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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Morthor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Morthor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Operation Morthor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Morthor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Katangan_secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Katangan_secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>End of Katangan secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Katangan_secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Final activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_UN_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_UN_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Criticism of UN involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_UN_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_involvement_and_UN_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_involvement_and_UN_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National involvement and UN commanders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_involvement_and_UN_commanders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National involvement and UN commanders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_involvement_and_UN_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayan_Special_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayan_Special_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Malayan Special Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayan_Special_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_Armed_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_Armed_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Swedish Armed Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_Armed_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_ONUC_battalions,_1960–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_ONUC_battalions,_1960–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Swedish ONUC battalions, 1960–1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_ONUC_battalions,_1960–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Irish Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Philippine Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canadian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana,_Nigeria,_and_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana,_Nigeria,_and_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Ghana, Nigeria, and Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana,_Nigeria,_and_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Italian Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ONUC_force_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ONUC_force_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>ONUC force commanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ONUC_force_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Operation in the Congo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88" title="عملية الأمم المتحدة في الكونغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية الأمم المتحدة في الكونغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides_al_Congo" title="Operació de les Nacions Unides al Congo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació de les Nacions Unides al Congo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_der_Vereinten_Nationen_in_Kongo" title="Operation der Vereinten Nationen in Kongo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation der Vereinten Nationen in Kongo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_de_Naciones_Unidas_en_el_Congo" title="Operación de Naciones Unidas en el Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación de Naciones Unidas en el Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_des_Nations_unies_au_Congo" title="Opération des Nations unies au Congo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération des Nations unies au Congo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oibr%C3%ADocht_na_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAn_Aontaithe_sa_Chong%C3%B3" title="Oibríocht na Náisiún Aontaithe sa Chongó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oibríocht na Náisiún Aontaithe sa Chongó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94_%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%A8" title="유엔 콩고 활동단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유엔 콩고 활동단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUC" title="ONUC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ONUC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Операција на Обединетите нации во Конго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Операција на Обединетите нации во Конго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUC" title="ONUC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ONUC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="国際連合コンゴ活動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際連合コンゴ活動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUC" title="ONUC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ONUC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_no_Congo" title="Operação das Nações Unidas no Congo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação das Nações Unidas no Congo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUC" title="ONUC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ONUC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Операција Уједињених нација у Конгу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Уједињених нација у Конгу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN:s_fredsbevarande_styrkor_i_Kongo" title="FN:s fredsbevarande styrkor i Kongo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FN:s fredsbevarande styrkor i Kongo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Операція ООН в Конго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція ООН в Конго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="联合国刚果行动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> (Mission of the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) since 1999 and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Operation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(2006)" title="European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006)">EUFOR RD Congo</a> in 2006.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_(enlarged).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of a soldier sitting outdoors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg/260px-Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg/390px-Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg/520px-Swedish_UN-soldier_in_Congo_%28enlarged%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Swedish ONUC peacekeeper in the Congo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>United Nations Operation in the Congo</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Opération des Nations Unies au Congo</b></i>, abbreviated <b>ONUC</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping force</a> which was deployed in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a> in 1960 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ONUC was the UN's first peacekeeping mission with significant military capability, and remains one of the largest UN operations in size and scope.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congo descended into chaos and disorder after it became independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960. This prompted a swift return of Belgian troops, under the pretext of restoring order and protecting its nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-ONUC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONUC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese government</a>'s appeal for assistance, on 14 July 1960 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_143" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 143">Resolution 143</a> (S/4387), which called on Belgium to withdraw its <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">troops</a> and authorized the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> to provide the Congolese government with military assistance. The first UN troops, drawn mostly from African and Asian states, reached the Congo the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of worsening conditions—including an insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, the assassination of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, the collapse of the central government, and the intervention of foreign mercenaries—the ONUC's initial mandate gradually expanded to include protecting the territorial integrity and political independence of the Congo, preventing an impending civil war, and securing the removal of all unauthorized foreign armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN forces numbered nearly 20,000 military personnel at its peak from over two dozen countries, led largely by India, Ireland, and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the peak of hostilities between September 1961 and December 1962, the ONUC transitioned from a peacekeeping to a military force and engaged in several clashes and offensives against secessionist and mercenary forces. After the reintegration of Katanga in February 1963, the ONUC was gradually phased out; civilian aid increased, becoming the single largest assistance effort by the UN up to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-ONUC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONUC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN personnel were withdrawn entirely on 30 June 1964. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div> <p>The Congo became independent on 30 June 1960, but <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janssens" title="Émile Janssens">Émile Janssens</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> (FP) (the army) refused to rapidly "Africanize" the FP officers. Disorder and mutinies quickly followed, four days after the Congo gained independence. While President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> were trying to negotiate with the mutineers, the Belgian government decided to intervene to protect Belgians remaining in the country. Interference from Belgium was seen as neo-colonial aggression by the Congolese government; Lumumba accused the Belgian officers of causing the mutiny and trying to annex the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-Macqueen_2017_102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macqueen_2017_102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Belgium received <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshomb%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Moïse Tshombé">Moïse Tshombé</a>'s acceptance, they sent troops to take over <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a> and protect mining interests. Katanga was rich in minerals and natural resources, contributing over 60 percent of the Congo's raw materials. It had some of the world's major sources of copper, cobalt, diamonds and uranium in the world, with its uranium used for the nuclear bomb the US dropped on Hiroshima during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201632_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201632-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 July, Belgian troops were sent to <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Elisabethville</a> (the capital of Katanga) to control the situation and protect Belgian civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 100,000 Belgians living in the Congo at the time, and many were in a state of panic. The presence of Belgian troops was illegal under international law, because Congolese officials had not requested their presence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of the Belgians (who wrote his declarations), Tshombé proclaimed the independence of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> by television on 11 July and announced himself as president. He was widely regarded by critics worldwide as a puppet for the Belgians and their mining interests in Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201632_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201632-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July, the president and prime minister asked for help from the United Nations. UN Secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> at a night meeting on 13 July, asking the council to act "with utmost speed" on the request. </p><p>At the meeting the Security Council adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_143" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 143">Resolution 143</a>, which called on the government of Belgium to withdraw its troops from the Congo. The resolution authorized the secretary-general to facilitate the withdrawal of Belgian troops, maintain law and order, and help to establish and legitimize the post-colonial government in consultation with the government of the Republic of the Congo. The mission was approved by a security-council vote of eight in favor and none against, with three countries abstaining: the Republic of China, France and the United Kingdom. The United States and Soviet Union voted in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandate was extended to maintain the territorial integrity of the Congo, particularly through the removal of foreign mercenaries supporting the secession of Katanga. ONUC was an unprecedented role for a UN force because it was not, strictly speaking, <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment">Deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations stated four goals for the operation: to restore law and order, to keep other nations out of the crisis, to help build the country's economy, and to restore stability. A peacekeeping force had landed in the country within 48 hours of the resolution, and civilian experts were tasked with keeping the country's infrastructure operating smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960">1960</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lumumba asked the United Nations to intervene and use military force to stop Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The first UN troops arrived on 15 July, many airlifted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> as part of Operation New Tape.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">mandate</a>. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray since the mutiny, Lumumba wanted to use the UN troops to subdue Katanga by force; he saw their refusal as betraying the United Nations' initial plans. Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> that, from the text of United Nations Security Council Resolution 143, "it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga".<sup id="cite_ref-paper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary-general Hammarskjöld refused; to him the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter, and the UN was forbidden to intervene by <a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_United_Nations_Charter#Article_2:_Principles_of_the_United_Nations" title="Chapter I of the United Nations Charter">Article 2 of the United Nations Charter</a>. He said that intervention in Katanga would mean that the UN would be using force in part of the country, which would not be seen as peacekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-Macqueen_2017_102_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macqueen_2017_102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment. </p><p>In response, Lumumba accused the UN of siding with Tshombe and foreign mining companies. He then asked the Soviet Union for assistance, and received aid in the form of trucks and aircraft; this deeply concerned the United States and its allies. Using <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> from the former <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a>, Lumumba ordered the army to attack the breakaway Katanga province but failed to take it back. President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> dismissed Lumumba on 5 September 1960, which was condemned by the Congo's houses of parliament; Lumumba refused to step down. On 14 September, Kasa-Vubu dissolved parliament and Joseph Desire Mobutu announced on radio that he would take control of the country's military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201637_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201637-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Lumumba's dismissal, Hammarskjöld's <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cordier" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Cordier">Andrew Cordier</a> instructed that all airfields be closed and the capital's main radio station be shut down. Lumumba was unable to fly in any troops who were loyal to him, and lost his only means of mass communications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 20 July 1960, 3,500 ONUC troops had arrived in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included 460 troops from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Army">Ethiopian Army</a> (later to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekil_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekil Brigade (page does not exist)">Tekil Brigade</a>), 770 troops from the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana Armed Forces</a>, 1,250 troops from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and 1,020 troops from the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisian Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first contingent of Belgian forces left Leopoldville on 16 July, upon the arrival of United Nations troops. After assurances that United Nations contingents would arrive in sufficient numbers, Belgian authorities agreed to withdraw all their forces from the Leopoldville area by 23 July. The last Belgian troops left the country by that day, as United Nations forces continued to deploy throughout the Congo. The buildup continued, with ONUC's strength increasing to over 8,000 by 25 July and to over 11,000 by 31 July 1960. Troops had also arrived from countries which included Sweden, Norway, Ireland and Ethiopia. The UN secretary-general said that there would be no troops from the great powers or from countries with an interest in the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A basic agreement between the United Nations and the Congolese government on the operation of the force was finalized by 27 July, and the UN set up a headquarters in a seven-story apartment building on the Boulevard d'Albert in central Léopoldville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a> declared the region of south-eastern Kasai, on the Congo's southern border with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, the new mining state of <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État minier du Sud-Kasaï</i></span>) or Autonomous State of South Kasai (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">État autonome du Sud-Kasaï</i></span>) on 9 August 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word "state" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">état</i></span>) was deliberately ambiguous, allowing Kalonji to avoid specifying whether South Kasai claimed independence as a nation-state (like Katanga) or a province within the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to rejection of requests to the UN for aid to suppress the South Kasai and Katanga revolts, the <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_Government" title="Lumumba Government">Lumumba Government</a> decided to request Soviet assistance. De Witte wrote that "Leopoldville asked the Soviet Union for planes, lorries, arms, and equipment ... Shortly afterwards, on 22 or 23 August, about 1,000 soldiers left for Kasai."<sup id="cite_ref-deWitte_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWitte-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Witte also wrote that on 26–27 August, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Independence_and_revolt" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">ANC</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Bakwanga</a> (Kalonji's capital in South Kasai) without serious resistance: "In the next two days it temporarily put an end to the secession of Kasai."<sup id="cite_ref-deWitte_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWitte-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_P._Bloomfield" title="Lincoln P. Bloomfield">Lincoln P. Bloomfield</a> wrote in 1963, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[L]ocal authorities were sensitive of their new independence, nonetheless they were clearly waiting for someone to take action; indeed, the ONUC troops were initially welcomed as saviors from the Belgians. While relationships with the ANC (<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Nationale_Congolaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée Nationale Congolaise">Armée Nationale Congolaise</a>) were complicated by the latter's lack of responsible commanders at any level, in most instances the ANC during that first month did lay down arms wherever there were UN troops, and ONUC took over custody of arms, ammunition depots, and arsenals. Local UN commanders used their own judgment as to how to keep the Congolese troops under control, with outstanding success in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By February 1961, there were four leaders in the Congo: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a> (leading Lumumba's followers), <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Desire_Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph-Desire Mobutu">Joseph-Desire Mobutu</a>, Tshombe, and the self-appointed King <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a>. There were four armed forces: Mobotu's ANC (numbering about 12,000), the <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> constabulary loyal to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a> (3,000 or less), the <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Katanga Gendarmerie">Katanga Gendarmerie</a> which were part of <a href="/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Moise Tshombe">Moise Tshombe</a>'s regime (totalling about 10,000), and Stanleyville dissident ANC troops loyal to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a> (numbering about 8,000).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961">1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. UN Swedish troops witnessed Lumumba's transfer to <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Elisabethville</a> after his capture by Mobutu's forces, and he was badly bruised and beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201639_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201639-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was executed by a Katangan firing squad, and his body was dissolved in acid.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", Nehru asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line. When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo<sup id="cite_ref-livemint.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livemint.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/99th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="99th Indian Infantry Brigade">99th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> was dispatched. The United Nations mission was strengthened and expanded in an effort to keep foreign mercenaries out of the country. The second UN resolution would restore order in the Congo (preventing civil war), oversee the withdrawal of all foreign advisors in the country, and attempt to reconvene the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Congolese parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201640_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201640-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August of that year, three of the four groups claiming control of the country reconciled with help from the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament was restored, and a large civil war was prevented. Tshombe's breakaway Katanga province was not part of this reconciliation, and United Nations forces clashed with Tshombe's foreign mercenaries several times late in the year. The UN launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Operation Rampunch</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> Brigadier-general <a href="/wiki/K.A.S._Raja" title="K.A.S. Raja">K.A.S. Raja</a> in August, a surprise attack that led to the peaceful surrender of 81 foreign mercenaries. </p><p>Hammarskjöld was flying to <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> to negotiate peace talks between the government and Tshombe in response to Operation Morthor on 17 September 1961 when <a href="/wiki/1961_Ndola_Transair_Sweden_DC-6_crash" title="1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash">his plane crashed</a>, killing him and everyone aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crash was suspicious, and evidence exists that the plane was shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 book by Susan Williams uncovered evidence that a specially-equipped fighter plane from the Katanga Gendarmerie shot down Hammarskjöld's plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was succeeded as UN secretary-general by <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>. Swedish troops were assigned to keep order in a large camp with about 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-SvM2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvM2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refugees which was established in two weeks in August and September 1961. </p><p>After Hammarskjöld's death, U Thant took a more aggressive approach. UN troops from Sweden, Ireland, India, and Ethiopia were involved in heavy fighting for Katanga's capital, Elizabethville, in December 1961 and eventually took the city. During the fighting, eleven Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner; they were released on 15 January 1962 in exchange for Katangan gendarmes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Morthor">Operation Morthor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Morthor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial photo of planes and soldiers at an airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg/260px-United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg/390px-United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg/520px-United_Nations_peacekeeping_air_forces_in_Congo_-_January_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>United Nations peacekeeping forces from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kamina_Air_Base" title="Kamina Air Base">Kamina Air Base</a> in January 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 September 1961, the ONUC led an Indian brigade in Operation Morthor ("twist and break" in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, a stepped-up version of Operation Rampunch) and swiftly took Katanga. However, Hammarskjöld was not informed about the later operation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation led to an eight-day military engagement between the ONUC and Katangese forces. Tshombe's mercenaries were prepared for the UN forces, and launched a counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen UN troops and 200 Katangese civilians and troops were killed. Operation Morthor was executed without full approval by several UN member countries, particularly the UK, France, and the United States. The Soviet Union accused the US of supporting the assassination of Lumumba (a Soviet ally) and installing the American ally Mobutu as president, seeing the ONUC as acting as a proxy for the US rather than supporting the interests of the entire Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the fighting, UN special representative in Katanga <a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a> said that the Katanga secession movement was over.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most observers interpreted that as meaning that the UN military forces had successfully defeated Tshombe's troops, O'Brien's announcement was premature.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Siege of Jadotville</a>, a company of 155 Irish UN troops was attacked by Moise Tshombe's forces in Katanga. The Irish were outnumbered and outgunned but held out for six days (until they ran out of ammunition), inflicting heavy losses on Tshombe's foreign mercenaries without any of their own being <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Katangan_secession"><span class="anchor" id="End_of_the_Katangan_secession"></span>End of Katangan secession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of Katangan secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m,_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga,_Congo_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three soldiers talking outdoors, with other soldiers looking on" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg/220px-Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg/330px-Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg/440px-Swedish_UN_troops_in_Congo._Major_Sture_Fagerstr%C3%B6m%2C_orients_his_platoon_leaders_before_the_attack_on_Kaminaville_in_Katanga%2C_Congo_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Swedish troops plan offensive actions for Operation Grandslam</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat">Operation Unokat</a> in early December 1961, which put pressure on Tshombe to negotiatiate with Congolese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a>. In the 16 December <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">attack on Camp Massart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese Gendarmerie</a> stronghold was captured. Tshombe signed the 21 December Kitona Declaration, recognizing the authority of the central government and reintegrating Katanga into the Republic of the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then deferred to the Katangan parliament, however, and postponed any reconciliation. The rival <a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Free Republic of the Congo</a> government was subdued in January 1962, and the UN could refocus its efforts on ending the Katangan secession; contact between the central government and Katanga had broken down, and ONUC intelligence reports indicated that Katanga was rebuilding its forces.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1962, secretary-general U Thant drew up a Plan for National Reconciliation in which Katanga would rejoin a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalized</a> Congo; Adoula and Tshombe accepted the proposal. Thant, wary of Tshombe's delaying tactics, applied increasing political pressure on the Katangan government to abide by the plan timetable.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still doubting the likelihood of a peaceful resolution of the Katangan secession, he sent <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a> to Léopoldville. Bunche worked with local UN mission chief Robert Gardiner and force commander <a href="/wiki/Sean_MacEoin_(general)" title="Sean MacEoin (general)">Sean MacEoin</a> to create a plan for freedom of movement of ONUC personnel and eliminate foreign mercenaries. By then, it was obvious that Tshombe did not intend to rejoin the Congo; there were 300 to 500 mercenaries in Katanga (as many as there had been before previous UN operations), and airfields and defensive positions were being constructed. ONUC personnel and consuls from troop-contributing supporters of ONUC faced increasing harassment by Katangan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation reached a breaking point on 24 December 1962, when Katangan gendarmes attacked peacekeeping forces in Katanga and led Thant to authorize a retaliatory offensive to eliminate secessionist opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Prem_Chand" title="Dewan Prem Chand">Dewan Prem Chand</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Operation Grandslam</a> on 28 December, and UN troops controlled downtown Élisabethville by the end of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced by recently-amassed air power, United Nations peacekeepers completed the operation's first phase by the end of the year. In early January, United Nations forces turned their attention to southern Katanga's remaining strongholds. Indian peacekeepers exceeded their orders and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Lufira_River" title="Lufira River">Lufira River</a> ahead of schedule, generating panic behind the Katangan lines and causing problems with the United Nations leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tshombe, realizing that his position was untenable, sued for peace on 15 January 1963. Two days later, he signed an instrument of surrender and declared the Katangan secession over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_activities">Final activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Operation Grandslam, the United Nations shrank its force significantly and kept only a small peacekeeping force in the country. By autumn 1963, plans were underway to remove the United Nations force from the Congo after the reincorporation of Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, six battalions of UN troops were stationed in Katanga; one battalion was in <a href="/wiki/Luluabourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luluabourg (city)">Luluabourg</a>, one was at force headquarters, and administrative personnel were in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a>. </p><p>Canadian Brigadier-general <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dextraze" title="Jacques Dextraze">Jacques Dextraze</a> was sent to the Congo in 1963 as mission chief of staff, effectively the deputy of the mission's military commander. The military headquarters, coordinated by Dextraze, was in the process of planning the mission's withdrawal in early 1964 as the <a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> loomed.<sup id="cite_ref-DextrazeK_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DextrazeK-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dextraze launched a small-scale operation during <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kwilu_Province" title="Kwilu Province">Kwilu Province</a> uprising in January 1964 to save at least some of the threatened aid workers and missionaries under attack. </p><p>Troops began to withdraw in May 1964, beginning with the Irish unit in <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a> on 11 May and ending with units in Leopoldville in June. The United Nations maintained a civilian staff of 2,000 experts in the country in 1963 and 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final group of peacekeepers, 85 men from the First Nigerian Battalion and 58 men from the 57th Canadian Signals, left <a href="/wiki/N%27djili_Airport" title="N'djili Airport">N'djili Airport</a> in Leopoldville on 30 June. The last soldier to leave was force commander <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adoularesigns_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adoularesigns-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_UN_involvement"><span class="anchor" id="Criticisms_of_UN_involvement"></span>Criticism of UN involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of UN involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UN was criticised a number of times during its involvement in the Congolese crisis about its handling of situations such as the death of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the secession in Katanga. After Lumumba's death, many people believed that he should have been better protected by the organisation. The best-known demonstration against the UN about Lumumba's death was in New York, when African-American protesters pushed their way into the UN building and disturbed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>. The UN office in Belgium was also attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The USSR also criticised UN involvement. <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> addressed the General Assembly on 23 December 1960, noting the operation's controversial political direction and accusing the UN of responsibility for Lumumba's death with its moves favoring Lumumba's political opponents and its initial lack of willingness to deal with Katanga. According to Norrie Macqueen, the UN's peacekeeping approach in the Congo had no clear place in the Soviet view.<sup id="cite_ref-macqueen_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macqueen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev went on to criticise the secretary-general's role in the UN, saying that the position gave one person far too much power. He suggested a radical reform, replacing the position of secretary-general with a <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">troika</a> system. Khrushchev's proposal was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-macqueen_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macqueen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_involvement_and_UN_commanders"><span class="anchor" id="National_involvement_and_UN_Commanders"></span>National involvement and UN commanders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National involvement and UN commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Army"><span class="anchor" id="Indian_Army_leadership"></span>Indian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 July 1960, after the Security Council adopted a resolution calling on Belgium to withdraw its forces and the UN to assist the Congolese government, Dag Hammarskjöld appointed senior Indian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a> (who would become India's foreign secretary) as his special representative. Lumumba's assassination shocked <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, who reacted sharply. Calling it "an international crime of the first magnitude", he asked Hammarskjöld to take a tough line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> When the Security Council passed a second resolution on 21 February 1961, Nehru agreed to send an Indian Army brigade of about 4,700 troops to the Congo. President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a>, who resented Dayal's and Nehru's support for Lumumba, objected strongly to the moves and threatened dire consequences for the UN mission if Dayal remained at its helm. At Hammarskjöld's request, Nehru agreed that Dayal should step down. </p><p>Indian Army involvement escalated. The <a href="/wiki/99th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="99th Indian Infantry Brigade">99th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> launched Operation Morthor on 13 September, which quickly took control of Katanga. Major <a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a>, the staff officer who planned the operation, would become chief of the Indian Army. The British government sought to arrange the fateful meeting between Hammarskjöld and Tshombe in Ndola to negotiate a ceasefire. On the eve of Operation Rampunch, the UN had 5,720 troops in Katanga: 1,600 Indians, 500 Irish and 400 Swedes in Élisabethville, 1,200 Indians in Albertville, 1,000 Indians at <a href="/wiki/Kamina_Air_Base" title="Kamina Air Base">Kamina Air Base</a>, 500 Indians at <a href="/wiki/Kabalo" title="Kabalo">Kabalo</a>, 400 Ethiopians and Indians in <a href="/wiki/Manono,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Manono, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Manono</a>, and 120 Irish in <a href="/wiki/Likasi" title="Likasi">Jadotville</a>. </p><p>Nehru's support for the UN in the Congo was significant. India sent more troops than any country, and they were active throughout 1962 in defeating the secessionist forces. The UN forces were commanded by Indian officers who included major-general <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Prem_Chand" title="Dewan Prem Chand">Dewan Prem Chand</a>. Nehru did not insist on an immediate withdrawal of the Indian brigade during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, but called back the country's <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra bombers</a>. The troops returned after the mission was completed in March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-livemint.com_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livemint.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayan_Special_Force"><span class="anchor" id="Malayan_Army"></span>Malayan Special Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malayan Special Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo##" title="Talk:United Nations Operation in the Congo">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) was invited to send a contingent to serve in ONUC. In response to the United Nations' request, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> offered a force of 120 men in a 4 August 1960 telegram to the secretary-general. The force was increased to 450 men in a 24 August telegram, settling at 613: 42 officers and 571 men of other ranks. The ONUC Malayan Special Force (MSF) was drawn from the Malayan Army's 4th Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malay_Regiment" title="Royal Malay Regiment">Royal Malay Regiment</a>, and C Squadron of the 2nd Reconnaissance Regiment (now 2 Armour).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_Armed_Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swedish Armed Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers, hiding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg/220px-Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg/330px-Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Congo_Crisis_Swedish_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Swedish UN soldiers armed with <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> at an access road to <a href="/wiki/Niemba" title="Niemba">Niemba</a> in November 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden had an active role in the UN force during the crisis. When Dag Hammarskjöld established ONUC, he organized it into two parts: military and civilian. Swedish major-general <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Horn_(1903%E2%80%931989)" title="Carl von Horn (1903–1989)">Carl von Horn</a> headed the military, and Swedish diplomat Sture Linnér was responsible for the civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-theses.lub.lu.se_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theses.lub.lu.se-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both subject to the American <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a>, who was appointed head of the operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1961, responding to an appeal by the UN for military support, an initial force of five <a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">J 29Bs</a> was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Republic of Congo</a> as the F 22 Wing of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-widf_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widf-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reinforced by four more J 29Bs and two S 29C photo-reconnaissance Tunnans in 1962. F-86 Sabres operated by Italian, Iranian, Ethiopian and Filipino crews and Swedish J 29s were flown with the UN identifying legend on their fuselages.<sup id="cite_ref-widf_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widf-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the missions involved attacking ground targets with internal cannons and unguided rockets. No aircraft were lost in action, despite large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">ground fire</a>. The consensus of the crews and foreign observers was that the Swedish Tunnan's capabilities were exceptional.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Katanga secessionists used a few <a href="/wiki/Fouga_Magister" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouga Magister">Fouga Magisters</a> and other aircraft with relatively poor air-combat capabilities.) The only aircraft lost was by a high-ranking officer who made a trial run and crashed during an aborted takeoff. Some of the Swedish aircraft were destroyed at their base when ONUC was ended in 1964, since they were no longer needed at home and the cost of retrieving them was considered excessive.<sup id="cite_ref-widf_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widf-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Army">Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large, white four-wheeled vehicle with the UN logo on the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG/220px-Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG/330px-Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG/440px-Terr%C3%A4ngbil_m42_VKP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Swedish <a href="/wiki/KP-bil" class="mw-redirect" title="KP-bil">Terrängbil m/42</a>, painted as used in the Congo</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1960 to 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a> sent nine battalions to the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-Stendahl_(2014)_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_(2014)-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the crisis, when white people in the Congo became targets during the riots, Dag Hammarskjöld said that it was important to have white UN troops in the country. Hammarskjöld asked Sweden and Ireland to send a battalion each to more easily win white confidence than soldiers from African states would. The first Swedish battalion arrived in Congo from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, where it had been deployed as part of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF</a>) on 22 July 1960. Initially, the Swedes patrolled in Leopoldville and guarded the city's <a href="/wiki/N%27djili_Airport" title="N'djili Airport">N'djili Airport</a>. </p><p>Swedes (like other UN troops) had difficulty keeping track of the fluid and rapidly-changing political allegiances of the groups, and their fighting did not always have an obvious reason. In August they moved to Elizabethville in Katanga, where they encountered their first combat situation and had their first loss while escorting a train. The trains, which were carrying Katangan <a href="/wiki/Baluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba">Baluba</a> prisoners, were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">BaLuba</a> (an ethnic group who supported the central government against Katanga). </p><p>The Swedes had to maintain order in a camp with about 40,000 BaLuba refugees in Kasai which was formed in two weeks in 1961, with refugees fleeing attacks in northern Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-Stendahl_(2014)_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_(2014)-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, the Swedes moved to the <a href="/wiki/Kamina" title="Kamina">Kamina</a> base. On New Year's Eve 1962, UN troops advanced towards Kamina, cleared the gendarmes' roadblocks, and defeated the organized resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congo Crisis was by far the most serious international task the Swedish Armed Forces faced during the Cold War,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the first time in 140 years that Swedish forces were forced into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the crisis, 40 Swedish soldiers were injured and 19 killed. It was reported in 2004 that the bodies of two dead Swedes were eaten by local people, purportedly because cannibals were believed by some African groups to absorb the victim's strength. The <a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a>, which was considered very sensitive by the UN and the Congolese government, had been covered up.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 6,334 Swedes served in the Congo from 1960 to 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven soldiers, including <a href="/wiki/Stig_von_Bayer" title="Stig von Bayer">Stig von Bayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_St%C3%A5lnacke" title="Torsten Stålnacke">Torsten Stålnacke</a>, received the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Medal" title="Vasa Medal">Vasa Medal</a> for "extraordinary courage and commendable action to save human lives".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedish_ONUC_battalions,_1960–1964"><span id="Swedish_ONUC_battalions.2C_1960.E2.80.931964"></span><span class="anchor" id="Swedish_ONUC_Battalions_1960–1964"></span>Swedish ONUC battalions, 1960–1964</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Swedish ONUC battalions, 1960–1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An officer at an airfield salutes the Swedish flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg/220px-Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg/330px-Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg/440px-Swedish_military_during_the_Congo_Crises_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Major-general <a href="/wiki/Curt_G%C3%B6ransson" title="Curt Göransson">Curt Göransson</a> salutes the Swedish flag and his UN troops on his arrival in Elizabethville. On his right are Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jonas_W%C3%A6rn" title="Jonas Wærn">Jonas Wærn</a> and Colonel Olaf Egge <i>(with dark glasses)</i>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Strength</th> <th>Commander</th> <th>Service </th></tr> <tr> <td>VIII G</td> <td>660</td> <td>Col. Bernt Juhlin</td> <td>May – November 1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X K</td> <td>533</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Kjellgren" title="Anders Kjellgren">Anders Kjellgren</a></td> <td>November 1960 – June 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XI G</td> <td>603</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Frykman" title="Gösta Frykman">Gösta Frykman</a></td> <td>April – November 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XII K</td> <td>567</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_W%C3%A6rn" title="Jonas Wærn">Jonas Wærn</a></td> <td>June – December 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XIV K</td> <td>653</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_W%C3%A6rn" title="Jonas Wærn">Jonas Wærn</a></td> <td>December 1961 – May 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XVI K</td> <td>662</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Sten-Eggert_Naucl%C3%A9r" title="Sten-Eggert Nauclér">Sten-Eggert Nauclér</a></td> <td>May – October 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XVIII K</td> <td>698</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Nils-Olof_Heder%C3%A9n" title="Nils-Olof Hederén">Nils-Olof Hederén</a></td> <td>October 1962 – April 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XX K</td> <td>528</td> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Nils-Olof_Heder%C3%A9n" title="Nils-Olof Hederén">Nils-Olof Hederén</a></td> <td>April – December 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XXII K</td> <td>303</td> <td>Lt Col. <a href="/wiki/Vollrath_Tham" title="Vollrath Tham">Vollrath Tham</a></td> <td>December 1963 – May 1964<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Swedish UN battalion in Sinai in 1956 was named Battalion 1. This numbering continued until Battalion 9, which was deployed in Sinai and later in Gaza. After Battalion 9, the numbering was changed to odd numbers starting with 11 and with the additional letter <i>G</i> (for Gaza). Battalion 8 was transferred from Gaza to the Congo, and took the name Battalion VIII K (Kongo). Seven of the Congo battalions (10 to 22) were recruited to serve in ONUC, and the other two were Gaza battalions transferred to the Congo as reinforcements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Army">Irish Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Irish Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a>'s first large deployment to the Congo was in 1960. The 32nd Infantry Battalion was the first deployment of Irish troops overseas and they were woefully ill-equipped. The standard uniform was a heavy bullswool tunic and trousers and the service rifle was the .303 <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a>. Issues with kit were eventually solved, new lightweight uniforms were issued and the <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a> rifle replaced the Lee–Enfield. The Irish Battalions had a huge area to patrol and not much transport to patrol it with. Most patrols consisted of a couple of <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rovers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Willys CJ3As</a>, carrying soldiers armed with rifles, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_M/45" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustaf M/45">Gustav M45</a> submachineguns and <a href="/wiki/Bren_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bren Gun">Bren Guns</a>. One such patrol was ambushed at Niemba on 8 November 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Baluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba">Baluba</a> tribesmen. Of the 11 Irish soldiers, 9 were killed and only 2 escaped, while 25 Baluba were also killed in the battle. Trooper Anthony Browne was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal_for_Gallantry" title="Military Medal for Gallantry">Military Medal for Gallantry</a> (the highest Irish military award) for giving his life to save his comrade.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the ambush, the army equipped its contingent with 8 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> armoured cars. These had been constructed in Ireland during the Second World War as a stop-gap armoured vehicle. Armament consisted of a single turret-mounted Vickers HMG. Modifications included extra ammunition storage, a searchlight and a cooling fan. </p><p>The most famous Irish action of the operation was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Siege of Jadotville</a> where 150 Irish troops of "A" Company, 35th Battalion, held out against a much larger force of 3,000–5,000 Belgian, French, and Rhodesian led Katanga mercenaries and irregulars. The Irish fought until their ammunition ran out, inflicting hundreds of casualties on their opponents while suffering only several wounded. However, an attempt by Irish and Swedish reinforcements to relieve them failed, and in the end, the besieged Irish troops were forced to surrender. </p><p>A total of 6,000 Irish soldiers served in the Congo from 1960 until 1964, taking 26 casualties in that time. The Congo deployment resulted in greater investment by the government in personal kit and eventually, armoured personnel carriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Air_Force">Philippine Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philippine Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg/220px-Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg/330px-Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg/440px-Philippine_Air_Force_F-86F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A squadron of F-86F Sabre of the Philippine Air Force</figcaption></figure> <p>The UN Operations in the Congo would be the first international mission for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a> since it was founded in 1947. This was in response to the United Nations' call for member-states to support the on-going UN Operations in the Congo. Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> deployed the 9th Tactical Fighter "Limbas" Squadron of the Philippine Air Force. </p><p>The Philippine contingent left for the Congo on 11 February 1963. The PAF 9th Tactical Fighter operated from <a href="/wiki/Kamina_Air_Base" title="Kamina Air Base">Kamina Air Base</a>. The UN Combat Wing was composed of three fighter squadrons – the 22nd Swedish Squadron's J-29 Tunnan, the 103rd Iranian Squadron's F-86F Sabre and the Philippines' 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron's F-86E Sabre. </p><p>On 02 April 1963 a detachment of the PAF 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron was deployed to Elizabethville, conducting reconnaissance missions for sector command. </p><p>The Filipino airmen showed great resourcefulness and ingenuity in improvising an engine dolly, equipment vital for aircraft maintenance reducing a third of the man-hours normally required. The Filipinos also pioneered in civic action missions, teaching the Congolese the art of bamboo weaving and the manufacture of bamboo furniture thus improving the socio-economic conditions of the locals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Army">Canadian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canadian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When violence erupted in the Congo, Canada set aside an infantry brigade for United Nations use. Dag Hammarskjold refused Canada's offer to send the brigade to the Congo, saying: "If outside help was required to resolve the developing crisis, they preferred non-African states to be used as a last resort".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The UN did not want to turn the Congo Crisis into a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a>, and tried to pick peacekeepers from neutral countries. Canadian forces were suitable for a peacekeeping mission in the Congo because they were bilingual, however, which allowed them to communicate with the mostly-English-speaking UN troops, the French-speaking Belgian and Congolese forces, and the Congolese people. </p><p>The first request for assistance from the Congo asked the United Nations send technical assistance in support of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a>, the Congo's armed forces. In response, "the secretary general suggested the dispatch of UN technical personnel to the Congo to assist in restoring order and discipline within the armed forces".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian National Defence assumed that the UN would ask for French-speaking military advisers; the army maintained a standby list of one hundred officers, including many who were bilingual and could be posted abroad on short notice. Before Hammarskjold could put his plan into action, a second Congolese request was sent to the secretary-general from President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Canada again offered combat troops, saying that the country could "deploy one of three French speaking battalions made ready for UN Service".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The offer for combat troops was again refused, although Hammarskjold accepted the Canadian French-speaking officers. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean_Berthiaume" title="Jean Berthiaume">Jean Berthiaume</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_22e_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal 22e Regiment">Royal 22e Regiment</a> led the UN effort as the mission's first <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berthiaume, cited for his organizational skills, courage and "initiative, linguistic ability, and special aptitude for negotiating", was the first Canadian since World War II to become an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian signals and logistics personnel (quartermaster and maintenance personnel) were sent to the Congo. The Canadian signallers, who provided communications between headquarters and the front, were stationed at ONUC headquarters and at 10 signals stations spread throughout the Congo. Canada also sent a provost unit which attempted to provide law and order in the capital. In addition to the signals squadron, Canada sent an advance reconnaissance party of six officers from the United Nations Military Observer Group in India. The reconnaissance party found that "ONUC HQ personnel did not carry weapons and were able to move about freely without any trouble".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The Canadian government, however, was concerned that their French-speaking peacekeepers might be mistaken for Belgian paratroops. </p><p>Canadian peacekeepers were attacked by Congolese troops several times, the first time at N'Djili Airport. Their commanding officer was knocked out, and Canadian soldiers were loaded onto a truck. After about ten minutes, the Canadians were rescued by a Danish officer and Ghanaian troops. The UN and Canada were outraged by the attack on Canadian peacekeepers, but praised the Canadian officer for not escalating the situation and responding with discretion. The Canadian soldiers were capable of firing on the Congolese troops in self-defence, but did not. </p><p>Although Canada was not in the Congo in a combat capacity, their involvement was scrutinized by the USSR. The Soviets began to attack Canadian involvement and demanded a troop withdrawal, accusing Canada of providing arms. The allegations were never proven, but the UN secretary-general transferred the RCAF contingent from airlift duty in support of the UN mission to a Pisa-Leopoldville airlift of food and aid. This move satisfied the Russians; instead of arguing against UN involvement in the Congo, the Soviets began to provide aid to Prime Minister Lumumba in Leopoldville. Lumumba's assassination and Hammarskjold's death led to the use of force by UN troops in the Congo. UN troops pushed into Katanga in 1961, and began routing Tshombe's forces. As "clashes between Tshombe and UN forces grew more frequent, the UN moved even more aggressively, and eventually took control of key parts of the province".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest troop strength reached by the Canadian contingent in the Congo reached was 461. About 1,800 Canadians served among the 93,000 predominantly-African peacekeepers with the ONUC from 1960 to 1964, working chiefly as communications signallers and delivering via the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> humanitarian food shipments and logistical support.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffen1987_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffen1987-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian participation stemmed more from overwhelming public opinion than the government of <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, according to historians <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hillmer1994_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillmer1994-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diefenbaker reportedly refused to comply with public calls for Canada to provide humanitarian relief to 230,000 Congolese famine victims in South Kasai in 1961 because "surplus foodstuffs should be distributed to unemployed persons in Canada" as a first priority.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Canadians died from non-conflict-related causes and, of the 33 Canadians injured in the conflict, twelve received "severe beatings" by Congolese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffen1987_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffen1987-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Patrice Lumumba dismissed the first beatings, on 18 August 1960, as "unimportant" and "blown out of all proportion" in order for the UN to "influence public opinion", he attributed them a day later to the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Nationale_Congolaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée Nationale Congolaise">Armée Nationale Congolaise</a>'s "excess of zeal".<sup id="cite_ref-granatstein1968_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granatstein1968-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have described these incidents as cases of mistaken identity under chaotic circumstances in which Canadian personnel were mistaken by Congolese soldiers for Belgian paratroopers or mercenaries working for the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis#Secession_of_Katanga" title="Congo Crisis">Katanga secession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffen1987_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffen1987-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hillmer1994_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillmer1994-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a quarter of Canada's signallers extended their six-month tours of duty to a full year, and Canadian forces reportedly found the Congolese "illiterate, very volatile, superstitious and easily influenced"; a Canadian lieutenant-colonel persuaded Kivu Province's prime minister to accept a relief contingent from Malaysia by explaining that the Malaysians could divert bullets in flight away from their intended path.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffen1987_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffen1987-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study concluded that while the Canadian government "demonstrated a greater willingness to accommodate the Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba than other Western nations" and did not side with publicly either faction, it "[p]rivately ... favoured the more Western oriented [President] Kasavubu".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's troops earned the trust of <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph Mobutu</a>, who visited Canada in 1964 as president of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> and acknowledged Canada's support in maintaining his country's territorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffen1987_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffen1987-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four hundred sixty Ethiopian troops were among 3,500 UN soldiers to arrive by 20 July 1960. This initial contingent would form the Tekil (or "Tekel") Brigade, which was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a>. During the operation, about 3,000 members of the elite <a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">Kebur Zabagna</a> (imperial bodyguard)—about 10 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Army">Ethiopian Army</a>'s strength at that time—were raised by Emperor Haile Selassie in addition to an air-force squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian 3rd Brigade provided decisive artillery support in the UN's siege of Kibushi in late 1962 and early 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana,_Nigeria,_and_Egypt"><span id="Ghana.2C_Nigeria.2C_and_Egypt"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ghana,_Nigeria,_Egypt"></span>Ghana, Nigeria, and Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ghana, Nigeria, and Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghanaian and Nigerian troops served in the ONUC, the latter with the 99th Indian Infantry Brigade. The Nigerian 1st Battalion was among the last military forces in the country in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-DextrazeK_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DextrazeK-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Egyptian battalion apparently arrived by September 1960, but left by early 1961 after a dispute about the UN's role.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 January 1961, the secretary-general reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (a union of Egypt and Syria) requested the repatriation of its contingent of about 510 by 1 February;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the troops reportedly were a parachute battalion based in <a href="/wiki/Lisala" title="Lisala">Lisala</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(former_province)" title="Équateur (former province)">Equateur Province</a>, where visits by <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">UAR Ilyushin</a> aircraft concerned UN officials.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/United Nations Operation in the Congo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" border="0""> <caption>Indonesian Army deployment in the Congo </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Contingent</th> <th>Strength</th> <th>Commander</th> <th>Service </th></tr> <tr> <td>Garuda II</td> <td>1,074</td> <td>Col. Prijatna, Lt.Col. Solichin Gautama Purwanegara</td> <td>September 1960 – May 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garuda III</td> <td>3,457</td> <td>Brig.Gen. Kemal Idris, Col. Sabirin Mochtar</td> <td>early 1962 – late 1963 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Air_Force">Italian Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italian Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/United Nations Operation in the Congo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aircraft from the Aeronautica Militare Italiana operated between August 1960 and June 1962 to transport troops and equipment. Twenty-one men were killed, including thirteen in the November 1961 <a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ONUC_force_commanders"><span class="anchor" id="Force_commanders_of_ONUC"></span>ONUC force commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: ONUC force commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Major-general <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Horn_(1903%E2%80%931989)" title="Carl von Horn (1903–1989)">Carl von Horn</a>, Sweden, July – December 1960 (transferred from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a>)</li> <li>Lieutenant-general <a href="/wiki/Sean_MacEoin_(general)" title="Sean MacEoin (general)">Sean MacEoin</a>, Ireland, January 1961 – March 1962<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lieutenant-general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebbede_Guebre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebbede Guebre (page does not exist)">Kebbede Guebre</a>, Ethiopia, April 1962 – July 1963</li> <li>Major-general <a href="/wiki/Christian_Roy_Kaldager" title="Christian Roy Kaldager">Christian Roy Kaldager</a>, Norway, August – December 1963</li> <li>Major-general <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a>, Nigeria, January – June 1964</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ONUC was the first UN peacekeeping mission to employ force to implement decisions by the Security Council, and was the first mission to enforce a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> and an arms embargo.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its first three years of its operation, ONUC improved the Congo's internal security.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of the mission's departure, Adoula said by radio that it was a "decisive factor" in restoring the Congo's unity and set "an encouraging precedent" for intervention in emerging states.<sup id="cite_ref-adoularesigns_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adoularesigns-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, however, most Congolese came to view ONUC as an unwelcome foreign interference in their country's affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Netflix film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Jadotville_(film)" title="The Siege of Jadotville (film)">The Siege of Jadotville</a></i> (2016, directed by Richie Smyth) is based on Declan Power's book, <i>The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle</i> (2005). It tells the story of the Irish peacekeeping troop that held off Katangese and mercenary troops in the mining town of Jadotville, despite being heavily outnumbered.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPackham1996">Packham 1996</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2007">Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpooner2010">Spooner 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWx6-ph9H1sC&pg=PA34">34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpooner2010">Spooner 2010</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpooner2010">Spooner 2010</a>, pp. 13–16, 128–130, 224 n.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLefeverJoshua1966">Lefever & Joshua 1966</a>, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse1978">House 1978</a>, p. 120</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1964" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Harold Karan (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/onucs-civilian-operations-statepreserving-and-statebuilding/0597C3A82695E5FB15B2AAAA3C6B9AE3">"ONUC's Civilian Operations: State-Preserving and State-Building"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 75–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009388">10.2307/2009388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009388">2009388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154965697">154965697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=ONUC%27s+Civilian+Operations%3A+State-Preserving+and+State-Building&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-107&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154965697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009388&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Harold+Karan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fonucs-civilian-operations-statepreserving-and-statebuilding%2F0597C3A82695E5FB15B2AAAA3C6B9AE3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-operation-in-the-congo-onuc-1960-1964">"United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964) – UNARMS"</a>. <i>search.archives.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.archives.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo+%28ONUC%29+%281960%E2%80%931964%29+%E2%80%93+UNARMS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.archives.un.org%2Funited-nations-operation-in-the-congo-onuc-1960-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONUC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONUC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONUC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/onucB.htm">"ONUC"</a>. <i>peacekeeping.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peacekeeping.un.org&rft.atitle=ONUC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fmission%2Fpast%2FonucB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnock2000" class="citation web cs1">Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101027-044.pdf">"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+of+War%3A+Major+USAF+Contingency+Operations%2C+1947%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhso.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-101027-044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryarchives.ie/en/collections/reading-room-collections/united-nations-operations-in-congo-1960-1964">"United Nations Operations in Congo 1960 – 1964 | Reading Room Collections | Collections | Military Archives"</a>. <i>www.militaryarchives.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.militaryarchives.ie&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Operations+in+Congo+1960+%E2%80%93+1964+%7C+Reading+Room+Collections+%7C+Collections+%7C+Military+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryarchives.ie%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Freading-room-collections%2Funited-nations-operations-in-congo-1960-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados2006" class="citation book cs1">Prados, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JokJ7K3b5fMC&q=%22Patrice+Lumumba%22+katanga+tortured&pg=PA278"><i>Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566638234" title="Special:BookSources/9781566638234"><bdi>9781566638234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+for+Democracy%3A+The+Secret+Wars+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781566638234&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJokJ7K3b5fMC%26q%3D%2522Patrice%2BLumumba%2522%2Bkatanga%2Btortured%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702212648/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/timeline/pages/onuc.html">"UN Operation in the Congo"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/timeline/pages/onuc.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=UN+Operation+in+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdpko%2Fdpko%2Ftimeline%2Fpages%2Fonuc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macqueen_2017_102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macqueen_2017_102_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macqueen_2017_102_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen2017" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Norrie (2017). <i>The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryLearningSite.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+and+the+Congo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Funited_nations_congo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations-2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2001_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213034545/https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/onucB.htm">"Republic of Congo – ONUC Background"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/onucB.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Congo+%E2%80%93+ONUC+Background&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FDPKO%2FMissions%2FonucB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1997" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Alex (1997). James Kiras; Douglas A. Fraser (eds.). <i>Peacekeeping with Muscle: The Use of Force in International Conflict Resolution</i>. Clementsport, Nova Scotia: Canadian Peacekeeping. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1896551180" title="Special:BookSources/978-1896551180"><bdi>978-1896551180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacekeeping+with+Muscle%3A+The+Use+of+Force+in+International+Conflict+Resolution&rft.place=Clementsport%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Canadian+Peacekeeping&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1896551180&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnock2000" class="citation web cs1">Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101027-044.pdf">"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations, 1947–1997"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+of+War%3A+Major+USAF+Contingency+Operations%2C+1947%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhso.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-101027-044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paper-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paper_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Dag Hammarskjold, 14 August 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108194055/http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/shoulders-our-freedom-fighters/42970-collected-speeches-writings-patrice-lumumba.html">"Writings of Patrice Lumumba"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/shoulders-our-freedom-fighters/42970-collected-speeches-writings-patrice-lumumba.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Patrice+Lumumba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assatashakur.org%2Fforum%2Fshoulders-our-freedom-fighters%2F42970-collected-speeches-writings-patrice-lumumba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201637-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201637_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen2017" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Norrie (2017). <i>The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War</i>. London: Routledge. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations%2C+Peace+Operations+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Norrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations1960" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/docs/congo60.pdf">"Questions relating to the situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Questions+relating+to+the+situation+in+the+Republic+of+the+Congo+%28Leopoldville%29&rft.date=1960&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdhl%2Fdag%2Fdocs%2Fcongo60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> Initial reports on the deployment of troops appear to be S/4389 (18 July 1960), S/4417 (c. 23 July 1960), S/4475 (30 August 1960)(withdrawal of Belgian forces), and S/4482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopiansoldiers.com/the-congo-crisis/">"UN Peacekeeping: The Congo Crisis"</a>. <i>The Ethiopian Soldier: Defending the Nation</i>. 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ethiopian+Soldier%3A+Defending+the+Nation&rft.atitle=UN+Peacekeeping%3A+The+Congo+Crisis&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethiopiansoldiers.com%2Fthe-congo-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N60/171/85/PDF/N6017185.pdf?OpenElement">"First report by the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council Resolution S/4387 CF 14 July 1960 (S/4389)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. 18 July 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+report+by+the+Secretary-General+on+the+implementation+of+Security+Council+Resolution+S%2F4387+CF+14+July+1960+%28S%2F4389%29&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1960-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN60%2F171%2F85%2FPDF%2FN6017185.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201635_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgapi2008" class="citation news cs1">Ngapi, Rich (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200808150585.html">"Congo-Kinshasa: Le 8 août 1960, Albert Kalonji proclame l'autonomie du Sud-Kasaï"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Potentiel" title="Le Potentiel">Le Potentiel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Potentiel&rft.atitle=Congo-Kinshasa%3A+Le+8+ao%C3%BBt+1960%2C+Albert+Kalonji+proclame+l%27autonomie+du+Sud-Kasa%C3%AF&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.aulast=Ngapi&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.allafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200808150585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deWitte-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deWitte_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deWitte_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Witte, <i>The Assassination of Lumumba</i>, 2001, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln P. Bloomfield, "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC", <i>International Organization</i>, Vol. 17, Issue 2, April 1963, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon McDonald et al., <i>U.S. Army Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)</i> [issued by the Foreign Area Studies Division of American University], June 1962, p. 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201639-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201639_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeilig2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeilig, Leo (2008). <i>Patrice Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader</i>. London: Haus. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrice+Lumumba%3A+Africa%27s+Lost+Leader&rft.place=London&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Haus&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zeilig&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livemint.com-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livemint.com_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livemint.com_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinath_Raghavan2016" class="citation web cs1">Srinath Raghavan (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/9D5XT497AEYYluFn3moa2H/When-Indian-troops-entered-Congo-55-years-ago.html">"When Indian troops entered Congo 55 years ago"</a>. <i>Mint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=When+Indian+troops+entered+Congo+55+years+ago&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft.au=Srinath+Raghavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FOpinion%2F9D5XT497AEYYluFn3moa2H%2FWhen-Indian-troops-entered-Congo-55-years-ago.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201640-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201640_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2011" class="citation web cs1">Borger, Julian (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash">"Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dag+Hammarskj%C3%B6ld%3A+evidence+suggests+UN+chief%27s+plane+was+shot+down&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F17%2Fdag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2014" class="citation web cs1">Borger, Julian (4 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/04/dag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable">"Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dag+Hammarskj%C3%B6ld%27s+plane+may+have+been+shot+down%2C+ambassador+warned&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F04%2Fdag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2016">Williams 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvM2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SvM2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531001051/http://www.sfhm.se/smha/page____2514.aspx?epslanguage=SV">"Svensk militär fredsbevarande utlandstjänst under Förenta Nationernas tidevarv, 2009 Statens försvarshistoriska museer"</a> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfhm.se/smha/page____2514.aspx?epslanguage=SV">the original</a> on 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svensk+milit%C3%A4r+fredsbevarande+utlandstj%C3%A4nst+under+F%C3%B6renta+Nationernas+tidevarv%2C+2009+Statens+f%C3%B6rsvarshistoriska+museer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfhm.se%2Fsmha%2Fpage____2514.aspx%3Fepslanguage%3DSV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellamy, Alex J.; Williams, Paul; and Griffin, Stuart. <i>Understanding Peacekeeping</i>. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallanan" class="citation web cs1">Callanan, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/obrien-conor-cruise-a9694">"O'Brien, Conor Cruise"</a>. <i>Directory of Irish Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kongokrisen+%E2%80%93+FN-insatsen+1960%E2%80%9364+i+analys&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lund+University%2C+Department+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Persson%2C+Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D1325876%26fileOId%3D1325877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-widf-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-widf_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-widf_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-widf_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidfeldt1966" class="citation book cs1">Widfeldt, Bo (1966). <i>The Saab J 29</i>. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saab+J+29&rft.place=Leatherhead%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Profile+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Widfeldt&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Jakt/118J29.htm">"J 29 – SAAB 29 ”Flygande tunnan” (1951–1976)"</a>. <i>avrosys.nu.</i> Retrieved: 4 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stendahl_(2014)-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_(2014)_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_(2014)_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendahl2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stendahl, Sandra (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydsvenskan.se/kultur--nojen/glomda-minnen-fran-kongo-i-dokumentar/">"Glömda minnen från Kongo i dokumentär"</a> [Forgotten memories of Congo in documentary]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydsvenskan" title="Sydsvenskan">Sydsvenskan</a></i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydsvenskan&rft.atitle=Gl%C3%B6mda+minnen+fr%C3%A5n+Kongo+i+dokument%C3%A4r&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydsvenskan.se%2Fkultur--nojen%2Fglomda-minnen-fran-kongo-i-dokumentar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakia2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lakia, Nina (18 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607141420/http://www.sfhm.se/templates/pages/ArmeExhibitionPage____2109.aspx">"Svensk FN-trupp i Kongo år 1960–64"</a> [Swedish UN troops in the Congo in 1960–64] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army_Museum" title="Swedish Army Museum">Swedish Army Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfhm.se/templates/pages/ArmeExhibitionPage____2109.aspx?epslanguage=EN">the original</a> on 7 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svensk+FN-trupp+i+Kongo+%C3%A5r+1960%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=Swedish+Army+Museum&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft.aulast=Lakia&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfhm.se%2Ftemplates%2Fpages%2FArmeExhibitionPage____2109.aspx%3Fepslanguage%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricsson_Wolke2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ericsson Wolke, Lars (28 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112449/http://www.ericsonwolke.se/lasmer_lessonslearned.htm">"Lessons learned? Svenska operativa och taktiska erfarenheter från Kongokrisen 1960–1964"</a> [Lessons learned? Swedish operational and tactical experience from the Congo Crisis 1960–1964]. <i>www.ericsonwolke.se</i> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericsonwolke.se/lasmer_lessonslearned.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ericsonwolke.se&rft.atitle=Lessons+learned%3F+Svenska+operativa+och+taktiska+erfarenheter+fr%C3%A5n+Kongokrisen+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft.aulast=Ericsson+Wolke&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericsonwolke.se%2Flasmer_lessonslearned.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsson2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johnsson, Fredrik (11 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203201306/http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/p3/programsidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2519&Artikel=1689117">"Kongokrisen"</a> [Congo Crisis]. <i><a href="/wiki/P3_Dokument%C3%A4r" title="P3 Dokumentär">P3 Dokumentär</a></i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/p3/programsidor/artikel.asp?ProgramID=2519&Artikel=1689117">the original</a> on 3 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P3+Dokument%C3%A4r&rft.atitle=Kongokrisen&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.aulast=Johnsson&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr.se%2Fcgi-bin%2Fp3%2Fprogramsidor%2Fartikel.asp%3FProgramID%3D2519%26Artikel%3D1689117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedlund2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hedlund, Ingvar (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217111925/http://www.expressen.se/1.144513">"Svenska soldater åts upp i Kongo"</a> [Swedish soldiers were eaten in Congo]. <i><a href="/wiki/Expressen" title="Expressen">Expressen</a></i> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressen.se/1.144513">the original</a> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expressen&rft.atitle=Svenska+soldater+%C3%A5ts+upp+i+Kongo&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.aulast=Hedlund&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressen.se%2F1.144513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchori2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schori" title="Pierre Schori">Schori, Pierre</a> (21 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/a/Ql73LR/glom-bort-konstbraket-nu-galler-det-folkmord">"Glöm bort konstbråket – nu gäller det folkmord"</a> [Forget about the art fuss – now it's about genocide]. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a></i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=Gl%C3%B6m+bort+konstbr%C3%A5ket+%E2%80%93+nu+g%C3%A4ller+det+folkmord&rft.date=2004-01-21&rft.aulast=Schori&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fdebatt%2Fa%2FQl73LR%2Fglom-bort-konstbraket-nu-galler-det-folkmord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöstrand2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sjöstrand, Carl, ed. (2006). <i>Utlandsstyrkan i fredens tjänst: försvarsmaktens internationella insatser</i> (in Swedish). Malmö: Arena. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7843-225-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-7843-225-1"><bdi>91-7843-225-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/10271824">10271824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utlandsstyrkan+i+fredens+tj%C3%A4nst%3A+f%C3%B6rsvarsmaktens+internationella+insatser&rft.place=Malm%C3%B6&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Arena&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-7843-225-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Tullberg, Andreas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3516816/file/3941179.pdf"><i><span></span>'We are in the Congo now': Sweden and the trinity of peacekeeping during the Congo crisis 1960–1964</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Studia historica Lundensia, 1650-755X. Lund: Lund University. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7473-364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7473-364-8"><bdi>978-91-7473-364-8</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/13520443">13520443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27We+are+in+the+Congo+now%27%3A+Sweden+and+the+trinity+of+peacekeeping+during+the+Congo+crisis+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Lund&rft.series=Studia+historica+Lundensia%2C+1650-755X&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Lund+University&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-91-7473-364-8&rft.aulast=Tullberg&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2F3516816%2Ffile%2F3941179.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> which cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSköld1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Sk%C3%B6ld" title="Nils Sköld">Sköld, Nils</a> (1994). <i>Med FN i Kongo: Sveriges medverkan i den fredsbevarande operationen 1960-1964</i> [<i>With the United Nations in the Congo: Sweden's participation in the peacekeeping operation 1960–1964</i>] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Probus. p. 262, Appendix 12.6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-87184-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-87184-31-1"><bdi>91-87184-31-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/7762917">7762917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Med+FN+i+Kongo%3A+Sveriges+medverkan+i+den+fredsbevarande+operationen+1960-1964&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=p.+262%2C+Appendix+12.6&rft.pub=Probus&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=91-87184-31-1&rft.aulast=Sk%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_Command1966" class="citation book cs1">Southern Command (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=St4iAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Browne+had+been+posthumously+awarded+the+Military+Medal+for+Gallantry%22"><i>Volume 26</i></a>. Vol. 26. 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University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819105165" title="Special:BookSources/9780819105165"><bdi>9780819105165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.N.+in+the+Congo%3A+the+political+and+civilian+efforts&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780819105165&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAs8sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefeverJoshua1966" class="citation cs2">Lefever, Ernest W.; Joshua, Wynfred (30 June 1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062748/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/711935.pdf"><i>United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo: 1960–1964</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/711935.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 April 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping+in+the+Congo%3A+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=United+States+Arms+Control+and+Disarmament+Agency&rft.date=1966-06-30&rft.aulast=Lefever&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rft.au=Joshua%2C+Wynfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F711935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockaitis1999" class="citation book cs1">Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THalVADg3EkC"><i>Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275961732" title="Special:BookSources/9780275961732"><bdi>9780275961732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Operations+and+Intrastate+Conflict%3A+The+Sword+Or+the+Olive+Branch%3F&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275961732&rft.aulast=Mockaitis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHalVADg3EkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macqueen, Norrie. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-United-Nations-Peace-Operations-and-the-Cold-War/Macqueen/p/book/9781408237663">The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War</a></i>. London: Routledge, 2017.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja" title="Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congofromleopold00geor"><i>The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5"><bdi>978-1-84277-053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo%2C+From+Leopold+to+Kabila%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-053-5&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongofromleopold00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackham1996" class="citation book cs1">Packham, Eric S. (1996). <i>Freedom and Anarchy</i>. New York: Nova Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56072-232-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56072-232-0"><bdi>1-56072-232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+Anarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56072-232-0&rft.aulast=Packham&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2010" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Kevin A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWx6-ph9H1sC"><i>Canada, The Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960–64</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774858953" title="Special:BookSources/9780774858953"><bdi>9780774858953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%2C+The+Congo+Crisis%2C+and+UN+Peacekeeping%2C+1960%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780774858953&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Kevin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWx6-ph9H1sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, A Susan (2016). <i>Who Killed Hammarskjöld? The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa</i>. London: C. Hurst & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Killed+Hammarskj%C3%B6ld%3F+The+UN%2C+the+Cold+War+and+White+Supremacy+in+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=A+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/112/447/333/79550?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Who Killed Hammarskjöld? : The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa</a></i></li> <li>Zeilig, Leo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVcrDwAAQBAJ">Patrice Lumumba : Africa's Lost Leader</a></i>. London: Haus, 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abi-Saab, G. (1978), <i>The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranck1962" class="citation journal cs1">Franck, Thomas M. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2943&context=lcp">"United Nations Law in Africa: The Congo Operation as a Case Study"</a>. <i>Law and Contemporary Problems</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 632–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1190797">10.2307/1190797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1190797">1190797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Law+in+Africa%3A+The+Congo+Operation+as+a+Case+Study&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=632-52&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1190797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1190797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Franck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2943%26context%3Dlcp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-Saab1978" class="citation cs2">Abi-Saab, Georges (1978), "The Initial Decision to Undertake a Peace-Keeping Operation in the Congo (July 1960)", <i>The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960–1964</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Initial+Decision+to+Undertake+a+Peace-Keeping+Operation+in+the+Congo+%28July+1960%29&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo%2C+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Abi-Saab&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauregard1989" class="citation cs2">Beauregard, JPRE (Summer 1989), "UN Operations in the Congo, 1960–1964", <i>Canadian Defence Quarterly</i>, <b>19</b>: 27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Defence+Quarterly&rft.atitle=UN+Operations+in+the+Congo%2C+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Beauregard&rft.aufirst=JPRE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1963" class="citation cs2">Bloomfield, Lincoln P (Spring 1963), "Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC", <i>International Organization</i>, <b>17</b> (2): 377–89, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818300033804">10.1017/s0020818300033804</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154573940">154573940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Headquarters-Field+Relations%3A+Some+Notes+on+the+Beginning+and+End+of+ONUC&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-89&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818300033804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154573940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Lincoln+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Dextraze in the Congo", <i>Archives</i>, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dextraze+in+the+Congo&rft.btitle=Archives&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty1976" class="citation cs2">Chakravorty, B (1976), Prasad, SN (ed.), <i>The Congo Operation, 1960–63</i>, Delhi: Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Operation%2C+1960%E2%80%9363&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Historical+Section%2C+Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Chakravorty&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>. Controller of Publications, PDD.37(N)/500.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornBell" class="citation cs2">Dorn, A Walter; Bell, David JH, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterdorn.org/pub/40">"Intelligence and Peacekeeping: The UN Operation in the Congo 1960–64"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Peacekeeping" title="International Peacekeeping">International Peacekeeping</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Peacekeeping&rft.atitle=Intelligence+and+Peacekeeping%3A+The+UN+Operation+in+the+Congo+1960%E2%80%9364&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A+Walter&rft.au=Bell%2C+David+JH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterdorn.org%2Fpub%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Gibbs, D. (2000), ‘The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of ‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(3): 359–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.463.1833&rep=rep1&type=pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gibbs, David N. (1993) "Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960–1: a reinterpretation." <i>Journal of Modern African Studies</i> 31.1 (1993): 163–174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161349">online</a></li> <li>Higgins, R. (1980), United Nations Peacekeeping 1946–1967: Documents and Commentary, Vol. III: Africa (London: Oxford University Press).</li> <li>Lefever, Ernest W (1967) <i>Uncertain Mandate: Politics of the U.N. Congo Operation</i> (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press; London: Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK) xvi and 254 pp. £3 11s. 6d.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConor_Cruise_O'Brien1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a> (1962), <i>To Katanga and Back</i>, Hutchinson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Katanga+and+Back&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Conor+Cruise+O%27Brien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarnacchia" class="citation cs2">Scarnacchia, Timothy, "The Congo, Crisis, The United Nations, and Zimbabwean Nationalism: 1960–63", <i>Journal of African Studies</i>, <b>4</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Congo%2C+Crisis%2C+The+United+Nations%2C+and+Zimbabwean+Nationalism%3A+1960%E2%80%9363&rft.volume=4&rft.aulast=Scarnacchia&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Biggest Single Effort Under United Nations Colors", <i>United Nations Review</i>, <b>7</b>: 6–7, 45–50, August 1960</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Review&rft.atitle=The+Biggest+Single+Effort+Under+United+Nations+Colors&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=6-7%2C+45-50&rft.date=1960-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Operation+in+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>United Nations Security Council document S/4482 (financial aid to the Congo)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Records of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-operation-in-the-congo-onuc-1960-1964">the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) (1960–1964)</a> at the United Nations Archives</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUSCO</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">UNISFA</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UNMISS</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic">MINUSCA</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inactive</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">UNFICYP</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">UNDOF</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">UNIFIL</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ONUC</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">UNTAG</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_I" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission I">UNAVEM I</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_II" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission II">UNAVEM II</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_I" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia I">UNOSOM I</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Mozambique" title="United Nations Operation in Mozambique">ONUMOZ</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">UNOSOM II</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_Uganda-Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda">UNOMUR</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia">UNOMIL</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Aouzou_Strip_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group">UNASOG</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_III" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission III">UNAVEM III</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Angola">MONUA</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic">MINURCA</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone">UNOMSIL</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">UNAMSIL</a> (1999–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUC</a> (1999–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire">MINUCI</a> (2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">UNMIL</a> (2003–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire">UNOCI</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Operation in Burundi">ONUB</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Sudan">UNMIS</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">MINURCAT</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union-United_Nations_Hybrid_Operation_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur">UNAMID</a> (2007–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a> (2013–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Transition_Assistance_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan">UNITAMS</a> (2020-2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOMREP" title="DOMREP">DOMREP</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUCA" title="ONUCA">ONUCA</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUSAL" title="ONUSAL">ONUSAL</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">UNMIH</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Support_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNSMIH</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala">MINUGUA</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Transition_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNTMIH</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">MIPONUH</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">MINUSTAH</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_Justice_Support_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti">MINUJUSTH</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">UNSF</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_India-Pakistan_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission">UNIPOM</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Good_Offices_Mission_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" title="United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan">UNGOMAP</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advance_Mission_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia">UNAMIC</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Tajikistan" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan">UNMOT</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor">UNMISET</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor">UNMIT</a> (2006–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UNOMIG</a> (1993–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Confidence_Restoration_Operation_in_Croatia" title="United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia">UNCRO</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Preventive_Deployment_Force" title="United Nations Preventive Deployment Force">UNPREDEP</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina">UNMIBH</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">UNMOP</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Support_Group" title="United Nations Civilian Police Support Group">UNCPSG</a> (1996–2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="First United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF I</a> (1956–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observation_Group_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon">UNOGIL</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Yemen_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Yemen Observation Mission">UNYOM</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF II</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran-Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group">UNIIMOG</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq-Kuwait_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission">UNIKOM</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UNSMIS</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">History of UN peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_involvement_in_international_peacekeeping" title="Latin American involvement in international peacekeeping">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">United Nations Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">United Nations Military Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">United Nations Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" 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medals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Medal" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Medal">Dag Hammarskjöld Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/35px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/53px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/70px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal" title="Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal">Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peace_Medal" title="United Nations Peace Medal">United Nations Peace Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force_Medal" title="United Nations Emergency Force Medal">United Nations Emergency Force Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/35px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/53px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/70px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Korea Medal">United Nations Korea Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observation_Group_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon">UNOGIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ONUC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNSF_UNTEA_Medal_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/UNSF_UNTEA_Medal_bar.svg/35px-UNSF_UNTEA_Medal_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/UNSF_UNTEA_Medal_bar.svg/53px-UNSF_UNTEA_Medal_bar.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_India-Pakistan_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission">UNIPOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/35px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/53px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/70px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force_II" title="United Nations Emergency Force II">UNEF II</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg/35px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg/53px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, 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Lebanon">UNIFIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">UNHQ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/35px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/53px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/70px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group">UNIIMOG</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAG.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/35px-UNTAG.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/53px-UNTAG.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/70px-UNTAG.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">UNTAG</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif/35px-ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif/53px-ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif/70px-ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/ONUCA" title="ONUCA">ONUCA</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif/35px-UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif/53px-UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif/70px-UNAVEM_Medal_ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission">UNAVEM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Service_Medal" title="United Nations Special Service Medal">United Nations Special Service Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/35px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/53px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/70px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission">UNIKOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advance_Mission_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia">UNAMIC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/35px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/53px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/70px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/ONUSAL" title="ONUSAL">ONUSAL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Medal,_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/35px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/53px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/70px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/UNOSOM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOSOM II">UNOSOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/35px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/53px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/70px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">UNMIH</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/35px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/53px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/70px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Preventive_Deployment_Force" title="United Nations Preventive Deployment Force">UNPREDEP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">UNMOP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission in East Timor">UNAMET</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">UNTAET</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor">UNMISET</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">UNMIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire">MINUCI</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire">ONUCI</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">MINURCAT II</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandated Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia">International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_on_the_Former_Yugoslavia_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia Medal (page does not exist)">Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina">SFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/35px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/53px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/70px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TimorEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/35px-TimorEast.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/53px-TimorEast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/70px-TimorEast.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="188" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor" title="International Force East Timor">INTERFET</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor_Medal" title="International Force East Timor Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal#Non-Article_5_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Non-Article 5 Medal</a> for the Balkans</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_ribbon_(Non-Article_5).svg" 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