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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hardware support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional-grade_GPUs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional-grade_GPUs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Professional-grade GPUs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-grade_GPUs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer-grade_GPUs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer-grade_GPUs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consumer-grade GPUs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer-grade_GPUs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_ecosystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_ecosystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Software ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_ecosystem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software ecosystem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Learning_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Learning resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Third-party integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Machine_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Machine learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercomputing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercomputing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Supercomputing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercomputing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_acceleration_&_graphics_interoperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_acceleration_&_graphics_interoperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other acceleration & graphics interoperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_acceleration_&_graphics_interoperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Other Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Julia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4.1</span> <span>Julia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Software distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Third-party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Low-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ROCk_–_Kernel_driver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCk_–_Kernel_driver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>ROCk – Kernel driver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCk_–_Kernel_driver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ROCm_–_Device_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCm_–_Device_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>ROCm – Device libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCm_–_Device_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ROCt_–_Thunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCt_–_Thunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>ROCt – Thunk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCt_–_Thunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ROCr_–_Runtime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCr_–_Runtime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>ROCr – Runtime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCr_–_Runtime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ROCm_–_CompilerSupport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCm_–_CompilerSupport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>ROCm – CompilerSupport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCm_–_CompilerSupport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mid-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ROCclr_Common_Language_Runtime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCclr_Common_Language_Runtime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>ROCclr Common Language Runtime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCclr_Common_Language_Runtime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenCL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenCL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>OpenCL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenCL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIP_–_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIP_–_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>HIP – Heterogeneous Interface for Portability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIP_–_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIPCC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIPCC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>HIPCC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIPCC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIPIFY" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIPIFY"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>HIPIFY</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIPIFY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPUFORT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPUFORT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>GPUFORT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPUFORT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>High-level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-rocBLAS_/_hipBLAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rocBLAS_/_hipBLAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>rocBLAS / hipBLAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rocBLAS_/_hipBLAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-rocSOLVER_/_hipSOLVER" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rocSOLVER_/_hipSOLVER"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>rocSOLVER / hipSOLVER</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rocSOLVER_/_hipSOLVER-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with competitors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_competitors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with competitors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nvidia_CUDA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nvidia_CUDA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nvidia CUDA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nvidia_CUDA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intel_OneAPI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intel_OneAPI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Intel OneAPI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intel_OneAPI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_Acceleration_Foundation_(UXL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Acceleration_Foundation_(UXL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Acceleration_Foundation_(UXL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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hreflang="et" data-title="ROCm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ROCm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ROCm" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ROCm" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ROCm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROCm_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ROCm_logo.png/250px-ROCm_logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ROCm_logo.png/375px-ROCm_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ROCm_logo.png/500px-ROCm_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 14, 2016<span class="noprint">; 8 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2016-11-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">6.3.0 / December 4, 2024<span class="noprint">; 3 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-12-04</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Official">Meta-repository</a><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm/ROCm">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/ROCm<wbr />/ROCm</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#HIP_-_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability">HIP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#ROCk_-_Kernel_driver">AMDgpu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel driver">kernel driver</a>, <a href="#HIPCC">HIPCC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Hardware_support">Supported GPUs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Close_to_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to metal">Close to metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Stream_Processor#Software_Development_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Stream Processor">Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">HSA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><2 <a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">GiB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a> libraries and APIs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/en/products/software/rocm.html">www<wbr />.amd<wbr />.com<wbr />/en<wbr />/products<wbr />/software<wbr />/rocm<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ROCm</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices</a> (AMD) software stack for <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) programming. ROCm spans several domains, including <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">general-purpose computing on graphics processing units</a> (GPGPU), <a href="/wiki/High_performance_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="High performance computing">high performance computing</a> (HPC), and <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">heterogeneous computing</a>. It offers several programming models: <a href="#HIP_–_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability">HIP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">GPU-kernel-based programming</a>), <a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directive_(programming)" title="Directive (programming)">directive-based programming</a>), and <a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a>. </p><p>ROCm is free, libre and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> (except the GPU <a href="/wiki/Binary_blob" title="Binary blob">firmware blobs</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and it is distributed under various licenses. ROCm initially stood for Radeon Open Compute platfor<i>m</i>; however, due to Open Compute being a registered trademark, ROCm is no longer an acronym — it is simply AMD's open-source stack designed for GPU compute. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first GPGPU software stack from <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a>/AMD was <a href="/wiki/Close_to_Metal" title="Close to Metal">Close to Metal</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/AMD_Stream_Processor#Software_Development_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Stream Processor">Stream</a>. </p><p>ROCm was launched around 2016<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/GPUOpen#Radeon_Open_Compute_(ROCm)" title="GPUOpen">Boltzmann Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROCm stack builds upon previous AMD GPU stacks; some tools trace back to <a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a> and others to the <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous System Architecture</a> (HSA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture_Intermediate_Language">Heterogeneous System Architecture Intermediate Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Heterogeneous System Architecture Intermediate Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSAIL<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was aimed at producing a middle-level, hardware-agnostic intermediate representation that could be JIT-compiled to the eventual hardware (GPU, FPGA...) using the appropriate finalizer. This approach was dropped for ROCm: now it builds only GPU code, using <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/LLVM#Backends" title="LLVM">AMDGPU backend</a> that was upstreamed,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is still research on such enhanced modularity with LLVM MLIR.<sup id="cite_ref-The_LLVM_Compiler_Infrastructure_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_LLVM_Compiler_Infrastructure-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_abilities">Programming abilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Programming abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ROCm as a stack ranges from the kernel driver to the end-user applications. AMD has introductory videos about AMD GCN hardware,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ROCm programming<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via its learning portal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best technical introductions about the stack and ROCm/HIP programming, remains, to date, to be found on Reddit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_support">Hardware support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardware support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROCm is primarily targeted at discrete professional GPUs,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but unofficial support includes the Vega family and <a href="/wiki/RDNA_2" title="RDNA 2">RDNA 2</a> consumer GPUs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Accelerated Processing Unit">Accelerated Processor Units</a> (APU) are "enabled", but not officially supported. Having ROCm functional there is involved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">List of AMD graphics processing units</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional-grade_GPUs">Professional-grade GPUs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Professional-grade GPUs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct_accelerators" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Instinct accelerators">AMD Instinct accelerators</a> are the first-class ROCm citizens, alongside the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2">prosumer</a> <a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro GPU series</a>: they mostly see full support. </p><p>The only consumer-grade GPU that has relatively equal support is, as of January 2022, the Radeon VII (GCN 5 - Vega). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer-grade_GPUs">Consumer-grade GPUs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consumer-grade GPUs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> series </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon HD 7000 Series">Southern<br />Islands</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Rx 200 series">Sea<br />Islands</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_300_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Rx 300 series">Volcanic<br />Islands</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_400_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon 400 series">Arctic<br />Islands/Polaris</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RX Vega series">Vega</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_RX_5000_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon RX 5000 series">Navi 1X</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_RX_6000_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon RX 6000 series">Navi 2X</a> </th></tr> <tr style="border-top:2px solid grey"> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Released </th> <td>Jan 2012 </td> <td>Sep 2013 </td> <td>Jun 2015 </td> <td>Jun 2016 </td> <td>Jun 2017 </td> <td>Jul 2019 </td> <td>Nov 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Marketing Name </th> <td>Radeon HD 7000 </td> <td>Radeon Rx 200 </td> <td>Radeon Rx 300 </td> <td>Radeon RX 400/500 </td> <td>Radeon RX Vega/Radeon VII(7 nm) </td> <td>Radeon RX 5000 </td> <td>Radeon RX 6000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">AMD support </th> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert table-no2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Current"><img alt="Current" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Instruction set</a> </th> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#Instruction_set" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN instruction set</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/RDNA_(microarchitecture)#Instruction_set" title="RDNA (microarchitecture)">RDNA instruction set</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#first" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN 1st gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#second" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN 2nd gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#third" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN 3rd gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#fourth" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN 4th gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#fifth" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN 5th gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RDNA_(microarchitecture)#Architecture" title="RDNA (microarchitecture)">RDNA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RDNA_2" title="RDNA 2">RDNA 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Type </th> <td colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:2px solid grey"> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">ROCm<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert table-no2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td colspan="1" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td> <td colspan="1" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a> </th> <td>1.2 (on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>: 1.1 (no Image support) with Mesa 3D) </td> <td colspan="4">2.0 (Adrenalin driver on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Win7+</a>)<br />(on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>: 1.1 (no Image support) with Mesa 3D, 2.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm) </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2.1<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_(API)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkan (API)">Vulkan</a> </th> <td>1.0<br />(<a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Win 7+</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa 17+</a>) </td> <td colspan="6">1.2 (Adrenalin 20.1, Linux Mesa 3D 20.0) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Shading_Language#Shader_model_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Level Shading Language">Shader model</a> </th> <td>5.1 </td> <td colspan="3">5.1<br />6.3 </td> <td colspan="2">6.4 </td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> </th> <td colspan="7">4.6 (on Linux: 4.6 (Mesa 3D 20.0)) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a> </th> <td>11 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_11" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">11_1</a>)<br />12 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_12" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">11_1</a>) </td> <td colspan="3">11 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_11" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_0</a>)<br />12 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_12" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_0</a>) </td> <td colspan="2">11 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_11" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_1</a>)<br />12 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_12" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_1</a>) </td> <td>11 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_11" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_1</a>)<br />12 (<a href="/wiki/Feature_levels_in_Direct3D#Direct3D_12" title="Feature levels in Direct3D">12_2</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><code>/drm/amdgpu</code><sup id="cite_ref-drm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-interactive, #eee); color: var(--color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">Experimental<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2 skin-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-drm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drm_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DRM (<a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">Direct Rendering Manager</a>) is a component of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_ecosystem">Software ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_resources">Learning resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Learning resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>AMD ROCm product manager Terry Deem gave a tour of the stack.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_integration">Third-party integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third-party integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main consumers of the stack are machine learning and high-performance computing/GPGPU applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Machine_learning">Machine learning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Machine learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> frameworks have a ROCm backend:<sup id="cite_ref-infoq-mi200_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoq-mi200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnx" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnx">ONNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_MXNet" title="Apache MXNet">MXNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CuPy" title="CuPy">CuPy</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocmsoftwareplatform/miopen">MIOpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffe_(software)" title="Caffe (software)">Caffe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/iree">Iree</a> (which uses LLVM Multi-Level Intermediate Representation (MLIR))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/1459">llama.cpp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supercomputing">Supercomputing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supercomputing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROCm is gaining significant traction in the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">top 500</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROCm is used with the Exascale supercomputers <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(supercomputer)" title="El Capitan (supercomputer)">El Capitan</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frontier_(supercomputer)" title="Frontier (supercomputer)">Frontier</a>. </p><p>Some related software is to be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/fr/technologies/infinity-hub">AMD Infinity hub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_acceleration_&_graphics_interoperation"><span id="Other_acceleration_.26_graphics_interoperation"></span>Other acceleration & graphics interoperation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other acceleration & graphics interoperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of version 3.0, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a> can now use HIP compute kernels for its <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">renderer</a> cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Languages">Other Languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Julia">Julia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Julia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> has the AMDGPU.jl package,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which integrates with LLVM and selects components of the ROCm stack. Instead of compiling code through HIP, AMDGPU.jl uses Julia's compiler to generate LLVM IR directly, which is later consumed by LLVM to generate native device code. AMDGPU.jl uses ROCr's HSA implementation to upload native code onto the device and execute it, similar to how HIP loads its own generated device code. </p><p>AMDGPU.jl also supports integration with ROCm's rocBLAS (for BLAS), rocRAND (for random number generation), and rocFFT (for FFTs). Future integration with rocALUTION, rocSOLVER, MIOpen, and certain other ROCm libraries is planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_distribution">Software distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Software distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official">Official</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Official"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Installation instructions are provided for Linux and Windows in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rocm.docs.amd.com/en/latest/">official AMD ROCm documentation</a>. ROCm software is currently spread across several public <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repositories. Within the main public <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm/ROCm">meta-repository</a>, there is an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm/ROCm/blob/develop/default.xml">XML manifest</a> for each official release: using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gerrit.googlesource.com/git-repo/">git-repo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> tool built on top of <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a>, is the recommended way to synchronize with the stack locally.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMD starts distributing containerized applications for ROCm, notably scientific research applications gathered under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/infinity-hub">AMD Infinity Hub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMD <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repo.radeon.com/rocm">distributes itself</a> packages tailored to various Linux distributions. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Radeon Software</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third-party">Third-party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Third-party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a growing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repology.org/projects/r/?search=rocm">third-party ecosystem packaging ROCm</a>. </p><p>Linux distributions are officially packaging (natively) ROCm, with various degrees of advancement: <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentoo,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a> ,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">GNU Guix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a>. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Spack_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spack (software)">Spack</a> packages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is one kernel-space component, ROCk, and the rest - there is roughly a hundred components in the stack - is made of <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user-space</a> modules. </p><p>The unofficial typographic policy is to use: uppercase ROC lowercase following for low-level libraries, i.e. ROCt, and the contrary for user-facing libraries, i.e. rocBLAS.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMD is active developing with the LLVM community, but upstreaming is not instantaneous, and as of January 2022, is still lagging.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD still officially packages various LLVM forks<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_LLVM_Compiler_Infrastructure_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_LLVM_Compiler_Infrastructure-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for parts that are not yet upstreamed – compiler optimizations destined to remain proprietary, debug support, OpenMP offloading, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-level">Low-level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Low-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCk_–_Kernel_driver"><span id="ROCk_.E2.80.93_Kernel_driver"></span>ROCk – Kernel driver</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: ROCk – Kernel driver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AMDgpu_(Linux_kernel_module)" title="AMDgpu (Linux kernel module)">AMDgpu (Linux kernel module)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCm_–_Device_libraries"><span id="ROCm_.E2.80.93_Device_libraries"></span>ROCm – Device libraries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: ROCm – Device libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/RadeonOpenCompute/ROCm-Device-Libs">Support libraries</a> implemented as LLVM bitcode. These provide various utilities and functions for math operations, atomics, queries for launch parameters, on-device kernel launch, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCt_–_Thunk"><span id="ROCt_.E2.80.93_Thunk"></span>ROCt – Thunk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ROCt – Thunk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/radeonopencompute/roct-thunk-interface">thunk</a> is responsible for all the thinking and queuing that goes into the stack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCr_–_Runtime"><span id="ROCr_.E2.80.93_Runtime"></span>ROCr – Runtime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: ROCr – Runtime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/radeonopencompute/rocr-runtime">ROC runtime</a> is a set of APIs/libraries that allows the launch of compute kernels by host applications. It is AMD's implementation of the HSA runtime API.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from the ROC Common Language Runtime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCm_–_CompilerSupport"><span id="ROCm_.E2.80.93_CompilerSupport"></span>ROCm – CompilerSupport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: ROCm – CompilerSupport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/radeonopencompute/rocm-compilersupport">ROCm code object manager</a> is in charge of interacting with LLVM <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">intermediate representation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-level">Mid-level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mid-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCclr_Common_Language_Runtime">ROCclr Common Language Runtime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: ROCclr Common Language Runtime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocm-developer-tools/rocclr">common language runtime</a> is an indirection layer adapting calls to ROCr on Linux and PAL on windows. It used to be able to route between different compilers, like the HSAIL-compiler. It is now being absorbed by the upper indirection layers (HIP and OpenCL). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OpenCL">OpenCL</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: OpenCL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></div> <p>ROCm ships its installable client driver (ICD) loader and an OpenCL<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/radeonopencompute/rocm-opencl-runtime">implementation bundled together</a>. As of January 2022, ROCm 4.5.2 ships OpenCL 2.2, and is lagging behind competition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIP_–_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability"><span id="HIP_.E2.80.93_Heterogeneous_Interface_for_Portability"></span>HIP – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocm-developer-tools/hip">Heterogeneous Interface for Portability</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: HIP – Heterogeneous Interface for Portability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AMD implementation for its GPUs is called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools">HIPAMD</a>. There is also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP-CPU">CPU implementation</a> mostly for demonstration purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIPCC">HIPCC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: HIPCC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HIP builds a `HIPCC` compiler that either wraps <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> and compiles with LLVM open AMDGPU backend, or redirects to the <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_CUDA_Compiler" title="Nvidia CUDA Compiler">NVIDIA compiler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIPIFY">HIPIFY</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: HIPIFY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIPIFY">HIPIFY</a> is a source-to-source compiling tool. It translates CUDA to HIP and reverse, either using a Clang-based tool, or a sed-like <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPUFORT">GPUFORT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: GPUFORT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like HIPIFY, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocmsoftwareplatform/gpufort">GPUFORT</a> is a tool compiling source code into other third-generation-language sources, allowing users to migrate from CUDA Fortran to HIP Fortran. It is also in the repertoire of research projects, even more so.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-level">High-level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: High-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROCm high-level libraries are usually consumed directly by application software, such as <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> frameworks. Most of the following libraries are in the <a href="/wiki/General_Matrix_Multiply" class="mw-redirect" title="General Matrix Multiply">General Matrix Multiply</a> (GEMM) category, which GPU architecture excels at. </p><p>The majority of these user-facing libraries comes in dual-form: <i>hip</i> for the indirection layer that can route to Nvidia hardware, and <i>roc</i> for the AMD implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="rocBLAS_/_hipBLAS"><span id="rocBLAS_.2F_hipBLAS"></span>rocBLAS / hipBLAS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: rocBLAS / hipBLAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocmsoftwareplatform/rocblas">rocBLAS</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rocmsoftwareplatform/hipblas">hipBLAS</a> are central in high-level libraries, it is the AMD implementation for <a href="/wiki/Basic_Linear_Algebra_Subprograms" title="Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms">Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms</a>. It uses the library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCmSoftwarePlatform/Tensile">Tensile</a> privately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="rocSOLVER_/_hipSOLVER"><span id="rocSOLVER_.2F_hipSOLVER"></span>rocSOLVER / hipSOLVER</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: rocSOLVER / hipSOLVER"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This pair of libraries constitutes the <a href="/wiki/LAPACK" title="LAPACK">LAPACK</a> implementation for ROCm and is strongly coupled to rocBLAS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/orgs/ROCm-Developer-Tools">ROCm developer tools</a>: Debug, tracer, profiler, System Management Interface, Validation suite, Cluster management.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/GPUOpen-Tools">GPUOpen tools</a>: GPU analyzer, memory visualizer...</li> <li>External tools: radeontop (<a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">TUI</a> overview)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_competitors">Comparison with competitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Comparison with competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROCm competes with other GPU computing stacks: Nvidia <a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/OneAPI_(compute_acceleration)" title="OneAPI (compute acceleration)">Intel OneAPI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nvidia_CUDA">Nvidia CUDA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nvidia CUDA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></div> <p>Nvidia's CUDA is closed-source, whereas AMD ROCm is open source. There is open-source software built on top of the closed-source CUDA, for instance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rapidsai">RAPIDS</a>. </p><p>CUDA is able to run on consumer GPUs, whereas ROCm support is mostly offered for professional hardware such as <a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">AMD Instinct</a> and <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Pro">AMD Radeon Pro</a>. </p><p>Nvidia provides a C/C++-centered frontend and its <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">Parallel Thread Execution</a> (PTX) LLVM GPU backend as the <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_CUDA_Compiler" title="Nvidia CUDA Compiler">Nvidia CUDA Compiler</a> (NVCC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intel_OneAPI">Intel OneAPI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Intel OneAPI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OneAPI_(compute_acceleration)" title="OneAPI (compute acceleration)">OneAPI (compute acceleration)</a></div> <p>Like ROCm, oneAPI is open source, and all the corresponding libraries are published on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/oneapi-src">GitHub Page</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unified_Acceleration_Foundation_(UXL)"><span id="Unified_Acceleration_Foundation_.28UXL.29"></span>Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL) is a new technology consortium that are working on the continuation of the OneAPI initiative, with the goal to create a new open standard accelerator software ecosystem, related open standards and specification projects through Working Groups and Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The goal will compete with Nvidia's CUDA. The main companies behind it are Intel, Google, Arm, Qualcomm, Samsung, Imagination, and VMware.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD#Software" title="AMD">AMD Software</a> – a general overview of AMD's drivers, APIs, and development endeavors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a> – AMD's complementary graphics stack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Radeon Software</a> – AMD's software distribution channel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm/ROCm/releases/tag/rocm-6.3.0">"ROCm 6.3.0 Release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.amd.com/resources/rocm-learning-center/fundamentals-of-hip-programming/">the original</a> on February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+HIP+Programming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.amd.com%2Fresources%2Frocm-learning-center%2Ffundamentals-of-hip-programming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.amd.com/resources/rocm-learning-center/">"ROCm™ Learning Center"</a>. <i>AMD</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMD&rft.atitle=ROCm%E2%84%A2+Learning+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.amd.com%2Fresources%2Frocm-learning-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/a9tjge/amd_rocm_hcc_programming_introduction/">"AMD ROCm / HCC programming: Introduction"</a>. December 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD+ROCm+%2F+HCC+programming%3A+Introduction&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2FAmd%2Fcomments%2Fa9tjge%2Famd_rocm_hcc_programming_introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.amd.com/bundle/ROCm-Getting-Started-Guide-v5.2.3/page/Introduction_to_AMD_ROCm_Getting_Started_Guide_for_Linux.html">"AMD Documentation - Portal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD+Documentation+-+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.amd.com%2Fbundle%2FROCm-Getting-Started-Guide-v5.2.3%2Fpage%2FIntroduction_to_AMD_ROCm_Getting_Started_Guide_for_Linux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/rd7mmi/heres_something_you_dont_see_every_day_pytorch/">"Here's something you don't see every day: PyTorch running on top of ROCm on a 6800M (6700XT) laptop! Took a ton of minor config tweaks and a few patches but it actually functionally works. HUGE!"</a>. December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here%27s+something+you+don%27t+see+every+day%3A+PyTorch+running+on+top+of+ROCm+on+a+6800M+%286700XT%29+laptop%21+Took+a+ton+of+minor+config+tweaks+and+a+few+patches+but+it+actually+functionally+works.+HUGE%21&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2FAmd%2Fcomments%2Frd7mmi%2Fheres_something_you_dont_see_every_day_pytorch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.amd.com/bundle/ROCm-Getting-Started-Guide-v5.2.3">"ROCm Getting Started Guide v5.2.3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCm+Getting+Started+Guide+v5.2.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.amd.com%2Fbundle%2FROCm-Getting-Started-Guide-v5.2.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/StableDiffusion/comments/ww436j/comment/ipkfm35/">"HOW-TO: Stable Diffusion on an AMD GPU"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Gentoo+Linux+Packages+Up+AMD+ROCm%2C+Makes+Progress+On+RISC-V%2C+LTO%2BPGO+Python&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DGentoo-2021-Recap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Fedora-Debian-ROCm-Work">"Fedora & Debian Developers Look At Packaging ROCm For Easier Radeon GPU Computing Experience"</a>. <i>Phoronix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20211221+Packaging+session+notes+and+small+update&rft.aulast=Bloor&rft.aufirst=Cordell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-ai%2F2021%2F12%2Fmsg00028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP/issues/2449">"[Debian official packaging] How is ROCm LLVM fork still needed? · Issue #2449 · ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3BDebian+official+packaging%26%2393%3B+How+is+ROCm+LLVM+fork+still+needed%3F+%C2%B7+Issue+%232449+%C2%B7+ROCm-Developer-Tools%2FHIP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FROCm-Developer-Tools%2FHIP%2Fissues%2F2449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/aomp">"Aomp - V 14.0-1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Aomp+-+V+14.0-1&rft.date=2022-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FROCm-Developer-Tools%2Faomp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/RadeonOpenCompute/llvm-project">"The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. January 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=The+LLVM+Compiler+Infrastructure&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FRadeonOpenCompute%2Fllvm-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HSA-Runtime-1.2.pdf">"HSA Runtime Programmer's Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HSA Foundation. May 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HSA+Runtime+Programmer%27s+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=HSA+Foundation&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsafoundation.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FHSA-Runtime-1.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/">"Khronos OpenCL Registry - The Khronos Group Inc"</a>. <i>www.khronos.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khronos.org&rft.atitle=Khronos+OpenCL+Registry+-+The+Khronos+Group+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khronos.org%2Fregistry%2FOpenCL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khronos.org/conformance/adopters/conformant-products/opencl">"List of OpenCL Conformant Products - The Khronos Group Inc"</a>. <i>www.khronos.org</i>. February 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khronos.org&rft.atitle=List+of+OpenCL+Conformant+Products+-+The+Khronos+Group+Inc&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khronos.org%2Fconformance%2Fadopters%2Fconformant-products%2Fopencl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/HIPCC-compilation-process-illustration-The-clang-compiler-skips-the-step-to-generate-the_fig3_346904487">"Figure 3. HIPCC compilation process illustration. The clang compiler"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+3.+HIPCC+compilation+process+illustration.+The+clang+compiler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FHIPCC-compilation-process-illustration-The-clang-compiler-skips-the-step-to-generate-the_fig3_346904487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=AMD-Radeon-GPUFORT">"AMD Publishes Open-Source "GPUFORT" as Newest Effort to Help Transition Away from CUDA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD+Publishes+Open-Source+%22GPUFORT%22+as+Newest+Effort+to+Help+Transition+Away+from+CUDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DAMD-Radeon-GPUFORT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaiaChalmersT._BaumanCurtis2021" class="citation conference cs1">Maia, Julio; Chalmers, Noel; T. Bauman, Paul; Curtis, Nicholas; Malaya, Nicholas; McDougall, Damon; van Oostrum, Rene; Wolfe, Noah (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SPOCK_Libraries_profiling_JMaia.pdf"><i>ROCm Library Support & Profiling Tools</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Behind+the+plot+to+break+Nvidia%27s+grip+on+AI+by+targeting+software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbehind-plot-break-nvidias-grip-ai-by-targeting-software-2024-03-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROCm&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.amd.com">"ROCm official documentation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. February 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCm+official+documentation&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.amd.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.amd.com/resources/rocm-learning-center/">"ROCm Learning Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCm+Learning+Center&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.amd.com%2Fresources%2Frocm-learning-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/radeonopencompute/rocm">"ROCm official documentation on the github super-project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCm+official+documentation+on+the+github+super-project&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fradeonopencompute%2Frocm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rocmdocs.amd.com/en/latest/index.html">"ROCm official documentation - pre 5.0"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCm+official+documentation+-+pre+5.0&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frocmdocs.amd.com%2Fen%2Flatest%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/gpu-accelerated-applications-catalog.pdf">"GPU-Accelerated Applications with AMD Instinct Accelerators & AMD ROCm Software"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPU-Accelerated+Applications+with+AMD+Instinct+Accelerators+%26+AMD+ROCm+Software&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amd.com%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fgpu-accelerated-applications-catalog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/fr/technologies/infinity-hub">"AMD Infinity Hub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD+Infinity+Hub&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amd.com%2Ffr%2Ftechnologies%2Finfinity-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROCm" class="Z3988"></span> — <a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker containers</a> for scientific applications.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:AMD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AMD326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3DNow!" title="3DNow!">3DNow!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Processors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geode_(processor)" title="Geode (processor)">Geode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duron" title="Duron">Duron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempron" title="Sempron">Sempron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Turion" title="AMD Turion">Turion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Phenom" title="AMD Phenom">Phenom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlon" title="Athlon">Athlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FX" title="AMD FX">FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryzen" title="Ryzen">Ryzen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opteron" title="Opteron">Opteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epyc" title="Epyc">Epyc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Radeon Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMDGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="AMDGPU">AMDGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_PowerTune" title="AMD PowerTune">AMD PowerTune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_CrossFire" title="AMD CrossFire">CrossFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Eyefinity" title="AMD Eyefinity">Eyefinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeSync" title="FreeSync">FreeSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(API)" title="Mantle (API)">Mantle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGESA" title="AGESA">AGESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Turbo_Core" title="AMD Turbo Core">AMD Turbo Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool%27n%27Quiet" title="Cool'n'Quiet">Cool'n'Quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Platform_Security_Processor" title="AMD Platform Security Processor">AMD Platform Security Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryzen_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryzen AI">Ryzen AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">High Bandwidth Memory</a> (HBM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sockets_without_existing_articles_(e.g._FP4)_are_omitted_from_this_section.99">Sockets without existing articles (e.g. FP4) are omitted from this section.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a> (PGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Socket_7" title="Super Socket 7">Super Socket 7</a> (Super 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_939" title="Socket 939">939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM2" title="Socket AM2">AM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM2%2B" title="Socket AM2+">AM2+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM3" title="Socket AM3">AM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM3%2B" title="Socket AM3+">AM3+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FM1" title="Socket FM1">FM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FM2" title="Socket FM2">FM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FM2%2B" title="Socket FM2+">FM2+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM1" title="Socket AM1">AM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM4" title="Socket AM4">AM4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_grid_array" title="Land grid array">Land grid array</a> (LGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_TR4" title="Socket TR4">TR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_sTRX4" title="Socket sTRX4">sTRX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_AM5" title="Socket AM5">AM5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slot_A" title="Slot A">Slot A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pin grid array (PGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_563" title="Socket 563">563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_S1" title="Socket S1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FS1" title="Socket FS1">FS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">Ball grid array</a> (BGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FT1" title="Socket FT1">FT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FP2" title="Socket FP2">FP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FT3" title="Socket FT3">FT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_FP3" title="Socket FP3">FP3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pin grid array (PGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_940" title="Socket 940">940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land grid array (LGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_F" title="Socket F">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_F%2B" title="Socket F+">F+</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/AMD_Socket_G3" title="AMD Socket G3">G3</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_G34" title="Socket G34">G34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_C32" title="Socket C32">C32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_SP3" title="Socket SP3">SP3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pin_grid_array_(PGA)20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pin grid array (PGA)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socket_A" title="Socket A">Socket A</a> (Socket 462)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_754" title="Socket 754">754</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AMD microprocessors">List of AMD microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">List of AMD graphics processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_accelerated_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AMD accelerated processing units">List of AMD accelerated processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of AMD CPU microarchitectures">List of AMD CPU microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_chipsets" title="List of AMD chipsets">List of AMD chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:AMD_people" title="Category:AMD people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Sanders_(businessman)" title="Jerry Sanders (businessman)">Jerry Sanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jerry Sanders (1969–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Ruiz" title="Hector Ruiz">Hector Ruiz</a> (2002–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Meyer" title="Dirk Meyer">Dirk Meyer</a> (2008–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Read" title="Rory Read">Rory Read</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Su" title="Lisa Su">Lisa Su</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMicro" title="SeaMicro">SeaMicro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD%E2%80%93Chinese_joint_venture" title="AMD–Chinese joint venture">AMD–Chinese joint venture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygon_Information_Technology" title="Hygon Information Technology">Hygon Information Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li>TF-AMD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongfu_Microelectronics" title="Tongfu Microelectronics">Tongfu Microelectronics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Corp._v._Advanced_Micro_Devices,_Inc." title="Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.">Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices,_Inc._v._Intel_Corp." title="Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.">Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_(API)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkan (API)">Vulkan (API)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NexGen" title="NexGen">NexGen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spansion" title="Spansion">Spansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Live!" title="AMD Live!">AMD Live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Rating" title="Performance Rating">Performance Rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrenza" title="Torrenza">Torrenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates an unreleased product (e.g. socket)</li> <li><s>Strikethrough</s> indicates a product that was never released.</li> <li>Mixed indicates sockets that are designed for or integrated with one or more platforms.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AMD_technology57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AMD_technology" title="Template:AMD technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AMD_technology" title="Template talk:AMD technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AMD_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AMD technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AMD_technology57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> technology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGESA" title="AGESA">AGESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMDGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="AMDGPU">AMDGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">Radeon Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivado" title="Vivado">Vivado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx_ISE" title="Xilinx ISE">Xilinx ISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Spider" title="AMD Spider">Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Dragon" title="AMD Dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Horus" title="AMD Horus">Horus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cool%27n%27Quiet" title="Cool'n'Quiet">Cool'n'Quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">High Bandwidth Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerNow!" title="PowerNow!">PowerNow!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_PowerPlay" title="AMD PowerPlay">PowerPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_PowerTune" title="AMD PowerTune">PowerTune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Turbo_Core" title="AMD Turbo Core">Turbo Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Scalable_Texture_Compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression">ASTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Wraith" title="AMD Wraith">AMD Wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtex_(FPGA)" title="Virtex (FPGA)">Virtex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_XDNA" title="AMD XDNA">XDNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryzen_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryzen AI">Ryzen AI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">X86-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3DNow!" title="3DNow!">3DNow!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOP_instruction_set" title="XOP instruction set">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CVT16_instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="CVT16 instruction set">CVT16/F16C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set#FMA4_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set#FMA3_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit Manipulation Instruction Sets">BMI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets#ABM" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit Manipulation Instruction Sets">ABM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets#BMI1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit Manipulation Instruction Sets">BMI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Manipulation_Instruction_Sets#TBM" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit Manipulation Instruction Sets">TBM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE5" title="SSE5">SSE5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Synchronization_Facility" title="Advanced Synchronization Facility">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES_instruction_set" title="AES instruction set">AES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AMD_graphics16" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AMD_graphics" title="Template:AMD graphics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AMD_graphics" title="Template talk:AMD graphics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AMD_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AMD graphics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AMD_graphics16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> graphics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Radeon-brandList_of_GPUs_(GPU_features_template)_and_List_of_APUs_(APU_features_template)16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a>-brand<br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">List of GPUs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:AMD_GPU_features" title="Template:AMD GPU features">GPU features template</a>) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_processors_with_3D_graphics" title="List of AMD processors with 3D graphics">List of APUs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:AMD_APU_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:AMD APU features">APU features template</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixed pipeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Wonder" title="ATI Wonder">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Mach" title="ATI Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Rage" title="ATI Rage">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-in-Wonder" title="All-in-Wonder">All-in-Wonder</a> (before 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertex and fragment shaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_R100_series" title="Radeon R100 series">R100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_R200_series" title="Radeon R200 series">R200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_R300_series" title="Radeon R300 series">R300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_R400_series" title="Radeon R400 series">R400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_X1000_series" title="Radeon X1000 series">R500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-in-Wonder" title="All-in-Wonder">All-in-Wonder</a> (after 1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TeraScale43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_2000_series" title="Radeon HD 2000 series">HD 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_3000_series" title="Radeon HD 3000 series">HD 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_4000_series" title="Radeon HD 4000 series">HD 4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_5000_series" title="Radeon HD 5000 series">HD 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_6000_series" title="Radeon HD 6000 series">HD 6000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unified shaders & <a href="/wiki/Unified_Memory_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Memory Architecture">memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_series" title="Radeon HD 7000 series">HD 7000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_8000_series" title="Radeon HD 8000 series">HD 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_200_series" title="Radeon 200 series">200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_300_series" title="Radeon 300 series">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_400_series" title="Radeon 400 series">400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_500_series" title="Radeon 500 series">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_Vega_series" title="Radeon RX Vega series">RX Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_600_series" title="Radeon 600 series">600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RDNA_(microarchitecture)" title="RDNA (microarchitecture)">RDNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_5000_series" title="Radeon RX 5000 series">RX 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_6000_series" title="Radeon RX 6000 series">RX 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_7000_series" title="Radeon RX 7000 series">RX 7000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_9000_series" title="Radeon RX 9000 series">RX 9000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Current_technologies_and_software16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current technologies and software</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio/Video acceleration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder" title="Unified Video Decoder">Unified Video Decoder (UVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Engine" title="Video Coding Engine">Video Coding Engine (VCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Core_Next" title="Video Core Next">Video Core Next (VCN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_TrueAudio" title="AMD TrueAudio">TrueAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Eyefinity" title="AMD Eyefinity">Eyefinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeSync" title="FreeSync">FreeSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_PowerTune" title="AMD PowerTune">PowerTune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_CrossFire" title="AMD CrossFire">CrossFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Hybrid_Graphics" title="AMD Hybrid Graphics">Hybrid Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperMemory" title="HyperMemory">HyperMemory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperZ" title="HyperZ">HyperZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">HSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDNA_(microarchitecture)" title="RDNA (microarchitecture)">RDNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDNA_2" title="RDNA 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDNA_3" title="RDNA 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDNA_4" title="RDNA 4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Radeon Software</a> <ul><li>HD3D</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMDGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="AMDGPU">AMDGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TressFX" title="TressFX">TressFX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLSL2GLSL" title="HLSL2GLSL">HLSL2GLSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK" title="AMD APP SDK">AMD APP SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Catalyst">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_Metal" title="Close to Metal">Close to Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_CodeAnalyst" title="AMD CodeAnalyst">CodeAnalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_GPU_PerfStudio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD GPU PerfStudio">GPU PerfStudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(API)" title="Mantle (API)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeXL" title="CodeXL">CodeXL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other_brands_and_products16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other brands and products</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstations</a> <br />& <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Instinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon Instinct">Radeon Instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FirePro" title="AMD FirePro">FireGL/FirePro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FireMV" title="AMD FireMV">FireMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FireStream" title="AMD FireStream">FireStream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">handheld PCs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flipper_(graphics_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flipper (graphics chip)">Flipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenos_(graphics_chip)" title="Xenos (graphics chip)">Xenos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(graphics_chip)" title="Hollywood (graphics chip)">Hollywood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#Graphics_Core_Next_2" title="Graphics Core Next">Liverpool</a> (<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#Graphics_Core_Next_2" title="Graphics Core Next">Durango</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#Graphics_Core_Next_4" title="Graphics Core Next">Neo</a> (<a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="PlayStation 4 Pro">PlayStation 4 Pro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next#Graphics_Core_Next_4" title="Graphics Core Next">Scorpio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xbox_One_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox One X">Xbox One X</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X/S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Graphics_processing_unit85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template talk:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_processing_unit85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tegra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Tegra">Tegra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">NEC µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3dfx_graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of 3dfx graphics processing units">3dfx Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze3D" title="Glaze3D">Glaze3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjia_Micro" title="Jingjia Micro">Jingjia Micro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCore" title="VideoCore">VideoCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivante_Corporation" title="Vivante Corporation">Vivante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_2700G" title="Intel 2700G">Intel 2700G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">Compute kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">Graphics pipeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_pipelines" title="Geometry pipelines">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_pipeline" title="Vertex pipeline">Vertex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">HDR rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">SIMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)" title="Tessellation (computer graphics)">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">T&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_rendering" title="Tiled rendering">Tiled rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processing unit">Video processing unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SGRAM">SGRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR2">GDDR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR3">GDDR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR4">GDDR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR5">GDDR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR7" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR7">GDDR7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM2E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2E">HBM2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3">HBM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM-PIM" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM-PIM">HBM-PIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3E">HBM3E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_bandwidth" title="Memory bandwidth">Memory bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_graphics_memory" title="Shared graphics memory">Shared graphics memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_memory" title="Texture memory">Texture memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">VRAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">IP core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Discrete graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_switching" title="GPU switching">Switching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="External GPU">External graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated graphics">Integrated graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillrate" title="Fillrate">Fillrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Pixel/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel/s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOP/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Image processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Compression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parallel_computing346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parallel_computing" title="Template talk:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parallel_computing346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism" title="Loop-level parallelism">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">UMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache-only_memory_architecture" title="Cache-only memory architecture">COMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPX" title="HPX">HPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilk" title="Cilk">Cilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_AMP" title="C++ AMP">C++ AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_Machine" title="Parallel Virtual Machine">PVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C" title="Unified Parallel C">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks" title="Threading Building Blocks">TBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Parallel_computing" title="Category:Parallel computing">Category: Parallel computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Processor_technologies" title="Template talk:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical_linear_algebra64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_linear_algebra" title="Template:Numerical linear algebra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_linear_algebra" title="Template talk:Numerical linear algebra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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