CINXE.COM

国家 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>国家 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"033b81a3-9c1e-4253-8f99-662b4b476b9e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"国家","wgTitle":"国家","wgCurRevisionId":84481730,"wgRevisionId":84481730,"wgArticleId":4158,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","自2014年6月需要校對的頁面","自2014年6月准确性有争议的作品","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","自2014年6月需补充来源的条目","需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","需要拆分的条目","含有多个问题的条目","含有英語的條目","含有法語的條目","含有西班牙語的條目","含有義大利語的條目","含有拉丁語的條目","含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面", "含有古希臘語的條目","需补充来源的条目","使用小型訊息框的頁面","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","国家","政治","政治學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"国家","wgRelevantArticleId":4158,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"國家","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6256","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=ext.gadget.large-font&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="国家 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-国家 rootpage-国家 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-词源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关词源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-漢語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>漢語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>歐洲語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>概论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各個年代形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各個年代形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>各個年代形式</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-各個年代形式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关各個年代形式子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-各個年代形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>古代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-封建歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#封建歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>封建歐洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-封建歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>現代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>理论</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-理论-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关理论子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治哲学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治哲学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>政治哲学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治哲学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-當代理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#當代理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>當代理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-當代理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-馬克思主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬克思主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>馬克思主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬克思主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多元論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多元論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>多元論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多元論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制度主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制度主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>制度主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-制度主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公民社會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公民社會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>公民社會</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公民社會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>國際系統</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-國際系統-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关國際系統子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-國際系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-超國家主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超國家主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>超國家主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超國家主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>國際法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">国家</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。170种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF" title="بلد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="দেশ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jach%27a_marka" title="Jach&#039;a marka – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jach&#039;a marka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lk%C9%99" title="Ölkə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87" title="اؤلکه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤلکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banwa" title="Banwa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banwa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Краіна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Краіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Краіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Краіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Страна – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Страна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaontri" title="Kaontri – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kaontri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ခမ်းထီ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="দেশ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_(%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE)" title="দেশ (তালিকা) – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="দেশ (তালিকা)" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro" title="Bro – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Zemlja (država) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemlja (država)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3k-g%C4%83" title="Guók-gă – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guók-gă" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Мохк – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мохк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasod" title="Nasod – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nasod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وڵات – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi" title="Paesi – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paesi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD" title="Státní území – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní území" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Çĕршыв – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕршыв" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Geographie)" title="Land (Geographie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Land (Geographie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2" title="འཛམ་གླིང་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་དག་གི་མིང་རྫོང་དབྱིན་རྒྱ་གསུམ་ཤན་བསྦྱར – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་དག་གི་མིང་རྫོང་དབྱིན་རྒྱ་གསུམ་ཤན་བསྦྱར" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Χώρα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χώρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando" title="Lando – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_(piirkond)" title="Maa (piirkond) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa (piirkond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrialde" title="Herrialde – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herrialde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کشور – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_(alue)" title="Maa (alue) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maa (alue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanitu" title="Matanitu – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Matanitu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays" title="Pays – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payis" title="Payis – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Payis" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2n" title="Lân – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="國家 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="國家" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9yi" title="Péyi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Péyi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9thaich" title="Dùthaich – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùthaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6" title="દેશ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દેશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87heer" title="Çheer – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çheer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98asa,_yanki" title="Ƙasa, yanki – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙasa, yanki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koet-k%C3%A2" title="Koet-kâ – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koet-kâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumoku%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Kaumokuʻāina – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kaumokuʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ארץ (גאוגרפיה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארץ (גאוגרפיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des" title="Des – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Des" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(geografski_pojam)" title="Zemlja (geografski pojam) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemlja (geografski pojam)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyi" title="Peyi – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Peyi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1g" title="Ország – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84)" title="Երկիր (տարածք) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկիր (տարածք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais" title="Pais – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pais" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menua" title="Menua – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Menua" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuna" title="Nuna – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nuna" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagilian" title="Pagilian – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagilian" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Mохк – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Mохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando" title="Lando – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_(geografia)" title="Paese (geografia) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paese (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD" title="国 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konchri" title="Konchri – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Konchri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gugde" title="gugde – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gugde" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქვეყანა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვეყანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB" title="Ел – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ел" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="ប្រទេស – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ದೇಶ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="나라 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%D9%84%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="مُلُک – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مُلُک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welat" title="Welat – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Welat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow" title="Pow – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%A9" title="Өлкө – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өлкө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pagus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiz" title="Paiz – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Paiz" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Уьлкве – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Уьлкве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landj_(geografie)" title="Landj (geografie) – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Landj (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%A9" title="Esé – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Esé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0alis" title="Šalis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme_(teritorija)" title="Zeme (teritorija) – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zeme (teritorija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenena" title="Firenena – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF" title="ရးနိဂီု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရးနိဂီု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(geografi)" title="Negara (geografi) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara (geografi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajji%C5%BC" title="Pajjiż – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pajjiż" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AD%C3%A7" title="Paíç – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paíç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="တိုင်းပြည် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C" title="لزمی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لزمی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="देश – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="देय् – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="देय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(geografie)" title="Land (geografie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Land (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays" title="Pays – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pays" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਦੇਸ਼ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੇਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais" title="Pais – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pais" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="देशा – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="देशा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntrii" title="Kuntrii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kuntrii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraj_(pa%C5%84stwo)" title="Kraj (państwo) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraj (państwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="دیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="هیواد – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هیواد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="País" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyu_(mamallaqta)" title="Suyu (mamallaqta) – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suyu (mamallaqta)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them" title="Them – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Them" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aar%C4%83" title="Țară – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Страна – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Країна – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Країна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Дойду – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дойду" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintra" title="Kintra – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kintra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AA" title="ملڪ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(geografski_pojam)" title="Zemlja (geografski pojam) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemlja (geografski pojam)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7" title="රට – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%BEela" title="Dežela – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dežela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atunu%27u" title="Atunu&#039;u – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Atunu&#039;u" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadan" title="Wadan – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wadan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendi" title="Vendi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vendi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Земља (геополитика) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земља (геополитика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondre" title="Kondre – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha" title="Naha – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Naha" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagri" title="Nagri – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nchi" title="Nchi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nchi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நாடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qalang_(Koka)" title="qalang (Koka) – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qalang (Koka)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="దేశం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кишвар – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кишвар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ประเทศ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ሃገር – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሃገር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa" title="Bansa – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bansa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1v%C9%99r" title="Kišvər – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kišvər" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clke" title="Ülke – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ülke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alang" title="Alang – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Alang" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шаер – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шаер" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دۆلەت – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۆلەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Країна – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Країна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9" title="ملک – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlakat" title="Mamlakat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mamlakat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目、​优良条目"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A9ze" title="Paéze – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paéze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia" title="Quốc gia – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Län" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasud" title="Nasud – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nasud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="國家 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="國家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქიანა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="לאנד – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guekgya" title="Guekgya – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Guekgya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ka" title="Kok-ka – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A6" title="邦 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;oldid=84481730" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&amp;page=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;id=84481730&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Countries" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6256" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">&#160;&#160;</span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于其他用法,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="國家 (消歧義)">國家 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>,請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Talk:国家">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>,以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年6月11日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>,幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。(<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Talk:国家">討論</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>內容<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="Wikipedia:准确性争议">疑欠准确</a>,有待查證。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年6月11日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Talk:国家">讨论页</a>討論問題所在及加以改善,若此條目仍有爭議及<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="Wikipedia:准确性争议">准确度</a>欠佳,會被提出<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%AD%98%E5%BB%A2%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96" title="Wikipedia:頁面存廢討論">存廢討論</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年6月11日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&amp;as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">"国家"</a> &#8212; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=&amp;as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&amp;q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&amp;as_brr=0&amp;as_pub=-icon&amp;q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&amp;q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&amp;safe=off&amp;q=%22%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%22">图像</a></span>),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>)。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" class="extiw" title="en:Country">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题,请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译,也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>,译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>,或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">本條目被提議<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8B%86%E5%88%86" title="Wikipedia:条目拆分">拆分</a></b>至新條目「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a>」。(<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Talk:国家">討論</a>)<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:";"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:政治">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ededed;padding-bottom:0;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="投票箱" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/70px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/105px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/140px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">基本主题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="政治史">政治史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="世界政治史">世界政治史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="政治学基本主题列表(页面不存在)">各国政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="政体">政治体系</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="联盟制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="联盟制(页面不存在)">联盟制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" class="extiw" title="en:Federacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federacy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁政体">独裁制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="委员会制">委员会制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="精英政治">精英政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="神权政治">神权政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">学术门类</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="政治学家">政治学家</a>)</small></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學">國際關係學</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">理论</a>)</small></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="比较政治学">比较政治学</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制">官僚制</a><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%82%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="基层官僚">基层</a>)</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灵活组织机构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adhocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="灵活组织机构(页面不存在)">灵活组织机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Adhocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adhocracy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a><small>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共政策原则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public policy doctrine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公共政策原则(页面不存在)">原则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Public policy doctrine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public policy doctrine</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="公眾利益">公共利益</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="外交政策">外交政策</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">政府机构</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="權力分立">权力分立</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机构</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="司法機關">司法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="選舉委員會">选举机构</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">相关主题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治行为理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of political behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="政治行为理论(页面不存在)">政治行为理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of political behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of political behavior</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生理与政治导向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biology and political orientation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="生理与政治导向(页面不存在)">生理与政治导向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" class="extiw" title="en:Biology and political orientation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biology and political orientation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="政治組織">政治組織</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">下属系列</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">选举制度</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="选举">选举</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党">政党</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Politics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Politics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>国家</b>,又称<b>国</b>或<b>邦</b>,現代多指<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a>。廣義而言,国家是指拥有共同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4" title="族群">种族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">政权</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a>之社会群体;狹義而言,国家為一定范围内的人群所形成的共同体。一般国家以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="行政管理">行政管理</a>当局為其<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5" title="象徵">象徵</a>,係擁有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>治理權力的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">国家机构</a>,在一定的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a>內擁有內外部<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="蒙特維多國家權利義務公約">蒙特維多國家權利義務公約</a></div> <p>在國際法上的國家實體必須具備以下條件: </p> <ul><li>「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口">人口</a>」,即常住于该国的人。</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="領土">領土</a>」,由國家持有並管理之地理位置,包含固定领土(例如土地)和浮動領土(延伸領土,例如隶属于该国的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="船舶">船舶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%99%A8" title="航空器">航空器</a>)。</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>」,代表國家行事的機構體系。</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a>」,對內擁有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="統治">統治</a>權,對外具有与其他国家建立关系的能力。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古漢語中原有「國」或「邦」的單字,原義為城市或城市領土邊界,為封建制下諸侯的封地。因為領土採<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="世襲">世襲</a>傳承,與「家」結合,成為複合詞「國家」,意為由某個家族建立的世襲王朝。在中國清代之前,認為世界所有領土皆由皇帝擁有,因此沒有明確的國家概念,古漢語中的「國家」不完全與現代一致。現代漢語所說的國家,其意義主要起源於歐洲16世紀至19世紀間的各種政治學說,在19世紀中後期由歐洲國家與美國陸續傳入中國。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="漢語"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E"></span>漢語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:漢語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汉语中“国家”一词,上古稱為<b>國</b>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>本字為<b>戓</b>(後來發展為<b>或</b>字),象徵執武器守衛<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="領土">領土</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87" title="金文">金文</a>中加入「囗」(即「圍」),象徵城牆,形成現在的<b>國</b>,有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>、城市、都城之意<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。域也是由此分化出來。另外又有<b>邦</b>字,與國同義,甲骨文本義為在田野疆界上種植的樹木,<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87" title="金文">金文</a>轉變為丰加上邑,強化領土與邊界的概念,後轉化為指諸侯的封地<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>汉语古代“国”的涵义类似但不等同于現代观念中的“国家”,而“国”与“家”在最初是有区分的<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="周易">周易</a>》:“是以身安而國家可保也”。“国”從部落聯盟的氏族土地,至商周成為對其諸侯封地<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢</a>以後以一國而統天下,由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="儒家文化">儒家文化</a>強調“家國同構”,家又指家庭、家族,從而形成了“家”“国”並提的條件,“國家”指一國整體,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="西漢">西漢</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%8B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="說苑">說苑</a>》:“苟有可以安國家,利人民者”,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="明史">明史</a>》:“國家正賴公耳”。但是中国古籍中出现的“国家”指由某個姓氏家族形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="王朝">王朝</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并非近代民族国家的观念。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%B8%90" class="mw-redirect" title="西学东渐">西学东渐</a>时,才用“国家”一词附会西方的state<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲語言"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>歐洲語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:歐洲語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)" title="國 (政治實體)">國 (政治實體)</a>和<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></div> <p>在英語中,有數個單字可以對應到漢語中的國家。最常見的是<span lang="en">country</span> ,本義為一塊有特定範圍的土地,類似於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a>的法語:<span lang="fr">pays</span>、西班牙語:<span lang="es">País</span>,皆是領土的意思,與漢語「國」的原始意義接近,這個單字可以指在主權國家之下的一個特定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F" title="區域">區域</a>,也可以指獨立國家(<span lang="en">sovereign country</span>)的領土,經由引申,成為國家的意思<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。country一词并不只代表主权国家<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#个人出版物(网络与纸媒)" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="這個來源似乎為當事人自己公開發表的來源。">自述来源</span></a>&#93;</sup>,在形容主权国家时,翻译为国家;而在用于形容争议地段或者无主权地区时,翻译为地区<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#个人出版物(网络与纸媒)" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="這個來源似乎為當事人自己公開發表的來源。">自述来源</span></a>&#93;</sup>。 </p><p>另一個同義字英語:<span lang="en">state</span>,是政治學上常用的術語。最早来自于意大利思想家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬基雅維利">馬基雅維利</a>所用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>:<span lang="it">statos</span>一詞,该词来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>:<span lang="la">status</span>,本義為「現狀」。<span lang="en">State</span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="一般化">一般化</a>形式,指的是一個在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%90%86" title="法理">法理</a>上如同一個單一整體運作的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-disambig" title="組織">組織</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="群體">群體</a>,這個組織中的成員有共同的認同,採取共同行動。<span lang="en">State</span>得用以指稱地方政府,如行省,可以指聯邦制國家下的個別成員,也可以用來指一個國家。一個擁有主權的國家,稱為主權國家。 </p><p>另一個有時被譯為國家的英語單字<span lang="en">nation</span>,原是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>的意義,因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族國家</a>(英語:<span lang="en">nation state</span>)的興起,在某些段落中,也被翻譯為國家。如果就「<span lang="en">nation</span>」這個字在現代英文中的意義而言,「<span lang="en">nation</span>」不僅指涉中文的「國家」(即英文的同義字<span lang="en">state</span>、<span lang="en">country</span>、<span lang="en">commonwealth</span>),也可以指涉「民族」(即英文的同義字<span lang="en">people</span>、<span lang="en">tribe</span>、<span lang="en">nationality</span>),而當「民族」以追求獨立自治、建立「國家」為政治目標時,「<span lang="en">nation</span>」亦可以被理解成「國族」或「民族國家」(即<span lang="en">nation-state</span>或<span lang="en">national state</span>)(<a href="#CITEREF江宜樺1998">江宜樺 1998</a>,第7頁)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREF江宜樺1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>。 </p><p><span lang="en">Polity</span>,源自<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>:<span lang="grc">πολις</span>(Polis),原意為由公民組成的共同體,這個單字來自古希臘的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦國家</a>。 </p><p>另一個同義字<span lang="en">commonwealth</span>,又譯共同體或聯合體,源自于拉丁语“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9" title="公众事物">公众事物</a>”(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>:<span lang="la">Res publica</span>)一词,指經由人民匯集成的共同財富與力量,是國家形成的基礎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概论"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AE.BA"></span>概论</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:概论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="人文地理">人文地理</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="范畴 (哲学)">范畴</a>,国家是指被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>区别出来的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a>;被政治自治权区别出来的一块<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">领地</a>;一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">领地</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="邦国">邦国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a>;跟特定的人有关联的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="地区">地区</a>。 </p><p>依據<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯">马克斯·韦伯</a>的定義,國家擁有合法使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%9F%E6%96%B7" title="對暴力的壟斷">對暴力的壟斷</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因此國家包括了一些機構,如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="武装力量">武裝部隊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1" title="公務員">公務人員</a>或是國家<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B1%82%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科层制">官僚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="法院">法院</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察">警察</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>机构。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係">國際關係</a>理論中,只要一國的獨立地位被別國所承認,這個國家便能踏入國際的領域,而這也是證明其自身主權的重要關鍵。 </p><p>雖然國家一詞通常廣泛用以稱呼所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>機構或統治行為——古代或現代皆然,但現代國家制度的許多特色要直到15世紀的西歐才開始出現。 </p><p>在20世紀後期,世界經濟的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>——人民和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="資本">資本</a>的流動性、以及許多國際機構的崛起,使得國家的治理能力受限,不過,絕大多數國家依然擁有著基礎的主權職能。故國家依然是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治學">政治學</a>研究裡最主要的領域之一,而國家的定義也經常是學者爭論的焦點。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治社會學">政治社會學</a>裡,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯">马克斯·韦伯</a>的理論通常傾向於放寬國家的定義,以增加對於擁有強迫力量機構的重視。 </p><p>自從19世紀後期以後,全世界所有可居住的土地都已經被各國劃分了;在此之前,大量面積的土地若非無人居住,便是尚未有國家宣稱其主權,又或者只有遊牧民族居住。至2016年為止,全世界已經有近200個國家,其中有197个被普遍承認的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a>(包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国会员国">联合国会员国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%A1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國觀察員列表">聯合國觀察員國家</a>),及10个「擁有實際對內主權」但主权具争议国家<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,其中絕大多數(193)都是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>成員<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF" title="乔纳森·哈斯">乔纳森·哈斯</a>概括了两种国家起源的模式:一种是冲突论,认为国家的产生源自于解决社会分层制度中的内在冲突的需要;一种是融合论,认为国家的出现是社会协作的需要。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>哈斯总结了国家产生的途径,主要有三种: </p> <ul><li>国家的演进是在环境限制和频繁战争中进行的</li> <li>国家的演进是在大量基本生活资料要求输出和交换的基础上进行的</li> <li>国家是在大规模水利灌溉工程中演进的</li></ul> <p>英国哲学家大卫·休谟则认为,历史上有案可查的国家历史说明,国家起源于少数人使用武力强行对大多数人施行统治。他否认人们因为签署社会契约而形成国家。他认为,在远古的时代,所有人都是没有文化的粗人,没有权利和义务的概念。在那个时候,只有依靠武力才能建立国家。 </p><p>德国哲学家伊曼纽尔·康德认为,原初分散居住的人为了抵御游牧民族或游民的侵扰而集中居住,形成村庄和城镇,形成社会。这样, 人们开始为了自身安全而组织建构规模较大的社会。他们将自己武装起来,自己管理自己。国家渐渐成型。根据这样的推理,英国社会学家赫伯特·斯宾塞进一步认为,社会里的战争导致形成国家。他声称建立所有古代国家的国王原来都是将军。 </p><p>卡尔·马克思认为国家是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="原始社会">原始社会</a>晚期<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%88%B6" title="私有制">私有制</a>产生之后才出现的,之前只有以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%B7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="血緣">血缘</a>关系为基础的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD" title="部落">部落</a>。根据对古代欧洲和中国的考古学和人类学的一些研究,氏族公社向国家的过渡有两种模式:直接从氏族社会中演化形成;从氏族社会解体后出现的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%82%A6" title="酋邦">酋邦</a>中演化形成。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 马克思认为,国家满足了占据统治地位的社会阶级对其他阶级实施统治的需要。 </p><p>最近,还有一种由海外华裔学者于星创立的新理论认为,人类使用语言导致国家的形成。认为自从人类开始使用语言以来,他们就不断利用和开发媒介。媒介延长通讯距离。人们在更大范围通讯,形成更大规模社会。以亲属关系为纽带形成的原始社会解体,以语言为纽带建立的文明社会成型。换言之,组成原始社会里的部落的所有成员必须经由同样的血缘关系而连接在一起,而组成文明社会里的国家的所有成员必须使用同样一种语言。政治语言学采用这个观点。这个观点也是学术界建构正在兴起的政治语言学的理论基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各個年代形式"><span id=".E5.90.84.E5.80.8B.E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>各個年代形式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:各個年代形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:古代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a>史上首個國家在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>,首個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國">帝國</a>則由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德</a>人所建立。而在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>,國家<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>起源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>。在古代時,國家有著許多形式,例如希臘時代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國王">國王</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="軍隊">軍隊</a>,或者是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="前4世紀">前4世紀</a>以前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">希臘城邦</a>時代,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="自由人">自由人</a>會被授與<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="公民">公民</a>權,這些城邦的「民主」一直持續到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大</a>時代逐漸被各王國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="攻佔(页面不存在)">攻佔</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="殖民">殖民</a>才結束。 </p><p>相較之下,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">羅馬</a>並沒有採用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主</a>,但卻從<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马王政时代">君王</a>體制發展為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和</a>體制,由羅馬貴族主導的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="羅馬元老院">元老院</a>進行統治。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">希臘城邦</a>促成了直接<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>的概念,而羅馬則促成了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%95" title="罗马法">罗马法</a>裡的概念,以及區分<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E7%A7%81%E6%9D%83" title="隐私权">私人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公共領域">公共領域</a>的概念。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="封建歐洲"><span id=".E5.B0.81.E5.BB.BA.E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2"></span>封建歐洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:封建歐洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>的瓦解使得原有的帝國土地被各地的貴族所分割,這些貴族在政治上、司法上、和軍事上的角色都與經濟生產的組織一致。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>早期,西歐國家的權力被封建制度化,地方的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%9D%83" title="所有权">財產</a>所有人經由向領主宣示效忠而獲得土地和政權。在這種情況下,依據<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a>的說法,他們的地產便是社會的基礎經濟單位,也等同一個國家。 </p><p>封建歐洲的國家制度則是由封建主和君王組成的不穩定架構。君王在形式上是主權的首腦,但實際上卻沒有絕對的權力可以進行統治;相反地,貴族和君王間的關係是由不同程度的從屬關係所調解的,也沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85%E8%B3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="稅賦">稅賦</a>的中央制度。這種情況確保了統治者都必須得到領土內每個地主的「同意」。而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教">羅馬天主教</a>教會則擁有與統治者同等的立法權力,而不需附屬於現世的權威。因此「現代國家」的概念在中世紀封建時代仍尚未出現。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3"></span>現代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:現代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在西方,「現代國家」作為由最高政治權力和既定領土所組成的權力架構,一直要到15世紀後期才開始於西歐發展,並且在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">獨裁主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>的崛起中達到高峰。 </p><p>幾個歐洲的君王國家—<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%93%8E%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="都铎王朝">都铎王朝</a>統治下的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a>統治下的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="波旁王朝">波旁王朝</a>統治下的法國都展開了各種增強中央集權和經濟控制的計畫,他們逐漸發展出許多在今天被稱為「現代國家」的特色。這種中央集權的過程牽涉到政治邊界的劃分,歐洲的君王們逐漸擊敗其他的權力來源—例如教會或小型諸侯。取代了封建統治下分散的制度,改以大規模、統一的國家來統治逐漸浮現的既定領土。這個過程使高度的中央集權得以發展,並逐漸增加專制君王統治的官僚政治形式,在17和18世紀,現代國家制度的基本特徵已經形成,包括常備軍制度、中央的稅賦制度、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a>關係和常駐<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="外交代表機構">大使館</a>,以及國家經濟政策的發展—<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="重商主义">重商主义</a>。 </p><p>文化和民族的同質化在現代國家制度的發展裡也扮演了顯著角色。自從專制主義時代以來,國家泰半以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>作基礎所組織的。不過,即使是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4" title="族群">種族</a>同質化最深的社會裡,國家和民族也不一定能完全符合,因此國家經常主動促進<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>,強調國民對共同的象徵和民族的認同。 國家的形成究竟是由內部動力和衝突所推動的,或由國際的動力如<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>、或經濟支配所造成。馬克思主義者通常主張,在這個過程中<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>的浮現是重要的標誌,這也與民族國家的形成相符合。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="理论"><span id=".E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>理论</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治哲学"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6"></span>政治哲学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:政治哲学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>探讨国家本性的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a>对国家的界定,主要分为共同体说和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="契约论">契约论</a>两大流派。 </p><p>将国家視為政治共同体,是自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>以来就已经形成的古典政治观念。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>认为人是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>这个共同体中实现价值的,否则,人只是经济动物,而不是真正的人。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>,康德等人认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="共和国">共和国</a>是人们依照法律结成的具有共同利益的集合体<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>契约论者则认为国家是基于个人利益建立的,人们基于某种共同的利益而组成国家,并为实现个人利益而服务。人们通过订立契约的方式寻求和平,国家是“带剑的契约”,用以对违反契约的人进行处罚。霍布斯则将国家称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%9D%A6" title="利维坦">利维坦</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="當代理論"><span id=".E7.95.B6.E4.BB.A3.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>當代理論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:當代理論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg/220px-%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg/330px-%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg/440px-%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%AB%94%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%9C%96.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>歐洲的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="國際政治">國際政治</a>關係</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治學">政治學</a>裡對於「國家的理論」分為三種:馬克思主義、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="多元">多元論</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="制度主义">制度主義</a>。這三種理論都被用作解釋國家。有幾個問題使得解釋國家變得相當複雜。首先,國家的定義界線並不完整,而且經常改變。第二,國家並非只是不同團體互相鬥爭的舞台,但也是在團體的外部和內部進行衝突的舞台。一些學者經常提起「國家的利益」,但實際上在國家內部有著各種不同的利益團體,這些團體要並非只是單獨的以國家或社會為中心,而是在公民社會裡的不同團體和不同國家參與者之間所發展出的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="馬克思主義"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.85.8B.E6.80.9D.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>馬克思主義</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:馬克思主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;width:400px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFFFF0;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="margin:0px 2em;">人到老年就要死亡,党也是这样。阶级消灭了,作为阶级斗争的工具的一切东西,政党和国家机器,将因其丧失作用,没有需要,逐步地衰亡下去,完结自己的历史使命,而走到更高级的人类社会。我们和资产阶级政党相反。他们怕说阶级的消灭,国家权力的消灭和党的消灭。我们则公开声明,恰是为着促使这些东西的消灭而创设条件,而努力奋斗。共产党的领导和人民专政的国家权力,就是这样的条件。不承认这一条真理,就不是共产主义者。没有读过马克思列宁主义的刚才进党的青年同志们,也许还不懂得这一条真理。他们必须懂得这一条真理,才有正确的宇宙观。他们必须懂得,消灭阶级,消灭国家权力,消灭党,全人类都要走这一条路的,问题只是时间和条件。</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: right;">毛泽东《论人民民主专政——纪念中国共产党二十八周年》<br />(一九四九年六月三十日)</cite></div> <p>在近现代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="思想史">思想史</a>上,无论在分配问题上持何种态度,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="右翼">右翼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼">左翼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="经济学家">经济学家</a>都极为关注国家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="再分配">再分配</a>职能,但<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a>或许是重要的例外,他认为国家最终必然消亡。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>认为,国家是社会发展到一定历史阶段出现的,現代國家所扮演的角色是由他們在資本主義社會裡的位置所決定的。許多當代馬克思主義者都引述馬克思在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="共产党宣言">共产党宣言</a>裡的理論—國家是替資產階級管理一般事物的執政機構。而马克思主义对国家的经典定义来自<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="恩格斯">恩格斯</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E3%80%81%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="家庭、私有制和国家的起源">家庭、私有制和国家的起源</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>国家是表示:这个社会陷入了不可解决的自我矛盾,分裂为不可调和的对立面而又无力摆脱这些对立面。而为了使这些对立面,这些经济利益互相冲突的阶级,不致在无谓的斗争中把自己和社会消灭,就需要有一种表面上驾于社会之上的力量,这种力量应当缓和冲突,把冲突保持在‘秩序’的范围以内;这种从社会中产生但又居于社会之上并且日益同社会脱离的力量,就是国家。</p></blockquote> <p>馬克思主義認為国家是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阶级矛盾">阶级矛盾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="阶级斗争">阶级斗争</a>不可调和的产物,认为國家是统治阶级用来压迫另一阶级、维护自身统治的工具,國家的官方也因此與資本的擁有人享有相同的利益,並藉由政治和人與人之間的綑綁來連結兩者。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="列宁">列宁</a>认为:“国家是一个阶级压迫另一个阶级的暴力机器,是使一切被支配的阶级受一个阶级控制的机器。”认为在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="资产阶级">资产阶级</a>统治的国家不可能取得真正的民主自由,主张通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="暴力革命">暴力革命</a>推翻现阶段的资产阶级统治的国家,建立由<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="无产阶级专政">无产阶级专政</a>的国家,实现大多数无产阶级对少数的资产阶级的专政,并认为在此基础上,国家会逐渐成为一种不需要的东西并逐渐消亡。在这一点上<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>有着共同点,即都主张消灭国家,但列宁批判无政府主义者是要一夜之间取消国家而不采用暴力革命的手段。在一篇同无政府主义者的论战中,他写道: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>马克思在驳斥无政府主义者时,仅仅是反对这样地‘废除’国家!马克思完全不是反对国家将随阶级的消失而消失,或国家将随阶级的废除而废除,而是反对要工人拒绝使用武器,拒绝使用有组织的暴力,即拒绝使用应为‘粉碎资产阶级的反抗’这一目的服务的国家。</p></blockquote> <p>相較之下,其他一些馬克思主義理論家則聚焦於「誰控制國家才正當」的問題。希臘的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>理論家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E8%98%AD%E5%AF%9F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="尼科斯·普蘭察斯">尼科斯·普蘭察斯</a>認為,資本主義國家並非永遠依照著統治階級的利益行動,即使是在這種情況發生時,也並非是國家的官員有意這樣做的,而是因為國家的「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構</a>」位置安排會確保資本的長期利益能夠永遠支配這個社會。普蘭察斯對於馬克思主義作品的主要貢獻是「國家自主性」的概念,國家自主性的概念闡明並且指明了馬克思主義對於國家的概念。他的理論後來被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="結構功能主義">結構功能主義</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="多元論"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E5.85.83.E8.AB.96"></span>多元論</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:多元論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>新馬克思主義的理論在1960年代和1970年代的歐陸較具影響力,而多元論則在美國較具影響力。多元論學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伯特·達爾">羅伯特·達爾</a>認為國家既非爭奪利益的競技場,亦非某些<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="利益集团">利益集团</a>的代表機構。權力在社會的架構裡進行競爭,而國家政策則是週期性談判所製造的結果。雖然多元論承認不平等的存在,但他們宣稱所有團體都有機會向國家施壓。多元論認為國家的行為是由多頭政治和各種利益團體的壓力所產生的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="制度主義"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>制度主義</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:制度主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>馬克思主義和多元論都認為國家是社會裡的團體的行動所造成的,例如階級或是利益團體。故學者批評這兩者是「以社會為中心」來了解國家,這些學者強調國家的自主性,但同時也重視社會的力量。 </p><p>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新制度主义">新制度主義</a>」主張人的行為是機構的基本模型,宣稱國家並非是一種「工具」或是「競技場」,也不會依照某種階級的利益而「運作」。接受這種理論的學者強調公民社會在經濟和國家之間的介入,以解釋國家形式的變化。 </p><p>新制度主義在國家的理論上,主張國家是具有自主性的。換句話說,國家的公務人員有著他們自己的利益,而他們也會獨立的(也是與之衝突的)在社會裡追求扮演參與者的角色。由於國家控制了強迫的工具,並且使許多公民社會裡的團體必須倚賴著國家,國家的公務人員在一定的程度上也會對公民社會施加他們自己的偏好。 </p><p>新制度主義者們宣稱擁護马克斯·韦伯的理論,通常會區分所謂的「強勢國家」與「弱勢國家」,主張國家免於受社會施加壓力的「相對自主性」決定了國家的權力大小—這種理論也在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國際政治經濟(页面不存在)">國際政治經濟</a>的領域裡有一些支持者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="公民社會"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E6.B0.91.E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83"></span>公民社會</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:公民社會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>由於在國家發展的過程中,各種部分的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="公民社會">公民社會</a>擁有越來越多接觸國家機構和發展公共政策的角色,國家的界線也越來越難以區分。國家的界線總是在改變著,舉例而言,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化">私有化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="國有化">國有化</a>、和新的管制機構的創立。半自治組織的本質經常含糊不清,在判斷他們究竟屬於公民社會還是國家的問題上,也引起政治學家之間的爭論。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="尤尔根·哈贝马斯">尤尔根·哈贝马斯</a>論述<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公共领域">公共领域</a>的概念裡,他將公民社會定義為在國家制度之外的公共利益功能。相較之下早期的西方哲學家,如<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔">黑格尔</a>,則強調國家超越社會的地位。 </p><p>一些<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a>的理论家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西">安東尼奧·葛蘭西</a>,則全盤質疑在國家和公民社會之間的區分,他主張國家是由許多社會的部分所結合而成的。而<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="路易·皮埃尔·阿尔都塞">路易·皮埃尔·阿尔都塞</a>則主張公民社會的組織如<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="教堂">教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="学校">学校</a>、甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" title="工会">工会</a>都是組成國家機構的一部分。因此,在一個國家的社會裡存在著許多團體,這些團體在原則上是自治的,但仍需依賴國家的支援。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國際系統"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>國際系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:國際系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="超國家主義"><span id=".E8.B6.85.E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>超國家主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:超國家主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係">國際關係</a>理論家通常假定世界上存在著國際系統,國家進行各自的策略盤算,推估其他國家可能採取的行動。從這個觀點來看,涉入國際系統的國家將會面臨外部和內部安全以及合法性的兩難困境。最近以來「國際共同體」一詞被用以稱呼那些建立了國際規則、常規、和制度的國家們,這些國家以此來引導他們之間的關係。國際法、外交、正式政權、和組織的根基也從這裡衍生。 </p><p>20世紀後期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>的現象也引發了關於國家是否能保持主權的行動自由的爭論。全球化限制了國家在某些領域的行動自由,尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="西歐">西歐</a>國家,最突出的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>所進行的整合。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國際法"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E6.B3.95"></span>國際法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:國際法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國家地位的法律標準是不明確的。通常這方面的法律都被政治情況所左右。不過,在1933年簽訂的<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="蒙特維多國家權利義務公約">蒙特維多公約</a>經常被引述,這份公約的第一項條文聲明: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>在國際法上的國家實體應該必須擁有以下條件: </p><ul><li>固定的人口;</li> <li>既定的國界;</li> <li>政府;</li> <li>與其他國家發展關係的能力。</li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《考工記》:「匠人營國,旁三門,國中九經九緯,經涂九軌,左祖右社,面朝後市。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《說文解字》:「邦,國也。从邑,丰聲。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《尚书》:“天子建国,诸侯立家。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">胡厚宣《殷代封建制度考》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐中舒主编:《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="汉语大字典">汉语大字典</a>》,四川辞书出版社、湖北辞书出版社,1986年版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《荀子·儒效》謂「周公兼制天下,立七十一國,姬姓獨居五十三人。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">顧炎武《日知錄》:「易姓改號,謂之亡國;仁義充塞,而至於率獸食人,人將相食,謂之亡天下。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-孙关宏-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%99%E5%85%B3%E5%AE%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="孙关宏(页面不存在)">孙关宏</a>等 《政治学概论》,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="复旦大学出版社">复旦大学出版社</a>,2003年7月,p73-114 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787309036619" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-309-03661-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, J. (1964). <i>What Makes a Country? Human Events</i>, <b>24</b>(31), 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yute Kern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B0%A1%E7%95%A5%E8%AB%87/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6-%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8Bnation-country%E8%88%87sovereign-state-931265b612c9">什麼是國家──簡介Nation, Country與Sovereign State</a>. Medium. <q>但一個Country並不一定是主權國家,也可以用來指涉地位尷尬或是非獨立的政治實體例如之前是主權國家的行政區、一塊領土與相對應的政府等。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8BNation%2C+Country%E8%88%87Sovereign+State&amp;rft.au=Yute+Kern&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Medium&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E7%2595%25A5%25E8%25AB%2587%2F%25E4%25BB%2580%25E9%25BA%25BC%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6-%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E4%25BB%258Bnation-country%25E8%2588%2587sovereign-state-931265b612c9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">ETTBL考办. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ettbl.cn/home/news/detail/article_id/467.html">地道表达country, state和nation傻傻分不清?</a>. ETTBL. ETTBL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%93%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BEcountry%2C+state%E5%92%8Cnation%E5%82%BB%E5%82%BB%E5%88%86%E4%B8%8D%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.au=ETTBL%E8%80%83%E5%8A%9E&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ETTBL&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ettbl.cn%2Fhome%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Farticle_id%2F467.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">马克斯·韦伯. 经济与社会. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1997: 731. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7100019354" title="Special:网络书源/7100019354"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7100019354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=7100019354&amp;rft.pages=731&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="世界地理索引">世界地理索引</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/members/index.shtml">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726122107/http://www.un.org/zh/members/index.shtml">存档</a>于2010-07-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Fmembers%2Findex.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">乔纳森·哈斯. 史前的国家的演进. 北京: 求实出版社. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E8%BF%9B&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E6%B1%82%E5%AE%9E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">谢维扬. 中国早期国家. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社. 1995-12: 69. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787213010545" title="Special:网络书源/9787213010545"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9787213010545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E8%B0%A2%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%AC&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.date=1995-12&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9787213010545&amp;rft.pages=69&amp;rft.place=%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E&amp;rft.pub=%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">西塞罗. 论共和国 论法律. 北京: 中国政法大学出版社. 1997年: 39. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7562014396" title="Special:网络书源/7562014396"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7562014396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD+%E8%AE%BA%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=7562014396&amp;rft.pages=39&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">伊曼纽尔·康德. 法的形而上学原理. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1991: 139. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7100009383" title="Special:网络书源/7100009383"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;7100009383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=7100009383&amp;rft.pages=139&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">汪毅霖. 优绩至上的政治经济学批判及对批判的批判. <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="读书 (杂志)">读书</a> (北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店有限公司). 2022-10-01, (10): 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0257-0270"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0257-0270</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%BC%98%E7%BB%A9%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%8F%8A%E5%AF%B9%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&amp;rft.au=%E6%B1%AA%E6%AF%85%E9%9C%96&amp;rft.date=2022-10-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0257-0270&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.jtitle=%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">中国共产党中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局. 马克思恩格斯选集第四卷. 北京: 人民出版社. 1972年: 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%B1%80&amp;rft.btitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E9%80%89%E9%9B%86%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%B7&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=166&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>赵鼎新:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/download%2F%D5%D4%B6%A6%D0%C2.pdf">国家合法性和国家社会关系</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210124080052/http://www.aisixiang.com/download%2F%D5%D4%B6%A6%D0%C2.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>Ralph Miliband <i>The State in Capitalist Society</i> (1969)</li> <li>Charles Tilly <i>The Formation of National States in Western Europe</i></li> <li>Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis</li> <li>Theda Skocpol, Bringing the State Back In</li> <li>Country from Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003</li> <li>Nation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关条目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="维基数据">维基数据</a>上的相关属性: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P17" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P17">国家(P17)</a></b>(<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FChinese_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP17%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P17%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FChinese_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20Chinese%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22zh%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22zh%22%20is%20Chinese.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">使用情况</a></span>)</li><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:国">NO LABEL(国)</a></b>(<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FChinese_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3A国%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20国%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FChinese_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20Chinese%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22zh%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22zh%22%20is%20Chinese.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">使用情况</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立">獨立</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家列表">主權國家列表</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="國家列表">國家列表</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承认国家列表">有限承認國家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4" title="族群">族群</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="血統">血统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="社会">社会</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="國旗">國旗</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="國旗列表">國旗列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="人文地理">人文地理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">领地</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80" title="政區">政區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="邦国">邦国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="行政管理">行政管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="世界政区">国家与政治实体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="世界各国">世界地理索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係">國際關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族國家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="警察国家">警察國家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="沒有軍隊的國家一覽">沒有軍隊的國家一覽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="国家机器">國家機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="国家与社会的关系">国家与社会的关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="微国家">微国家</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a>:学术 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6256#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300387506">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐l8jwl Cached time: 20241124105614 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.960 seconds Real time usage: 1.213 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8860/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 128235/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 27806/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 27/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 63959/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.467/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 28003500/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1026.061 1 -total 23.96% 245.820 1 Template:Multiple_issues 18.20% 186.767 7 Template:Ambox 15.53% 159.370 1 Template:Politics 15.32% 157.236 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 12.19% 125.111 1 Template:Lang-fr 11.11% 114.035 18 Template:Lang 11.08% 113.650 19 Template:Category_handler 9.33% 95.711 1 Template:Reflist 8.94% 91.711 1 Template:Copyedit --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key zhwiki:pcache:idhash:4158-0!canonical!zh and timestamp 20241124105614 and revision id 84481730. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=国家&amp;oldid=84481730">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=国家&amp;oldid=84481730</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>:​<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:国家">国家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:政治">政治</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:政治學">政治學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类:​<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2014%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:自2014年6月需要校對的頁面">自2014年6月需要校對的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2014%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:自2014年6月准确性有争议的作品">自2014年6月准确性有争议的作品</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2014%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2014年6月需补充来源的条目">自2014年6月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%8B%86%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要拆分的条目">需要拆分的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有法語的條目">含有法語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有西班牙語的條目">含有西班牙語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有義大利語的條目">含有義大利語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古希臘語的條目">含有古希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需补充来源的条目">需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用小型訊息框的頁面">使用小型訊息框的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年10月6日 (星期日) 06:14。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享 署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供,附加条款亦可能应用。(请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>)<br /> Wikipedia&#174;和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标;维基&#8482;是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zw2dd","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.960","walltime":"1.213","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8860,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128235,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27806,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63959,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1026.061 1 -total"," 23.96% 245.820 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 18.20% 186.767 7 Template:Ambox"," 15.53% 159.370 1 Template:Politics"," 15.32% 157.236 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.19% 125.111 1 Template:Lang-fr"," 11.11% 114.035 18 Template:Lang"," 11.08% 113.650 19 Template:Category_handler"," 9.33% 95.711 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.94% 91.711 1 Template:Copyedit"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.467","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28003500,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFETTBL考办\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYute_Kern\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF中国共产党中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF乔纳森·哈斯1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF伊曼纽尔·康德1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF汪毅霖2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF西塞罗1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF谢维扬1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF马克斯·韦伯1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book zh\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Copyedit\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand English\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 18,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-es\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-fr\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-grc\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-it\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-la\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Split\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikidata property\"] = 1,\n [\"无来源章节\"] = 2,\n [\"自述來源\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-l8jwl","timestamp":"20241124105614","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u56fd\u5bb6","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6256","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6256","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-01T02:19:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-06T06:14:21Z","headline":"\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u65b9\u884c\u4f7f\u4e3b\u6b0a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u55ae\u4f4d"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10