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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations | Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering - The widespread integration of interconnected network elements within the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased its vulnerability to security breaches...."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="13369"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2024"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-22"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The widespread integration of interconnected network elements within the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased its vulnerability to security breaches. This is due to the various software and networks involved in IoT. Numerous elements within these networks lack built-in cyber defenses. Traditional methods like access control, password security, data authentication, malware scanners, and firewalls often fail against sophisticated cyber-attacks due to their reactive nature and limited adaptability. Additionally, intrusion detection systems and security audits can be prone to attacks and may struggle with evolving threats. To address these limitations, We propose a novel hybrid residual layer deep neural network (HRL-DeepNet) for detecting cyber-attacks and anomalies in organizational assets. The HRL-DeepNet employs gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and long short-term memory (LSTM) sequences in hybrid and residual setups. Utilization of hybrid and residual setups not only boosts the distinctiveness of the features but also improves the accuracy of intrusion detection. The proposed HRL-DeepNet, when evaluated on ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017, resulted in high accuracy, with a significantly low false positive rate (FPR) outperforming other state-of-the-art frameworks. Furthermore, the proposed HRL-DeepNet achieves accuracies of 0.999 and 0.986 on the ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017 datasets, respectively, while also achieving F1 scores of 0.977 and 0.966 on the same datasets. This demonstrates its superiority over recently reported works."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2191-4281"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-22"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Arab J Sci Eng"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2191-4281"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/22"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article-Computer Engineering and Computer Science"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="size" content="297670"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The widespread integration of interconnected network elements within the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased its vulnerability to security breaches. Thi"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Alotaibi, Fahad M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fawad"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Engineering, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IEEE Internet Things J.; citation_title=Internet of things: device capabilities, architectures, protocols, and smart applications in healthcare domain; citation_author=MM Islam, S Nooruddin, F Karray, G Muhammad; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=3611-3641; citation_doi=10.1109/JIOT.2022.3228795; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Network; citation_title=Cybersecurity challenges in the maritime sector; citation_author=F Akpan, G Bendiab, S Shiaeles, S Karamperidis, M Michaloliakos; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=123-138; citation_doi=10.3390/network2010009; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Technol. 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Inf. 18(9), 6435–6444 (2021)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Leevy, J.L.; Hancock, J.; Zuech, R.; Khoshgoftaar, T.M.: Detecting cybersecurity attacks using different network features with lightgbm and xgboost learners. In: 2020 IEEE second international conference on cognitive machine intelligence (CogMI), pp. 190–197 (2020). IEEE"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alotaibi, Fahad M."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="Fmmalotaibi@kau.edu.sa"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fawad"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="fawad7528@gist.ac.kr"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Power Systems Laboratory Department of Energy Convergence, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju, South Korea"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations - Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The widespread integration of interconnected network elements within the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased its vulnerability to security breaches. This is due to the various software and networks involved in IoT. Numerous elements within these networks lack built-in cyber defenses. Traditional methods like access control, password security, data authentication, malware scanners, and firewalls often fail against sophisticated cyber-attacks due to their reactive nature and limited adaptability. Additionally, intrusion detection systems and security audits can be prone to attacks and may struggle with evolving threats. To address these limitations, We propose a novel hybrid residual layer deep neural network (HRL-DeepNet) for detecting cyber-attacks and anomalies in organizational assets. The HRL-DeepNet employs gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and long short-term memory (LSTM) sequences in hybrid and residual setups. Utilization of hybrid and residual setups not only boosts the distinctiveness of the features but also improves the accuracy of intrusion detection. The proposed HRL-DeepNet, when evaluated on ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017, resulted in high accuracy, with a significantly low false positive rate (FPR) outperforming other state-of-the-art frameworks. Furthermore, the proposed HRL-DeepNet achieves accuracies of 0.999 and 0.986 on the ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017 datasets, respectively, while also achieving F1 scores of 0.977 and 0.966 on the same datasets. This demonstrates its superiority over recently reported works."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" 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This is due to the various software and networks involved in IoT. Numerous elements within these networks lack built-in cyber defenses. Traditional methods like access control, password security, data authentication, malware scanners, and firewalls often fail against sophisticated cyber-attacks due to their reactive nature and limited adaptability. Additionally, intrusion detection systems and security audits can be prone to attacks and may struggle with evolving threats. To address these limitations, We propose a novel hybrid residual layer deep neural network (HRL-DeepNet) for detecting cyber-attacks and anomalies in organizational assets. The HRL-DeepNet employs gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and long short-term memory (LSTM) sequences in hybrid and residual setups. Utilization of hybrid and residual setups not only boosts the distinctiveness of the features but also improves the accuracy of intrusion detection. 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srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13369?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/13369/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajse" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Fahad_M_-Alotaibi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Fahad_M_-Alotaibi-Aff1" data-author-search="Alotaibi, Fahad M." data-corresp-id="c1">Fahad M. Alotaibi<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth--Fawad-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth--Fawad-Aff2" data-author-search="Fawad, "> Fawad</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-2635"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-2635</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>32 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The widespread integration of interconnected network elements within the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased its vulnerability to security breaches. This is due to the various software and networks involved in IoT. Numerous elements within these networks lack built-in cyber defenses. Traditional methods like access control, password security, data authentication, malware scanners, and firewalls often fail against sophisticated cyber-attacks due to their reactive nature and limited adaptability. Additionally, intrusion detection systems and security audits can be prone to attacks and may struggle with evolving threats. To address these limitations, We propose a novel hybrid residual layer deep neural network (HRL-DeepNet) for detecting cyber-attacks and anomalies in organizational assets. The HRL-DeepNet employs gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and long short-term memory (LSTM) sequences in hybrid and residual setups. Utilization of hybrid and residual setups not only boosts the distinctiveness of the features but also improves the accuracy of intrusion detection. The proposed HRL-DeepNet, when evaluated on ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017, resulted in high accuracy, with a significantly low false positive rate (FPR) outperforming other state-of-the-art frameworks. Furthermore, the proposed HRL-DeepNet achieves accuracies of 0.999 and 0.986 on the ToN-IoT and CICIDS2017 datasets, respectively, while also achieving F1 scores of 0.977 and 0.966 on the same datasets. This demonstrates its superiority over recently reported works.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dd55eb9e7-d0f6-43ae-ab8c-1e45953c7499" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dd55eb9e7-d0f6-43ae-ab8c-1e45953c7499" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="2191-4281"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="HRL-DeepNet: A Hybrid Residual Layer Deep Neural Network for Cybersecurity Policy Modeling, Structuring, and Protecting Assets of Organizations"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2024"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2024"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Fahad M. 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srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="169"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="230"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="169"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="169"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="171"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig10_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig10_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="171"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="172"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5/MediaObjects/13369_2024_9680_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="172"></picture></div></div></figure></div> 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[]; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732627332, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Dataset is used which is publicly available online</p> <p>Datasets utilized in the paper are already open and publicly available</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code Availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code Availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>Code available upon requests.</p> 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IEEE</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>This research work was funded by Institutional Fund Projects under grant no. (IFPIP: 1056-830-1443). The authors gratefully acknowledge technical and financial support provided by the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>This research work was funded by Institutional Fund Projects under grant no. (IFPIP: 1056-830-1443). The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical and financial support provided by the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 34025, Saudi Arabia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Fahad M. Alotaibi</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Power Systems Laboratory Department of Energy Convergence, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list"> Fawad</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Fahad_M_-Alotaibi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Fahad M. Alotaibi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Fahad%20M.%20Alotaibi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Fahad%20M.%20Alotaibi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Fahad%20M.%20Alotaibi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth--Fawad-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name"> Fawad</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=%20Fawad" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=%20Fawad" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22%20Fawad%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>The first author named as Fahad M. Alotaib performed the investigation project administration, and funding acquisition, while the second author Fawad performed the software, validation, writing, and editing.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:Fmmalotaibi@kau.edu.sa">Fahad M. Alotaibi</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Conflict of interest</h3> <p>The authors declare no conflict of interest between them.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Ethical Approval</h3> <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Consent for Publications</h3> <p>Both authors provide their consent for publications.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="appendices"><div class="c-article-section" id="appendices-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="appendices">Section title of first appendix</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="appendices-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading u-visually-hidden" id="App1">Section title of first appendix</h3><p>An appendix contains supplementary information that is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or it is information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=HRL-DeepNet%3A%20A%20Hybrid%20Residual%20Layer%20Deep%20Neural%20Network%20for%20Cybersecurity%20Policy%20Modeling%2C%20Structuring%2C%20and%20Protecting%20Assets%20of%20Organizations&author=Fahad%20M.%20Alotaibi%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs13369-024-09680-5&copyright=This%20is%20a%20U.S.%20Government%20work%20and%20not%20under%20copyright%20protection%20in%20the%20US%3B%20foreign%20copyright%20protection%20may%20apply&publication=2193-567X&publicationDate=2024-11-22&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s13369-024-09680-5" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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