How cold is the Antarctic?

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Our science prevents property damage and saves lives.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/hazards"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-feb41dfc59ad1fbd2860d0f15cb814dca9cf40b2ac70183a5046f467c4ce3bb9"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e6ce7081ecb9943427b1c1fcfe3a6584ded22ef870524bbef6745e2989e8de95"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 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href="/hazards/geological-hazards" hreflang="en">Geological hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/hazards?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/future-coasts-aotearoa">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/identifying-rip-currents-using-artificial-intelligence">Identifying rip currents using AI</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/riskscape-software">Riskscape software</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/ma-te-haumaru-o-nga-puna-wai-o-rakaihautu-ka-ora-mo-ake-tonu">Mā te haumaru ō te wai: Aotearoa flood resilience</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/research-projects/responding-to-and-preparing-for-extreme-weather-events">Responding to and preparing for extreme weather events</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/forecasting-weather-systems">Forecasting weather systems</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/tsunami-generated-underwater-volcanoes">Tsunami generated by underwater volcanoes</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards/river-flow-forecasting">River flow forecasting</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=198">Tools & services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards/extreme-coastal-flood-maps-aotearoa-new-zealand">Extreme coastal flood maps for Aotearoa New Zealand</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/physical-hazards-affecting-coastal-margins-and-continental-shelf/storm-tide-red-alert-days-2024">Storm-tide red-alert days 2024</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/tide-forecaster">Tide forecaster</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://shiny.niwa.co.nz/drought-forecast/">Drought dashboard</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/serious-games-tool-engage-people">Serious games as a tool to engage people</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/news/tonga-eruption-confirmed-largest-ever-recorded">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2022_10_3D_MODEL_HTHH_parsonskingDSC00900-web.jpg?h=f3f0a9e5&itok=gsi2rTI3" width="614" height="409" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Tonga eruption confirmed as largest ever recorded </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Media release</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">21 November 2022</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">A New Zealand-led team has completed the fullest investigation to date into January’s eruption of the underwater Tongan volcano.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-60e3531b6924eab9f8abfacc174d4de7806f635396ad928682e16e8a085b72a8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e7760df8e9fd8f886fae4931f8914271432270484f97646dfa39b70a554a1e78"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans" title="NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/6203">Coasts & Oceans</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Coasts & Oceans</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f2cccb5ae7cfcd98824aaa03fe380ca5a13ee2d914ca3f4e0a74f0d03779e0c8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4359c345d7bdce8f040682964b1f2c013c045e8ea70570b80191d515fc3688f2"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-088e254b19637134dbe3e1e715d0de6b87c7f0de83b98e89865b561a07f97e47"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f4f4ecbf310030d33b618a518e2ea4e2177115048e4a94de7828849136b1a95d"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-afed415a8e64383f2034c4eec0b83110321e398b31a3eea6a659e95e271f3bd4"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/fisheries" hreflang="en">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/aquaculture" hreflang="en">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/oceans" hreflang="en">Oceans</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts" hreflang="en">Coasts</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts/estuaries" hreflang="en">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/antarctica" hreflang="en">Antarctica</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/research">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/antarctica?pt=10#filters">Antarctica</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=10#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=10#filters">Coasts </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/research?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158&created=All">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=10#filters">Fisheries </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=10#filters">Oceans</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services">Tools & Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=13#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=13#filters">Coasts</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=13#filters">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=13#filters">Oceans</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/niwa-vessels">NIWA Vessels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/coasts-and-oceans?pt=27">Frequently visited</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture/yellowtail-kingfish">Kingfish aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/113711">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-biosecurity">Marine biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/ross-sea-toothfish-fishery">The Ross Sea toothfish fishery</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/recreational-fishing">Recreational Fishing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets">Marine identification guides</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/voyages">Voyages</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/edna-research-and-services">eDNA research and services</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/vessels/kaharoa-ii">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2024-06/kaharoa_II_a25_2024-03-22%2017-50-53_JN_fx%20%28Custom%29.jpeg?h=cf677393&itok=3HCaj-r9" width="614" height="409" alt="Kaharoa II" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Kaharoa II </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Facility</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">14 May 2024</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Kaharoa II sets the standard of excellence for marine research vessels</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-cc3d0e007a69a4910be6f4dd6b9c9d19bcf12400fce8b66b58773c99bb54ba8e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-0e837b2a379a4c89f7db4a71389d4589f1625a0a2a56ea43d7a1d526871d4afb"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/freshwater" title="We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114353">Freshwater</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Freshwater</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/freshwater"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-a046798d206b6a8c4cd0d35eb93339d00b433818a21aa87bf6d8b024d2bcaf1a"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4e8785704df5cc7a0a4e7ff429200a1b1f04569a7addf2715ae7bfb6082a2491"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-425937455d376bf19c3c6533cb547b3c42b4c8eca5c1f958e44cd9ca4b91c696"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f07c5d75653abe1e56e9ed1e017789066d8aa4f7ad73b7c613a2cbbae553b9f0"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3329f14de4ff3f06bc96229d29eb9d884c43e5ff94c56aaf3ede98f008dda6c9"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecological-monitoring" hreflang="en">Ecological monitoring</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecotoxicology" hreflang="en">Ecotoxicology</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-fish" hreflang="en">Freshwater fish</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrates" hreflang="en">Freshwater invertebrates</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-quality" hreflang="en">Freshwater quality</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-restoration" hreflang="en">Freshwater restoration</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/investigating-ecological-impacts-on-freshwater-insects-from-led-streetlight-conversions">Investigating ecological impacts on freshwater insects from LED streetlights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/effective-mitigation-systems-to-manage-contaminant-losses">Effective mitigation systems to manage contaminant losses</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/te-kuwaha/research-projects/cultural-keystone-species-co-management-and-restoration-of-our-freshwater-taonga-species">Cultural Keystone Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-on-shallow-eutrophic-lakes">Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/hauraki-integrated-land-water-modelling">Hauraki Integrated Land-Water Modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/snow-and-ice-network">Snow and Ice Network</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/climate-change-freshwater-impacts-assessments">Climate change freshwater impacts assessments</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-science/freshwater/our-services/specialist-analytical-services">Specialist analytical services</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/flow-assessment-and-management">Flow assessment and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-data-online">Freshwater databases online</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-species-and-habitat-management">Freshwater species and habitat management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/stormwater-management">Stormwater management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling">Catchment modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/water-quality-monitoring-and-advice">Water quality monitoring and advice</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Tools & Resources</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/riparian-buffer-design-guide">Riparian Buffer Design Guide</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/restoration-tools/constructed-wetland-guidelines">Constructed wetland guidelines</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-update/freshwater-update-80-march-2019/the-new-zealand-water-model-nzwam-%E2%80%93-a-new-water-modelling-approach">The New Zealand Water Model (NZWaM) </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/tools/biosecurity">Biosecurity tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools">Environmental flow tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/fish-passage-assessment-tool">Fish Passage Assessment Tool</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools/new-zealand-streamflow-depletion-model">New Zealand streamflow depletion model</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling/clues-catchment-land-use-for-environmental-sustainability-model">CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-programme-overview">Programmes</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/freshwater-species-ecology-and-management">Freshwater species ecology and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/Hydrological-observations-and-predictions">Hydrological observations and predictions</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/environmental-flows">Environmental flows</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/causes-and-effects-of-water-quality-degradation">Causes and effects of water quality degradation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater-biosecurity">Freshwater biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/mitigation-systems">Mitigation systems</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrate-identification-and-e-guides">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-02/Mayfly-image-NIWA.jpg?h=999433cf&itok=sCEv1D1n" width="614" height="409" alt="Image of mayflies [from NIWA Benthic Macroinvertebrates Field Identification Guide]" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Freshwater invertebrate identification and e-guides </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Education Resource</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">06 February 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Downloadable and printable guides on identification of common freshwater invertebrates found in New Zealand waterways and lakes.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-4646cfc9065bf6517922741b3af192ae33ef48594c8e1d90e63141fa38ec872c"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3cfaacfd2002078b6443b8d3c51c7dab0044cb690a35813a3738ba52176c3687"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori" title="Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114354">Te Kūwaha</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Te Kūwaha</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-92100e7c3e81e72f8c20ba4aef60555902c657126a9f7dd59a23b2d929696eca"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic 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href="/climate/information-and-resources/climate-and-m%C4%81ori-society">Climate and Māori society</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori/te-kuwaha-graduate-programme">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-01/koru.jpg?h=c74750f6&itok=zxI9Rh7E" width="614" height="409" alt="Koru" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Te Kūwaha Graduate Programme </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">19 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA’s Te Kūwaha Graduate Internship programme has been established to help support and create tangible pathways for the next generation of Māori researchers. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b3e9b9f6a9c5fecacf8d81f103547106363f06577d8bd6652042c67f3ed62866"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-96a40604d31a016166150bfcbc1703fd6b2305677a080b895a6c8cb19ab2adf7"> 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consultancy services to support international development activities, with a particular focus on the Pacific and Asian regions.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/pacific"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-fcdf4de41005c64c06ee75b92f99ba2428d4f2d7b63c67bc477859b61370ad5e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-7be7f512722ff6f46bef459fc13639abfd2bf2124efe1be5f71a12aaf404aaf6"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children 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width="614" height="409" alt="Snapper" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Fisheries & ecosystems </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">30 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA will be determining the impact of fisheries on the aquatic environment. This will inform an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and the development methods to mitigate this impact.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-1ed597bf5bd8450adc122b09898af54f8a3c61774b835d4fa82959f157ccf470"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-75b811cb734b6a275cdc9749f378f1ec937b71d984a6848eb697b91d0a80e89f"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu">Secondary menu</h2> <ul class="site__header__menu__list--secondary"> <li data-disable-flyout="0" class="site__header__menu__item--secondary"> <a href="/about-niwa" title="Decision makers at all levels are seeking evidence-based analysis and advice from environmental experts. 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id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a href="/antarctica">Antarctica</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> How cold is the Antarctic? </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="body-content"> <div class="body-content__main"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"> <p class="has-lede-font-size">Achievement objectives</p> <p>In a meaningful context, students will be able to:</p> <ul> <li>To explain the meaning of negative numbers. [N4.1]</li> <li>Communicate features in measurement data. [S4.3]</li> <li>Report the distinctive features of data displays [S4.5]</li> <li>Sketch and interpret graphs which represent everyday situations [A5.3]</li> </ul> <p><em>Mathematics in the New Zealand Curriculum</em></p> <h2>Interesting facts About Antarctica</h2> <p>Antarctica is the coldest place on earth. It is also the windiest, driest, and highest continent.</p> <p>The South Pole is not the coldest place in Antarctica. The coldest temperature recorded in Antarctica was -89.6°C at Vostok station in 1983. The average winter temperature at the South Pole is about -49°C. Your home freezer is only about -15°C. The wind chill factor means that it can feel much colder. The lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole was – 82.8°C on the 23 June 1982. It is warmer on the coast. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 15°C on 5 June 1974 at Vanda station.</p> <h3>Scott Base</h3> <p>Scott Base is New Zealand‘s permanent Antarctic base. The coldest temperature recorded at Scott Base was -57.0°C on 25 September 1968 and the warmest temperature was 6.8°C on 8 January 1970.</p> <h2>Your task:</h2> <p>This table below shows the average monthly temperatures for Wellington and Scott Base.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Wellington</th> <td>16.9</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>15.8</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>13.4</td> <td>15.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scott Base</th> <td>-4.5</td> <td>-11.4</td> <td>-20.5</td> <td>-24.0</td> <td>-25.6</td> <td>-26.0</td> <td>-28.3</td> <td>-29.7</td> <td>-28.1</td> <td>-21.3</td> <td>-11.4</td> <td>-4.8</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure> <p>Write a report to answer the question: “How cold is the Antarctic?”</p> <p>In your report:</p> <ul> <li>Compare the temperatures of Wellington and Scott Base throughout the year.</li> <li>Draw a graph of the mean monthly temperatures at Scott Base and Wellington on one set of axes. Use an appropriate scale.</li> <li>Write a conclusion to explain how cold it is in the Antarctic.</li> </ul> <p>Resource prepared by Lesley Mackintosh RSNZ Teacher Fellow 2001, NIWA</p> <h2>Related links</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/taxonomy/term/95/" target="_blank">Our science - Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/node/110405" target="_blank">Antarctica photo gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/node/111051" target="_blank">Deep South National Science Challenge projects confirmed</a></li> </ul> <div class="wp-block-niwa-feature-card"> <a class="gb-fc__link" href=/node/110613> <div class="gb-fc__col-img"> </div> </a> <div class="gb-fc__col-txt"> <a class="gb-fc__link" href=/node/110613> <h3 class="gb-fc__title">New Zealand-Australia Antarctic Ecosystems Voyage highlights</h3> <p class="gb-fc__meta"> <span>General</span> <span>   |   </span> <span>12 October 2022</span> </p> <p class="gb-fc__description"> Highlights of the New Zealand-Australia Antarctic Ecosystems Voyage 2015. </p> </a> <a 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