CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="es" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición) - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )eswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","enero","febrero","marzo","abril","mayo","junio","julio","agosto","septiembre","octubre","noviembre","diciembre"],"wgRequestId":"e73335a5-e238-4775-9b56-f84759413d77","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Encyclopædia_Britannica_(11ª_edición)","wgTitle":"Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición)","wgCurRevisionId":163896325,"wgRevisionId":163896325,"wgArticleId":1400856,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF","Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Open Library","Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SUDOC catálogo","Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores HathiTrust","Enciclopedia Británica (edición de 1911)","Enciclopedias en inglés","Enciclopedias del siglo XX"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"es","wgPageContentLanguage":"es","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Encyclopædia_Britannica_(11ª_edición)","wgRelevantArticleId":1400856,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Encyclopædia_Britannica_(edición_de_1911)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"es","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"es"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId" :"Q867541","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.imagenesinfobox":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js" ,"ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.a-commons-directo","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=es&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=es&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=es&modules=ext.gadget.imagenesinfobox&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=es&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=es&modules=noscript&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"></noscript> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/1200px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="761"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/800px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/640px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición) - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Editar" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (es)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//es.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.es"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal Atom de Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:CambiosRecientes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11ª_edición rootpage-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11ª_edición skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Ir al contenido</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegación </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada" title="Visitar la página principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comunidad" title="Acerca del proyecto, lo que puedes hacer, dónde encontrar información"><span>Portal de la comunidad</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Actualidad" title="Encuentra información de contexto sobre acontecimientos actuales"><span>Actualidad</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosRecientes" title="Lista de cambios recientes en la wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Cambios recientes</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasNuevas"><span>Páginas nuevas</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Aleatoria" title="Cargar una página al azar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Página aleatoria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Contenidos" title="El lugar para aprender"><span>Ayuda</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Informes_de_error"><span>Notificar un error</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="La enciclopedia libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-es.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Buscar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Buscar en este wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Buscar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Buscar en Wikipedia" aria-label="Buscar en Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Buscar en este wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Buscar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Buscar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Herramientas personales"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apariencia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apariencia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=es.wikipedia.org&uselang=es" class=""><span>Donaciones</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_una_cuenta&returnto=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2811%C2%AA+edici%C3%B3n%29" title="Te recomendamos crear una cuenta e iniciar sesión; sin embargo, no es obligatorio" class=""><span>Crear una cuenta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2811%C2%AA+edici%C3%B3n%29" title="Te recomendamos iniciar sesión, aunque no es obligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Más opciones" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Herramientas personales" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Herramientas personales</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=es.wikipedia.org&uselang=es"><span>Donaciones</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_una_cuenta&returnto=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2811%C2%AA+edici%C3%B3n%29" title="Te recomendamos crear una cuenta e iniciar sesión; sin embargo, no es obligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear una cuenta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2811%C2%AA+edici%C3%B3n%29" title="Te recomendamos iniciar sesión, aunque no es obligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páginas para editores desconectados <a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Introducci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Obtenga más información sobre editar"><span>más información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:MisContribuciones" title="Una lista de modificaciones hechas desde esta dirección IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuciones</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:MiDiscusi%C3%B3n" title="Discusión sobre ediciones hechas desde esta dirección IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discusión</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contenidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contenidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Antecedentes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedentes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Antecedentes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedentes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enciclopedia_Gutenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enciclopedia_Gutenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Enciclopedia Gutenberg</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enciclopedia_Gutenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Críticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Críticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Críticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Críticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referencias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlaces_externos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlaces_externos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enlaces externos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enlaces_externos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Enlaces externos</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enlaces_externos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recursos_libres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recursos_libres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Recursos libres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recursos_libres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artículos_sobre_la_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artículos_sobre_la_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Artículos sobre la Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artículos_sobre_la_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contenidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 28 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 idiomas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9_11)" title="الموسوعة البريطانية (الطبعة 11) (árabe)" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة البريطانية (الطبعة 11)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edici%C3%B3n_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911) (asturiano)" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(11-%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Енциклопедия Британика (11-о издание) (búlgaro)" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия Британика (11-о издание)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা একাদশ সংস্করণ (bengalí)" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা একাদশ সংস্করণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11._izdanje)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11. izdanje) (bosnio)" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (11. izdanje)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edici%C3%B3_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edició de 1911) (catalán)" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edició de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ویرایش یازدهم دانشنامه بریتانیکا (persa)" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرایش یازدهم دانشنامه بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 (francés)" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="המהדורה האחת-עשרה של אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה (hebreo)" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהדורה האחת-עשרה של אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (indonesio)" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (ilocano)" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC11%E7%89%88" title="ブリタニカ百科事典第11版 (japonés)" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリタニカ百科事典第11版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%9C11%ED%8C%90" title="브리태니커 백과사전 제11판 (coreano)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리태니커 백과사전 제11판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica_Edisi_Ke-11" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11 (malayo)" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (neerlandés)" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1911)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edição de 1911) (portugués)" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edição de 1911)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 (rumano)" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(11-%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Британская энциклопедия (11-е издание) (ruso)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская энциклопедия (11-е издание)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (escocés)" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (cingalés)" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (Simple English)" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் பதினோராம் பதிப்பு (tamil)" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் பதினோராம் பதிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%27n%C4%B1n_on_birinci_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Encyclopædia Britannica'nın on birinci baskısı (turco)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica'nın on birinci baskısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_(11-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Британська енциклопедія (11-те видання) (ucraniano)" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська енциклопедія (11-те видання)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (vietnamita)" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="大英百科全書第十一版 (chino)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大英百科全書第十一版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar enlaces interlingüísticos" class="wbc-editpage">Editar enlaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nombres"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)" title="Ver la página de contenido [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artículo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discusi%C3%B3n:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discusión acerca de la página (aún no redactado) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discusión</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar variante de idioma" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">español</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)"><span>Leer</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit" title="Editar esta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=history" title="Versiones anteriores de esta página [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Página de herramientas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Herramientas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Herramientas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Herramientas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Más opciones" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acciones </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)"><span>Leer</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit" title="Editar esta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=history"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)" title="Lista de todas las páginas de la wiki que enlazan aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lo que enlaza aquí</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes en las páginas que enlazan con esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios en enlazadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=es" title="Subir archivos [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Subir archivo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasEspeciales" title="Lista de todas las páginas especiales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&oldid=163896325" title="Enlace permanente a esta versión de la página"><span>Enlace permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=info" title="Más información sobre esta página"><span>Información de la página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_%2811%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n%29&id=163896325&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre cómo citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Acortador_de_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEncyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_%2811%25C2%25AA_edici%25C3%25B3n%29"><span>Obtener URL acortado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEncyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_%2811%25C2%25AA_edici%25C3%25B3n%29"><span>Descargar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2811%C2%AA+edici%C3%B3n%29"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_%2811%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&printable=yes" title="Versión imprimible de esta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En otros proyectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867541" title="Enlace al elemento conectado del repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Página de herramientas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigido desde «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(edici%C3%B3n_de_1911)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911)">Encyclopædia Britannica (edición de 1911)</a>»)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="es" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/300px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/450px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg/600px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>undécima edición</b> de la <i><b>Encyclopædia Britannica</b></i> (1910-1911) es la edición más famosa de la <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Algunos de sus artículos fueron escritos por los mejores eruditos conocidos de la época. Estos artículos son de gran valor e interés para los modernos eruditos debido a su función medidora del conocimiento a principios del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XX</span>. La 11.ª versión ya no presenta restricciones por <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">derecho de autor</a> y está disponible <a href="/wiki/En_l%C3%ADnea" title="En línea">en línea</a>, ambos en su texto original y hay partes que se han incorporado en otras enciclopedias en línea y trabajos. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antecedentes">Antecedentes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar sección: Antecedentes"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg/200px-Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg/300px-Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg/400px-Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Publicidad de la Eleventh Edition Encyclopaedia Britannica de 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>La versión de 1911 fue ensamblada bajo el liderazgo del publicador <a href="/wiki/Estadounidense" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadounidense">estadounidense</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett_Hooper" title="Horace Everett Hooper">Horace Everett Hooper</a>, y editada por <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a>. Un 11 % de los contribuidores fueron estadounidenses, y se estableció una oficina en <a href="/wiki/Nueva_York" title="Nueva York">Nueva York</a> para iniciar la sucursal. </p><p>En esta edición de 1911 las iniciales de cada colaborador aparecen al final de cada artículo (al final de cada sección en el caso de los más extensos, como el de China) y en cada volumen hay una clave para saber a quién corresponden dichas iniciales. Algunos artículos fueron redactados por los intelectuales más importantes de la época, como <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury" title="John Bagnell Bury">John B. Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin">Piotr Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._H._Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="T. H. Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Michael_Rossetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Michael Rossetti (aún no redactado)">William Michael Rossetti</a>. Entre los colaboradores menos conocidos en esa época estaban también algunos que más tarde se distinguieron enormemente en el campo del saber, como <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> y <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. </p><p>La <i>edición undécima</i> introdujo una serie de cambios al formato de la <i>Britannica</i>. El contenido de la enciclopedia se hizo así: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Área </th> <th>Contenido </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa" title="Geografía">Geografía</a> </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia">Ciencia aplicada</a> </td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">Historia</a> </td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">Literatura</a> </td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Bellas Artes</a> </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciencias_sociales" title="Ciencias sociales">Ciencia social</a> </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa" title="Psicología">Psicología</a> </td> <td>1,7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía">Filosofía</a> </td> <td>0,8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG/200px-Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG/300px-Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG/400px-Esbozo_en_Enciclopedia_Britannica.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Esbozo de 6 líneas en la Britannica 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <i>eleventh edition</i> ha sido muy citada comúnmente como fuente, ya sea porque está en <a href="/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público">dominio público</a> y porque se ha hecho disponible en Internet. La <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> de 1911 se ha usado en muchos proyectos modernos, como <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> y la <i>Enciclopedia Gutenberg</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enciclopedia_Gutenberg"><i>Enciclopedia Gutenberg</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar sección: Enciclopedia Gutenberg"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <i>Proyecto Enciclopedia Gutenberg</i> es actualmente la versión once de <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, renombrada por asuntos (aviso legal, la página dice <i>Web site copyright © 2003-2006 Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation — All Rights Reserved.</i> (en español: <i>Copyright del sitio web © 2003-2006 Fundación de Archivos Literarios Proyecto Gutenberg — Todos los derechos reservados.</i>), pero la Britannica de 1911 está en el dominio público). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sección</th> <th><i>De</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>Hasta</i></th> <th>Enlaces </th></tr> <tr> <td>Volumen 1:  </td> <td><i>A</i> </td> <td>  –  </td> <td><i>Androphagi</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/200">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volumen 2.1.1:  </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros, Sir Edmund</a></i> </td> <td>  –  </td> <td><i>Anise</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13600">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volumen 4.3:  </td> <td><i>Bréquigny</i> </td> <td>  –  </td> <td><i>Bulgaria</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19699">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volumen 4.4:  </td> <td><i>Bulgaria</i> </td> <td>  –  </td> <td><i>Calgary</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19846">[4]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Críticas"><span id="Cr.C3.ADticas"></span>Críticas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar sección: Críticas"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La edición de 1911 ya no está restringida por el derecho de autor y, por lo tanto, está disponible en varias formas más modernas. Aunque alguna vez pudo haber sido una descripción confiable del consenso de su tiempo, muchos lectores modernos encuentran fallas en la Enciclopedia por varios errores mayores, comentarios racistas y etnocéntricos y otros asuntos: </p><p>Las opiniones contemporáneas de raza y etnia están incluidas en los artículos de la Enciclopedia. Por ejemplo, la entrada para "Negro" dice: "Mentalmente el negro es inferior al blanco..... la detención o incluso el deterioro del desarrollo mental [después de la adolescencia] se debe sin duda en gran medida al hecho de que después de la <a href="/wiki/Pubertad" title="Pubertad">pubertad</a> las cuestiones sexuales ocupan el primer lugar en la vida y los pensamientos del negro" <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> El artículo sobre la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_de_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos">Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos</a> atribuye el éxito de los Estados Unidos en parte a "una población principalmente de buena sangre e instintos ingleses".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce, Thomas Athol (1911). "Negro" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannay, David (1911). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://American%20War%20of%20Independence">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/American_War_of_Independence</a>" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 845.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlaces_externos">Enlaces externos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar sección: Enlaces externos"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> alberga una categoría multimedia sobre <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Images from Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></b>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> contiene obras originales de o sobre <b><a href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica_de_1911" class="extiw" title="s:Categoría:Enciclopedia Británica de 1911">Encyclopædia Britannica (11ª edición)</a></b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recursos_libres">Recursos libres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar sección: Recursos libres"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/en:User:Tim_Starling" class="extiw" title="s:en:User:Tim Starling">Páginas completas</a> en formato <i>tiff</i>, en la página de Tim Starling en Wikisource (en <a href="/wiki/Idioma_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Idioma inglés">inglés</a>). Probablemente requiera el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternatiff.com/">plug-in de AlternaTiff</a>. En particular, vea: <ul><li>el <a href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/en:User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo" class="extiw" title="s:en:User:Tim Starling/ScanSet TIFF demo">Volumen 1</a> (en inglés).</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/200">Proyecto Gutenberg Volumen I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13600">Proyecto Gutenberg Volumen II</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/s:en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="m:s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Edición de 1911</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>; texto incompleto, en inglés.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artículos_sobre_la_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"><span id="Art.C3.ADculos_sobre_la_Encyclop.C3.A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"></span>Artículos sobre la Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar sección: Artículos sobre la Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111013601/http://chronicle.com/temp/reprint.php?id=2v5qd52kkmy77w2py5b77rrpt9vz9k5c">'Information ... Slightly Coloured by Prejudice'</a>, por Lawrence Biemiller, <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, Notas de Academe, Volumen 52, Página A40. <small>(Accesible por última vez el 25 de septiembre de 2006)</small>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ionarts.blogspot.com/2006/08/world-in-1911-part-1.html">"Music and art in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica"</a> por Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 25 de agosto de 2006)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Control_de_autoridades" title="Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyectos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867541" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q867541">Q867541</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q867541%22">Q867541</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb33366092g">33366092g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb33366092g">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/11027773/">11027773</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6536395M?mode=all">OL6536395M</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudoc.fr/130926116">130926116</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedias</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-English-language-reference-work/Eleventh-edition-and-its-supplements">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Repositorios digitales</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102364629">102364629</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867541" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q867541">Q867541</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q867541%22">Q867541</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtenido de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopædia_Britannica_(11ª_edición)&oldid=163896325">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopædia_Britannica_(11ª_edición)&oldid=163896325</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categorías</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Enciclopedias_en_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Categoría:Enciclopedias en inglés">Enciclopedias en inglés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Enciclopedias_del_siglo_XX" title="Categoría:Enciclopedias del siglo XX">Enciclopedias del siglo XX</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorías ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_BNF" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF">Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_Open_Library" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Open Library">Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Open Library</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_SUDOC_cat%C3%A1logo" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SUDOC catálogo">Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SUDOC catálogo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_HathiTrust" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores HathiTrust">Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores HathiTrust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica_(edici%C3%B3n_de_1911)" title="Categoría:Enciclopedia Británica (edición de 1911)">Enciclopedia Británica (edición de 1911)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página se editó por última vez el 2 dic 2024 a las 16:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El texto está disponible bajo la <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Texto_de_la_Licencia_Creative_Commons_Atribuci%C3%B3n-CompartirIgual_4.0_Internacional" title="Wikipedia:Texto de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional">Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0</a>; pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales. Al usar este sitio aceptas nuestros <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/es">términos de uso</a> y nuestra <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy/es">política de privacidad</a>.<br />Wikipedia® es una marca registrada de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/es/">Fundación Wikimedia</a>, una organización sin ánimo de lucro.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/es">Política de privacidad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Acerca_de">Acerca de Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Limitaci%C3%B3n_general_de_responsabilidad">Limitación de responsabilidad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Código de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desarrolladores</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/es.wikipedia.org">Estadísticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement/es">Declaración de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//es.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versión para móviles</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-s49vs","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.197","walltime":"0.672","ppvisitednodes":{"value":366,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":7619,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":166,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3650,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":8,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 220.719 1 -total"," 64.63% 142.661 1 Plantilla:Control_de_autoridades"," 30.25% 66.759 1 Plantilla:Commonscat"," 13.40% 29.576 1 Plantilla:Propiedad"," 2.74% 6.047 1 Plantilla:Título_sin_coletilla"," 1.90% 4.197 1 Plantilla:Listaref"," 0.99% 2.179 1 Plantilla:Siglo"," 0.97% 2.148 1 Plantilla:Wikisource"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.106","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2781136,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-694bfc658d-dcdwb","timestamp":"20241217223922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11\u00aa edici\u00f3n)","url":"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(11%C2%AA_edici%C3%B3n)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q867541","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q867541","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Colaboradores de los proyectos Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-01-08T01:04:19Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T16:49:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/43\/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1911.jpg","headline":"und\u00e9cima edici\u00f3n, de 1911"}</script> </body> </html>