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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Tsunami" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Tsunami" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istilah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istilah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istilah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istilah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemicu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemicu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pemicu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pemicu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pemicu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pemicu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kawasan_rentan_tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawasan_rentan_tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kawasan rentan tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kawasan_rentan_tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rambatan_gelombang_tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rambatan_gelombang_tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rambatan gelombang tsunami</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rambatan_gelombang_tsunami-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Rambatan gelombang tsunami</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rambatan_gelombang_tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dari_pusat_tsunami_hingga_ke_pantai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dari_pusat_tsunami_hingga_ke_pantai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dari pusat tsunami hingga ke pantai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dari_pusat_tsunami_hingga_ke_pantai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saat_mendekati_pantai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saat_mendekati_pantai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Saat mendekati pantai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saat_mendekati_pantai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mencapai_daratan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mencapai_daratan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mencapai daratan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mencapai_daratan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penanggulangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penanggulangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Penanggulangan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penanggulangan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penanggulangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penanggulangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_peringatan_dini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_peringatan_dini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sistem peringatan dini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_peringatan_dini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rancangan_tahan_tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rancangan_tahan_tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rancangan tahan tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rancangan_tahan_tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perilaku_individu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perilaku_individu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Perilaku individu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perilaku_individu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_tsunami_di_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_tsunami_di_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Daftar tsunami di Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_tsunami_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_tsunami_paling_mematikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_tsunami_paling_mematikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Daftar tsunami paling mematikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_tsunami_paling_mematikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Galeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsunami</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 154 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%AB_beuna" title="Ië beuna – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ië beuna" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoenami" title="Tsoenami – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsoenami" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="त्सूनामी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="त्सूनामी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تسونامي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسونامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تسونامي – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تسونامي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ছুনামি – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছুনামি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunami" title="Sunami – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sunami" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تسونامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تسونامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamis" title="Cunamis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cunamis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolnop" title="Dolnop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dolnop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="সুনামি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুনামি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-l%C3%A2ung" title="Hāi-lâung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-lâung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تسۆنامی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تسۆنامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Τσουνάμι – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσουνάμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamo" title="Cunamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cunamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3%C3%B0aldur" title="Flóðaldur – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flóðaldur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%BBnamy" title="Tsûnamy – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsûnamy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAn%C3%A1ma%C3%AD" title="Súnámaí – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súnámaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C3%A1mi" title="Sunámi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sunámi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80" title="સુનામી – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુનામી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-siau" title="Hói-siau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-siau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צונאמי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צונאמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सूनामी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूनामी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwaarr_bhaata" title="Jwaarr bhaata – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jwaarr bhaata" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmare" title="Radmare – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radmare" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB" title="Ցունամի – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցունամի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondego" title="Ondego – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ondego" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3%C3%B0bylgja" title="Flóðbylgja – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flóðbylgja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremoto" title="Maremoto – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maremoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E6%B3%A2" title="津波 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="津波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცუნამი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცუნამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunaami" title="Cunaami – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cunaami" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸುನಾಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುನಾಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" title="지진해일 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지진해일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunam%C3%AE" title="Tsunamî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tsunamî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacyma" title="Megacyma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Megacyma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4" title="ຊູນາມິ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊູນາມິ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamis" title="Cunamis – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cunamis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="സുനാമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുനാമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="त्सुनामी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्सुनामी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE" title="ဆူနာမီ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူနာမီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleuigolve" title="Vleuigolve – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vleuigolve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="शुनामी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शुनामी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodb%C3%B8lgje" title="Flodbølgje – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flodbølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_nit%C3%A9%C3%A9l_nits%C3%A1go%CA%BC_ats%C3%A1g%C3%A1%C3%A1" title="Tó nitéél nitságoʼ atságáá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó nitéél nitságoʼ atságáá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamis" title="Tsunamis – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tsunamis" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF" title="ସୁନାମି – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁନାମି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਨਾਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਨਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsun%C3%A2mi" title="Tsunâmi – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsunâmi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="سونامي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سونامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92" title="සුනාමි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුනාමි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunami" title="Sunami – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sunami" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/pabalad" title="pabalad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="pabalad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஆழிப்பேரலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆழிப்பேரலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="సునామి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సునామి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" title="สึนามิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สึนามิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Sóng thần – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sóng thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humatol" title="Humatol – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Humatol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცუნამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცუნამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צונאמי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צונאמי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haij_Rongx" title="Haij Rongx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haij Rongx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海啸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%A4%E7%80%BE" title="濤瀾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="濤瀾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-ti%C3%B2ng" title="Hái-tiòng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-tiòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8070#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Tsunami" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsunami"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit" title="Halaman ini dilindungi. Anda hanya dapat melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsunami"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Tsunami" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Tsunami" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&oldid=26724122" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Tsunami&id=26724122&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsunami"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsunami"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tsunami"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tsunami&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Tsunami" hreflang="id"><span>Wikisumber</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8070" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_bagus" title="Ini adalah artikel bagus. Klik untuk informasi lebih lanjut."><img alt="Ini adalah artikel bagus. Klik untuk informasi lebih lanjut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tsunami (disambiguasi)">Tsunami (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk peristiwa megatsunami, lihat <a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/250px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/375px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/500px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> di Ao Nang, <a href="/wiki/Provinsi_Krabi" title="Provinsi Krabi">Provinsi Krabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/330px--NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="186" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animasi tsunami dari <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg/330px-Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg/495px-Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg/660px-Cascadia_1700_tsunami_layer_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah deposit pasir tsunami yang terkubur dimasa lalu saat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1700 Cascadia earthquake">gempa bumi Cascadia 1700</a> di lepas pantai <a href="/wiki/Washington_(negara_bagian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (negara bagian)">Washington</a>, Amerika Serikat</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tsunami</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> kata Tsunami berasal dari bahasa Jepang, secara harfiah berarti: "<b>ombak besar di pelabuhan</b>") atau <b><a href="/wiki/Semong" title="Semong">semong</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah gelombang air besar yang diakibatkan oleh gangguan di dasar laut, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longsor_bawah_laut" title="Longsor bawah laut">longsor bawah laut</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung berapi">letusan gunung berapi</a>. gangguan ini membentuk gelombang yang menyebar ke segala arah dengan kecepatan gelombang mencapai 600–900 km/jam. Awalnya gelombang tersebut memiliki amplitudo kecil (umumnya 30–60 cm) sehingga tidak terasa di laut lepas, tetapi amplitudonya membesar saat mendekati pantai. Saat mencapai pantai, tsunami kadang menghantam daratan berupa dinding air raksasa (terutama pada tsunami-tsunami besar), tetapi bentuk yang lebih umum adalah naiknya permukaan air secara tiba-tiba. Kenaikan permukaan air dapat mencapai 15–30 meter, menyebabkan banjir dengan kecepatan arus hingga 90 km/jam, menjangkau beberapa kilometer dari pantai, dan menyebabkan kerusakan dan korban jiwa yang besar. </p><p>Sebab tsunami yang paling umum adalah gempa bumi bawah laut/pergeseran lempeng bumi terutama yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Penunjaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Penunjaman">zona penunjaman</a> dengan kekuatan 7,0 skala magnitudo momen atau lebih. Penyebab lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Tanah_longsor" title="Tanah longsor">longsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung" title="Letusan gunung">letusan gunung</a>, dan jatuhnya benda besar seperti <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a> ke dalam air. Secara geografis, hampir seluruh tsunami terjadi di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cincin Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a> dan kawasan <a href="/wiki/Palung_Sumatra" title="Palung Sumatra">Palung Sumatra</a> di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Samudra Hindia</a>. Risiko tsunami dapat dideteksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_peringatan_dini_tsunami" title="Sistem peringatan dini tsunami">sistem peringatan dini tsunami</a> yang mengamati gempa-gempa berkekuatan besar dan melakukan analisis data perubahan air laut yang terjadi setelahnya. Jika dianggap ada risiko tsunami, pihak berwenang dapat memberi peringatan atau mengambil tindakan seperti <a href="/wiki/Evakuasi_darurat" title="Evakuasi darurat">evakuasi</a>. Risiko kerusakan juga dapat dikurangi dengan rancangan tahan tsunami, seperti membuat bangunan dengan ruang luas, serta penggunaan bahan <a href="/wiki/Beton_bertulang" title="Beton bertulang">beton bertulang</a>, maupun dengan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang cara menyelamatkan diri dari tsunami, seperti pentingnya mengungsi dan menyiapkan rencana darurat dari jauh-jauh hari. </p><p>Sekitar 78% tsunami di terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> atau yang dikenal dengan <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a>. Persentase tertinggi tsunami terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> (20%), diikuti oleh <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (8%) dan <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (8%). Meskipun sebagian besar tsunami berukuran kecil dan tidak merusak atau hanya berdampak pada pantai di dekat sumbernya, beberapa tsunami dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan kematian di pantai yang jauh. Negara lain dengan persentase tsunami tertinggi sejak tahun 1900 berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Solomon" title="Kepulauan Solomon">Kepulauan Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istilah">Istilah</h2></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:260px; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" align="center">Tsunami </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tsunami_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/100px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/150px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/200px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="212" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:x-small; text-align:center">"Tsunami" dalam tulisan <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#B0C4DE; border-top:1px solid;"><b>Nama Jepang</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a>: </td> <td style="width:50%;"><span lang="ja"> 津波 </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="border:0; background:#f7f8ff; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#F9FFBC;">Alih aksara </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; valign=">- <a href="/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji">Romaji</a>: </td> <td style="width:50%">tsunami </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/250px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/375px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/500px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi tsunami dilukis oleh <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>, dalam mitologi Jepang, gelombang besar tersebut disebabkan oleh ikan lele raksasa bernama <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnamazu" title="Ōnamazu">Ōnamazu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kata tsunami adalah serapan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang">bahasa Jepang</a> 津波 (<i>tsunami</i>): <i>tsu</i> berarti <a href="/wiki/Pelabuhan" title="Pelabuhan">pelabuhan</a>, dan <i>nami</i> berarti <a href="/wiki/Gelombang" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a>. Nama ini diperkirakan berasal dari para nelayan Jepang, yang mengamati bahwa kapal-kapal dan bangunan di pelabuhan rusak akibat fenomena ini sekalipun mereka tidak merasakan gelombang besar ketika berada di laut lepas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh orang awam, tsunami kadang disebut "gelombang pasang". Namun, istilah yang dulunya populer ditolak para pakar karena fenomena ini tidak ada hubungannya dengan fenomena <a href="/wiki/Pasang_surut" title="Pasang surut">pasang surut</a> yang diakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">bulan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para pakar lebih menyukai istilah <i>tsunami</i>, walaupun sebenarnya fenomena ini tidak hanya terjadi di pelabuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwate2016114_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwate2016114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa bahasa memiliki padanan untuk istilah tsunami. Contohnya, dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aceh" title="Bahasa Aceh">bahasa Aceh</a>, tsunami disebut <i>ië beuna</i> atau <i>alôn buluël</i> (tergantung daerah). Kata <i><a href="/wiki/Smong" class="mw-redirect" title="Smong">smong</a></i> dan <i>emong</i> digunakan dalam bahasa-bahasa di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Simeulue" title="Pulau Simeulue">Pulau Simeulue</a>, yang berada sebelah barat pantai Sumatra. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil">bahasa Tamil</a> di pantai timur India, tsunami disebut <i>aazhi peralai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemicu">Pemicu</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eq-gen3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/220px-Eq-gen3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/330px-Eq-gen3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/440px-Eq-gen3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="134" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eq-gen4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/220px-Eq-gen4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/330px-Eq-gen4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/440px-Eq-gen4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tsunami yang diakibatkan terjadinya gempa bumi bawah laut.</div></div></div></div> <p>Tsunami dapat dipicu oleh gangguan pada dasar laut yang menyebabkan perpindahan sejumlah besar air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338–339_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338–339-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam proses kembalinya air yang terganggu ini menuju ekuilibrium atau keadaan tenang, suatu gelombang dapat terbentuk dan menyebar meninggalkan pusat gangguan, sehingga menyebabkan tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peristiwa-peristiwa yang dapat menyebabkan perpindahan air seperti ini meliputi <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a> bawah laut, longsor yang terjadi di dasar laut, jatuhnya benda ke dalam air seperti letusan gunung, meteor, atau ledakan senjata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20115–9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20115–9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemicu paling umum adalah gempa bumi yang mengakibatkan sekitar 80%–90% dari seluruh tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20115_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20115-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gempa yang paling berpotensi menimbulkan tsunami adalah gempa yang terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Zona_penunjaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona penunjaman">zona penunjaman</a> (daerah pertemuan dua <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_lempeng" title="Tektonika lempeng">lempeng</a> yang membenamkan salah satu lempeng tersebut) yang dangkal. Namun, tidak semua gempa seperti ini menyebabkan tsunami. Biasanya, hanya gempa berkekuatan di atas 7,0 <a href="/wiki/Skala_magnitudo_momen" title="Skala magnitudo momen">skala magnitudo momen</a> yang memiliki potensi ini. Semakin kuat suatu gempa, semakin besar pula peluang tsunami yang disebabkan oleh gempa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain paling umum, tsunami seperti ini adalah satu-satunya yang dapat bertahan jauh (termasuk menyeberangi <a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">samudra</a>) sehingga membahayakan daerah yang lebih luas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198835_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198835-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> merupakan contoh tsunami seperti ini, dipicu oleh gempa bermagnitudo 9,1 dan merupakan tsunami paling mematikan dalam sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Longsor_tsunami.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Longsor_tsunami.png/440px-Longsor_tsunami.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Longsor_tsunami.png/660px-Longsor_tsunami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Longsor_tsunami.png/880px-Longsor_tsunami.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Longsor, baik yang terjadi di daratan (<i>gambar</i>) maupun di dasar laut, dapat memicu tsunami dengan "melemparkan" material seperti bebatuan ke lautan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Penyebab umum lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Tanah_longsor" title="Tanah longsor">tanah longsor</a>, baik yang terjadi di bawah laut maupun yang terjadi di daratan tetapi memindahkan material seperti bebatuan ke laut. Karena longsor bawah laut sering terjadi akibat gempa, longsor dapat memperparah gangguan pada air setelah gempa. Fenomena ini dapat menyebabkan tsunami bahkan pada gempa dengan kekuatan yang biasanya tidak menyebabkan tsunami (seperti gempa yang bermagnitudo sedikit di bawah 7,0), atau menyebabkan tsunami yang lebih besar dari perkiraan berdasarkan kekuatan gempa. Contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Papua_Nugini_1998" title="Gempa bumi Papua Nugini 1998">gempa bumi Papua Nugini 1998</a> hanya bermagnitudo sedikit di atas 7,0, tetapi menghasilkan tsunami besar dengan tinggi maksimum 15 meter. Contoh longsor daratan yang menyebabkan tsunami adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gempa_bumi_dan_megatsunami_Alaska_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gempa bumi dan megatsunami Alaska 1958 (halaman belum tersedia)">tsunami Alaska 1958</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340–341_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340–341-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyebab tsunami lainnya adalah aktivitas vulkanik, terutama dari <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> yang berada di dekat atau di bawah laut. Umumnya, aktivitas vulkanik menyebabkan naik atau turunnya bibir gunung berapi, memicu tsunami yang mirip dengan tsunami gempa bumi bawah laut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, dapat juga terjadi letusan besar yang menghancurkan pulau gunung berapi di tengah laut, menyebabkan air bergerak mengisi wilayah pulau tersebut dan memulai gelombang besar. Contoh tsunami akibat letusan besar seperti ini adalah tsunami <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883">letusan Krakatau 1883</a>, yang mengakibatkan tsunami setinggi lebih dari 40 m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015341_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015341-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain penyebab-penyebab di atas, ada penyebab tsunami yang lebih langka, di antaranya benturan benda besar ke dalam air akibat ledakan senjata atau kejatuhan meteor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benturan ini memicu gelombang air, dan tsunami yang dihasilkannya memiliki karakteristik fisika yang mirip dengan tsunami letusan gunung berapi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kawasan_rentan_tsunami">Kawasan rentan tsunami</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Palung_Sumatra" title="Palung Sumatra">Palung Sumatra</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/230px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/345px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/460px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sumatra_Volcanoes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/194px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/291px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/388px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sebagian besar tsunami di bumi terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a> (kiri) dan <a href="/wiki/Palung_Sumatra" title="Palung Sumatra">Palung Sumatra</a> (kanan).</div></div></div></div> <p>Rawan tidaknya suatu daerah terhadap tsunami ditentukan oleh ada tidaknya pemicu-pemicu di atas, terutama gempa bumi berkekuatan besar di lautan, yang merupakan penyebab tsunami paling umum. Hampir 80% dari tsunami di bumi terjadi di kawasan yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a>, zona penunjaman di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a> yang mengalami banyak gempa bumi besar. Lingkaran api (Inggris: <i>ring of fire</i>) ini mencakup (searah jarum jam) <a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, pantai timur Asia (terutama <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>) sampai ke utara, lalu pantai barat Amerika Utara dan Selatan. Selain itu, kawasan <a href="/wiki/Palung_Sumatra" title="Palung Sumatra">Palung Sumatra</a> yang berada di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Samudra Hindia</a> lepas pantai barat dan selatan pulau Sumatra dan <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>, Indonesia, juga merupakan zona penunjaman yang rentan tsunami. Di luar dua kawasan ini, tsunami cukup jarang terjadi. Tercatat tsunami pernah terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Pantai Makran</a> (selatan <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a>, serta pantai barat <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rambatan_gelombang_tsunami">Rambatan gelombang tsunami</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dari_pusat_tsunami_hingga_ke_pantai">Dari pusat tsunami hingga ke pantai</h3></div> <p>Gangguan yang terjadi di tengah laut menyebar sebagai <a href="/wiki/Gelombang" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a>. Seperti gelombang pada umunya (termasuk gelombang air di kolam atau ombak di pantai), gelombang tsunami memiliki fase "bukit" dan "lembah", <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi">periode</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan" title="Kecepatan">kecepatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun gelombang tsunami memiliki perbedaan besar daripada gelombang ombak biasa. Tak seperti ombak biasa yang energinya berasal dari angin, gelombang tsunami bisa terus bertahan karena gaya <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a> bumi yang menarik air untuk kembali ke kesetimbangannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perbedaan-perbedaan lain adalah dari sifatnya secara matematis. Panjang gelombangnya (jarak antara satu bukit ke bukit berikutnya) berkisar antara beberapa kilometer hingga ratusan kilometer. Ini jauh lebih besar dibandingkan ombak yang panjang gelombangnya sekitar 100 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20113_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena panjang gelombangnya ini, serta kecilnya amplitudo atau tinggi gelombang (umumnya 30–60 cm), gradien atau kemiringan air yang terbentuk sangatlah kecil, sehingga tidak terasa oleh kapal-kapal di laut lepas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20113_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelombang tsunami juga memiliki perioda yang jauh lebih besar (dapat mencapai 70–2.000 detik) dibandingan ombak biasa (sekitar 10 detik). Hal ini berarti arus yang ditimbulkan tsunami bertahan jauh lebih lama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg/300px-2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg/450px-2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg/600px-2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Waktu tempuh sebelum tsunami mencapai suatu titik tergantung pada karakteristik dasar laut maupun jarak dari pusat tsunami. Contohnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004 (halaman belum tersedia)">Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> (<i>gambar</i>) mulai menghantam Indonesia setelah 15 menit, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> setelah 2 jam, dan <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> setelah 9 jam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kecepatan gelombang tsunami (dapat mencapai 600–900 km/jam) juga amat besar dibandingkan ombak biasa (sekitar 50 km/jam). Namun ini hanyalah <i>kecepatan rambatan gelombang</i>, dan bukan <i>kecepatan partikel air</i>. Kecepatan partikel air jauh lebih rendah, umumnya di bawah 1 m/s (3,6 km/jam).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kecepatan ini kira-kira berbanding lurus dengan akar kuadrat dari kedalaman laut, sehingga tsunami bergerak lebih cepat di tengah samudra dibanding dekat pantai dangkal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena itu, waktu tempuh sebelum tsunami mencapai suatu titik tergantung pada karakteristik dasar laut maupun jarak dari pusat tsunami. Contohnya, Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004 mulai menghantam Indonesia setelah 15 menit, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> setelah 2 jam, dan <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (di sisi lain Samudra Hindia) setelah 9 jam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perbedaan lainnya antara tsunami dan ombak biasa adalah gelombang tsunami melibatkan air di seluruh area vertikal, baik bagian dalam dan dangkal. Tak seperti ombak biasa yang dalamnya jarang melebihi 20 m, gelombang tsunami mencapai dasar laut sehingga memiliki total energi yang jauh lebih besar. Saat merambat di laut dalam, gangguan yang terjadi di permukaan hanyalah sebagian kecil dari total energi yang dimiliki oleh tsunami tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saat_mendekati_pantai">Saat mendekati pantai</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/220px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/330px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Karena berkurangnya kedalaman, gelombang tsunami memendek dan meninggi saat mendekati pantai.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saat gelombang tsunami mendekati pantai, kecepatan gelombang menurun akibat gesekan dengan dasar laut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_development_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_development-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada frekuensi tetap, panjang gelombang berbanding lurus dengan kecepatan sehingga gelombang tsunami memendek. Selain itu, karena tsunami menjangkau hingga dasar laut, saat laut menjadi dangkal, energi yang sebelumnya tersebar jauh hingga ke bawah mulai berpindah ke atas. Berpindahnya energi ini meningkatkan amplitudo atau tinggi gelombang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard201112–13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201112–13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alhasil, saat mendekati pantai, energi tsunami menjadi jauh lebih padat baik secara horizontal (akibat berkurangnya panjang gelombang) dan secara vertikal (akibat berkurangnya kedalaman air dan meningkatnya amplitudo).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard201113_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201113-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akibat yang lain adalah gradien atau kemiringan air menjadi jauh lebih curam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surutnya air laut sering dilaporkan terjadi sebelum datangnya tsunami, dalam kasus tertentu air laut dapat bergerak hingga ratusan meter menjauhi daratan. Hal ini sering memancing datangnya penduduk yang tidak tahu bahwa tsunami akan terjadi, karena dalam keadaan ini ikan mudah ditangkap dan sering terlihat <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">karang</a> atau makhluk laut lainnya yang biasanya tidak terlihat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339–340_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339–340-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak semua tsunami didahului oleh surutnya air, tsunami juga dapat langsung dimulai dengan naiknya permukaan air. Hal ini karena tsunami berbentuk gelombang, dengan puncak dan lembah. Jika lembah gelombang yang sampai lebih dahulu, permukaan air laut akan turun. Sebaliknya, puncak gelombang menghasilkan naiknya air laut. Kedua hal ini dapat terjadi dengan peluang yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198837_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198837-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mencapai_daratan">Mencapai daratan</h2></div> <p>Tsunami sering digambarkan secara ikonik sebagai dinding air raksasa yang bergerak menghantam daratan, seperti ombak yang ditunggangi <a href="/wiki/Selancar" title="Selancar">peselancar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198838_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198838-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenomena ini memang terjadi, tetapi hanya pada tsunami-tsunami yang sangat besar, seperti pada Tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada sebagian besar kasus, tsunami tidak menyebabkan dinding air raksasa, tetapi terjadi dengan naiknya permukaan laut secara tiba-tiba (terkadang didahului surut).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air dapat naik dan surut selama berjam-jam, sesuai bukit dan lembah gelombang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsunami yang mencapai daratan bukan hanya sebuah gelombang tetapi terdiri dari rangkaian gelombang yang memiliki amplitudo dan frekuensi berbeda dan dapat <a href="/wiki/Interferensi" title="Interferensi">saling memperkuat</a>. Saat ini, tidak mungkin memperkirakan jumlah puncak besar yang ada dalam suatu tsunami, atau puncak mana yang paling berbahaya. Karena itu, daerah pantai masih dianggap berbahaya walaupun beberapa gelombang besar telah lewat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tsunami_run-up,_height,_and_inundation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png/220px-Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png/330px-Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Diagram yang menunjukkan ukuran yang berkaitan dengan besar tsunami, termasuk inundasi (<i>inundation</i>) dan kenaikan ('<i>run-up</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Tsunami yang mencapai daratan dapat menyebabkan kenaikan permukaan air hingga 15–30 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banjir yang dihasilkan dapat bergerak cepat hingga 90 km/jam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menjangkau hingga beberapa kilometer dari pantai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliran air ini mampu menghancurkan bangunan dan tanaman, menghanyutkan kendaraan atau benda-benda bergerak lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerusakan akibat arus yang berkecepatan tinggi dan dipenuhi puing serta benda hanyut ini sering kali lebih besar daripada kerusakan akibat hantaman awal tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banjir yang diakibatkan tsunami ini sering diukur dengan dua besaran: inundasi atau penggenangan (<i>inundation</i>) dan kenaikan (<i>run-up</i>). Inundasi adalah jarak maksimal yang ditempuh tsunami secara horizontal ke dalam daratan. Kenaikan adalah ketinggian maksimum yang digenangi banjir dibandingkan dengan ketinggian normal air laut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat banjir tsunami mulai surut, arus balik air ke laut juga dapat menimbukan kerusakan besar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air dapat mengalir dengan cepat dan bergejolak, menyebabkan erosi dan merusak fondasi bangunan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air dapat bergerak bolak balik hingga beberapa hari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penanggulangan">Penanggulangan</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_peringatan_dini">Sistem peringatan dini</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg/220px-Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg/330px-Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg/440px-Indonesia_early_warning_system_officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Petugas sistem peringatan dini tsunami di Indonesia, memantau data dari <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa bumi Tōhoku 2011.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg/170px-DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg/255px-DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg/340px-DART_II_System_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Diagram DART II, salah satu komponen deteksi tsunami yang dimiliki <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ina-TEWS" title="Ina-TEWS">Ina-TEWS</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_peringatan_dini_tsunami" title="Sistem peringatan dini tsunami">Sistem peringatan dini tsunami</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sistem_peringatan_dini_tsunami" title="Sistem peringatan dini tsunami">Sistem peringatan dini tsunami</a> berfungsi untuk mendeteksi risiko tsunami, memperkirakan daerah-daerah yang akan terkena, dan mengeluarkan pengumuman agar publik dapat mengambil tindakan untuk mengurangi korban jiwa dan kerusakan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127–8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127–8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peringatan dini tsunami biasanya berawal dari terjadinya gempa berkekuatan besar (magnitudo 7,0 atau lebih).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Tsunami_Warning_Systems_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Tsunami_Warning_Systems-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat gempa seperti ini terjadi, penduduk daerah terdekat dapat langsung diberi peringatan dini disertai perkiraan kasar ukuran atau waktu kedatangan tsunami. Sementara itu, pusat sistem peringatan dini mengumpulkan data-data lain, seperti perubahan pada permukaan laut, serta kedalaman dan karakteristik dasar laut setempat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perubahan ketinggian air laut dapat diukur dengan alat seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alat_pengukur_pasang_surut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alat pengukur pasang surut (halaman belum tersedia)">alat pengukur pasang surut</a> yang sebelumnya telah ditempatkan di berbagai lokasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198851_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198851-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data-data ini kemudian diolah untuk mengeluarkan perkiraan yang lebih rinci. Dengan data yang cukup, dapat dideteksi apakah ada tsunami, dan jika ada, perkiraan juga dapat meliputi peta pergerakan, daerah yang mungkin terkena, waktu kedatangan, maupun ukuran tsunami. Jika dideteksi tidak ada tsunami, peringatan dini dapat dibatalkan. Jika tsunami terdeteksi, pihak berwenang di daerah yang dianggap berisiko dapat mengambil tindakan penanggulangan, termasuk memerintahkan evakuasi daerah pesisir. Waktu respons yang dimiliki tiap lokasi berbeda-beda tergantung jaraknya dari pusat tsunami. Daerah yang cukup jauh bisa jadi memiliki waktu berjam-jam untuk bersiap dan melakukan evakuasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex,_Kajhu;_February_2020_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg/230px-Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg/345px-Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg/460px-Tsunami_alarm_warning_system_in_Kajhu_Grand_Mosque_complex%2C_Kajhu%3B_February_2020_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Sirine tsunami di <a href="/wiki/Baitussalam,_Aceh_Besar" title="Baitussalam, Aceh Besar">Baitussalam, Aceh Besar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Selain deteksi dan perkiraan bahaya tsunami, efektivitas sistem peringatan dini juga tergantung kepada adanya rencana tindakan yang matang. Dalam rencana seperti ini, lembaga pemerintah terkait harus sudah mengenal dan terlatih dalam tindakan-tindakan yang perlu dilakukan, di antaranya menafsirkan sumber-sumber ilmiah maupun menyebarkan informasi dan instruksi kepada masyarakat melalui jalur komunikasi yang efektif. Karena rentang waktu sebelum datangnya tsunami bisa jadi sangat singkat, faktor kecepatan amat penting. Dengan adanya persiapan dan rencana yang matang, keputusan dan tindakan dapat diambil dengan lebih cepat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20128_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20128-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upaya deteksi tsunami melalui pemantauan gempa bumi bermagnitudo besar telah dilakukan sekurangnya sejak awal 1900-an oleh vulkanolog Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Jaggar" title="Thomas A. Jaggar">Thomas A. Jaggar</a> di <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, metode peringatan pada awal abad ke-20 masih belum formal dan kurang efektif karena tidak akurat (sering mengeluarkan peringatan ketika sebenarnya tidak ada tsunami), dan tidak adanya jalur komunikasi resmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342–343_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342–343-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pusat peringatan dini formal pertama adalah <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning Center</a> (PTWC), yang didirikan di Hawaii pada 1949, sebagai tanggapan atas tsunami yang diakibatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Aleut_1946" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak 1965, negara-negara Samudra Pasifik lainnya ikut berpartisipasi dalam sistem ini, dan kini telah beranggotakan 46 negara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain PTWC, Amerika Serikat juga memiliki satu sistem lain yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_and_Alaska_Tsunami_Warning_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (halaman belum tersedia)">West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004, negara-negara Samudra Hindia membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean_Tsunami_Warning_and_Mitigation_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (halaman belum tersedia)">Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System</a>, lembaga kerja sama pemantauan dan penyebaran informasi risiko tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHettiarachchi20181340_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHettiarachchi20181340-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak negara di kawasan rentan tsunami memiliki lembaga yang bertugas mengatur sistem peringatan dini nasional, seperti <a href="/wiki/Badan_Meteorologi_Jepang" title="Badan Meteorologi Jepang">Badan Meteorologi Jepang</a> di Jepang, dan <a href="/wiki/Badan_Meteorologi,_Klimatologi,_dan_Geofisika" title="Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika">Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika</a> (BMKG) di Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rancangan_tahan_tsunami">Rancangan tahan tsunami</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG/230px-Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG/345px-Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG/460px-Ie_Beuna_Narit_Aceh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Papan tanda zona tsunami di <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceh Besar">Aceh Besar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg/220px-Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg/330px-Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg/440px-Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid">masjid</a> di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> di tengah puing-puing pasca tsunami 2004. Kemungkinan, masjid ini dapat bertahan karena memiliki ruang terbuka yang luas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg/220px-Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg/330px-Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg/440px-Countermeasures_against_level_1_and_level_2_tsunamis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah rancangan bendungan tsunami, bertujuan membendung tsunami kecil dan mengurangi kerusakan akibat tsunami besar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dengan kecepatan tinggi dan hanyutnya benda-benda yang berat, arus tsunami memiliki energi tinggi yang dapat menghancurkan atau merusak bangunan-bangunan di daerah pesisir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, berdasarkan pengamatan, bangunan-bangunan dengan rancangan tertentu memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk bertahan. Bangunan dengan ruangan terbuka yang luas, yang bisa dilewati oleh air tanpa banyak benturan sering mampu bertahan saat diterjang tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Rumah_panggung" title="Rumah panggung">rumah-rumah panggung</a> di Hawaii (air bisa mengalir antara lantai dan tanah), dan <a href="/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid">masjid</a>-masjid besar di Aceh (yang umum memiliki ruangan luas terbuka).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur <a href="/wiki/Beton_bertulang" title="Beton bertulang">beton bertulang</a> juga sering tidak hancur dalam tsunami, walaupun tembok-tembok bangunannya dapat hancur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika bangunan berkerangka seperti ini cukup tinggi, lantai atasnya dapat dirancang sebagai zona evakuasi darurat untuk penduduk yang tidak sempat mengungsi ke tanah yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor201114_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor201114-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struktur khusus yang dibangun di tepi pantai, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pemecah_gelombang" title="Pemecah gelombang">pemecah gelombang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembok_pantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembok pantai (halaman belum tersedia)">tembok pantai</a> dibangun di beberapa tempat yang rawan tsunami, seperti Jepang dan Hawaii. Struktur-struktur seperti ini tidak berkekuatan atau berketinggian yang cukup untuk sepenuhnya menghentikan tsunami, namun dapat mengurangi kekuatan arusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor20115_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor20115-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perilaku_individu">Perilaku individu</h3></div> <p>Beberapa lembaga nasional maupun internasional menyarankan beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari tsunami. <a href="/wiki/Komisi_Oseanografi_Antarpemerintah" title="Komisi Oseanografi Antarpemerintah">Komisi Oseanografi Antarpemerintah</a> menyarankan penduduk di daerah rawan tsunami untuk menyiapkan rencana darurat jauh-jauh hari (jika perlu melibatkan keluarga untuk memudahkan koordinasi) dan mengikuti instruksi pihak berwenang setempat. Lembaga ini juga menyarankan cepat mengungsi ke daerah yang lebih tinggi jika merasakan gempa yang kuat di daerah pantai, bahkan sebelum adanya peringatan resmi, karena tsunami dapat terjadi dengan cepat di daerah yang dekat dengan pusat gempa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210–12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210–12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gejala alam yang dapat menandakan datangnya tsunami adalah naik atau surutnya permukaan air laut secara tiba-tiba, ataupun bunyi deruan keras berasal dari arah laut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201212_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201212-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program20151_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program20151-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_tsunami_di_Indonesia">Daftar tsunami di Indonesia</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Daftar ini belum tentu lengkap. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> menjadi salah satu negara yang paling banyak terkena dampak tsunami, setelah Jepang. Sebanyak 217 gelombang tsunami terjadi di Indonesia sejak tahun 1608. Oleh karena itu, tsunami relatif sering terjadi Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gelombang tsunami terbesar yang pernah tercatat di Indonesia yaitu <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_megatsunami_Ambon_1674" title="Gempa bumi dan megatsunami Ambon 1674">Gempa bumi dan megatsunami Ambon 1674</a>, mencapai ketinggian hingga 100 meter (330 kaki), dan menewaskan sekitar 2.300 penduduk. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Daftar tsunami di Indonesia sejak 1600 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tanggal </th> <th scope="col">Lokasi </th> <th scope="col">Nama </th> <th scope="col">Korban jiwa </th> <th scope="col">Ketinggian </th> <th scope="col">Penyebab </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02018-12-22</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">22 Desember 2018</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selat_Sunda" title="Selat Sunda">Selat Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_Selat_Sunda_2018" title="Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018">Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018</a> </td> <td>437 </td> <td>13 m (43 ft) </td> <td>Letusan gunung berapi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02018-09-28</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">28 September 2018</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tengah" title="Sulawesi Tengah">Sulawesi Tengah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Sulawesi_2018" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Sulawesi 2018">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Sulawesi 2018</a> </td> <td>4.340 </td> <td>15 m (49 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi, <a href="/wiki/Longsor_bawah_laut" title="Longsor bawah laut">Longsor bawah laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02010-10-25</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">25 Oktober 2010</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentawai" class="mw-disambig" title="Mentawai">Mentawai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Mentawai_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010</a> </td> <td>408 </td> <td>8 m (26 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02006-07-17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">17 Juli 2006</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Jawa_2006" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Jawa 2006">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Jawa 2006</a> </td> <td>668 </td> <td>8 m (26 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02004-12-26</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">26 Desember 2004</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> </td> <td>227.898 </td> <td>30 m (98 ft), tertinggi 51 m (167 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02000-05-04</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">4 Mei 2000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Banggai_Kepulauan" title="Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan">Kepulauan Banggai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tengah" title="Sulawesi Tengah">Sulawesi Tengah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Banggai_2000" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Banggai 2000">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Banggai 2000</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td>6 m (20 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01998-11-29</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">29 November 1998</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Utara" title="Maluku Utara">Maluku Utara</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_North_Maluku_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1998 North Maluku earthquake">Gempa bumi Maluku Utara 1998</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>2,7 m (8 ft 10 in) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01996-02-17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">17 Februari 1996</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Biak_1996" title="Gempa bumi Biak 1996">Gempa bumi Biak 1996</a> </td> <td>166 </td> <td>7 m (23 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01994-06-03</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">3 Juni 1994</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Jawa_Timur_1994" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Jawa Timur 1994">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Jawa Timur 1994</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>14 m (46 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01992-12-12</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">12 Desember 1992</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Flores">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Sulawesi Selatan">Sulawesi Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tenggara" title="Sulawesi Tenggara">Sulawesi Tenggara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Flores_1992" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Flores 1992">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Flores 1992</a> </td> <td>2.500 </td> <td>36 m (118 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi, Longsor bawah laut </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01977-08-19</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">19 Agustus 1977</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumba_1977" title="Gempa bumi Sumba 1977">Gempa bumi Sumba 1977</a> </td> <td>316 </td> <td>8 m (26 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01969-02-03</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">3 Februari 1969</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Barat" title="Sulawesi Barat">Sulawesi Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Selatan" title="Kalimantan Selatan">Kalimantan Selatan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sulawesi_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Sulawesi 1969">Gempa bumi Sulawesi 1969</a> </td> <td>668 </td> <td>12 m (39 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi, Longsor bawah laut </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01968-08-18</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">18 Agustus 1968</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Tengah" title="Sulawesi Tengah">Sulawesi Tengah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sulawesi_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Sulawesi 1968">Gempa bumi Sulawesi 1968</a> </td> <td>213 </td> <td>6 m (20 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi, Longsor bawah laut </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01965-01-24</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">24 Januari 1965</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Seram">Pulau Seram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Laut_Seram_1965" title="Gempa bumi Laut Seram 1965">Gempa bumi Laut Seram 1965</a> </td> <td>75 </td> <td>8 m (26 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01938-02-01</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1 Februari 1938</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laut_Banda" title="Laut Banda">Laut Banda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Laut_Banda_1938" title="Gempa bumi Laut Banda 1938">Gempa bumi Laut Banda 1938</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1,5 m (4 ft 11 in) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01907-01-04</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">4 Januari 1907</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Sumatra_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1907 Sumatra earthquake">Gempa bumi Sumatra 1907</a> </td> <td>2.118 </td> <td>14 m (46 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01899-09-30</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">30 September 1899</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Seram">Pulau Seram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Pulau_Seram_1899" title="Gempa bumi Pulau Seram 1899">Gempa bumi Pulau Seram 1899</a> </td> <td>3.389 </td> <td>10 m (33 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01883-08-27</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">27 Agustus 1883</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selat_Sunda" title="Selat Sunda">Selat Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883">Letusan Krakatau 1883</a> </td> <td>36.417 </td> <td>42 m (138 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung berapi">Letusan gunung berapi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01871-03-14</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">14 Maret 1871</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Utara" title="Sulawesi Utara">Sulawesi Utara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_dan_tsunami_Ruang_1871" title="Letusan dan tsunami Ruang 1871">Letusan dan tsunami Ruang 1871</a> </td> <td>413 </td> <td>25 m (82 ft) </td> <td>Letusan gunung berapi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01843-01-05</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">5 Januari 1843</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_Nias_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1843 Nias earthquake">Gempa bumi Nias 1843</a> </td> <td>Tidak diketahui </td> <td>18 m (59 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01833-11-25</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">25 November 1833</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_1833" title="Gempa bumi Sumatra 1833">Gempa bumi Sumatra 1833</a> </td> <td>2.000 </td> <td>30 m (98 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01815-11-12</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">12 November 1815</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Bali_1815" title="Gempa bumi Bali 1815">Gempa bumi Bali 1815</a> </td> <td>10.453 </td> <td>8 m (26 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01815-07-15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">15 Juli 1815</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Tambora_1815" title="Letusan Tambora 1815">Letusan Tambora 1815</a> </td> <td>105.000 </td> <td>12 m (39 ft) </td> <td>Letusan gunung berapi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01797-02-10</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">10 Februari 1797</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_1797" title="Gempa bumi Sumatra 1797">Gempa bumi Sumatra 1797</a> </td> <td>2.000 </td> <td>12 m (39 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">Gempa bumi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01780-01-23</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">23 Januari 1780</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Jawa_1780" title="Gempa bumi Jawa 1780">Gempa bumi Jawa 1780</a> </td> <td>Tidak diketahui </td> <td>25–30 m (82–98 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01674-02-17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">17 Februari 1674</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laut_Banda" title="Laut Banda">Laut Banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_megatsunami_Ambon_1674" title="Gempa bumi dan megatsunami Ambon 1674">Gempa bumi dan megatsunami Ambon 1674</a> </td> <td>2.347 </td> <td>100 m (330 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi, Longsor bawah laut </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01629-08-01</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1 Agustus 1629</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laut_Banda" title="Laut Banda">Laut Banda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Laut_Banda_1629" title="Gempa bumi Laut Banda 1629">Gempa bumi Laut Banda 1629</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>16 m (52 ft) </td> <td>Gempa bumi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_tsunami_paling_mematikan">Daftar tsunami paling mematikan</h2></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>No </th> <th>Korban </th> <th>Nama </th> <th>Lokasi </th> <th>Tanggal </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>227,898 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maladewa" title="Maladewa">Maladewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02004-12-26</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">26 Desember 2004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>123,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Messina_1908" title="Gempa bumi Messina 1908">Gempa bumi Messina 1908</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01908-12-28</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">28 Desember 1908</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>36,417 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883">Letusan Krakatau 1883</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindia_Belanda" title="Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a>, (Kini <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01883-08-27</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">27 Agustus 1883</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>40,000–50,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Lisbon_1755" class="mw-redirect" title="Gempa bumi Lisbon 1755">Gempa bumi Lisbon 1755</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01755-11-01</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1 November 1755</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>32,000 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_Eruption" class="extiw" title="en:Minoan Eruption">Erupsi Minoan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </td> <td>2 Millennium BC </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. </td> <td>31,000 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1498_Mei%C5%8D_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1498 Meiō earthquake">Gempa bumi Meiō 1498</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01498-09-20</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">20 September 1498</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707_H%C5%8Dei_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1707 Hōei earthquake">Gempa bumi Hōei 1707</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01707-10-28</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">28 Oktober 1707</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>27,122<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1896 Sanriku earthquake">Gempa bumi Sanriku 1896</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01896-06-15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">15 Juni 1896</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>25,674 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Arica_1868" title="Gempa bumi Arica 1868">Gempa bumi Arica 1868</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">01868-08-13</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">13 Agustus 1868</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>19,786 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none; speak:none">02011-03-11</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">11 Maret 2011</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri">Galeri</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami saat Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011"><img alt="Tsunami saat Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg/190px-2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg/285px-2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg/380px-2011_Tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_in_Miyako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tsunami saat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kehancuran di Banda Aceh setelah Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004"><img alt="Kehancuran di Banda Aceh setelah Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/190px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/285px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/380px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kehancuran di Banda Aceh setelah <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lebak_Tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami di Mindanao, Filipina saat Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976"><img alt="Tsunami di Mindanao, Filipina saat Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lebak_Tsunami.jpg/147px-Lebak_Tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lebak_Tsunami.jpg/220px-Lebak_Tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lebak_Tsunami.jpg/294px-Lebak_Tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="3642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tsunami di Mindanao, Filipina saat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Teluk_Moro_1976" title="Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976">Gempa bumi Teluk Moro 1976</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami saat Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960"><img alt="Tsunami saat Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg/171px-Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg/256px-Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg/341px-Isla_Mocha_1960_tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tsunami saat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Valdivia_1960" title="Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960">Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tsunami_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warga menyelamatkan diri dari tsunami saat Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946"><img alt="Warga menyelamatkan diri dari tsunami saat Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tsunami_large.jpg/190px-Tsunami_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tsunami_large.jpg/285px-Tsunami_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tsunami_large.jpg/380px-Tsunami_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warga menyelamatkan diri dari tsunami saat <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Kepulauan_Aleut_1946" title="Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946">Gempa bumi Kepulauan Aleut 1946</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Comerio,_Luca_(1878-1940)_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_(dicembre_1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mayat tergeletak setelah bencana Gempa bumi dan tsunami Messina di Italia 1908"><img alt="Mayat tergeletak setelah bencana Gempa bumi dan tsunami Messina di Italia 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/132px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/198px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg/264px-Comerio%2C_Luca_%281878-1940%29_-_Vittime_del_terremoto_di_Messina_%28dicembre_1908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mayat tergeletak setelah bencana <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_Messina_1908" title="Gempa bumi Messina 1908">Gempa bumi dan tsunami Messina di Italia 1908</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kerusakan di Banten setelah tsunami, akibat Letusan Krakatau 1883"><img alt="Kerusakan di Banten setelah tsunami, akibat Letusan Krakatau 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg/183px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg/275px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg/367px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Brokstukken_van_grote_stoomkranen_in_Merak_na_de_uitbarsting_van_de_Krakatau_in_1883._TMnr_60005540.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kerusakan di Banten setelah tsunami, akibat <a href="/wiki/Letusan_Krakatau_1883" title="Letusan Krakatau 1883">Letusan Krakatau 1883</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/semong">"Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring"</a>. <i>kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 29-11-2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Hasil+Pencarian+-+KBBI+Daring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fsemong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/tsunamis/tsunami-locations">"Tsunami Locations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>.gov</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA.gov&rft.atitle=Tsunami+Locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2Ftsunamis%2Ftsunami-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20141_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaGahalaut2014">Gupta & Gahalaut 2014</a>, hlm. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwate2016114-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwate2016114_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAwate2016">Awate 2016</a>, hlm. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338–339-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015338–339_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20115–9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20115–9_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 5–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritondo2005402_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargaritondo2005">Margaritondo 2005</a>, hlm. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20115-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20115_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198835-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198835_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340–341-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015340–341_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198834_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015341-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015341_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20119-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20119_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuptaGahalaut20145_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuptaGahalaut2014">Gupta & Gahalaut 2014</a>, hlm. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20112-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20112_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20113-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20113_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20113_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2016_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Geological_Survey2016">U.S. Geological Survey 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20125_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_development-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_development_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2019">Encyclopædia Britannica 2019</a>, Origin and development.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201112–13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard201112–13_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard201113-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard201113_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2011">Ward 2011</a>, hlm. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339–340-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015339–340_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198837-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198837_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198838-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198838_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Origin_and_Development_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2019">Encyclopædia Britannica 2019</a>, Origin and Development.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198841_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198842_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127–8-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127–8_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Tsunami_Warning_Systems-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2019Tsunami_Warning_Systems_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2019">Encyclopædia Britannica 2019</a>, Tsunami Warning Systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015343_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20127_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198851-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudleyLee198851_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudleyLee1988">Dudley & Lee 1988</a>, hlm. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20128-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission20128_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342–343-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinard_Hinga2015342–343_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015">Rinard Hinga 2015</a>, hlm. 342–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHettiarachchi20181340-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHettiarachchi20181340_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHettiarachchi2018">Hettiarachchi 2018</a>, hlm. 1340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018">Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Geological_Survey2005_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Geological_Survey2005">U.S. Geological Survey 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor201114-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor201114_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChockRobertsonKriebelNistor2011">Chock <i>et al</i>. 2011</a>, hlm. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor20115-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChockRobertsonKriebelNistor20115_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChockRobertsonKriebelNistor2011">Chock <i>et al</i>. 2011</a>, hlm. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210–12-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201210–12_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201212-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission201212_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2012</a>, hlm. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program20151-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program20151_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program2015">National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program 2015</a>, hlm. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mypangandaran.com/artikel/read/cerita-pangandaran/41/sejak-1992-tsunami-indonesia-2-tahun-sekali">"Sejak 1992, Tsunami Indonesia 2 tahun Sekali"</a>. <i>mypangandaran.com</i>. 1 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mypangandaran.com&rft.atitle=Sejak+1992%2C+Tsunami+Indonesia+2+tahun+Sekali&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mypangandaran.com%2Fartikel%2Fread%2Fcerita-pangandaran%2F41%2Fsejak-1992-tsunami-indonesia-2-tahun-sekali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/asia/indonesia/tsunamis.php">"Tsunamis in Indonesia"</a>. <i>worlddata.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worlddata.info&rft.atitle=Tsunamis+in+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Fasia%2Findonesia%2Ftsunamis.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2006-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222235014/http://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/cherrydiscussionpapers/0603.pdf">"The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/cherrydiscussionpapers/0603.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Opportunity+of+a+Disaster%3A+The+Economic+Impact+of+the+1755+Lisbon+Earthquake.+Discussion+Paper+06%2F03%2C+Centre+for+Historical+Economics+and+Related+Research+at+York%2C+York+University%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Feconomics%2Fdocuments%2Fcherrydiscussionpapers%2F0603.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paula Dunbar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721063724/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2489&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display">"Significant Earthquake"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2489&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display">versi asli</a> tanggal July 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significant+Earthquake&rft.au=Paula+Dunbar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fnndc%2Fstruts%2Fresults%3Feq_0%3D2489%26t%3D101650%26s%3D13%26d%3D22%2C26%2C13%2C12%26nd%3Ddisplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAwate2016" class="citation book">Awate, S.J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uj6VDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Environmental Geography</i></a>. Raleigh: Lulu Publication. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-365-64482-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-365-64482-5">978-1-365-64482-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Geography&rft.place=Raleigh&rft.pub=Lulu+Publication&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-365-64482-5&rft.aulast=Awate&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duj6VDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChockRobertsonKriebelNistor2011" class="citation report">Chock, Gary; Robertson, Ian; Kriebel, David; Nistor, Ioan; Francis, Mathew; Cox, Daniel; Yim, Solomon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/docs/japan-tohoku-report-tsunami-bldgs.pdf">The Tohoku, Japan, Tsunami of March 11, 2011: Effects on Structures</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Laporan). <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Tohoku%2C+Japan%2C+Tsunami+of+March+11%2C+2011%3A+Effects+on+Structures&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=Earthquake+Engineering+Research+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chock&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Kriebel%2C+David&rft.au=Nistor%2C+Ioan&rft.au=Francis%2C+Mathew&rft.au=Cox%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Yim%2C+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitic.ioc-unesco.org%2Fimages%2Fdocs%2Fjapan-tohoku-report-tsunami-bldgs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDudleyLee1988" class="citation book">Dudley, Walter C.; Lee, Min (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tsunami!</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8248-1125-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8248-1125-9">978-0-8248-1125-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsunami%21&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1125-9&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Walter+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLrvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGuptaGahalaut2014" class="citation book">Gupta, Harsh K.; Gahalaut, Vineet K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nALFBAAAQBAJ"><i>Three Great Tsunamis: Lisbon (1755), Sumatra-Andaman (2004) and Japan (2011)</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-94-007-6576-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-94-007-6576-4">978-94-007-6576-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Great+Tsunamis%3A+Lisbon+%281755%29%2C+Sumatra-Andaman+%282004%29+and+Japan+%282011%29&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6576-4&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Harsh+K.&rft.au=Gahalaut%2C+Vineet+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnALFBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMargaritondo2005" class="citation journal">Margaritondo, Giorgio (2005). "Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students". <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. IOP Publishing Ltd. <b>26</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F26%2F3%2F007">10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-0807">0143-0807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+physics+of+tsunamis+to+undergraduate+and+non-physics+students&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F26%2F3%2F007&rft.issn=0143-0807&rft.aulast=Margaritondo&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHettiarachchi2018" class="citation journal">Hettiarachchi, Samantha (2018). "Establishing the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for human and environmental security". <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. Elsevier. <b>212</b>: 1339–1346. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2018.01.173">10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.173</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7058">1877-7058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Establishing+the+Indian+Ocean+Tsunami+Warning+and+Mitigation+System+for+human+and+environmental+security&rft.volume=212&rft.pages=1339-1346&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2018.01.173&rft.issn=1877-7058&rft.aulast=Hettiarachchi&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Ocean_Tsunami_Information_Center2018" class="citation web">Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/tsunami-early-warning-centres/56/national-tsunami-warning-centres">"National Tsunami Warning Centres"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128225352/http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/tsunami-early-warning-centres/56/national-tsunami-warning-centres">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Tsunami+Warning+Centres&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Indian+Ocean+Tsunami+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiotic.ioc-unesco.org%2Findian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system%2Ftsunami-early-warning-centres%2F56%2Fnational-tsunami-warning-centres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIntergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission2012" class="citation book">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/awareness_and_education/great_waves/great_waves_en_v.2014_sm.pdf"><i>Tsunami, The Great Waves, Second Revised Edition</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Paris: UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsunami%2C+The+Great+Waves%2C+Second+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Intergovernmental+Oceanographic+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitic.ioc-unesco.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fawareness_and_education%2Fgreat_waves%2Fgreat_waves_en_v.2014_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Tsunami_Hazard_Mitigation_Program2015" class="citation web">National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/documents/nthmpsafety.pdf">"Tsunami Awareness & Safety"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Weather_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Weather Service (halaman belum tersedia)">National Weather Service</a> Amerika Serikat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsunami+Awareness+%26+Safety&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service+Amerika+Serikat&rft.date=2015&rft.au=National+Tsunami+Hazard+Mitigation+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnws.weather.gov%2Fnthmp%2Fdocuments%2Fnthmpsafety.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRinard_Hinga2015" class="citation book">Rinard Hinga, Bethany D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ"><i>Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-61069-297-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-61069-297-7">978-1-61069-297-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Fire%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Pacific+Rim%27s+Earthquakes%2C+Tsunamis%2C+and+Volcanoes%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Pacific+Rim%27s+Earthquakes%2C+Tsunamis%2C+and+Volcanoes&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-297-7&rft.aulast=Rinard+Hinga&rft.aufirst=Bethany+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHq1BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2019" class="citation encyclopaedia">Tim Penyunting Encyclopædia Britannica (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/tsunami">"Tsunami"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tsunami&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Tim+Penyunting+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Ftsunami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Geological_Survey2005" class="citation web">U.S. Geological Survey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatra05/Banda_Aceh/0702.html">"Photo Gallery of Northwestern Sumatra: 21 January 2005, Banda Aceh"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205041805/https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatra05/Banda_Aceh/0702.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+Gallery+of+Northwestern+Sumatra%3A+21+January+2005%2C+Banda+Aceh&rft.date=2005&rft.au=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalrus.wr.usgs.gov%2Ftsunami%2Fsumatra05%2FBanda_Aceh%2F0702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Geological_Survey2016" class="citation web">U.S. Geological Survey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.html">"Life of a Tsunami"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110094633/https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2019-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+a+Tsunami&rft.date=2016&rft.au=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalrus.wr.usgs.gov%2Ftsunami%2Fbasics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWard2011" class="citation encyclopaedia">Ward, Steven N. (2011) [naskah 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://websites.pmc.ucsc.edu/~ward/papers/ency2.pdf">"Tsunami"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dalam Gupta, Harsh K. <i>Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-8702-7_2">10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Januari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tsunami&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Solid+Earth+Geophysics&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-8702-7_2&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.pmc.ucsc.edu%2F~ward%2Fpapers%2Fency2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lebih dari satu parameter editor-name-list parameters yang digunakan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#redundant_parameters" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8070#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8070#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8070#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&oldid=26724122">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&oldid=26724122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Daftar_tidak_lengkap" title="Kategori:Daftar tidak lengkap">Daftar tidak lengkap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tsunami" title="Kategori:Tsunami">Tsunami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kata_dan_frasa_Jepang" title="Kategori:Kata dan frasa 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