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It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]], due to its archaeological significance. ==Name== In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldez's Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a [[Fishing ranchos|fishing ''rancho'']]<ref group=Note>[[Spaniard]]s from [[Cuba]] began fishing along the coast of [[southwestern Florida]] in the 17th century, trading with the [[Calusa]] and employing them in the fishing industry. When the [[Seminole]] displaced the Calusa in the early 18th century, they also began trading with and working for the Cubans. Later in the century fishing companies from [[Havana]] set up permanent stations, ''ranchos'', on islands along the coast. The ''ranchos'' were used from September to March each year to dry and salt fish caught along the coast to supply Havana. Indians living in the area, possibly Calusa at first, and later Seminole, worked seasonally at the ''ranchos'', staying on in the area during the off-season. Some children born on Useppa Island with Spanish fathers and Indian mothers were taken to Cuba to be baptised.(Hammond:355, 357, 359; {{cite journal|last=Worth|first=John|title=Details Emerge on "Spanish Indians" of Useppa Island|journal=Friends of the Rendell Research Center|date=June 2005|volume=5|issue=2|page=2|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/RRC_Vol5_No2.pdf|access-date=16 February 2012}})</ref> on the island, called it Josepha's when he sold it in 1833. The name Useppa first appeared on a hydrological chart of the area in 1855.<ref>Milanich, et al.:267</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=An Archaeological and Historical Timeline of Useppa Island|url=http://useppahs.org/pages/useppa_history.html|publisher=Useppa Island Historical Society|access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> Like the nearby islands of [[Gasparilla Island|Gasparilla]], [[Sanibel Island|Sanibel]], and [[Captiva Island|Captiva]], a [[folk etymology]] has developed connecting Useppa Island's name to the legendary [[pirate]] captain [[José Gaspar]], also known as Gasparilla. A local folk story, extant in at least two versions, tells of Gaspar kidnapping a Spanish princess, with whom he becomes enamored. When she spurns his advances he kills her, but is overtaken by remorse and buries her himself on the beach. One version identifies the princess as Josefa, daughter of [[Martín de Mayorga]], [[List of Viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy]] of [[New Spain]] from 1779 to 1782, and indicates that her burial place of Useppa Island still bears her name in an altered form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= D'Ans |first1= André-Marcel |year= 1980|title= The Legend of Gasparilla: Myth and History on Florida's West Coast|journal= Tampa Bay History |volume= 2|issue= 2|pages= 7}}</ref> ==Geology== Useppa Island is {{convert|1|mi|km|1|abbr=off}} long north to south, and up to {{convert|1/2|mi|km|abbr=off}} wide. A ridge, up to {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=off}} high, runs along much of the eastern edge of the island. A ridge up to {{convert|40|ft|m}} high is in the middle of the island along the western side. A {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=mid|-tall}} conical shell midden with ramps is located on the west side of the island towards the southern end. The southern end of the island may have grown by as much as {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=off}} during the 20th century, possibly when a golf course was developed there. The island was part of the Florida mainland during the [[last glacial period]], when the sea level around Florida was {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off}} or more lower than today. Useppa Island is high ground that became separated from the mainland by a rising sea level around 4500 [[Current Era|BCE]]. This high ground is believed to be stabilized sand dunes formed during a high sea level episode prior to the last glacial episode. During the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE [[barrier island]]s formed to the west of Useppa Island, creating Pine Island Sound and protecting Useppa Island from the open [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name=timeline/><ref>Milanich, et al.:262-63, 264, 266-67</ref> ==History== Before Useppa Island separated from the mainland, the area was visited by [[Paleo-Indians]], who were present in Florida by at least 8,000 BCE. Soon after the sea level had risen enough to separate the island from the mainland, around 4500 BCE, Indians of the [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]] began living on the island for part of the year, primarily during the spring and summer. Oyster shells were deposited in [[midden]]s from this time. Tools made from seashells during the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE show a cultural affinity with [[Horr's Island archaeological site|Horr's Island]] to the south.<ref name=timeline/> After about 3000 BCE bodies were buried on Useppa Island in a [[Burial#Body positioning|flexed position]]. [[Steatite]] stone vessels and fiber-[[Temper (pottery)|tempered]] pottery came into use on the island after 2000 BCE. Sand-tempered pottery appeared after 1200 BCE. Seasonal occupation of the island continued through the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BCE) and into the [[Caloosahatchee culture]] period, until about 1200. While the island may have been used occasionally as a fishing camp after that date, there is no known sustained occupation of the island until after 1700. Shortly after 1700, the [[Calusa]] people (the people of the Caloosahatchee culture region during the historic period) were killed, carried away to slavery, or driven out of the area by [[Muscogee people|Creek]] and [[Yamasee]] people (who later coalesced into the [[Seminole]].<ref name=timeline/> Later in the 18th century and as late as 1835 [[Muspa]] Indians, possibly descendants of people who lived in the Calusa town of Muspa (on or near [[Marco Island, Florida|Marco Island]]) were reported to be living in the [[Charlotte Harbor (estuary)|Charlotte Harbor]] and [[Pine Island (Lee County, Florida)|Pine Island]] area. Around 1784, Jose Caldez of Cuba began using Useppa Island as the base for his seasonal fishing operations. Caldez employed both Cubans and local Native Americans at this fishing ''rancho''. By 1833 the ''rancho'' consisted of close to 20 palmetto-thatched houses and about 60 people.<ref name=timeline/><ref>Covington:61-62</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hodge|first=Frederick Webb|title=Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico:A - M|year=1907|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, D.C.|page=963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kugNAAAAIAAJ&q=muspa+tribe&pg=PA963}}</ref> The [[Second Seminole War]] began in late 1835. Henry Crews, the U.S. [[Customs officer]] on Josefa Island (Useppa), was killed in late March 1836, possibly by Seminoles or by Indians working at the ''rancho''. Crews had been at odds with the Spaniards at the fishing ''rancho'', believing that they were using fishing as a cover for large scale smuggling. After the death of Crews, the "Americans" living around Charlotte Harbor, which probably included Spaniards and ''rancho'' Indians, fled to the ''rancho'' operated by William Bunce on Passage Island in [[Tampa Bay]]. In late 1836 the ''ranchos'' around Charlotte Harbor, including the Caldez ''rancho'' on Useppa, were reported to be abandoned and "largely destroyed." ''Rancho'' Indians, including those who were married to Cubans or were half-Cuban, were gathered up by the Army and sent west to [[Indian Territory]].<ref name=timeline/><ref>Hammond:367-68, 377, 378</ref> The area around Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island, including Josefa Island, remained sparsely inhabited for several decades. The U.S. Army established [[Fort Casey (Florida)|Fort Casey]] on, renamed, Useppa Island early in 1850, but abandoned it before the end of the year. Union troops and refugee Union sympathizers occupied the island in December 1863, and mounted a small raid into Charlotte Harbor and up the [[Myakka River]], which resulted in some skirmishes with Confederate troops and irregulars. The troops on Useppa Island moved to [[Fort Myers, Florida#History|Fort Myers]] after it was established in January, 1864. The [[United States Census|Census]] of 1870 found two residents on the island. It was reported to be uninhabited in 1885, and to have one family in residence in 1895.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dillon|first=Rodney E. Jr.|date=January 1984|title="The Little Affair": The Southwest Florida Campaign, 1863–1864|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|volume=62|issue=3|pages=314–331|jstor=30146289}}</ref> Chicago businessman John Roach built a hotel on Useppa Island in 1896. [[Barron Collier]] bought the island in 1911, and developed the resort, enlarging the hotel and adding tennis courts and a 9-hole golf course. Collier made the island his official residence, from which he directed his real estate empire. Collier died in 1939, and the resort was closed during [[World War II]]. Hurricanes in 1944 and 1946 damaged the hotel, and it was torn down. The island opened again as a resort in 1946, continuing until 1960. In 1960, Useppa briefly served as a [[CIA]] training base for [[Cuban exile]]s in preparation for the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]].<ref name=timeline/> Useppa Island changed hands four times in the 1960s and 1970s, with two short-lived attempts to operate it as a resort. Gar Beckstead bought the island in 1976 and his company, Useppa Inn and Dock Company, has operated it as a private resort since then. [[Hurricane Charley]] heavily damaged the island in 2004. The rebuilt Collier Inn was re-opened one year later.<ref name=timeline/> The Useppa Island Historical Society operates the Barbara Sumwalt Museum on the island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.useppahs.org/pages/visit_museum.html|title=Useppa Island: A History of 10,000 Years|date=2018|website=Useppa Island Historical Society|access-date=November 5, 2019}}</ref> ==Archaeological investigations== While some archaeologists passed by or visited Useppa Island in the 19th century, the first scientific excavation on the island was by [[John W. Griffin (archaeologist)|John Griffin]] and Hale Smith, who collected ceramics from a disturbed midden in 1947. Jerald Milanich and [[Jefferson Chapman]] conducted more extensive excavations on Collier Mound and adjacent middens in 1979 and 1980, using a backhoe to dig trenches in mound and middens.<ref>Milanich, et al.:268-70</ref> William Marquardt and Michael Hansinger conducted an excavation on Collier Ridge in 1985. Marquardt and Corbett Torrence excavated several locations on the island in 1989. Marquardt excavated a burial on a lot scheduled for construction in 1994. Volunteers associated with the Rendell Research Society, the University of California Los Angeles, and the Useppa Island Historical Society excavated a shell axe workshop on the island in 2006.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dietler|first=John|title=Useppa Island Fieldwork Reaches Successful Conclusion|journal=Friends of the Rendell Research Center|date=June 2006|volume=5|issue=2|pages=1–2|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/RRC_Vol5_No2.pdf|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=Note}} ==Citations== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{cite journal|last=Covington|first=James W.|title=A Petition from Some Latin-American Fishermen; 1838|journal=Tequesta|year=1954|volume=XIV|pages=61–65|url=http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1954/54_1_04.pdf|access-date=29 January 2012}} *{{cite journal|last=Hammond|first=E. A.|title=The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|date=April 1973|volume=51|issue=4|pages=355–80|jstor=30145870}} *{{cite book|last=Milanich|first=J. T., J. Chapman, A. S. Cordell, S. Hale, and R. A. Marrinan|title=Perspectives on Gulf Coast Prehistory|year=1984|publisher=University of Florida Press|location=Gainesville, Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-0756-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesongu0000unse/page/258 258–314]|editor=Dave D. Davis|chapter=Prehistoric Development of Calusa Society in Southwest Florida: Excavations on Useppa Island|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesongu0000unse/page/258}} ==External links== * [http://useppa.com/ Useppa Island Club website] * [http://www.flheritage.com Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216141343/http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/places/index.cfm?fuseaction=ListAreas&county=Lee Lee County listings] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20040107014350/http://www.useppa.com/society.html Useppa Island Museum] {{authority control}} {{Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in Florida]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Florida]] [[Category:Gulf Coast barrier islands of Florida]] [[Category:Islands of Lee County, Florida]] [[Category:Shell middens in Florida]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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