','13','ZlVOV2RaV1RLTzR5RjdheTFrc3VmNm5zT0JkfmIzMDRSRjJRMjBZNW5weTZoeVR0UWdRU2Z5TDVQUVJhREJSTURkYVFOQVg2an5HVF9FaG9OVnZVRnJqeHVBWDRrS0NGcldkYjBvbHJ_cHppanR3VmNPYXdJa250QzlVdF9XMTZMdXEzMnU4cVVMdkNVZUkzbExlbFIydVBiclJGcFA4UUF2'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"ExternalAnswerFeedback","n":"ExternalAnswerFeedback","w":22},"a":[],"j":{"answerID":"9831","url":"https:\/\/service.elsevier.com\/app\/answers\/detail\/a_id\/9831\/supporthub\/sciencedirect\/","f_tok":"ZlU1dmJFVG1RNzBrMHpfdnF4RXVPNGZzR3NibnloY3lWQnQ5bGo3RWlSZkhtM0c4OUsyS3pQU0V0QmE4cjl6Q1lLZGlDNUxURThjR0FMeXdWek00fkxGdVVmemdiX3NseGFfaTVGVGN1NX5COEhBQ3FORWFNNDl4Y0syZHFrZU1Iam9GZThSZXMwfjNVTVMyTEZDcGFISW9VU1h_Zm96ZzF0","products":[10959]}},'W10=','fUynX2ubUNDqg8PHDZczQt3LzYd56M_678Ba2YZBkgbezPKrWai9teeMY1Ob5v18iSStXt~MAdQeaxTjpdegPWRo416BNGdpqzDH~LfLaHCeib5X_ns~tmYNMNn9yiErCE9CjnbU8Atcw!',1732669247,'ExternalAnswerFeedback_22','custom/feedback/ExternalAnswerFeedback','Custom.Widgets.feedback.ExternalAnswerFeedback','22','ZlV2ZXowOVBtQmlGU3NmZ0lQVmFDYTF2MkNoQXBNVF9WbzRWb3VtaTNwSVVBS0FSfkNXMHZNM0xtWkt3WDFZbmlfZ2kxTGFZalhvS2Y1ejFxaVkyfm5CYjYwZng1NExWamFqS0pmbzBmejlSalZ6TDJUc2ZOaW84RUNVZEV3ZDJDR0RMQjhZSWpWMlN4TGFZMm1uRVJEdll2Sk5YcGpBME15'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"MainContactTypes","n":"MainContactTypes","w":25},"a":{"chatServer":"\/ci\/ajax\/widget"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUFnVIEIgKUxHmGPRgUO~N8_nlfqjnxCLg7kPzai757ubzKen0kJAyglEFHmOB_RgrNvJgNNA1AJMv59rFpOKj0IWJp1cGGLr5wogJwdf~7cQD7tZbWktw4RpP69CG8LpCKW55MeH4~Bo!',1732669247,'MainContactTypes_25','custom/navigation/MainContactTypes','Custom.Widgets.navigation.MainContactTypes','25','ZlU5bWJIQkFTaHJGd0lPfm5tVzVUS3pfR0lwV3BWUX5wWU1PTXlvZndqS280UUppQzQ1VzZ2RlczQmwzczQ4Q1FaT1FRfm1uTGh4R2p5NXlBbm1saUVNQU00dEVKNVBqZ25QT01ldVhUNDNfTEpGRGRJS3c0d35iNUFZc0YxdH5YQlFBT3ZQcX5iSGM4dkVxajVrYWJ3MThFWlJjTEtYM2Nr'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"EngagementEngine","n":"EngagementEngine","w":26},"a":[],"j":{"product":10959,"ipAddress":"8.222.208.146","preLaunchFormFields":"[{\"name\":\"subject\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\"},{\"name\":\"firstName\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\"},{\"name\":\"lastName\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\"},{\"name\":\"email\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\"},{\"name\":\"country_name\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\",\"customFieldType\":\"text\",\"options\":[{\"value\":\"250\",\"text\":\"Afghanistan\"},{\"value\":\"251\",\"text\":\"Aland Islands\"},{\"value\":\"252\",\"text\":\"Albania\"},{\"value\":\"253\",\"text\":\"Algeria\"},{\"value\":\"254\",\"text\":\"American Samoa\"},{\"value\":\"255\",\"text\":\"Andorra\"},{\"value\":\"256\",\"text\":\"Angola\"},{\"value\":\"257\",\"text\":\"Anguilla\"},{\"value\":\"258\",\"text\":\"Antarctica\"},{\"value\":\"259\",\"text\":\"Antigua and Barbuda\"},{\"value\":\"260\",\"text\":\"Argentina\"},{\"value\":\"261\",\"text\":\"Armenia\"},{\"value\":\"262\",\"text\":\"Aruba\"},{\"value\":\"263\",\"text\":\"Australia\"},{\"value\":\"264\",\"text\":\"Austria\"},{\"value\":\"265\",\"text\":\"Azerbaijan\"},{\"value\":\"266\",\"text\":\"Bahamas\"},{\"value\":\"267\",\"text\":\"Bahrain\"},{\"value\":\"268\",\"text\":\"Bangladesh\"},{\"value\":\"269\",\"text\":\"Barbados\"},{\"value\":\"270\",\"text\":\"Belarus\"},{\"value\":\"271\",\"text\":\"Belgium\"},{\"value\":\"272\",\"text\":\"Belize\"},{\"value\":\"273\",\"text\":\"Benin\"},{\"value\":\"274\",\"text\":\"Bermuda\"},{\"value\":\"275\",\"text\":\"Bhutan\"},{\"value\":\"276\",\"text\":\"Bolivia\"},{\"value\":\"281\",\"text\":\"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba\"},{\"value\":\"277\",\"text\":\"Bosnia and Herzegovina\"},{\"value\":\"278\",\"text\":\"Botswana\"},{\"value\":\"279\",\"text\":\"Bouvet Island\"},{\"value\":\"280\",\"text\":\"Brazil\"},{\"value\":\"282\",\"text\":\"British Indian Ocean Territory\"},{\"value\":\"283\",\"text\":\"Brunei Darussalam\"},{\"value\":\"284\",\"text\":\"Bulgaria\"},{\"value\":\"285\",\"text\":\"Burkina Faso\"},{\"value\":\"286\",\"text\":\"Burundi\"},{\"value\":\"287\",\"text\":\"Cambodia\"},{\"value\":\"288\",\"text\":\"Cameroon\"},{\"value\":\"289\",\"text\":\"Canada\"},{\"value\":\"290\",\"text\":\"Cape Verde\"},{\"value\":\"291\",\"text\":\"Cayman Islands\"},{\"value\":\"292\",\"text\":\"Central African Republic\"},{\"value\":\"293\",\"text\":\"Chad\"},{\"value\":\"294\",\"text\":\"Chile\"},{\"value\":\"295\",\"text\":\"China\"},{\"value\":\"296\",\"text\":\"Christmas Island\"},{\"value\":\"297\",\"text\":\"Cocos (Keeling) Islands\"},{\"value\":\"298\",\"text\":\"Colombia\"},{\"value\":\"299\",\"text\":\"Comoros\"},{\"value\":\"300\",\"text\":\"Congo Dem. Rep of the\"},{\"value\":\"301\",\"text\":\"Congo, Republic of\"},{\"value\":\"302\",\"text\":\"Cook Islands\"},{\"value\":\"303\",\"text\":\"Costa Rica\"},{\"value\":\"304\",\"text\":\"Cote d Ivoire\"},{\"value\":\"305\",\"text\":\"Croatia\"},{\"value\":\"306\",\"text\":\"Cuba\"},{\"value\":\"307\",\"text\":\"Curacao\"},{\"value\":\"308\",\"text\":\"Cyprus\"},{\"value\":\"309\",\"text\":\"Czech Republic\"},{\"value\":\"310\",\"text\":\"Denmark\"},{\"value\":\"311\",\"text\":\"Djibouti\"},{\"value\":\"312\",\"text\":\"Dominica\"},{\"value\":\"313\",\"text\":\"Dominican Republic\"},{\"value\":\"314\",\"text\":\"Ecuador\"},{\"value\":\"315\",\"text\":\"Egypt\"},{\"value\":\"316\",\"text\":\"El Salvador\"},{\"value\":\"317\",\"text\":\"Equatorial Guinea\"},{\"value\":\"318\",\"text\":\"Eritrea\"},{\"value\":\"319\",\"text\":\"Estonia\"},{\"value\":\"320\",\"text\":\"Eswatini\"},{\"value\":\"321\",\"text\":\"Ethiopia\"},{\"value\":\"322\",\"text\":\"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)\"},{\"value\":\"323\",\"text\":\"Faroe Islands\"},{\"value\":\"324\",\"text\":\"Fiji\"},{\"value\":\"325\",\"text\":\"Finland\"},{\"value\":\"326\",\"text\":\"France\"},{\"value\":\"327\",\"text\":\"French Guiana\"},{\"value\":\"328\",\"text\":\"French Polynesia\"},{\"value\":\"329\",\"text\":\"French Southern Territories\"},{\"value\":\"330\",\"text\":\"Gabon\"},{\"value\":\"331\",\"text\":\"Gambia\"},{\"value\":\"332\",\"text\":\"Georgia\"},{\"value\":\"333\",\"text\":\"Germany\"},{\"value\":\"334\",\"text\":\"Ghana\"},{\"value\":\"335\",\"text\":\"Gibraltar\"},{\"value\":\"336\",\"text\":\"Greece\"},{\"value\":\"337\",\"text\":\"Greenland\"},{\"value\":\"338\",\"text\":\"Grenada\"},{\"value\":\"339\",\"text\":\"Guadeloupe\"},{\"value\":\"340\",\"text\":\"Guam\"},{\"value\":\"341\",\"text\":\"Guatemala\"},{\"value\":\"342\",\"text\":\"Guernsey\"},{\"value\":\"343\",\"text\":\"Guinea\"},{\"value\":\"344\",\"text\":\"Guinea-Bissau\"},{\"value\":\"345\",\"text\":\"Guyana\"},{\"value\":\"346\",\"text\":\"Haiti\"},{\"value\":\"347\",\"text\":\"Heard and Mc Donald Islands\"},{\"value\":\"348\",\"text\":\"Holy See (Vatican)\"},{\"value\":\"349\",\"text\":\"Honduras\"},{\"value\":\"350\",\"text\":\"Hong Kong\"},{\"value\":\"351\",\"text\":\"Hungary\"},{\"value\":\"352\",\"text\":\"Iceland\"},{\"value\":\"353\",\"text\":\"India\"},{\"value\":\"354\",\"text\":\"Indonesia\"},{\"value\":\"355\",\"text\":\"Iran (Islamic Republic of)\"},{\"value\":\"356\",\"text\":\"Iraq\"},{\"value\":\"357\",\"text\":\"Ireland\"},{\"value\":\"358\",\"text\":\"Isle of Man\"},{\"value\":\"359\",\"text\":\"Israel\"},{\"value\":\"360\",\"text\":\"Italy\"},{\"value\":\"361\",\"text\":\"Jamaica\"},{\"value\":\"362\",\"text\":\"Japan\"},{\"value\":\"363\",\"text\":\"Jersey\"},{\"value\":\"364\",\"text\":\"Jordan\"},{\"value\":\"365\",\"text\":\"Kazakhstan\"},{\"value\":\"366\",\"text\":\"Kenya\"},{\"value\":\"367\",\"text\":\"Kiribati\"},{\"value\":\"368\",\"text\":\"Korea, DPR\"},{\"value\":\"369\",\"text\":\"Korea, Republic of\"},{\"value\":\"370\",\"text\":\"Kuwait\"},{\"value\":\"371\",\"text\":\"Kyrgyzstan\"},{\"value\":\"372\",\"text\":\"Lao, PDR\"},{\"value\":\"373\",\"text\":\"Latvia\"},{\"value\":\"374\",\"text\":\"Lebanon\"},{\"value\":\"375\",\"text\":\"Lesotho\"},{\"value\":\"376\",\"text\":\"Liberia\"},{\"value\":\"377\",\"text\":\"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\"},{\"value\":\"378\",\"text\":\"Liechtenstein\"},{\"value\":\"379\",\"text\":\"Lithuania\"},{\"value\":\"380\",\"text\":\"Luxembourg\"},{\"value\":\"381\",\"text\":\"Macau\"},{\"value\":\"382\",\"text\":\"Madagascar\"},{\"value\":\"383\",\"text\":\"Malawi\"},{\"value\":\"384\",\"text\":\"Malaysia\"},{\"value\":\"385\",\"text\":\"Maldives\"},{\"value\":\"386\",\"text\":\"Mali\"},{\"value\":\"387\",\"text\":\"Malta\"},{\"value\":\"388\",\"text\":\"Marshall Islands\"},{\"value\":\"389\",\"text\":\"Martinique\"},{\"value\":\"390\",\"text\":\"Mauritania\"},{\"value\":\"391\",\"text\":\"Mauritius\"},{\"value\":\"392\",\"text\":\"Mayotte\"},{\"value\":\"393\",\"text\":\"Mexico\"},{\"value\":\"394\",\"text\":\"Micronesia, Fed.States of\"},{\"value\":\"395\",\"text\":\"Moldova, Republic of\"},{\"value\":\"396\",\"text\":\"Monaco\"},{\"value\":\"397\",\"text\":\"Mongolia\"},{\"value\":\"398\",\"text\":\"Montenegro\"},{\"value\":\"399\",\"text\":\"Montserrat\"},{\"value\":\"400\",\"text\":\"Morocco\"},{\"value\":\"401\",\"text\":\"Mozambique\"},{\"value\":\"402\",\"text\":\"Myanmar\"},{\"value\":\"403\",\"text\":\"Namibia\"},{\"value\":\"404\",\"text\":\"Nauru\"},{\"value\":\"405\",\"text\":\"Nepal\"},{\"value\":\"406\",\"text\":\"Netherlands\"},{\"value\":\"407\",\"text\":\"New Caledonia\"},{\"value\":\"408\",\"text\":\"New Zealand\"},{\"value\":\"409\",\"text\":\"Nicaragua\"},{\"value\":\"410\",\"text\":\"Niger\"},{\"value\":\"411\",\"text\":\"Nigeria\"},{\"value\":\"412\",\"text\":\"Niue\"},{\"value\":\"413\",\"text\":\"Norfolk Island\"},{\"value\":\"414\",\"text\":\"North Macedonia\"},{\"value\":\"415\",\"text\":\"Northern Mariana Islands\"},{\"value\":\"416\",\"text\":\"Norway\"},{\"value\":\"417\",\"text\":\"Oman\"},{\"value\":\"418\",\"text\":\"Pakistan\"},{\"value\":\"419\",\"text\":\"Palau\"},{\"value\":\"420\",\"text\":\"Palestine\"},{\"value\":\"421\",\"text\":\"Panama\"},{\"value\":\"422\",\"text\":\"Papua New Guinea\"},{\"value\":\"423\",\"text\":\"Paraguay\"},{\"value\":\"424\",\"text\":\"Peru\"},{\"value\":\"425\",\"text\":\"Philippines\"},{\"value\":\"426\",\"text\":\"Pitcairn Island\"},{\"value\":\"427\",\"text\":\"Poland\"},{\"value\":\"428\",\"text\":\"Portugal\"},{\"value\":\"429\",\"text\":\"Puerto Rico\"},{\"value\":\"430\",\"text\":\"Qatar\"},{\"value\":\"431\",\"text\":\"Reunion\"},{\"value\":\"432\",\"text\":\"Romania\"},{\"value\":\"433\",\"text\":\"Russian Federation\"},{\"value\":\"434\",\"text\":\"Rwanda\"},{\"value\":\"435\",\"text\":\"Saint Barthelemy\"},{\"value\":\"436\",\"text\":\"Saint Helena\"},{\"value\":\"437\",\"text\":\"Saint Kitts and Nevis\"},{\"value\":\"438\",\"text\":\"Saint Lucia\"},{\"value\":\"439\",\"text\":\"Saint Martin\"},{\"value\":\"440\",\"text\":\"Saint Martin (Dutch)\"},{\"value\":\"441\",\"text\":\"Saint Pierre and Miquelon\"},{\"value\":\"442\",\"text\":\"Samoa\"},{\"value\":\"443\",\"text\":\"San Marino\"},{\"value\":\"444\",\"text\":\"Sao Tome and Principe\"},{\"value\":\"445\",\"text\":\"Saudi Arabia\"},{\"value\":\"446\",\"text\":\"Senegal\"},{\"value\":\"447\",\"text\":\"Serbia\"},{\"value\":\"448\",\"text\":\"Seychelles\"},{\"value\":\"449\",\"text\":\"Sierra Leone\"},{\"value\":\"450\",\"text\":\"Singapore\"},{\"value\":\"451\",\"text\":\"Slovakia\"},{\"value\":\"452\",\"text\":\"Slovenia\"},{\"value\":\"453\",\"text\":\"Solomon Islands\"},{\"value\":\"454\",\"text\":\"Somalia\"},{\"value\":\"455\",\"text\":\"South Africa\"},{\"value\":\"456\",\"text\":\"South Georgia\\\/South Sandwich Islands\"},{\"value\":\"457\",\"text\":\"South Sudan\"},{\"value\":\"458\",\"text\":\"Spain\"},{\"value\":\"459\",\"text\":\"Sri Lanka\"},{\"value\":\"460\",\"text\":\"St Vincent and the Grenadines\"},{\"value\":\"461\",\"text\":\"Sudan\"},{\"value\":\"462\",\"text\":\"Suriname\"},{\"value\":\"463\",\"text\":\"Svalbard and Jan Mayen\"},{\"value\":\"464\",\"text\":\"Sweden\"},{\"value\":\"465\",\"text\":\"Switzerland\"},{\"value\":\"466\",\"text\":\"Syrian Arab Republic (the)\"},{\"value\":\"467\",\"text\":\"Taiwan\"},{\"value\":\"468\",\"text\":\"Tajikistan\"},{\"value\":\"469\",\"text\":\"Tanzania, the United Republic of\"},{\"value\":\"470\",\"text\":\"Thailand\"},{\"value\":\"471\",\"text\":\"Timor-Leste (East Timor)\"},{\"value\":\"472\",\"text\":\"Togo\"},{\"value\":\"473\",\"text\":\"Tokelau\"},{\"value\":\"474\",\"text\":\"Tonga\"},{\"value\":\"475\",\"text\":\"Trinidad and Tobago\"},{\"value\":\"476\",\"text\":\"Tunisia\"},{\"value\":\"477\",\"text\":\"Turkey\"},{\"value\":\"478\",\"text\":\"Turkmenistan\"},{\"value\":\"479\",\"text\":\"Turks and Caicos Islands\"},{\"value\":\"480\",\"text\":\"Tuvalu\"},{\"value\":\"481\",\"text\":\"Uganda\"},{\"value\":\"482\",\"text\":\"Ukraine\"},{\"value\":\"483\",\"text\":\"United Arab Emirates\"},{\"value\":\"484\",\"text\":\"United Kingdom\"},{\"value\":\"485\",\"text\":\"United States\"},{\"value\":\"486\",\"text\":\"Uruguay\"},{\"value\":\"487\",\"text\":\"US Minor Outlying Islands\"},{\"value\":\"488\",\"text\":\"Uzbekistan\"},{\"value\":\"489\",\"text\":\"Vanuatu\"},{\"value\":\"490\",\"text\":\"Venezuela\"},{\"value\":\"491\",\"text\":\"Viet Nam\"},{\"value\":\"492\",\"text\":\"Virgin Islands (British)\"},{\"value\":\"493\",\"text\":\"Virgin Islands (U.S.)\"},{\"value\":\"494\",\"text\":\"Wallis and Futuna Islands\"},{\"value\":\"495\",\"text\":\"Western Sahara\"},{\"value\":\"496\",\"text\":\"Yemen\"},{\"value\":\"497\",\"text\":\"Zambia\"},{\"value\":\"498\",\"text\":\"Zimbabwe\"}]},{\"name\":\"productId\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\",\"options\":[{\"value\":\"12339\",\"text\":\"Administrator\\\/Librarian\"},{\"value\":\"12334\",\"text\":\"Researcher\"}]},{\"name\":\"categoryId\",\"required\":true,\"relaunchValue\":\"clear\",\"options\":[{\"value\":\"10542\",\"text\":\"Orders & Renewals\"},{\"value\":\"10543\",\"text\":\"Access\"},{\"value\":\"10544\",\"text\":\"Onboarding\"},{\"value\":\"10545\",\"text\":\"Training\"},{\"value\":\"10546\",\"text\":\"Using the product\"},{\"value\":\"10547\",\"text\":\"Content\"},{\"value\":\"17804\",\"text\":\"Refund Request\"}]}]"}},'W10=','fUFZwBTZjho7GuGGFPeolrz7N2mx4X7OQQ0cbR74HXZalZKw54UQbDY~951ZsHng14aieTFvTdvVA2nB8cdjKzeTUafwQrb4oKw8rbhmfclXjlwV6JJofHulWO8If3oGM0pbK4D1uQrDE!',1732669247,'EngagementEngine_26','custom/utils/EngagementEngine','Custom.Widgets.utils.EngagementEngine','26','ZlU5RX5OaGpqVmJ5TkJRa0dqVnUycFNVQTAwRGNjMjdZOFZ_UXVLWn5oWVdRZWtMZWF0dzl_NmRacTA0VUFpTzNLOF9YdHBXaHVGM05aTFg5aFhNbn5SU3FkX355dlFlRHdmR3pfOGVwVEVRRzVqNU1ETG8xbGkyRWV1Y25jUUZXdXlHZ2N6cFZ0T2FxM3ZjdlBrRmxrS0tXTDZNVjVNVEpD'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"AdobeAnalytics","n":"AdobeAnalytics","w":28},"a":{"lang":"en-GB"},"j":[]},'W10=','fU0~QQLxX0NLeDhODuAIbEbxdH3q8o7rVyyhq96gzBGSVGDiLrUhGWhsbM6A2rj5j5t4vFRRRmDRBO4pOy8x9efC9iaTZkreDCP3sT56sWMG7a29age1s9kFo0A15jYOua3sRjdSUm5Uc!',1732669247,'AdobeAnalytics_28','custom/reporting/AdobeAnalytics','Custom.Widgets.reporting.AdobeAnalytics','28','ZlVyT25kSHFPRHRIY0cwd1dEflUwWHBTcmxvcGdJT3JmQVVodTNTMU5QSk11Z1RrUU1jQmxPRV9ZM2o5TTNzYmhmZE5xRmZfWWdNSllJYWN5am50ZUFpalNNWkdhOE5qMl9LNEpSRU1DYmNOUTlyT3dGYmFiZHl3eXcwUG9DbFhPaGFMOThFTHpBTm9TYUVaTF96SjFVUzlZMndGb2pTYnd3'); })}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _rnq=_rnq||[];_rnq.push({"s":"GLOgMqRq","uh":"52d52387","uc":"service.elsevier.com\/app\/answers\/detail\/a_id\/9831","b":"ca41811","i":"elsevier:elsevier5","f":"rnw","p":"Customer Portal","v":"24.5.0.1-b299-sp4","th":"www.rnengage.com"}); (function(e){var b,d,a=document.createElement("iframe"),c=document.getElementsByTagName("script");a.src="javascript:false";a.title="Action Capture";a.role="presentation";(a.frameElement||a).style.cssText="position:absolute;width:0;height:0;border:0";c=c[c.length-1];c.parentNode.insertBefore(a,c);try{b=a.contentWindow.document}catch(f){d=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+d+"';void(0);",b=a.contentWindow.document}b.open()._l=function(){for(var a;e.length;)a=this.createElement("script"), d&&(this.domain=d),a.src=e.pop(),this.body.appendChild(a)};b.write('<head><title>Action Capture</title></head><body onload="document._l();">');b.close()})(["https://www.rnengage.com/api/e/ca41811/e.js","//www.rnengage.com/api/1/javascript/acs.js"]); </script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

What are the technical requirements for ScienceDirect? - ScienceDirect Support Center