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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buzzing_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buzzing_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Buzzing bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buzzing_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Regional types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Small wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Large wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_and_electronic_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_and_electronic_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electric and electronic versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_and_electronic_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurdy-gurdy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabil" title="Rabil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rabil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_Gurdy" title="Hurdy Gurdy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hurdy Gurdy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колавая ліра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Колавая ліра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колавая ліра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Колавая ліра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хърди-гърди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърди-гърди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_de_roda" title="Viola de roda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viola de roda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin%C4%9Bra" title="Niněra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niněra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejelire" title="Drejelire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drejelire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drehleier" title="Drehleier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drehleier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratasl%C3%BC%C3%BCra" title="Rataslüüra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rataslüüra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanfona" title="Zanfona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zanfona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjelo" title="Vjelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vjelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarrabete" title="Zarrabete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zarrabete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle_%C3%A0_roue" title="Vielle à roue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vielle à roue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurda%C3%AD-gurda%C3%AD" title="Hurdaí-gurdaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hurdaí-gurdaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruit-rotha" title="Cruit-rotha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruit-rotha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanfona" title="Zanfona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zanfona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="드렐라이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드렐라이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hurdy-gurdy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghironda" title="Ghironda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghironda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="הארדי גארדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארדי גארדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata_lira" title="Rata lira – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rata lira" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullemajik_(Instrument)" title="Dullemajik (Instrument) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dullemajik (Instrument)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejlier" title="Drejlier – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Drejlier" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teker%C5%91lant" title="Tekerőlant – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tekerőlant" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draailier" title="Draailier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draailier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ハーディ・ガーディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーディ・ガーディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreielire" title="Dreielire – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dreielire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreielire" title="Dreielire – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dreielire" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifournie" title="Chifournie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chifournie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsaina" title="Sonsaina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sonsaina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBildirakli_lira" title="Gʻildirakli lira – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻildirakli lira" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B2la_dij_b%C3%B2rgno" title="Viòla dij bòrgno – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Viòla dij bòrgno" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_korbowa" title="Lira korbowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lira korbowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanfona" title="Sanfona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sanfona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колёсная лира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колёсная лира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy_gurdy" title="Hurdy gurdy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hurdy gurdy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninera" title="Ninera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ninera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonij" title="Simfonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simfonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampiliira" title="Kampiliira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kampiliira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevlira" title="Vevlira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vevlira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="เฮอร์ดี-เกอร์ดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮอร์ดี-เกอร์ดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22">"Hurdy-gurdy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hurdy-gurdy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hurdy-gurdy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvet_Drehleier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/250px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/375px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/500px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Wheel fiddle, wheel vielle, vielle à roue, zanfona, draailier, ghironda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bowed</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number:_321.322" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.322">321.322-72</a><br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded by rosined wheel)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HurdyRange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HurdyRange.svg/250px-HurdyRange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HurdyRange.svg/375px-HurdyRange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HurdyRange.svg/500px-HurdyRange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drejelire" title="Drejelire">Drejelire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle_organis%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Vielle organisée">Vielle organisée</a>/<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_organizzata" class="extiw" title="it:Lira organizzata">Lira organizzata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_organista" title="Viola organista">Viola organista</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:HurdySample.ogg" title="File:HurdySample.ogg">Sound sample of a hurdy-gurdy</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="HurdySample.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/HurdySample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/HurdySample.ogg/HurdySample.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <b>hurdy-gurdy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> that produces sound by a hand-crank-turned, <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosined</a> wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions much like a violin (or <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">nyckelharpa</a>) bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to those of a violin. Melodies are played on a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a> that presses <i>tangents</i>—small wedges, typically made of wood or metal—against one or more of the strings to change their pitch. Like most other acoustic stringed instruments, it has a <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">sound board</a> and hollow cavity to make the vibration of the strings audible. </p><p>Most hurdy-gurdies have multiple <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drone</a> strings, which give a constant pitch accompaniment to the melody, resulting in a sound similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>. For this reason, the hurdy-gurdy is often used interchangeably or along with bagpipes. It is mostly used in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_folk_music" title="Occitan folk music">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aragon" title="Music of Aragon">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Asturian, Cantabrian, Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian</a>, and Slavic folk music. It can also be seen in early music settings such as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">renaissance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One or more of the gut strings called 'trompette' usually passes over a buzzing bridge called the 'chien' that can be made to produce a distinctive percussive buzzing sound as the player turns the wheel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg/220px-Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg/330px-Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Ancient kings playing an <a href="/wiki/Organistrum" title="Organistrum">organistrum</a> at the Pórtico de la Gloria in the <a href="/wiki/Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Catedral de Santiago de Compostela">Catedral de Santiago de Compostela</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from <a href="/wiki/Fiddles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddles">fiddles</a> in either <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a> instrument) before the eleventh century A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-Baines_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khurradadhbih</a> (d. 911) describing the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lira" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine lira">lira</a> (<i>lūrā</i>) as a typical instrument within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the <a href="/wiki/Organistrum" title="Organistrum">organistrum</a>, a large instrument with a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>-shaped body and a long neck in which the keys were set (covering one diatonic octave). The organistrum had a single melody string and two drone strings, which ran over a common bridge, and a relatively small wheel. Due to its size, the organistrum was played by two people, one of whom turned the crank while the other pulled the keys upward. Pulling keys upward is cumbersome, so only slow tunes could be played on the organistrum.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pitches on the organistrum were set according to <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean temperament</a> and the instrument was primarily used in monastic and church settings to accompany choral music. Abbot <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a> (died 942) is supposed to have written a short description of the construction of the organistrum entitled <i>Quomodo organistrum construatur</i> (How the Organistrum Is Made),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known through a much later copy, but its authenticity is very doubtful. Another 10th-century treatise thought to have mentioned an instrument like a hurdy-gurdy is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic musical</a> compendium written by Al Zirikli.<sup id="cite_ref-Baines_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest visual depictions of the organistrum is from the twelfth-century <i>Pórtico da Gloria</i> (Portal of Glory) on the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia, Spain: it has a carving of two musicians playing an organistrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muskett_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muskett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG/220px-0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG/330px-0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG/440px-0_Joueur_de_vielle_%C3%A0_roue_%C3%A0_Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res.JPG 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Hurdy-gurdy player in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-des-Olli%C3%A8res" title="Saint-Jean-des-Ollières">Saint-Jean-des-Ollières</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a> (France)</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, the <i>organistrum</i> was made smaller to let a single player both turn the crank and work the keys. The <i>solo organistrum</i> was known from Spain and France, but was largely replaced by an improved variant, known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia" title="Symphonia">symphonia</a></i>, in the 13th century, a small box-shaped version of the hurdy-gurdy with three strings and a <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> keyboard. At about the same time, a new form of key pressed from beneath was developed. These keys were much more practical for faster music and easier to handle; eventually they completely replaced keys pulled up from above. Medieval depictions of the <i>symphonia</i> show both types of keys. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the hurdy-gurdy was a very popular instrument (along with the bagpipe) and the characteristic form had a short neck and a boxy body with a curved tail end. It was around this time that <i>buzzing bridges</i> first appeared in illustrations. The buzzing bridge (commonly called the <i>dog</i>) is an asymmetrical bridge that rests under a drone string on the sound board. When the wheel is accelerated, one foot of the bridge lifts from the soundboard and vibrates, creating a buzzing sound. The buzzing bridge is thought to have been borrowed from the <i><a href="/wiki/Tromba_marina" title="Tromba marina">tromba marina</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a>), a bowed string instrument. </p><p>During the late Renaissance, two characteristic shapes of hurdy-gurdies developed. The first was guitar-shaped and the second had a rounded <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>-type body made of staves. The lute-like body is especially characteristic of French instruments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg/220px-Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg/330px-Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg/440px-Hieronymus_Bosch_040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, showing the first known depiction of a buzzing bridge on a hurdy-gurdy</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 17th century changing musical tastes demanded greater polyphonic capabilities than the hurdy-gurdy could offer and pushed the instrument to the lowest social classes; as a result it acquired names like the German <i>Bauernleier</i> 'peasant's lyre' and <i>Bettlerleier</i> 'beggar's lyre'. During the 18th century, however, French <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> tastes for rustic diversions brought the hurdy-gurdy back to the attention of the upper classes, where it acquired tremendous popularity among the nobility, with famous composers writing works for the hurdy-gurdy. The most famous of these is <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Ch%C3%A9deville" title="Nicolas Chédeville">Nicolas Chédeville</a>'s <i>Il pastor Fido</i>, published under the name <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>. At this time the most common style of hurdy-gurdy developed, the six-string <i>vielle à roue</i>. This instrument has two melody strings and four drones. The drone strings are tuned so that by turning them on or off, the instrument can be played in multiple keys (e.g., C and G, or G and D). </p><p>During this time the hurdy-gurdy also spread further to Central Europe, where further variations developed in western Slavic countries, German-speaking areas and Hungary (see the list of types below for more information on them). Most types of hurdy-gurdy were essentially extinct by the early twentieth century, but a few have survived. The best-known are the French <i>vielle à roue</i>, the Hungarian <i>tekerőlant</i>, and the Spanish <i>zanfoña</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, a variety called the <i>lira</i> was widely used by blind street musicians, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purged</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> in the 1930s (see <a href="/wiki/Persecuted_bandurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecuted bandurists">Persecuted bandurists</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Cited page has multiple conflicting accounts. (November 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOURNEL(1887)_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg/260px-FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg/390px-FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg/520px-FOURNEL%281887%29_p051_Fig.25-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Vagabonds with hurdy-gurdy (1887 drawing)</figcaption></figure> <p>The hurdy-gurdy tradition is well-developed particularly in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Southeastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. In Ukraine, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Lira_(Ukrainian_instrument)" title="Lira (Ukrainian instrument)">lira</a> or relia. It was and still is played by professional, often blind, itinerant musicians known as <a href="/wiki/Lirnyk" title="Lirnyk">lirnyky</a>. Their repertoire has mostly para-religious themes. Most of it originated in the Baroque period. In Eastern Ukraine, the repertoire includes unique historic epics known as <i><a href="/wiki/Duma_(epic)" title="Duma (epic)">dumy</a></i> and folk dances. </p><p>Lirnyky were categorised as beggars by the Russian authorities and fell under harsh repressive measures if they were caught performing in the streets of major cities until 1902, when the authorities were asked by ethnographers attending the 12th All-Russian Archaeological conference to stop persecuting them. </p><p>The hurdy-gurdy is the instrument played by <i>Der Leiermann</i>, the street musician portrayed in the last, melancholy song of <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Winterreise" title="Winterreise">Winterreise</a></i>. It is also featured and played prominently in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous_(1937_film)" title="Captains Courageous (1937 film)">Captains Courageous</a></i> (1937) as the instrument of the character Manuel, played by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>. </p><p>The instrument came into a new public consciousness when <a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan</a> released his hit pop song "<a href="/wiki/Hurdy_Gurdy_Man" title="Hurdy Gurdy Man">Hurdy Gurdy Man</a>" in 1968. Although the song does not use a hurdy-gurdy, the repeated reference to the instrument in the song's lyrics sparked curiosity and interest among young people, eventually resulting in an annual hurdy-gurdy music festival in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a> area of the state of Washington each September.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutOTW_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutOTW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hurdy-gurdy player Sergio González in an Early Music setting with a harpsichord in the back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg/220px-Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg/330px-Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg/440px-Early.music.hurdy.gurdy.sergio.gonzalez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Hurdy-gurdy player Sergio González in an <a href="/wiki/Early_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Music">Early Music</a> setting with a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> in the back</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the tradition has resurfaced. Revivals have been underway for many years as well in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jaarboek1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaarboek1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–116">: 85–116 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. As the instrument has been revived, musicians have used it in a variety of styles of music (see the <a href="/wiki/Recordings_featuring_the_hurdy-gurdy" title="Recordings featuring the hurdy-gurdy">list of recordings that use hurdy-gurdy</a>), including contemporary forms not typically associated with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg/220px-Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg/330px-Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg/440px-Cellar_Darling_Rockharz_2018_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5188" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Murphy_(musician)" title="Anna Murphy (musician)">Anna Murphy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cellar_Darling" title="Cellar Darling">Cellar Darling</a>; former <a href="/wiki/Eluveitie" title="Eluveitie">Eluveitie</a>) plays a modern version of the hurdy-gurdy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg/220px-S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg/330px-S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg/440px-S%C3%A9bastien_Tron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Tron" class="extiw" title="fr:Sébastien Tron">Sébastien Tron</a>, French hurdy-gurdy player</figcaption></figure> <p>A person who plays the hurdy-gurdy is called a hurdy-gurdist, or (particularly for players of French instruments) viellist. </p><p>In France, a player is called <i>un sonneur de vielle</i> (literally "a sounder of vielle"), <i>un vielleux</i> or <i>un <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/vielleur" class="extiw" title="fr:vielleur">vielleur</a></i>. </p><p>Because of the prominence of the French tradition, many instrument and performance terms used in English are commonly taken from the French, and players generally need to know these terms to read relevant literature. Such common terms include: </p> <ul><li><i>Trompette</i>: the highest-pitched drone string that features the buzzing bridge</li> <li><i>Mouche</i>: the drone string pitched a fourth or fifth below the trompette</li> <li><i>Petit bourdon</i>: the drone string pitched an octave below the trompette</li> <li><i>Gros bourdon</i>: the drone string pitched an octave below the mouche</li> <li><i>Chanterelle(s)</i>: melody string(s), also called <i>chanters</i> or <i>chanter strings</i> in English</li> <li><i>Chien</i>: (literally "dog"), the buzzing bridge</li> <li><i>Tirant</i>: a small peg set in the instrument's tailpiece that is used to control the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SzerenyiTekero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SzerenyiTekero.jpg/220px-SzerenyiTekero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SzerenyiTekero.jpg/330px-SzerenyiTekero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SzerenyiTekero.jpg/440px-SzerenyiTekero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Two Hungarian-style hurdy-gurdies (<i>tekerőlants</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg/220px-MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg/330px-MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg/440px-MuseuMusicaBCN_8963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption>Hurdy-gurdy in <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the mid 18th century origin of the term <i>hurdy-gurdy</i> is <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> in origin, after the repetitive warble in pitch that characterizes instruments with solid wooden wheels that have warped due to changes in humidity or after the sound of the buzzing-bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, the term is thought to come from the Scottish and northern English term for uproar or disorder, <i>hirdy-girdy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> or from <i>hurly-burly</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> an old English term for noise or commotion. The instrument is sometimes more descriptively called a <i>wheel fiddle</i> in English, but this term is rarely used among players of the instrument. Another possible derivation is from the Hungarian <i>hegedűs</i> (Slovenian variant <i>hrgadus</i>) meaning a fiddle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the instrument is known as <i>vielle à roue</i> (wheel fiddle) or simply <i>vielle</i> (even though there is another instrument with this name), while in the French-speaking regions of Belgium it is also known in local dialects as <i>vièrlerète/vièrlète</i> or <i>tiesse di dj'va</i> ('horse's head').<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> The Flemings and the Dutch call it a <i>draailier</i>, which is similar to its German name, <i>Drehleier</i>. An alternate German name, <i>Bauernleier</i>, means "peasant's lyre". In Italy, it is called the <i>ghironda</i> or <i>lira tedesca</i> while in Spain, it is a <i>zanfona</i> in Galicia, <i>zanfoña</i> in Zamora, <i>rabil</i> in Asturias and <i>viola de roda</i> in Catalonia. In the Basque language, it is known as a <i>zarrabete</i>. In Portugal, it is called <i>sanfona</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veiga_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veiga-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211–221">: 211–221 </span></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian name <i>tekerőlant</i> and the alternative <i>forgólant</i> both mean "turning lute". Another Hungarian name for the instrument is <i>nyenyere</i>, which is thought to be an onomatopoeic reference to the repetitive warble produced by a wheel that is not even. This term was considered derogatory in the Hungarian lowlands, but was the normal term for the instrument on <a href="/wiki/Csepel_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Csepel island">Csepel island</a> directly south of Budapest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The equivalent names <i>ninera</i> and <i>niněra</i> are used in Slovakia and the Czech Republic respectively. In Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian the instrument is called "wheel lyre" (<i>колёсная лира</i>, <i>колісна ліра</i>, <i>колавая ліра</i>). In Poland it is called "cranked lyre" (lira korbowa). </p><p><i>Leier</i>, <i>lant</i>, and related terms today are generally used to refer to members of the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> family, but historically had a broader range of meaning and were used for many types of stringed instruments. </p><p>In the eighteenth century, the term <i>hurdy-gurdy</i> was also applied to a small, portable <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Street_organ" title="Street organ">street organ</a> (a cranked box instrument with a number of organ pipes, a bellows and a barrel with pins that rotated and programmed the tunes) that was frequently played by poor <a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">buskers</a>, street musicians specifically called <a href="/wiki/Street_organ#Organ_grinders" title="Street organ">organ grinders</a>. Such organs require only the turning of the crank to play; the music is coded by pinned barrels, perforated paper rolls, and, more recently, by electronic modules.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French call these organs <i>Orgue de Barbarie</i> ("Barbary organ"), while the Germans and Dutch say <i>Drehorgel</i> and <i>draaiorgel</i> ("turned organ"), instead of <i>Drehleier</i> ("turning lyre"). In Czech, the organ is called <i>flašinet</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurdyparts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hurdyparts.png/220px-Hurdyparts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hurdyparts.png/330px-Hurdyparts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hurdyparts.png/440px-Hurdyparts.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Major parts of a modern French-type hurdy-gurdy</figcaption></figure> <p>In her overview of the instrument's history, Palmer recorded twenty-three different forms,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–34">: 23–34 </span></sup> and there is still no standardized design today. </p><p>The six-stringed French <i>vielle à roue</i> is the best-known and most common sort. A number of regional forms developed, but outside France the instrument was considered a <a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">folk instrument</a> and there were no schools of construction that could have determined a standard form. </p><p>There are two primary body styles for contemporary instruments: guitar-bodied and lute-backed. Both forms are found in French-speaking areas, while guitar-bodied instruments are the general form elsewhere. The box form <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia" title="Symphonia">symphonia</a></i> is also commonly found among players of early music and historical re-enactors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WheelTangents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WheelTangents.jpg/220px-WheelTangents.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WheelTangents.jpg/330px-WheelTangents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/WheelTangents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Wheel and tangents on a French type hurdy-gurdy with three <i>chanterelles</i> (melody strings). The keyboard is visible on the right side of the picture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, strings were made of <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">gut</a>, which is still a preferred material today and modern instruments are mounted with violin (D or A) and cello (A, G, C) strings.<sup id="cite_ref-Muskett_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muskett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–12">: 10–12 </span></sup> However, metal-wound strings have become common in the twentieth century, especially for the heavier drone strings or for lower melody strings if octave tuning is used. Nylon is also sometimes used, but is disliked by many players. Some instruments also have optional sympathetic strings, generally guitar or banjo B strings.<sup id="cite_ref-Muskett_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muskett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–12">: 10–12 </span></sup> </p><p>The drone strings produce steady sounds at fixed pitches. The melody string(s) (French <i>chanterelle(s)</i>, Hungarian <i>dallamhúr(ok)</i>) are stopped with tangents attached to keys that change the vibration length of the string, much as a guitarist uses his or her fingers on the fretboard of a guitar. In the earliest hurdy-gurdies these keys were arranged to provide a <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean temperament</a>, but in later instruments the tunings have varied widely, with <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> most common because it allows easier blending with other instruments. However, because the tangents can be adjusted to tune individual notes, it is possible to tune hurdy-gurdies to almost any temperament as needed. Most contemporary hurdy-gurdies have 24 keys that cover a range of two chromatic octaves. </p><p>To achieve proper intonation and sound quality, each string of a hurdy-gurdy must be wrapped with cotton or similar fibers. The cotton on melody strings tends to be quite light, while drone strings have heavier cotton. Improper cottoning results in a raspy tone, especially at higher pitches. In addition, individual strings (in particular the melody strings) often have to have their height above the wheel surface adjusted by having small pieces of paper placed between the strings and the bridge, a process called <i>shimming</i>. Shimming and cottoning are connected processes since either one can affect the geometry of the instrument's strings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buzzing_bridge">Buzzing bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buzzing bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchBuzzingBridgeSystem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/FrenchBuzzingBridgeSystem.jpg/170px-FrenchBuzzingBridgeSystem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/FrenchBuzzingBridgeSystem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Entire buzzing bridge system for a French-style instrument, with part labels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchBuzzingBridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FrenchBuzzingBridge.jpg/220px-FrenchBuzzingBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/FrenchBuzzingBridge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>French type buzzing bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TekeroBassBuzzing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TekeroBassBuzzing.jpg/220px-TekeroBassBuzzing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/TekeroBassBuzzing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian type buzzing bridge (on a bass <i>tekerő</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In some types of hurdy-gurdy, notably the French <i>vielle à roue</i> ('fiddle with a wheel') and the Hungarian <i>tekerőlant</i> (<i>tekerő</i> for short), makers have added a buzzing bridge—called a <i>chien</i> (French for dog) or <i>recsegő</i> (Hungarian for "buzzer")—on one drone string. Modern makers have increased the number of buzzing bridges on French-style instruments to as many as four. This mechanism consists of a loose bridge under a drone string. The tail of the buzzing bridge is inserted into a narrow vertical slot (or held by a peg in Hungarian instruments) that holds the buzzing bridge in place (and also serves as a bridge for additional drone strings on some instruments). </p><p>The free end of the dog (called the <i>hammer</i>) rests on the soundboard of the hurdy-gurdy and is more or less free to vibrate. When the wheel is turned regularly and not too fast the pressure on the string (called the <i>trompette</i> on French instruments) holds the bridge in place, sounding a drone. When the crank is struck, the hammer lifts up suddenly and vibrates against the soundboard, producing a characteristic rhythmic buzz that is used as an articulation or to provide percussive effect, especially in dance pieces. </p><p>On French-style instruments, the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge can be altered by turning a peg called a <i>tirant</i> in the tailpiece of the instrument that is connected by a wire or thread to the <i>trompette</i>. The <i>tirant</i> adjusts the lateral pressure on the <i>trompette</i> and thereby sets the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge to changes in wheel velocity. When hard to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said "sec" (dry), "chien sec", or "coup sec". When easy to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said "gras" (fat), "chien gras", or "coup gras". </p><p>There are various stylistic techniques that are used as the player turns the crank, striking the wheel at various points in its revolution. This technique is often known by its French term, the <i>coup-de-poignet</i> (or, more simply, the shortened <i>coup</i>). The percussion is transmitted to the wheel by striking the handle with the thumb, fingers or base of the thumb at one or more of four points in the revolution of the wheel (often described in terms of the clock face, 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock) to achieve the desired rhythm. A long buzz can also be achieved by accelerating the wheel with the handle. It is called either "un glissé" (a slide) or "une trainée" (a streak). More accomplished players are able to achieve six, eight, or even twelve buzzes within one turn of the wheel. </p><p>On the Hungarian <i>tekerő</i> the same control is achieved by using a wedge called the <i>recsegőék</i> (control wedge, or literally "buzzer wedge") that pushes the drone string downward. In traditional <i>tekerő</i> playing, the buzzing bridge is controlled entirely by the wrist of the player and has a very different sound and rhythmic possibilities from those available on French instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_types">Regional types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional types of hurdy-gurdies since the Renaissance can also be classified based on wheel size and the presence or absence (and type) of a buzzing bridge. The following description of various types uses this framework:<sup id="cite_ref-NagyArticle_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagyArticle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NagyBook_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagyBook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–40">: 23–40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Small_wheel">Small wheel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Small wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small-wheeled (wheel diameter less than 14 cm, or about 5.5 inches) instruments are traditionally found in Central and Eastern Europe. They feature a broad keybox and the drone strings run within the keybox. Because of the small size of the wheel these instruments most commonly have three strings: one melody string, one tenor drone, and one bass drone. They sometimes have up to five strings. </p> <ul><li><i>String-adjusted buzzing bridge</i> <ul><li><i>German pear-shaped Drehleier.</i> Two to three drone strings and one or two chromatic melody strings. Characteristic V-shaped pegbox. Often extensively decorated. The type of buzzing bridge found on this instrument usually has the adjustment peg set in a block next to the string, rather than in the tailpiece (as is typical of French instruments).</li> <li><i>lira/vevlira</i> (Sweden). Revived in the twentieth century based on historical examples. Two body forms: an elongated boxy shape and a long pear shape. Usually diatonic, but has been extended with a chromatic range with the additional keys placed <i>below</i> the normal diatonic range (the opposite of most chromatic hurdy-gurdy keyboards).</li></ul></li> <li><i>Wedge-adjusted buzzing bridge</i> <ul><li><i>tekerőlant (Hungarian)</i>. Usually two drones (sometimes three) + one or two chromatic melody strings. The broad keybox is often carved or decorated extensively.</li> <li><i>Tyrolian Drehleier (Austria).</i> Very similar to the tekerőlant, but usually has a diatonic keyboard. May be the historical source for the tekerő.<sup id="cite_ref-NagyArticle_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagyArticle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>No buzzing bridge</i><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SK_Ninera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SK_Ninera.JPG/220px-SK_Ninera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SK_Ninera.JPG/330px-SK_Ninera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SK_Ninera.JPG/440px-SK_Ninera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Slovak-style hurdy-gurdy (<a href="/wiki/Ninera" title="Ninera">ninera</a>) made and played by Tibor Koblicek</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>lira korbowa</i> (Poland). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string.</li> <li><i>lira/лира</i> (Russia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Evenly spaced keyboard.</li> <li><i>lira/ліра</i> or <i>relia/реля</i> (Ukraine). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Two body types: carved from a single piece of wood and guitar-shaped with transverse pegs and mult-piece construction with vertical pegs. Evenly spaced keyboard.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninera" title="Ninera">ninera</a>/kolovratec</i> (Slovakia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Broad keybox. Superficially similar to the tekerő, but lacks the buzzing bridge.</li> <li><i>German tulip-shaped Drehleier.</i> Three drones + one diatonic melody string.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_wheel">Large wheel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Large wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large-wheeled instruments (wheel diameters between 14 and 17 cm, or about 5.5 – 6.6 inches) are traditionally found in Western Europe. These instruments generally have a narrow keybox with drone strings that run outside the keybox. They also generally have more strings, and doubling or tripling of the melody string is common. Some modern instruments have as many as fifteen strings played by the wheel, although the most common number is six. </p> <ul><li><i>String-adjusted buzzing bridge</i> <ul><li><i>vielle à roue</i> (French). Usually four drones + two melody strings, but often extended to have more strings. Two body forms: guitar-bodied and lute-backed (<i>vielle en luth</i>). French instruments generally have a narrow key box with drone strings that run on the outside of the key box. Traditional French instruments have two melody strings and four drone strings with one buzzing bridge. Contemporary instruments often have more: the instrument of well-known player <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Chabenat" class="extiw" title="fr:Gilles Chabenat">Gilles Chabenat</a> has four melody strings fixed to a viola tailpiece, and four drone strings on a cello tailpiece. This instrument also has three trompette strings.</li> <li><i>Niněra</i> (Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found. Other mechanisms for adjusting the amount of "buzz" on the trompette string.</li></ul></li> <li><i>No buzzing bridge</i> <ul><li><i>Zanfona</i> (Spain). Typically guitar-shaped body, with three melody strings, and two drone strings. Some older examples had a diatonic keyboard, and most modern models have a chromatic keyboard. Zanfonas are usually tuned to the key of C major, with the melody strings tuned in unison to G above the middle C on the piano. The drones are: the <i>bordonciño</i> in G (one octave below the melody strings) and the <i>bordón</i> in C (two octaves below middle C). Sometimes, two of the melody strings are in unison, and the remaining string is tuned an octave lower, in unison with the <i>bordonciño</i> (this string was sometimes known as the <i>human voice</i>, because it sounds as if someone is humming the melody an octave lower).</li> <li><i>niněra</i> (Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_and_electronic_versions">Electric and electronic versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electric and electronic versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MidiGurdy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MidiGurdy.jpg/220px-MidiGurdy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MidiGurdy.jpg/330px-MidiGurdy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MidiGurdy.jpg/440px-MidiGurdy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Electronic hurdy-gurdy MidiGurdy</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, especially in the popular <a href="/wiki/Neo-medieval_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-medieval music">neo-medieval music</a>, electric hurdy-gurdies are used, wherein <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electro magnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickups</a> convert the vibration of its strings into electrical signals. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">signals</a> are transmitted to an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> or reproduced by <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> in a modified form.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic hurdy-gurdies, on the other hand, have no strings. The signals for the melody strings are generated electronically by the keys and also in combination with the rotation of the wheel. The signals for drone strings and the snares are generated by the crank movements of the wheel. Depending on the technical equipment of the instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digital audio signal</a> can be output directly via an integrated <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>. The data exchange of the musical information between the hurdy-gurdy and connected computers, <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samplers</a> or synthesizers are managed via <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_digital_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instrument digital interface">MIDI interface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musicians">Musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hurdy-gurdy_musicians" title="List of hurdy-gurdy musicians">List of hurdy-gurdy musicians</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoy_ryley" title="Donskoy ryley">Donskoy ryley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcigurdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcigurdy">Dulcigurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisatsuko" title="Kaisatsuko">Kaisatsuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recordings_featuring_the_hurdy-gurdy" title="Recordings featuring the hurdy-gurdy">Recordings featuring the hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_organista" title="Viola organista">Viola organista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gizmo" title="The Gizmo">The Gizmo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/hurdy-gurdy-baroque/">"Hurdy-Gurdy (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurdy-Gurdy+%28Baroque%29+%E2%80%93+Early+Music+Instrument+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaslabs.case.edu%2Fmedren%2Fbaroque-instruments%2Fhurdy-gurdy-baroque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baines-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1976" class="citation journal cs1">Baines, Anthony (May 1976). "Reviewed work(s): <i>Die Drehleier, ihr Bau und ihre Geschichte</i> by Marianne Bröcker". <i><a href="/wiki/Galpin_Society" title="Galpin Society">The Galpin Society Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b>: 140–141 [140]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F841885">10.2307/841885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/841885">841885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+Die+Drehleier%2C+ihr+Bau+und+ihre+Geschichte+by+Marianne+Br%C3%B6cker&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=140-141+140&rft.date=1976-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F841885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F841885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i> 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i> 36:71–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i>, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ODOORG_TEXT.html">http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ODOORG_TEXT.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." <i>Modern Language Notes</i> 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1980" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Susann (1980). <i>The Hurdy-Gurdy</i>. London: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7888-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-7888-0"><bdi>0-7153-7888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hurdy-Gurdy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7153-7888-0&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Susann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muskett-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muskett_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muskett_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muskett_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuskett1998" class="citation book cs1">Muskett, Doreen (1998). <i>Hurdy-Gurdy Method</i>. England: Muskett Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946993-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-946993-07-6"><bdi>0-946993-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurdy-Gurdy+Method&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Muskett+Music&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-946993-07-6&rft.aulast=Muskett&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutOTW-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AboutOTW_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overthewater.org/about/"><i>About the Over The Water Hurdy-Gurdy Association</i>.</a> From the 'Over The Water' website. Retrieved on January 9, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaarboek1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaarboek1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthoonsDewit1983" class="citation book cs1">Anthoons, Jan; Dewit, Herman, eds. (1983). <i>Volksmuziekatelier — Jaarboek 1</i>. Lennik, Belgium: Jan Verhoeven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volksmuziekatelier+%E2%80%94+Jaarboek+1&rft.place=Lennik%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Jan+Verhoeven&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810070829/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hurdy-gurdy">"Oxford English Dictionaries online entry for <i>hurdy-gurdy</i>"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hurdy-gurdy">the original</a> on August 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionaries+online+entry+for+hurdy-gurdy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fhurdy-gurdy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slovene Folklore, Author(s): F. S. Copeland, Source: Folklore, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Dec. 31, 1931)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veiga-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veiga_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeiga_de_Oliveira2000" class="citation book cs1">Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto (2000) [1964]. <i>Instrumentos Musicais Populares Portugueses</i>. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-666-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/972-666-075-0"><bdi>972-666-075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instrumentos+Musicais+Populares+Portugueses&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=972-666-075-0&rft.aulast=Veiga+de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzumi2017" class="citation web cs1">Azumi, Eric (27 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larkinthemorning.com/blogs/articles/hurdy-gurdy-history">"Hurdy Gurdy History: History Of The Hurdy Gurdy"</a>. <i>Lark in the Morning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lark+in+the+Morning&rft.atitle=Hurdy+Gurdy+History%3A+History+Of+The+Hurdy+Gurdy&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft.aulast=Azumi&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarkinthemorning.com%2Fblogs%2Farticles%2Fhurdy-gurdy-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NagyArticle-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NagyArticle_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NagyArticle_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLommelNagy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lommel, Arle; Nagy, Balázs (April 2007). "The Form, History and Classification of the <i>Tekerőlant</i> (Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>60</b>. London and New York: The Galpin Society: 181–190. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i25163886">i25163886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Form%2C+History+and+Classification+of+the+Teker%C5%91lant+%28Hungarian+Hurdy-Gurdy%29&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=181-190&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi25163886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lommel&rft.aufirst=Arle&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NagyBook-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NagyBook_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Description of types based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy2006" class="citation book cs1">Nagy, Balázs (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112256/http://www.musicart.hu/book/index.htm"><i>Tekerőlantosok könyve: Hasznós kézikönyv tekerőlant-játékosok és érdeklődők számára / The Hurdy-Gurdy Handbook: A Practical Handbook for Players and Aficionados of the Tekerő (Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)</i></a>. Budapest: Hagyományok Háza / Hungarian Heritage House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7363-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/963-7363-10-6"><bdi>963-7363-10-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicart.hu/book/index.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teker%C5%91lantosok+k%C3%B6nyve%3A+Haszn%C3%B3s+k%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyv+teker%C5%91lant-j%C3%A1t%C3%A9kosok+%C3%A9s+%C3%A9rdekl%C5%91d%C5%91k+sz%C3%A1m%C3%A1ra+%2F+The+Hurdy-Gurdy+Handbook%3A+A+Practical+Handbook+for+Players+and+Aficionados+of+the+Teker%C5%91+%28Hungarian+Hurdy-Gurdy%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hagyom%C3%A1nyok+H%C3%A1za+%2F+Hungarian+Heritage+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=963-7363-10-6&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicart.hu%2Fbook%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzci2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Izci, Aylin (2017-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enemy.at/2017/alles-andere-als-altmodisch-die-elektrische-drehleier/">"Alles andere als altmodisch: die elektrische Drehleier"</a> [All-other than old-fashioned: the electric hurdy-gurdy]. <i>enemy.at</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enemy.at&rft.atitle=Alles+andere+als+altmodisch%3A+die+elektrische+Drehleier&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Izci&rft.aufirst=Aylin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enemy.at%2F2017%2Falles-andere-als-altmodisch-die-elektrische-drehleier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanshee_in_Avalon2014" class="citation web cs1">Banshee in Avalon (2014-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.audiofanzine.com/misc-midi-controller/marcus-weseloh/midigurdy/news/a.play,n.19378.html">"A Hurdy Gurdy and MIDI controller"</a>. <i>audiofanzine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=audiofanzine&rft.atitle=A+Hurdy+Gurdy+and+MIDI+controller&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.au=Banshee+in+Avalon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.audiofanzine.com%2Fmisc-midi-controller%2Fmarcus-weseloh%2Fmidigurdy%2Fnews%2Fa.play%2Cn.19378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurdy-gurdy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8383525/Hurdy_gurdy_Contemporary_Destinations?auto=download">Hurdy-gurdy: contemporary destinations</a>" (2012), dissertation by Piotr Nowotnik</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191325">Hurdy-gurdy: new articulations</a>" (2016), dissertation by Piotr Nowotnik</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hurdy-gurdies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hurdy-gurdies">Hurdy-gurdies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hurdy-Gurdy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hurdy-Gurdy">Hurdy-Gurdy</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/caroline_phillips_hurdy_gurdy_for_beginners.html">Hurdy-gurdy for beginners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218041852/http://www.ted.com/talks/caroline_phillips_hurdy_gurdy_for_beginners.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (video), a <a href="/wiki/TED_talks" class="mw-redirect" title="TED talks">TED talk</a> by Caroline Phillips with Mixel Ducau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/318">A demonstration of hurdy-gurdies from Poland</a> from the Polish National Institute of Music and Dance</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_French_musical_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_French_musical_instruments" title="Template:Traditional French musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_French_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Traditional French musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_French_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional French musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_French_musical_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_musical_instruments" title="Traditional French musical instruments">Traditional French musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetara" title="Cetara">Cetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cythara" title="Cythara">Cythara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinette_des_Vosges" title="Epinette des Vosges">Epinette des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandulina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandulina (page does not exist)">Mandulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalterium_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalterium (instrument)">Tambourin à cordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_fiddle" title="Bladder fiddle">Basse de Flandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobre" title="Bobre">Bobre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vielle à roue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-reed<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urganettu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urganettu (page does not exist)">Urganettu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flutes and<br />oboes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%AFle" title="Graïle">Graïle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pu_toka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pu toka (page does not exist)">Pu toka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pu%27akau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pu'akau (page does not exist)">Pu'akau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%AB%CA%BBili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūʻili (page does not exist)">Pūʻili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-reed<br />pipes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cialamedda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cialamedda (page does not exist)">Cialamedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirula">Pirula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivo_(instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivo (instrument) (page does not exist)">Vivo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pifana_(instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pifana (instrument) (page does not exist)">Pifana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumbe_(drum)" title="Gumbe (drum)">Gumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahu" title="Pahu">Pahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pate_(instrument)" title="Pate (instrument)">Pate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouleur_(instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouleur (instrument) (page does not exist)">Rouleur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaglieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaglieri (page does not exist)">Sunaglieri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timpanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timpanu (page does not exist)">Timpanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamb" title="Kayamb">Kayamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_(bagpipe)" title="Bodega (bagpipe)">Bodega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boha" title="Boha">Boha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">Boîte à musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousine" title="Bousine">Bousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrette" title="Cabrette">Cabrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramusa" title="Caramusa">Caramusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabrette" title="Chabrette">Chabrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornemuse_du_Centre" title="Cornemuse du Centre">Cornemuse du Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Limonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loure_(bagpipe)" title="Loure (bagpipe)">Loure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Orgue de barbarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_organ" title="Dance organ">Orgue de danse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_organ" title="Street organ">Orgue de rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophone" title="Pyrophone">Pyrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ral%C3%A9-pouss%C3%A9" title="Ralé-poussé">Ralé-poussé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riberbula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riberbula (page does not exist)">Riberbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serinette" title="Serinette">Serinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_folk_music" title="Template:Hungarian folk music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_folk_music" title="Template talk:Hungarian folk music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_folk_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian folk music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cegl%C3%A9d_water_jug" title="Cegléd water jug">Cegléd water jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Jew's harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duda" title="Duda">Duda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">Reed pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Six-Hole and Long Flutes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1rogat%C3%B3" title="Tárogató">Tárogató</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">Transverse flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Wood horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">Cimbalom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Citera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koboz" class="mw-redirect" title="Koboz">Koboz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kontra" title="Kontra">Kontra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamburica" title="Tamburica">Tambura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ct%C5%91gardon" title="Ütőgardon">Ütőgardon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s" title="Csárdás">Csárdás</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karik%C3%A1z%C3%B3" title="Karikázó">Karikázó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rt%C3%A1nc" title="Körtánc">Körtánc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1nyt%C3%A1nc" title="Lánytánc">Lánytánc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leg%C3%A9nyes" title="Legényes">Legényes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ugr%C3%B3s" title="Ugrós">Ugrós</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verbunkos" title="Verbunkos">Verbunkos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_gypsy_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian gypsy scale">Hungarian gypsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minor_scale" title="Hungarian minor scale">Hungarian minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3ta" title="Nóta">Nóta</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(song)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_Polish_musical_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_musical_instruments" title="Template:Polish musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Polish musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_Polish_musical_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Traditional Polish musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeezebox" title="Squeezebox">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_(bagpipe)" title="Koza (bagpipe)">Koza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozio%C5%82_(bagpipe)" title="Kozioł (bagpipe)">Kozioł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basolia" title="Basolia">Basy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanki" title="Mazanki">Mazanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suka_(string_instrument)" title="Suka (string instrument)">Suka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trembita" title="Trembita">Trombita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">Cymbały</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207821#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131197-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hurdy-gurdy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85063168">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vielle à roue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950982j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vielle à roue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950982j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577199">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="niněra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123295&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533752405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/303d4f1a-f799-4c42-9bac-dbedd9139e91">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&oldid=1239087366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurdy-gurdy&oldid=1239087366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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