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variables</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: instrumental variables"> <meta name="keywords" content="instrumental variables"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="instrumental variables"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4510</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: instrumental variables</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4510</span> Survival Chances and Costs after Heart Attacks: An Instrumental Variable Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alice%20Sanwald">Alice Sanwald</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Schober"> Thomas Schober</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We analyze mortality and follow-up costs of heart attack patients using administrative data from Austria (2002-2011). As treatment intensity in a hospital largely depends on whether it has a catheterization laboratory, we focus on the effects of patients' initial admission to these specialized hospitals. To account for the nonrandom selection of patients into hospitals, we exploit individuals' place of residence as a source of exogenous variation in an instrumental variable framework. We find that the initial admission to specialized hospitals increases patients' survival chances substantially. The effect on 3-year mortality is -9.5 percentage points. A separation of the sample into subgroups shows the strongest effects in relative terms for patients below the age of 65. We do not find significant effects on longterm inpatient costs and find only marginal increases in outpatient costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20myocardial%20infarction" title="acute myocardial infarction">acute myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costs" title=" costs"> costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables" title=" instrumental variables"> instrumental variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20attack" title=" heart attack"> heart attack</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20741/survival-chances-and-costs-after-heart-attacks-an-instrumental-variable-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4509</span> The Long-Run Effects of In-Utero Exposure to Malaria: Evidence from the Brazilian Eradication Campaign</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henrique%20Veras%20De%20Paiva%20Fonseca">Henrique Veras De Paiva Fonseca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the long-term relationship between early life exposure to malaria and adult socioeconomic outcomes in Brazil. The identification strategy relies on exogenous variation in the risk of malaria outbreaks in different states and seasons of the year to identify early life exposure according to the timing and location of birth. Furthermore, Brazil has undergone a successful campaign of malaria eradication during the late 1950s, which allows for comparing outcomes of birth cohorts born just prior to and just after eradication to identify the extent of in utero exposure. Instrumental variables estimates find consistent negative treatment effects of in utero exposure to malaria on socioeconomic outcomes, such as educational attainment and health status. The effects are stronger for exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy than during other periods of gestation. Additionally, consistent with previous findings, men are more likely to exhibit larger long-term effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title="malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure" title=" exposure"> exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eradication" title=" eradication"> eradication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables" title=" instrumental variables"> instrumental variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title=" health"> health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123919/the-long-run-effects-of-in-utero-exposure-to-malaria-evidence-from-the-brazilian-eradication-campaign" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4508</span> Calculation of Instrumental Results of the Tohoku Earthquake, Japan (Mw 9.0) on March 11, 2011 and Other Destructive Earthquakes during Seismic Hazard Assessment </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20K.%20Karapetyan">J. K. Karapetyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper seismological-statistical analysis of actual instrumental data on the main tremor of the Great Japan earthquake 11.03.2011 is implemented for finding out the dependence between maximal values of peak ground accelerations (PGA) and epicentric distances. A number of peculiarities of manifestation of accelerations' maximum values at the interval of long epicentric distances are revealed which do not correspond with current scales of seismic intensity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquakes" title="earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20records" title=" instrumental records"> instrumental records</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20hazard" title=" seismic hazard"> seismic hazard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Japan" title=" Japan"> Japan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19025/calculation-of-instrumental-results-of-the-tohoku-earthquake-japan-mw-90-on-march-11-2011-and-other-destructive-earthquakes-during-seismic-hazard-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4507</span> Exposing the Concealed Impact: Evaluating the Role of Development Projects on Corruption Perception in Afghanistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawad%20Taheri">Jawad Taheri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the impact of foreign aid-funded development projects on corruption perception in Afghanistan, utilizing instrumental variable (IV) approaches in regression analysis setting. Seven sub-categories of development projects are examined in order to have a glance over comparative usefulness of each project. The study incorporates natural disaster indicators as exogenous variables to mitigate endogeneity concerns and control variables. The findings reveal significant associations between certain types of projects and corruption perception. Road and bridge construction, irrigation, and agriculture projects are found to decrease corruption perception, fostering optimism and trust within affected communities. Mosque construction and healthcare initiatives aligned with religious beliefs also contribute to reduced corruption perception. However, drinking water projects are associated with increased corruption perception, highlighting potential challenges in their implementation. The study emphasizes the importance of well-implemented projects, cultural contexts, and effective governance in mitigating corruption and fostering trust within communities. These findings contribute to a refined understanding of the relationship between development projects and corruption perception in Afghanistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20aid" title="foreign aid">foreign aid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20projects" title=" development projects"> development projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption%20perception" title=" corruption perception"> corruption perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afghanistan" title=" Afghanistan"> Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variable%20analysis" title=" instrumental variable analysis"> instrumental variable analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survey%20of%20Afghan%20people%20%28SAP%29" title=" survey of Afghan people (SAP)"> survey of Afghan people (SAP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disasters" title=" natural disasters"> natural disasters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exogenous%20variation" title=" exogenous variation"> exogenous variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175118/exposing-the-concealed-impact-evaluating-the-role-of-development-projects-on-corruption-perception-in-afghanistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4506</span> Institutional and Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Comparative Analysis of Three Clusters of Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismatilla%20Mardanov">Ismatilla Mardanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are three types of countries, the first of which is willing to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in enormous amounts and do whatever it takes to make this happen. Therefore, FDI pours into such countries. In the second cluster of countries, even if the country is suffering tremendously from the shortage of investments, the governments are hesitant to attract investments because they are at the hands of local oligarchs/cartels. Therefore, FDI inflows are moderate to low in such countries. The third type is countries whose companies prefer investing in the most efficient locations globally and are hesitant to invest in the homeland. Sorting countries into such clusters, the present study examines the essential institutions and economic factors that make these countries different. Past literature has discussed various determinants of FDI in all kinds of countries. However, it did not classify countries based on government motivation, institutional setup, and economic factors. A specific approach to each target country is vital for corporate foreign direct investment risk analysis and decisions. The research questions are 1. What specific institutional and economic factors paint the pictures of the three clusters; 2. What specific institutional and economic factors are determinants of FDI; 3. Which of the determinants are endogenous and exogenous variables? 4. How can institutions and economic and political variables impact corporate investment decisions Hypothesis 1: In the first type, country institutions and economic factors will be favorable for FDI. Hypothesis 2: In the second type, even if country economic factors favor FDI, institutions will not. Hypothesis 3: In the third type, even if country institutions favorFDI, economic factors will not favor domestic investments. Therefore, FDI outflows occur in large amounts. Methods: Data come from open sources of the World Bank, the Fraser Institute, the Heritage Foundation, and other reliable sources. The dependent variable is FDI inflows. The independent variables are institutions (economic and political freedom indices) and economic factors (natural, material, and labor resources, government consumption, infrastructure, minimum wage, education, unemployment, tax rates, consumer price index, inflation, and others), the endogeneity or exogeneity of which are tested in the instrumental variable estimation. Political rights and civil liberties are used as instrumental variables. Results indicate that in the first type, both country institutions and economic factors, specifically labor and logistics/infrastructure/energy intensity, are favorable for potential investors. In the second category of countries, the risk of loss of assets is very high due to governmentshijacked by local oligarchs/cartels/special interest groups. In the third category of countries, the local economic factors are unfavorable for domestic investment even if the institutions are well acceptable. Cluster analysis and instrumental variable estimation were used to reveal cause-effect patterns in each of the clusters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20direct%20investment" title="foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economy" title=" economy"> economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variable%20estimation" title=" instrumental variable estimation"> instrumental variable estimation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142077/institutional-and-economic-determinants-of-foreign-direct-investment-comparative-analysis-of-three-clusters-of-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4505</span> Understanding the Behavioral Mechanisms of Pavlovian Biases: Intriguing Insights from Replication and Reversal Paradigms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjiti%20Sharma">Sanjiti Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carol%20Seger"> Carol Seger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pavlovian biases are crucial to the decision-making processes, however, if left unchecked can extend to maladaptive behavior such as Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), anxiety, and much more. This study explores the interaction between Pavlovian biases and goal-directed instrumental learning by examining how each adapts to task reversal. it hypothesized that Pavlovian biases would be slow to adjust after reversal due to their reliance on inflexible learning, whereas the more flexible goal-directed instrumental learning system would adapt more quickly. The experiment utilized a modified Go No-Go task with two phases: replication of existing findings and a task reversal paradigm. Results showed instrumental learning's flexibility, with participants adapting after reversal. However, Pavlovian biases led to decreased accuracy post-reversal, with slow adaptation, especially when conflicting with instrumental objectives. These findings emphasize the inflexible nature of Pavlovian biases and their role in decision-making and cognitive rigidity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavlovian%20bias" title="pavlovian bias">pavlovian bias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goal-directed%20learning" title=" goal-directed learning"> goal-directed learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20flexibility" title=" cognitive flexibility"> cognitive flexibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20bias" title=" learning bias"> learning bias</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191895/understanding-the-behavioral-mechanisms-of-pavlovian-biases-intriguing-insights-from-replication-and-reversal-paradigms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4504</span> Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Children with Intellectual Disabilities in the Aspects of Vocational Activities and Instrumental Activities of Daily Life</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shakhawath%20Hossain">Shakhawath Hossain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tazkia%20Tahsin"> Tazkia Tahsin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction/Background: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. Vocational education is a multi-professional approach that is provided to individuals of working age with health-related impairments, limitations, or restrictions with work functioning and whose primary aim is to optimize work participation. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living activities to support daily life within the home and community. Like as community mobility, financial management, meal preparation, and clean-up, shopping. Material and Method: Electronic searches of Medline, PubMed, Google scholar, OT Seeker literature using the key terms of intellectual disability, vocational rehabilitation, instrumental activities of daily living and Occupational Therapy, as well as a thorough manual search for relevant literature. Results: There were 13 articles, all qualitative and quantitative, which are included in this review. All studies were mixed methods in design. To take the Occupational Therapy services, there is a significant improvement in their children's various areas like as sensory issues, cognitive abilities, perceptual skills, visual, motor planning, and group therapy. After taking the vocational and instrumental activities of daily living training children with intellectual disabilities to participate in their daily activities and work as an employee different company or organizations. Conclusion: The persons with intellectual disability are an integral part of our society who deserves social support and opportunities like other human beings. From the result section of the project papers, it is found that the significant benefits of Occupational Therapy services in the aspects of vocational and instrumental activities of daily living. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20therapy" title="occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daily%20living%20activities" title=" daily living activities"> daily living activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20disabilities" title=" intellectual disabilities"> intellectual disabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20ADL" title=" instrumental ADL"> instrumental ADL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126978/benefits-of-occupational-therapy-for-children-with-intellectual-disabilities-in-the-aspects-of-vocational-activities-and-instrumental-activities-of-daily-life" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126978.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4503</span> Using Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond Estimator in Dynamic Panel Data Analysis – Case of Finnish Housing Price Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janne%20Engblom">Janne Engblom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elias%20Oikarinen"> Elias Oikarinen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A panel dataset is one that follows a given sample of individuals over time, and thus provides multiple observations on each individual in the sample. Panel data models include a variety of fixed and random effects models which form a wide range of linear models. A special case of panel data models are dynamic in nature. A complication regarding a dynamic panel data model that includes the lagged dependent variable is endogeneity bias of estimates. Several approaches have been developed to account for this problem. In this paper, the panel models were estimated using the Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond Generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator which is an extension of the Arellano-Bond model where past values and different transformations of past values of the potentially problematic independent variable are used as instruments together with other instrumental variables. The Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond estimator augments Arellano–Bond by making an additional assumption that first differences of instrument variables are uncorrelated with the fixed effects. This allows the introduction of more instruments and can dramatically improve efficiency. It builds a system of two equations—the original equation and the transformed one—and is also known as system GMM. In this study, Finnish housing price dynamics were examined empirically by using the Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond estimation technique together with ordinary OLS. The aim of the analysis was to provide a comparison between conventional fixed-effects panel data models and dynamic panel data models. The Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond estimator is suitable for this analysis for a number of reasons: It is a general estimator designed for situations with 1) a linear functional relationship; 2) one left-hand-side variable that is dynamic, depending on its own past realizations; 3) independent variables that are not strictly exogenous, meaning they are correlated with past and possibly current realizations of the error; 4) fixed individual effects; and 5) heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation within individuals but not across them. Based on data of 14 Finnish cities over 1988-2012 differences of short-run housing price dynamics estimates were considerable when different models and instrumenting were used. Especially, the use of different instrumental variables caused variation of model estimates together with their statistical significance. This was particularly clear when comparing estimates of OLS with different dynamic panel data models. Estimates provided by dynamic panel data models were more in line with theory of housing price dynamics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20model" title="dynamic model">dynamic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effects" title=" fixed effects"> fixed effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data" title=" panel data"> panel data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20dynamics" title=" price dynamics"> price dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27438/using-arellano-boverblundell-bond-estimator-in-dynamic-panel-data-analysis-case-of-finnish-housing-price-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1508</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4502</span> Class Size Effects on Reading Achievement in Europe: Evidence from Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ting%20Shen">Ting Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spyros%20Konstantopoulos"> Spyros Konstantopoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the past three decades, class size effects have been a focal debate in education. The idea of having smaller class is enormously popular among parents, teachers and policy makers. The rationale of its popularity is that small classroom could provide a better learning environment in which there would be more teacher-pupil interaction and more individualized instruction. This early stage benefits would also have a long-term positive effect. It is a common belief that reducing class size may result in increases in student achievement. However, the empirical evidence about class-size effects from experimental or quasi-experimental studies has been mixed overall. This study sheds more light on whether class size reduction impacts reading achievement in eight European countries: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. We examine class size effects on reading achievement using national probability samples of fourth graders. All eight European countries had participated in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) in 2001, 2006 and 2011. Methodologically, the quasi-experimental method of instrumental variables (IV) has been utilized to facilitate causal inference of class size effects. Overall, the results indicate that class size effects on reading achievement are not significant across countries and years. However, class size effects are evident in Romania where reducing class size increases reading achievement. In contrast, in Germany, increasing class size seems to increase reading achievement. In future work, it would be valuable to evaluate differential class size effects for minority or economically disadvantaged student groups or low- and high-achievers. Replication studies with different samples and in various settings would also be informative. Future research should continue examining class size effects in different age groups and countries using rich international databases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=class%20size" title="class size">class size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20achievement" title=" reading achievement"> reading achievement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables" title=" instrumental variables"> instrumental variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIRLS" title=" PIRLS"> PIRLS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68068/class-size-effects-on-reading-achievement-in-europe-evidence-from-progress-in-international-reading-literacy-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68068.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4501</span> Finite Sample Inferences for Weak Instrument Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gubhinder%20Kundhi">Gubhinder Kundhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Rilstone"> Paul Rilstone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well established that Instrumental Variable (IV) estimators in the presence of weak instruments can be poorly behaved, in particular, be quite biased in finite samples. Finite sample approximations to the distributions of these estimators are obtained using Edgeworth and Saddlepoint expansions. Departures from normality of the distributions of these estimators are analyzed using higher order analytical corrections in these expansions. In a Monte-Carlo experiment, the performance of these expansions is compared to the first order approximation and other methods commonly used in finite samples such as the bootstrap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bootstrap" title="bootstrap">bootstrap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Instrumental%20Variable" title=" Instrumental Variable"> Instrumental Variable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edgeworth%20expansions" title=" Edgeworth expansions"> Edgeworth expansions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saddlepoint%20expansions" title=" Saddlepoint expansions"> Saddlepoint expansions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46824/finite-sample-inferences-for-weak-instrument-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4500</span> Survey Study of Integrative and Instrumental Motivation in English Language Learning of First Year Students at Naresuan University International College (NUIC), Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Don%20August%20G.%20Delgado">Don August G. Delgado</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Foreign Language acquisition without enough motivation is tough because it is the force that drives students’ interest or enthusiasm to achieve learning. In addition, it also serves as the students’ beacon to achieve their goals, desires, dreams, and aspirations in life. Since it plays an integral factor in language learning acquisition, this study focuses on the integrative and instrumental motivation levels of all the first year students of Naresuan University International College. The identification of their motivation level and inclination in learning the English language will greatly help all NUIC lecturers and administrators to create a project or activities that they will truly enjoy and find worth doing. However, if the findings of this study will say otherwise, this study can also show to NUIC lecturers and administrators how they can help and transform NUIC freshmen on becoming motivated learners to enhance their English proficiency levels. All respondents in this study received an adopted and developed questionnaire from different researches in the same perspective. The questionnaire has 24 questions that were randomly arranged; 12 for integrative motivation and 12 for instrumental motivation. The questionnaire employed the five-point Likert scale. The tabulated data were analyzed according to its means and standard deviations using the Standard Deviation Calculator. In order to interpret the motivation level of the respondents, the Interpretation of Mean Scores was utilized. Thus, this study concludes that majority of the NUIC freshmen are neither integratively motivated nor instrumentally motivated students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title="motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrative" title=" integrative"> integrative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20acquisition" title=" foreign language acquisition"> foreign language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental" title=" instrumental"> instrumental</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54254/survey-study-of-integrative-and-instrumental-motivation-in-english-language-learning-of-first-year-students-at-naresuan-university-international-college-nuic-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4499</span> Migration and Provision of Support to Left-Behind Parents in Rural Cambodia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamas%20Penboon">Benjamas Penboon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zachary%20Zimmer"> Zachary Zimmer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aree%20Jampaklay"> Aree Jampaklay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cambodia is a country where labor migration has been consistently high. Coupled with advancing labor opportunities in urban areas, a function partly of globalization, this is resulting in massive migration out of rural areas. This is particularly true in Cambodia where there are high migration and a very large proportion of adult children living some distant from their parents. This paper explores characteristics associated with migrant providing support to parents in rural Cambodia. With reference to perspectives of family altruism and solidarity, this analysis particularly focusses on how a series of variables representing family integration and residential location associates with intergenerational monetary and instrumental support from migrants. The study hypothesizes that migrants are more likely to provide support when parents are in need, and there are no alternative means of support. Data come from The Rural Household Survey (N=3,713), part of the 2011 Cambodian Rural Urban Migration Project (CRUMP). Multilevel multinomial models indicate international migrants are likely to give money, while internal migrants are likely to provide both money and instrumental support, especially when migrants have no sibling and their parent in poor health status. In addition, employed migrants are two times providing monetary compared to those unemployed. Findings elucidate the decision to which and why support occurs more often when no other source of support exists and also depends on the ability to provide of migrants themselves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title="migration">migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=left-behind%20parent" title=" left-behind parent"> left-behind parent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intergenerational%20relations" title=" intergenerational relations"> intergenerational relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support" title=" support"> support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural" title=" rural"> rural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cambodia" title=" Cambodia"> Cambodia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102937/migration-and-provision-of-support-to-left-behind-parents-in-rural-cambodia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4498</span> Childhood Obesity: Future Direction and Education Priorities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Ranjbar">Zahra Ranjbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is a well-established methodology for identifying relationships among specific variables, which define a problem or an issue. In this study most important variables that have critical role in children obesity problem were introduce by ISM questionnaire technique and their relationships were determine. Our findings suggested that sedentary activities are top level variables and school teachers and administrators, public education and scientific collaborations are bottom level variables in children obesity problem. Control of dietary, Physical education program, parents, government and motivation strategies variables are depend to other variables. They are very sensitive to external variables. Also, physical education program, parents, government, motivation, school teachers and administrators, public education and collaboration variables have strong driving power. They are linkage factors; it means that they can be effective on children obesity problem directly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISM" title="ISM">ISM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable" title=" variable"> variable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20education" title=" physical education"> physical education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20302/childhood-obesity-future-direction-and-education-priorities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20302.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4497</span> The Effect of Family Support on Employee Satisfaction and Perception of Work-Family Conflict: The Case of Oil Sector Employees in Kuwait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20H.%20Muhammad">Ali H. Muhammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates both instrumental and emotional family support on employee job satisfaction and perception of work-family conflict. Instrumental family support is manifested in family behavior that contributes to the reduction of employee’s family responsibilities and keeping the physical home environment in a proper shape. Emotional family support includes the encouragement and praise that the employee receives from his family and families for the employee’s work problem and their role in assisting the employees in dealing with these problems. The paper suggests that instrumental and emotional family support increases employee’s job satisfaction. Furthermore, the study proposes that family support decreases employee’s perception of work-family conflict. In addition, this study examines the reliability and validity of the family support index developed by Lynda King and her colleagues in 1995. Confirmatory factor analysis is used to test the validity of the instrument in an Arab business setting. A paper-pencil questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 70 Kuwaiti employees working in the oil sector. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, reliability tests, and regression analysis. Results confirmed the research hypothesis. Family support had a positive effect on job satisfaction. Furthermore, family support significantly contributed to the reduction of employee perception of work-family conflict. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20support" title="family support">family support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20satisfaction" title=" job satisfaction"> job satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-family%20conflict" title=" work-family conflict"> work-family conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuwait%20oil%20sector" title=" Kuwait oil sector"> Kuwait oil sector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115168/the-effect-of-family-support-on-employee-satisfaction-and-perception-of-work-family-conflict-the-case-of-oil-sector-employees-in-kuwait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4496</span> Roads and Agriculture: Impacts of Connectivity in Peru</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20Aguirre">Julio Aguirre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohnny%20Campana"> Yohnny Campana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmer%20Guerrero"> Elmer Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20De%20La%20Torre%20Ugarte"> Daniel De La Torre Ugarte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A well-developed transportation network is a necessary condition for a country to derive full benefits from good trade and macroeconomic policies. Road infrastructure plays a key role in the economic development of rural areas of developing countries; where agriculture is the main economic activity. The ability to move agricultural production from the place of production to the market, and then to the place of consumption, greatly influence the economic value of farming activities, and of the resources involved in the production process, i.e., labor and land. Consequently, investment in transportation networks contributes to enhance or overcome the natural advantages or disadvantages that topography and location have imposed over the agricultural sector. This is of particular importance when dealing with countries, like Peru, with a great topographic diversity. The objective of this research is to estimate the impacts of road infrastructure on the performance of the agricultural sector. Specific variables of interest are changes in travel time, shifts of production for self-consumption to production for the market, changes in farmers income, and impacts on the diversification of the agricultural sector. In the study, a cross-section model with instrumental variables is the central methodological instrument. The data is obtained from agricultural and transport geo-referenced databases, and the instrumental variable specification utilized is based on the Kruskal algorithm. The results show that the expansion of road connectivity reduced farmers' travel time by an average of 3.1 hours and the proportion of output sold in the market increases by up to 40 percentage points. The increase in connectivity has an unexpected increase in the districts index of diversification of agricultural production. The results are robust to the inclusion of year and region fixed-effects, and to control for geography (i.e., slope and altitude), population variables, and mining activity. Other results are also very eloquent. For example, a clear positive impact can be seen in access to local markets, but this does not necessarily correlate with an increase in the production of the sector. This can be explained by the fact that agricultural development not only requires provision of roads but additional complementary infrastructure and investments intended to provide the necessary conditions so that producers can offer quality products (improved management practices, timely maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, transparent management of water rights, among other factors). Therefore, complementary public goods are needed to enhance the effects of roads on the welfare of the population, beyond enabling them to increase their access to markets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture%20devolepment" title="agriculture devolepment">agriculture devolepment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20access" title=" market access"> market access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20connectivity" title=" road connectivity"> road connectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20development" title=" regional development"> regional development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89021/roads-and-agriculture-impacts-of-connectivity-in-peru" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4495</span> The Impact of Feuerstein Enhancement of Learning Potential to the Integration of Children from Socially Disadvantaged Backgrounds into Society</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Kozub%C3%ADk">Michal Kozubík</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Svetlana%20S%C3%ADthov%C3%A1"> Svetlana Síthová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: Aim of this study is to introduce the method of instrumental enrichment to people who works in the helping professions, and show further possibilities of its realization with children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds into society. Methods: We focused on Feuerstein’s Instrumental Enrichment method, its theoretical grounds and practical implementation. We carried out questionnaires and directly observed children from the disadvantaged background in Partizánske district. Results: We outlined the issues of children from disadvantaged social environment and their opportunity of social integration using the method. The findings showed the utility of Feuerstein method. Conclusions: We conclude that Feuerstein methods are very suitable for children from socially disadvantaged background and importance of social workers and special educator co-operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feuerstein" title="Feuerstein">Feuerstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusion" title=" inclusion"> inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socially%20disadvantaged%20background" title=" socially disadvantaged background"> socially disadvantaged background</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59522/the-impact-of-feuerstein-enhancement-of-learning-potential-to-the-integration-of-children-from-socially-disadvantaged-backgrounds-into-society" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4494</span> Influence of Instrumental Playing on Attachment Type of Musicians and Music Students Using Adult Attachment Scale-R</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sofia%20Serra-Dawa">Sofia Serra-Dawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adult relationships accrue on a variety of past social experiences, intentions, and emotions that might predispose and influence the approach to and construction of subsequent relationships. The Adult Attachment Theory (AAT) proposes four types of adult attachment, where attachment is built over two dimensions of anxiety and avoidance: secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant. The AAT has been studied in multiple settings such as personal and therapeutic relationships, educational settings, sexual orientation, health, and religion. In music scholarship, the AAT has been used to frame class learning of student singers and study the relational behavior between voice teachers and students. Building on this study, the present inquiry studies how attachment types might characterize learning relationships of music students (in the Western Conservatory tradition), and whether particular instrumental experiences might correlate to given attachment styles. Given certain behavioral cohesive features of established traditions of instrumental playing and performance modes, it is hypothesized that student musicians will display specific characteristics correlated to instrumental traditions, demonstrating clear tendency of attachment style, which in turn has implications on subsequent professional interactions. This study is informed by the methodological framework of Adult Attachment Scale-R (Collins and Read, 1990), which was particularly chosen given its non-invasive questions and classificatory validation. It is further hypothesized that the analytical comparison of musicians’ profiles has the potential to serve as the baseline for other comparative behavioral observation studies [this component is expected to be verified and completed well before the conference meeting]. This research may have implications for practitioners concerned with matching and improving musical teaching and learning relationships and in (professional and amateur) long-term musical settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adult%20attachment" title="adult attachment">adult attachment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20education" title=" music education"> music education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=musicians%20attachment%20profile" title=" musicians attachment profile"> musicians attachment profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=musicians%20relationships" title=" musicians relationships"> musicians relationships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99027/influence-of-instrumental-playing-on-attachment-type-of-musicians-and-music-students-using-adult-attachment-scale-r" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4493</span> Types of Motivation at a Rural University</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Valdez-Hern%C3%A1ndez">Sandra Valdez-Hernández</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motivation is one of the most important factors when teaching language. Most institutions at least in Mexico, pay low attention to the types of motivation students have when they are studying English; however, considering the motivation they have, may lead to better understanding about their needs and purposes for learning English and the professors may understand and focus on their interests for making them persist in action through the course. This topic has been widely investigated in different countries, but more research needs to be done in Mexico to shed light on this area of potential impact. The aim of this research is to focus on the types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic, instrumental and integrative and the attitudes students have about English language to identify aspects that are alike to other contexts and research areas based on the theory of Dörnyei (2013) and Gardner (2001). It was carried out at a Mexican University in a small village in Quintana Roo. The potential implications, the findings as well as the limitations are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attides%20of%20motivation" title="attides of motivation">attides of motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors%20of%20motivation" title=" factors of motivation"> factors of motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrinsic%20and%20intrinsic%20motivation" title=" extrinsic and intrinsic motivation"> extrinsic and intrinsic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20and%20integrative%20motivation" title=" instrumental and integrative motivation"> instrumental and integrative motivation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157373/types-of-motivation-at-a-rural-university" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4492</span> Effectiveness of Raga Desi Todi on Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sushila%20Pareek">Sushila Pareek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divya%20Shekhawat"> Divya Shekhawat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Music has been shown as a therapeutic agent in depression, anxiety, and stress. A pilot study was carried out to see the therapeutic effects of Indian classical instrumental Raga Todi on depression, anxiety, and stress. 50 individuals diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and stress with DSM-V were taken for the study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received the instrumental raga Todi whereas the other control group didn't receive any intervention. DASS-21 was used on the baseline and after the intervention to measure depression, anxiety, and stress. The result indicates that anxiety, stress, and depression level was reduced after listening to the raga desi Todi. It was concluded that raga desi Todi is an effective intervention for reducing depression, anxiety, and stress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raga" title="raga">raga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anxiety" title=" anxiety"> anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DASS-21" title=" DASS-21"> DASS-21</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title=" mental health"> mental health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153927/effectiveness-of-raga-desi-todi-on-depression-anxiety-and-stress-among-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4491</span> Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for the Elemental Analysis Medicinal Plants from India Used in the Treatment of Heart Diseases </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Pardeshi">B. M. Pardeshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Minerals and trace elements are chemical elements required by our bodies for numerous biological and physiological processes that are necessary for the maintenance of health. Medicinal plants are highly beneficial for the maintenance of good health and prevention of diseases. They are known as potential sources of minerals and vitamins. 30 to 40% of today’s conventional drugs used in the medicinal and curative properties of various plants are employed in herbal supplement botanicals, nutraceuticals and drug. Aim: The authors explored the mineral element content of some herbs, because mineral elements may have significant role in the development and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, and a close connection between the presence or absence of mineral elements and inflammatory mediators was noted. Methods: Present study deals with the elemental analysis of medicinal plants by Instrumental Neutron activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Medicinal herbals prescribed for skin diseases were purchased from markets and were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) using 252Cf Californium spontaneous fission neutron source (flux* 109 n s-1) and the induced activities were counted by γ-ray spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) techniques (Perkin Elmer 3100 Model) available at Department of Chemistry University of Pune, India, was used for the measurement of major, minor and trace elements. Results: 15 elements viz. Al, K, Cl, Na, Mn by INAA and Cu, Co, Pb Ni, Cr, Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg and Cd by AAS were analyzed from different medicinal plants from India. A critical examination of the data shows that the elements Ca , K, Cl, Al, and Fe are found to be present at major levels in most of the samples while the other elements Na, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ca, Zn, Hg and Cd are present in minor or trace levels. Conclusion: The beneficial therapeutic effect of the studied herbs may be related to their mineral element content. The elemental concentration in different medicinal plants is discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20neutron%20activation%20analysis" title="instrumental neutron activation analysis">instrumental neutron activation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20absorption%20spectroscopy" title=" atomic absorption spectroscopy"> atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trace%20elemental%20analysis" title=" trace elemental analysis"> trace elemental analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20contents" title=" mineral contents"> mineral contents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24660/instrumental-neutron-activation-analysis-inaa-and-atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-aas-for-the-elemental-analysis-medicinal-plants-from-india-used-in-the-treatment-of-heart-diseases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4490</span> Motivation and Attitudes toward Learning English and German as Foreign Languages among Sudanese University Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ishag">A. Ishag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Witruk"> E. Witruk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Altmayer"> C. Altmayer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motivation and attitudes are considered as hypothetical psychological constructs in explaining the process of second language learning. Gardner (1985) – who first systematically investigated the motivational factors in second language acquisition – found that L2 achievement is related not only to the individual learner’s linguistic aptitude or general intelligence but also to the learner’s motivation and interest in learning the target language. Traditionally language learning motivation can be divided into two types: integrative motivation – the desire to integrate oneself with the target culture; and instrumental motivation – the desire to learn a language in order to meet a specific language requirement such as for employment. One of the Gardner’s main ideas is that the integrative motivation plays an important role in second language acquisition. It is directly and positively related to second language achievement more than instrumental motivation. However, the significance of integrative motivation reflects a rather controversial set of findings. On the other hand, Students’ attitudes towards the target language, its speakers and the learning context may all play some part in explaining their success in learning a language. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring the significance of motivational and attitudinal factors in learning foreign languages, namely English and German among Sudanese undergraduate students from a psycholinguistic and interdisciplinary perspective. The sample composed of 221 students from the English and German language departments respectively at the University of Khartoum in Sudan. The results indicate that English language’s learners are instrumentally motivated and that German language’s learners have positive attitudes towards the German language community and culture. Furthermore, there are statistical significant differences in the attitudes toward the two languages due to gender; where female students have more positive attitudes than their male counterparts. However, there are no differences along the variables of academic grade and study level. Finally, the reasons of studying the English or German language have also been indicated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation%20and%20attitudes" title="motivation and attitudes">motivation and attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20learning" title=" foreign language learning"> foreign language learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20language" title=" english language"> english language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=german%20language" title=" german language"> german language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16758/motivation-and-attitudes-toward-learning-english-and-german-as-foreign-languages-among-sudanese-university-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">683</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4489</span> Tenants Use Less Input on Rented Plots: Evidence from Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Desta%20Brhanu%20Gebrehiwot">Desta Brhanu Gebrehiwot</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study aims to investigate the impact of land tenure arrangements on fertilizer use per hectare in Northern Ethiopia. Household and Plot level data are used for analysis. Land tenure contracts such as sharecropping and fixed rent arrangements have endogeneity. Different unobservable characteristics may affect renting-out decisions. Thus, the appropriate method of analysis was the instrumental variable estimation technic. Therefore, the family of instrumental variable estimation methods two-stage least-squares regression (2SLS, the generalized method of moments (GMM), Limited information maximum likelihood (LIML), and instrumental variable Tobit (IV-Tobit) was used. Besides, a method to handle a binary endogenous variable is applied, which uses a two-step estimation. In the first step probit model includes instruments, and in the second step, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) (“etregress” command in Stata 14) was used. There was lower fertilizer use per hectare on sharecropped and fixed rented plots relative to owner-operated. The result supports the Marshallian inefficiency principle in sharecropping. The difference in fertilizer use per hectare could be explained by a lack of incentivized detailed contract forms, such as giving more proportion of the output to the tenant under sharecropping contracts, which motivates to use of more fertilizer in rented plots to maximize the production because most sharecropping arrangements share output equally between tenants and landlords. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenure-contracts" title="tenure-contracts">tenure-contracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endogeneity" title=" endogeneity"> endogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plot-level%20data" title=" plot-level data"> plot-level data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertilizer" title=" fertilizer"> fertilizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163031/tenants-use-less-input-on-rented-plots-evidence-from-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4488</span> Use of Radiation Chemistry Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for the Elemental Analysis Medicinal Plants from India Used in the Treatment of Heart Diseases </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Pardeshi">B. M. Pardeshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Minerals and trace elements are chemical elements required by our bodies for numerous biological and physiological processes that are necessary for the maintenance of health. Medicinal plants are highly beneficial for the maintenance of good health and prevention of diseases. They are known as potential sources of minerals and vitamins. 30 to 40% of today’s conventional drugs used in the medicinal and curative properties of various plants are employed in herbal supplement botanicals, nutraceuticals and drug. Aim: The authors explored the mineral element content of some herbs, because mineral elements may have significant role in the development and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, and a close connection between the presence or absence of mineral elements and inflammatory mediators was noted. Methods: Present study deals with the elemental analysis of medicinal plants by Instrumental Neutron activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Medicinal herbals prescribed for skin diseases were purchased from markets and were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) using 252Cf Californium spontaneous fission neutron source (flux * 109 n s-1) and the induced activities were counted by γ-ray spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) techniques (Perkin Elmer 3100 Model) available at Department of Chemistry University of Pune, INDIA, was used for the measurement of major, minor and trace elements. Results: 15 elements viz. Al, K, Cl, Na, Mn by INAA and Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg and Cd by AAS were analyzed from different medicinal plants from India. A critical examination of the data shows that the elements Ca , K, Cl, Al, and Fe are found to be present at major levels in most of the samples while the other elements Na, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ca, Zn, Hg and Cd are present in minor or trace levels. Conclusion: The beneficial therapeutic effect of the studied herbs may be related to their mineral element content. The elemental concentration in different medicinal plants is discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20neutron%20activation%20analysis" title="instrumental neutron activation analysis">instrumental neutron activation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20absorption%20spectroscopy" title=" atomic absorption spectroscopy"> atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trace%20elemental%20analysis" title=" trace elemental analysis"> trace elemental analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20contents" title=" mineral contents"> mineral contents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5723/use-of-radiation-chemistry-instrumental-neutron-activation-analysis-inaa-and-atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-aas-for-the-elemental-analysis-medicinal-plants-from-india-used-in-the-treatment-of-heart-diseases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4487</span> The Factors Constitute the Interaction between Teachers and Students: An Empirical Study at the Notion of Framing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tien-Hui%20Chiang">Tien-Hui Chiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The code theory, proposed by Basil Bernstein, indicates that framing can be viewed as the core element in constituting the phenomenon of cultural reproduction because it is able to regulate the transmission of pedagogical information. Strong framing increases the social relation boundary between a teacher and pupils, which obstructs information transmission, so that in order to improve underachieving students’ academic performances, teachers need to reduce to strength of framing. Weak framing enables them to transform academic knowledge into commonsense knowledge in daily life language. This study posits that most teachers would deliver strong framing due to their belief mainly confined within the aspect of instrumental rationality that deprives their critical minds. This situation could make them view the normal distribution bell curve of students’ academic performances as a natural outcome. In order to examine the interplay between framing, instrumental rationality and pedagogical action, questionnaires were completed by over 5,000 primary school teachers in Henan province, China, who were stratified sample. The statistical results show that most teachers employed psychological concepts to measure students’ academic performances and, in turn, educational inequity was legitimatized as a natural outcome in the efficiency-led approach. Such efficiency-led minds made them perform as the agent practicing the mechanism of social control and in turn sustaining the phenomenon of cultural reproduction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code" title="code">code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20reproduction" title=" cultural reproduction"> cultural reproduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=framing" title=" framing"> framing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20rationality" title=" instrumental rationality"> instrumental rationality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20relation%20and%20interaction" title=" social relation and interaction"> social relation and interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101994/the-factors-constitute-the-interaction-between-teachers-and-students-an-empirical-study-at-the-notion-of-framing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4486</span> The Role of Institutions in Community Wildlife Conservation in Zimbabwe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herbert%20Ntuli">Herbert Ntuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edwin%20Muchapondwa"> Edwin Muchapondwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study used a sample of 336 households and community level data from 30 communities around the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe to analyse the association between ability to self-organize or cooperation and institutions on one hand and the relationship between success of biodiversity outcomes and cooperation on the other hand. Using both the ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimation with heteroskedasticity-based instruments, our results confirmed that sound institutions are indeed an important ingredient for cooperation in the respective communities and cooperation positively and significantly affects biodiversity outcomes. Group size, community level trust, the number of stakeholders and punishment were found to be important variables explaining cooperation. From a policy perspective, our results show that external enforcement of rules and regulations does not necessarily translate into sound ecological outcomes but better outcomes are attainable when punishment is rather endogenized by local communities. This seems to suggest that communities should rather be supported in such a way that robust institutions that are tailor made to suit the needs of local condition will emerge that will in turn facilitate good environmental husbandry. Cooperation, training, benefits, distance from the nearest urban canter, distance from the fence, social capital average age of household head, fence and information sharing were found to be very important variables explaining the success of biodiversity outcomes ceteris paribus. Government programmes should target capacity building in terms of institutional capacity and skills development in order to have a positive impact on biodiversity. Hence, the role of stakeholders (e.g., NGOs) in capacity building and government effort should complement each other to ensure that the necessary resources are mobilized and all communities receive the necessary training and resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title="institutions">institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-organize" title=" self-organize"> self-organize</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20pool%20resources" title=" common pool resources"> common pool resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wildlife" title=" wildlife"> wildlife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zimbabwe" title=" Zimbabwe"> Zimbabwe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19916/the-role-of-institutions-in-community-wildlife-conservation-in-zimbabwe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4485</span> Study on the Role of Positive Emotions in Developmental Psychology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Soo%20Kim">Hee Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Young%20Kyung"> Ha Young Kyung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the role of positive emotions in human psychology. By understanding Fredrickson and Lyubomirsky et al.’s on positive emotions, one can better understand people’s intuitive understanding, mental health and well-being. Fredrickson asserts that positive emotions create positive affects and personal resources, and Lyubomirsky et al. relate such positive resources to the creation of happiness and personal development. This paper finds that positive emotions play a significant role in the learning process, and they are instrumental in creating a long-lasting repertoire of personal resources and play an essential role in the development of the intuitive understanding of life variables, resilience in coping with life challenges, and ability to build more successful lives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Positive%20emotions" title="Positive emotions">Positive emotions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20affects" title=" positive affects"> positive affects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20resources" title=" personal resources"> personal resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20emotions" title=" negative emotions"> negative emotions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73857/study-on-the-role-of-positive-emotions-in-developmental-psychology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4484</span> Spectral Analysis Applied to Variables of Oil Wells Profiling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzana%20Leit%C3%A3o%20Russo">Suzana Leitão Russo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayara%20Laysa%20de%20Oliveira%20Silva"> Mayara Laysa de Oliveira Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Augusto%20Andrade%20Filho"> José Augusto Andrade Filho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitor%20Hugo%20Simon"> Vitor Hugo Simon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, seismic methods and prospecting methods are commonly applied in the oil industry and, according to the information reported every day; oil is a source of non-renewable energy. It is easier to understand why the ownership of areas of oil extraction is coveted by many nations. It is necessary to think about ways that will enable the maximization of oil production. The technique of spectral analysis can be used to analyze the behavior of the variables already defined in oil well the profile. The main objective is to verify the series dependence of variables, and to model the variables using the frequency domain to observe the model residuals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil" title="oil">oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well" title=" well"> well</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20analysis" title=" spectral analysis"> spectral analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20extraction" title=" oil extraction"> oil extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19979/spectral-analysis-applied-to-variables-of-oil-wells-profiling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4483</span> Automata-Based String Analysis for Detecting Malware in Android Programs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assad%20Maalouf">Assad Maalouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lunjin%20Lu"> Lunjin Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Lynott"> James Lynott</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We design and implement a precise model of string operations using finite state machine transformers and state transformers to approximate the values string variables can take throughout the execution of the program.We use our model to analyze Android program string variables. Our experimental results show that our string analysis is very efficient at detecting the contextual effect of string operations on the string variables. Our model proved to be very useful when it came to verifying statements about the string variables of the program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abstract%20interpretation" title="abstract interpretation">abstract interpretation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=android" title=" android"> android</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20analysis" title=" static analysis"> static analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=string%20analysis" title=" string analysis"> string analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130342/automata-based-string-analysis-for-detecting-malware-in-android-programs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4482</span> Personality Traits of Students Effecting Entrepreneurial Intention</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aamir%20Sohail"> Aamir Sohail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umair%20Malik"> Umair Malik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research in entrepreneurship has gained much attention in current academic environment. Youngsters are taking interest to start their own business in spite of risk matter. The objective of the study is to explain how various personality traits (personal attitude, locus of control, instrumental readiness and perceived behavioral control) are affecting entrepreneurial intention of students. The theory of planned behavior supports out study which explains that personal attractiveness, social norms and feasibility are the main factors that affect intentions of an individual. The sample data of 120 is collected from graduating batch of three reputed universities of Islamabad through questionnaires. Our results support the hypothesis that personality traits positively influence the entrepreneurial intention. We conclude from the study that many graduating students are willing to start a new venture, but most of them are likely to do a job in their respective fields. Risk factor also exists in their minds because in our country most people are risk-averse and they do not want to lose their money in case of loss. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20readiness" title=" instrumental readiness"> instrumental readiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=locus%20of%20control" title=" locus of control"> locus of control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20attitude" title=" personal attitude"> personal attitude</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86481/personality-traits-of-students-effecting-entrepreneurial-intention" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4481</span> Consumers’ Responses to Non-Traditional Marketing Communication Strategies for Advertising Herbal Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chioma%20Ifeoma%20Agbasimelo">Chioma Ifeoma Agbasimelo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Afam%20Kenechukwu"> Stephen Afam Kenechukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examined consumers’ responses to non-traditional marketing communication strategies in advertising herbal products. The study identified the following non-traditional marketing communication strategies: (a) trado-instrumental marketing strategy, (b) trado-demonstrative marketing strategy, and (c) trado-iconographic marketing strategy. Anchored on the Black Box Theory, it adopted the survey design of three metropolises (Awka, Onitsha, and Nnewi) in Anambra State, Nigeria. Major findings indicated that among the identified strategies, the trado-instrumental marketing strategy is the most dominant strategy. Other strategies: (b) trado-demonstrative marketing strategy and (c) trado-iconographic marketing strategy are sparingly used in semi-urban cities. It also found that consumers’ preferences and adoption of non-traditional marketing communication were minimal. Based on the findings, there is a need to create a unified system of integration of both traditional and non-traditional marketing communication strategies due to technology interfaces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advertising" title="advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumers%E2%80%99%20responses" title=" consumers’ responses"> consumers’ responses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20products" title=" herbal products"> herbal products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-traditional%20marketing%20communication%20strategies" title=" non-traditional marketing communication strategies"> non-traditional marketing communication strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164569/consumers-responses-to-non-traditional-marketing-communication-strategies-for-advertising-herbal-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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