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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rockets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rockets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rockets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skylark_Nano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skylark_Nano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skylark Nano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skylark_Nano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skylark_Micro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skylark_Micro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Skylark Micro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skylark_Micro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skylark_L" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skylark_L"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Skylark L</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skylark_L-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skyrora_XL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skyrora_XL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Skyrora XL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skyrora_XL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ecological fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Skyrora Ltd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyrora_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Skyrora_logo.svg/220px-Skyrora_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Skyrora_logo.svg/330px-Skyrora_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Skyrora_logo.svg/440px-Skyrora_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">June 21, 2017<span class="noprint">; 7 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-06-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Volodymyr Levykin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>Volodymyr Levykin (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">160 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyrora.com">www<wbr />.skyrora<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Skyrora Ltd</b> is a British private space company based in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, since 2017. </p><p>The company specialises in the <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacture</a> of modular disassemblable <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, specifically for the launch of small <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, and portable launch systems, using <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">eco-friendly</a> technologies such as the fuel known as <i>Ecosene</i> and the <i>Skyrora Space Tug</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thenational.scot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenational.scot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyrora is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its design and manufacturing facility is in <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Skyrora <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> and founder is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_Levykin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlad Levykin (page does not exist)">Volodymyr Levykin</a>, previously the COO of an AIM-listed <a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating service">online dating company</a> <a href="/wiki/Cupid_plc" title="Cupid plc">Cupid plc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board member</a> at Skyrora together with Nick Laird, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Greenfield,_Baroness_Greenfield" title="Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield">Baroness Susan Greenfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2020, Skyrora held a successful static fire test of the Skylark L vehicle at a mobile launch site on Kildermorie Estate in Ross-shire.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2018, Skyrora successfully conducted Scotland's first commercial rocket launch by a private company at Kildermorie Estate in <a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company launched the 1.3-metre-tall Skylark Nano rocket using an M class <a href="/wiki/Model_rocket_motor_classification" title="Model rocket motor classification">model rocketry motor</a> in August 2018 and the 2-metre-tall Skylark Nano II rocket using a Cesaroni M-1520BS <a href="/wiki/Model_rocket_motor_classification" title="Model rocket motor classification">model rocketry motor</a> in July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rockets are all built and assembled in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, Skyrora received €3 million of co-funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rockets">Rockets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg/184px-Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg/276px-Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg/368px-Skylark_Nano_III_Start.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Skylark Nano III Start</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylark_Micro_start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Skylark_Micro_start.jpg/181px-Skylark_Micro_start.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Skylark_Micro_start.jpg/272px-Skylark_Micro_start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Skylark_Micro_start.jpg/362px-Skylark_Micro_start.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Skylark Micro start</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skylark_Nano">Skylark Nano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skylark Nano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Skylark Nano was launched in 2020 as an unguided supersonic rocket designed for simulating a launch to then be recovered with the use of <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>. Neither a control system nor a thrust vector control system is required. </p><p>It has been launched three times as part of Skyrora's de-risking programme in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. Following launches in 2018 and 2019, the rocket has reached an altitude of 6 km during the most recent test in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skylark_Micro">Skylark Micro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skylark Micro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Skylark Micro is a two-stage supersonic rocket designed as an intermediate step between Skylark Nano and Skylark L. It was flown in August 2020, reaching an altitude of 27 km.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skylark_L">Skylark L</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skylark L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyrora_start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Skyrora_start.jpg/183px-Skyrora_start.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Skyrora_start.jpg/275px-Skyrora_start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Skyrora_start.jpg/366px-Skyrora_start.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Skyrora L</figcaption></figure> <p>The Skylark L <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">suborbital</a> launch vehicle is the first Skyrora rocket to use a <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printed</a> hydrogen peroxide–kerosene <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is capable of fulfilling scientific <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">micro-gravity</a> needs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skylark L was developed to launch 60 kg of payload 100 km up.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This rocket was subject to a full static <a href="/wiki/Fire_test" title="Fire test">fire test</a> in May 2020 at the Kildermorie Estate in <a href="/wiki/Alness" title="Alness">Alness</a>, Scotland, which was the first ground rocket test in Scotland in 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speed_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 October 2022<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Skylark L rocket attempted a suborbital test flight mission from <a href="/wiki/Langanes" title="Langanes">Langanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>) launch site. Intended apogee was 102 km (63 mi). The vehicle experienced an anomaly shortly after lift-off, landing in the sea 500 m from the pad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skyrora_XL">Skyrora XL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skyrora XL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Skyrora XL is a <a href="/wiki/Three-stage-to-orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-stage-to-orbit">three-stage</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> launch vehicle under <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">development</a> with nine hydrogen peroxide–kerosene engines of the same type used in Skylark L. The first flight will take place no earlier than 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-icao-skyrora_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icao-skyrora-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected that the rocket will be able to bring a payload of 315 kg to a 500 km orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyrora has successfully tested a final stage rocket engine in its first stationary ground-firings. In April 2021, the company successfully tested the upper stage of the Skyrora XL rocket and completed a static fire test in its engine development complex in Fife.<sup id="cite_ref-Speed_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot-fire tests of the first stage are scheduled to take place no earlier than late 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-at-20220819_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-20220819-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2021, the company signed a multi-launch agreement with <a href="/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord Spaceport</a> to launch the Skyrora XL from that location.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skyrora also has an agreement with the Canadian launch provider <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Launch_Services" title="Maritime Launch Services">Maritime Launch Services</a> to launch Skyrora XL from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Launch_Services#Launch_site" title="Maritime Launch Services">Spaceport Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bw-20221208_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-20221208-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engines">Engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company has successfully tested several types of engines in 2020 and 2021: </p> <ul><li><b>Skylark L Engine</b>, a three-tonne regeneratively cooled bi-liquid rocket engine with a pressure fed system capable of generating 30 kN thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Skyforce-2</b>, a seven-tonne engine for the first and second stage of the orbital Skyrora XL launch vehicle that uses what Skyrora refers to as "advanced <a href="/wiki/Turbopump" title="Turbopump">turbopump</a> techniques". It is capable of creating 70 kN thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>LEO engine</b> for Skyrora XL running on hydrogen peroxide and kerosene and producing 3.5 kN thrust, but it has also passed the successful test with Ecosene fuel. The engine is able to re-ignite several times.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Space Tug</b>, a vehicle that can navigate to any location in open space using its own power and perform multiple manoeuvres in space, which would be useful to remove space debris and maintain or replace satellites in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>. The upper stage/tug engine was successfully tested in December 2020 and included three static firings of the engine and involved a full flight-ready test involving software and avionics employed in an actual launch. The test was performed at its test site in Fife.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylark_Engine_35kN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Skylark_Engine_35kN.png/148px-Skylark_Engine_35kN.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Skylark_Engine_35kN.png/222px-Skylark_Engine_35kN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Skylark_Engine_35kN.png/295px-Skylark_Engine_35kN.png 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="4524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyrora_Engine_XL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyrora_Engine_XL.png/114px-Skyrora_Engine_XL.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyrora_Engine_XL.png/172px-Skyrora_Engine_XL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyrora_Engine_XL.png/229px-Skyrora_Engine_XL.png 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="3612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyrora%E2%80%99s_engine_powering_XL_rocket.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyrora%E2%80%99s_engine_powering_XL_rocket.png/108px-Skyrora%E2%80%99s_engine_powering_XL_rocket.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Skyrora%E2%80%99s_engine_powering_XL_rocket.png 1.5x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyrora_close_uo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skyrora_close_uo.jpg/151px-Skyrora_close_uo.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skyrora_close_uo.jpg/227px-Skyrora_close_uo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skyrora_close_uo.jpg/302px-Skyrora_close_uo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2018, Skyrora conducted Scotland's first commercial rocket launch by a private company at Kildermorie Estate in Ross-shire.<sup id="cite_ref-thenational.scot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenational.scot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the company got the status of the <i>Company of a Year</i> in <i>Aerospace & Defense</i> among mid-size companies by Stevie Awards, Inc. after participating in Space Camp accelerator programmes from Seraphim Capital.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Skyrora was awarded the CleanTech award at the Go:Tech Awards 2019. In 2020, Skyrora received the Leif Erikson Lunar Prize Award for its innovative project ‘Ecosene’.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, during the Aviation & Aerospace Awards 2020, Skyrora won the ‘Best Small Satellite Launch Vehicle Manufacturer Award’.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Skyrora received £2.5 million in funding from <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> as a part of ESA's Boost! programme.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 March 2022, Skyrora won the Best Innovation in Business award from the Midlothian & East Lothian Chamber of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the first days of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Skyrora's factory in Ukraine has remained fully functional, contributing to further progress of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyrora aims to launch its first three-stage Skyrora XL rocket from SaxaVord spaceport, which is still under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 26, 2022, Skyrora has completed a 70 kN hot-fire test for its 3D printed rocket engine, which will be used in the company's XL launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 15, 2022, Skyrora announced the opening of a new rocket engine testing facility in <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>, Scotland, occupying an area of over 120,000 square feet. The site will host a team of up to 20 engineers once the testing site is running at full capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, Lee Rosen, SpaceX's former vice president of mission and launch operations, joined Skyrora as a new chief operating officer.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, Skyrora opened a new manufacturing and production facility in Cumbernauld, Scotland. The site appears to be the largest of its kind in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Skyrora submitted its application to the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to receive the licence required for commercial spaceflight activities. The launch operator licence will allow Skyrora to undertake its planned orbital launches in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company has organised a graduate placement program to help the graduates and young talents to get into the sector. They offer technical positions for students and summer internships.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyrora has helped fund the retrieval of the first stages of <a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow R2</a> and R3 and provided sponsorship for the UKSEDS programme.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_fuel">Ecological fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecological fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skyrora has upgraded its kerosene made of unrecyclable waste <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> to be used as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket fuel</a> – Ecosene. The new fuel is said to produce 45 percent less <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> than traditional fuel. In February 2020, Skyrora has already used the fuel to fire its LEO engine for the final stage of Skyrora XL rocket at their engine test complex.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyrora started to use <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printers</a> to manufacture various rocketry components as a sustainable methodology of production.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyrora.com">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark (British sounding rocket series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Scotland" title="Space industry of Scotland">Space industry of Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Launch+startup+Skyrora+successfully+tests+3D-printed+rocket+engines+powered+by+plastic+waste&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Flaunch-startup-skyrora-successfully-tests-3d-printed-rocket-engines-powered-by-plastic-waste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkyrora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&oldid=1242072070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skyrora&oldid=1242072070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerospace_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom">Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_spaceflight_companies" title="Category:Private spaceflight companies">Private spaceflight companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microsatellite_launch_vehicles" title="Category:Microsatellite launch vehicles">Microsatellite launch vehicles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Edinburgh" title="Category:Companies based in Edinburgh">Companies based in Edinburgh</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2020" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2020">EngvarB from August 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 August 2024, at 21:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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