CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: legislative reforms</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: legislative reforms"> <meta name="keywords" content="legislative reforms"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="legislative reforms" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="legislative reforms"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 593</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: legislative reforms</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">593</span> Gender-Based Violence in Pakistan: Addressing the Root Causes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Awais%20Ahmad">Hafiz Awais Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to examine the root causes of gender-based violence (GBV) in Pakistan and proposes strategies to address this issue. Using a qualitative approach, this study analyzed data from various sources, including interviews with survivors of GBV and experts in the field. The findings revealed that GBV in Pakistan is deeply rooted in patriarchal attitudes and practices, economic insecurity, lack of education, and limited access to justice. The study recommends a multi-faceted approach to address GBV, including legislative reforms, awareness-raising campaigns, economic empowerment, and improved access to justice for survivors. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of engaging men and boys in efforts to address GBV and promote gender equality. The findings of this study have important implications for policy-makers, practitioners, and researchers working towards ending GBV in Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender-based%20violence" title="gender-based violence">gender-based violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms" title=" legislative reforms"> legislative reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advocacy" title=" advocacy"> advocacy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165440/gender-based-violence-in-pakistan-addressing-the-root-causes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">592</span> The Difference between Legislative Jurisdiction and Judicial Jurisdiction in International Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Rui">Zhang Rui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The primary aim of the study is to compare legislative jurisdiction and judicial jurisdiction in international law, highlighting the unique conditions and bases for their exercise in legal practice.The research employs a comparative law analysis approach alongside a thorough examination of international law principles to achieve a comprehensive understanding of legislative and judicial jurisdiction in the international legal context. The findings of this research underscore the diverse development trajectory of legislative jurisdiction in international law, emphasizing the continued significance of territoriality as a primary basis for exercising judicial jurisdiction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title="international law">international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judicial%20jurisdiction" title=" judicial jurisdiction"> judicial jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20jurisdiction" title=" legislative jurisdiction"> legislative jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20implementation" title=" legal implementation"> legal implementation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192803/the-difference-between-legislative-jurisdiction-and-judicial-jurisdiction-in-international-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">591</span> A Political-Economic Analysis of Next Generation EU Recovery Fund</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20Mart%C3%ADn-Espejo">Fernando Martín-Espejo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christophe%20Crombez"> Christophe Crombez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a political-economic analysis of the reforms introduced during the coronavirus crisis at the EU level with a special emphasis on the recovery fund Next Generation EU (NGEU). It also introduces a spatial model to evaluate whether the governmental features of the recovery fund can be framed inside the community method. Particularly, by evaluating the brake clause in the NGEU legislation, this paper analyses theoretically the political and legislative implications of the introduction of flexibility clauses in the EU decision-making process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EU" title="EU">EU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20procedures" title=" legislative procedures"> legislative procedures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20model" title=" spatial model"> spatial model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coronavirus" title=" coronavirus"> coronavirus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144244/a-political-economic-analysis-of-next-generation-eu-recovery-fund" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">590</span> Social Reforms and the Welfare State in America after the New Deal (1945-1969)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziza%20Tahar%20Djebbar">Aziza Tahar Djebbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Throughout American history, many American presidents have tried to create new reforms to enhance the living conditions of the American citizens and promote their welfare. Among these reforms were those dealing with health care, education, as well as social security, which would facilitate accordingly the evolution of the American welfare state. After the New Deal, from 1945 to 1969, American presidents sought to carry out and enlarge the scope of the welfare state that emerged during the Roosevelt Administration by introducing new social reforms. Yet, there were some American presidents who succeeded, and there were some presidents who failed.The task of this research work is to depict the postwar period from 1945 to 1969. Some light will be shed on the main causes that led to the delay of many programs from 1945 to 1960. Further, the focus will be on the main factors that contributed to the reappearance of many social reforms and the dramatic expansion of the welfare state all along the 1960s. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20deal" title="new deal">new deal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=great%20society" title=" great society"> great society</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicaid" title=" medicaid"> medicaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicare" title=" medicare"> medicare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=war%20on%20poverty" title=" war on poverty"> war on poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20reforms" title=" social reforms"> social reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=welfare%20reforms" title=" welfare reforms"> welfare reforms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13867/social-reforms-and-the-welfare-state-in-america-after-the-new-deal-1945-1969" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">589</span> The Impact of Election Observation on Electoral Reforms in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Sulaiman">Abubakar Sulaiman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines how election observation influences electoral reforms in Nigeria. Over the years, election observation continues to play critical role in the electoral process specifically in Nigeria and Africa at large. Election observation keeps an eye on the electoral process and all the stakeholders during elections, to ensure that the process is fair to all contestants. While literature abound on this role of election observation on electoral process in Nigeria, scanty scholarly efforts have been made to appraise how election observation influences electoral reforms in Nigeria. Also, while election observation may play a role in ensuring that the electoral process is credible, specifically, its role in prvoking and eliciting various electoral reforms in the country has not been explored. The paper adopts the explanatory research design using secondary data and document analysis. Preliminary findings show that election observation has influenced electoral reforms in Nigeria in no small measure. The paper concludes that election observation is critical for result oriented electoral reforms in Nigeria, albeit, such reforms have to be implemented to the latter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electoral%20reforms" title="electoral reforms">electoral reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=election%20observation" title=" election observation"> election observation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electoral%20process" title=" electoral process"> electoral process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20country" title=" developing country"> developing country</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123813/the-impact-of-election-observation-on-electoral-reforms-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">588</span> Reforms in China's Vaccine Administration: Vulnerabilities, Legislative Progresses and the Systemic View of Vaccine Administration Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Tang">Lin Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoxia%20Guo"> Xiaoxia Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lingling%20Zhang"> Lingling Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent vaccine scandals overshadowed China’s accomplishment of public health, triggering discussions on the causes of vaccine incidents. Through legal interpretation of selected vaccine incidents and analysis of systemic vulnerabilities in vaccine circulation and lot release, a panoramic review of legislative progresses in the vaccine administration sheds the light on this debate. In essence, it is the combination of the lagging legal system and the absence of information technology infrastructure in the process of vaccine administration reform that has led to the recurrence of vaccine incidents. These findings have significant implications for further improvement of vaccine administration and China’s participation in global healthcare. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title="legislation">legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lot%20release" title=" lot release"> lot release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health" title=" public health"> public health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reform" title=" reform"> reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20administration" title=" vaccine administration"> vaccine administration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20circulation" title=" vaccine circulation"> vaccine circulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143772/reforms-in-chinas-vaccine-administration-vulnerabilities-legislative-progresses-and-the-systemic-view-of-vaccine-administration-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">587</span> Evaluations of New Public Administration Reforms and Local Government Laws in Turkey in the Context of the Reforms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Handan%20Erta%C5%9F">Handan Ertaş</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The subject of government reform which is started to be discussed all over the world today has also deeply affected Turkey. Turkey, who aims to come to the level of the developed countries and not to fall behind the change must immediately complete the reform issue. For this, the government needs to be redefined and changed in accordance with the new public administration. In the first part of this study, the new public administration reforms in the world are generally explained and then the reforms in Local Government Regulations in Turkey are evaluated with the method of Content Analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reform" title="reform">reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20administration" title=" local administration"> local administration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neo-liberalism" title=" neo-liberalism"> neo-liberalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=globalisation" title=" globalisation"> globalisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62815/evaluations-of-new-public-administration-reforms-and-local-government-laws-in-turkey-in-the-context-of-the-reforms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">586</span> Corporate Governance Reforms in a Developing Economy: Making a Case for Upstream and Downstream Interventions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franklin%20Nakpodia">Franklin Nakpodia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Femi%20Olan"> Femi Olan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A blend of internal factors (firm performance, internal stakeholders) and external pressures (globalisation, technology, corporate scandals) have intensified calls for corporate governance reforms. While several countries and their governments have responded to these calls, the effect of such reforms on corporate governance systems across countries remains mixed. In particular, the literature reports that the effectiveness of corporate governance interventions in many developing economies is limited. Relying on the corporate governance system in Africa’s largest economy (Nigeria), this research addresses two issues. First, this study explores why previous corporate governance reforms have failed and second, the article investigates what reforms could improve corporate governance practices in the country. In addressing the above objectives, this study adopts a qualitative approach that permits data collection via semi-structured interviews with 21 corporate executives. The data supports the articulation of two sequential levels of reforms (i.e., the upstream and downstream reforms). The upstream reforms focus on two crucial but often overlooked areas that undermine reform effectiveness, i.e., the extent of government commitment and an enabling environment. The downstream reforms combine awareness and regulatory elements to proffer a path to robust corporate governance in the country. Furthermore, findings from this study stress the need to consider the use of a bottom-up approach to corporate governance practice and policymaking in place of the dominant top-down strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottom-up%20approach" title="bottom-up approach">bottom-up approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title=" corporate governance"> corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reforms" title=" reforms"> reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139257/corporate-governance-reforms-in-a-developing-economy-making-a-case-for-upstream-and-downstream-interventions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">585</span> Public Financial Management in Ghana: A Move beyond Reforms to Consolidation and Sustainability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Sani%20Abdulai">Mohammed Sani Abdulai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ghana’s Public Financial Management reforms have been going on for some two decades now (1997/98 to 2017/18). Given this long period of reforms, Ghana in 2019 is putting together both a Public Financial Management (PFM) strategy and a Ghana Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) strategy for the next 5-years (2020-2024). The primary aim of these dual strategies is assisting the country in moving beyond reforms to consolidation and sustainability. In this paper we, first, examined the evolution of Ghana’s PFM reforms. We, secondly, reviewed the legal and institutional reforms undertaken to strengthen the country’s key PFM institutions. Thirdly, we summarized the strengths and weaknesses identified by the 2018 Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment of Ghana’s PFM system relating to its macro-fiscal framework, budget preparation and approval, budget execution, accounting and fiscal reporting as well as external scrutiny and audit. We, finally, considered what the country should be doing to achieve its intended goal of PFM consolidation and sustainability. Using a qualitative method of review and analysis of existing documents, we, through this paper, brought to the fore the lessons that could be learnt by other developing countries from Ghana’s PFM reforms experiences. These lessons included the need to: (a) undergird any PFM reform with a comprehensive PFM reform strategy; (b) undertake a legal and institutional reforms of the key PFM institutions; (c) assess the strengths and weaknesses of those reforms using PFM performance evaluation tools such as PEFA framework; and (d) move beyond reforms to consolidation and sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20financial%20management" title="public financial management">public financial management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20expenditure%20and%20financial%20accountability" title=" public expenditure and financial accountability"> public expenditure and financial accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reforms" title=" reforms"> reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation" title=" consolidation"> consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120006/public-financial-management-in-ghana-a-move-beyond-reforms-to-consolidation-and-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">584</span> Striving towards an Ambush Free Olympics: Effective Strategies and Intellectual Property Legislations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahit%20T.%20Anand">Mahit T. Anand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The modern Olympic Games present an unparalleled platform for companies to gain worldwide visibility. The increasing popularity of such an event supplemented by large sums of money paid by sponsors for the privilege of being associated with the Olympic Games has spawned its own particular brand of unfair competition, called ‘ambush marketing’. This research examines the practice of ambush marketing which has long been troubling the International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) and its corporate sponsors. It emphasizes on implementing stringent legislative reforms by the host nations and to carry out effective ‘Brand Protection Programs’ for the upcoming Winter Olympics due to begin in February 2014 at Sochi, Russia and the Summer Olympics at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016. The research is carried out in the backdrop of out-standing legislative enactments made by the previous host nations and effective ‘Brand Protection Program’ formulated by their respective organizing committees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambush%20marketing" title="ambush marketing">ambush marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20olympic%20committee%20%28IOC%29" title=" international olympic committee (IOC)"> international olympic committee (IOC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=official%20sponsors" title=" official sponsors"> official sponsors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trademark" title=" trademark"> trademark</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6218/striving-towards-an-ambush-free-olympics-effective-strategies-and-intellectual-property-legislations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">583</span> Fostering Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Case of Higher Education Institutions in Kazakhstan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gainiya%20Tazhina">Gainiya Tazhina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Higher education systems of many countries have increased diversity and ensured equal rights and opportunities for inclusive students in the last decades. Issues of diversity-equity-inclusion (DEI) in Kazakhstani higher education began to be considered in legislation in 2021-2023. The adoption of the Road Map of the Ministry of Education and Science for universities’ inclusivity indicated strategies for change. The paper traces how this government initiative is being implemented in universities across the country. Content analysis of legislative documents, media publications, surveys of students, staff and interviews with leaders have demonstrated the inconsistency of these strategic decisions. Thus, the Road Map required that by 2023 conditions for promoting and ensuring inclusive education and barrier-free environments should be created in 60% -100% of Kazakhstani universities, including spaces inside academic buildings and dormitories in a short period of time. (March 2023-August 2025). Educational programs and curricula have not been adapted to the needs of students with special education needs (SEN); teachers do not have the skills and methods to work with students with SEN, students from minority groups, and international students. 60% of universities have not created a barrier-free environment on campuses due to the high cost of elevators, tactile tiles and assistive devices. Only 1% of school-disabled graduates enter universities due to the unwillingness of universities to educate people with disabilities. At the same time, universities do not adapt their educational programs and services to the needs of inclusive students; their needs are not identified; they study under the same conditions as regular students. Accordingly, teaching staff does not have the knowledge and skills to teach inclusive students; university lecturers misunderstand or oversimplify the social phenomena of ‘inclusion’ and ‘diversity’. The situation is more acute with the creation of a barrier-free architectural environment on university campuses. Recent reports indicate that these reforms have not been implemented to date, proven controversial in practice due to the inconsistency of national research on inclusion in higher education. Widely announced reforms have not produced the expected results leading to distortions at the local level. Inconsistent policies, contradictory legislative acts without expertise of needs and developing specific implementation criteria, without training specialists and indicators for achieving reforms are doomed to failure and mistrust of society. Based on the results of this research, recommendations have been developed: (1) to overcome inconsistencies in legislation regarding DEI in higher education; (2) to encourage initiatives in universities' inclusive environments; (3) to develop projects that will promote public awareness of DEI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity-equity-inclusion" title="diversity-equity-inclusion">diversity-equity-inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazakhstani%20universities" title=" Kazakhstani universities"> Kazakhstani universities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reforms" title=" reforms"> reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title=" legislation"> legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility" title=" accessibility"> accessibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192248/fostering-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-case-of-higher-education-institutions-in-kazakhstan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">582</span> What Defines Acceptable European Values for Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maia%20Kipiani">Maia Kipiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamari%20Beridze"> Tamari Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20Tchanturia"> Natalia Tchanturia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bella%20Goderdzishvili"> Bella Goderdzishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophio%20Beridze"> Sophio Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natia%20Kuparadze"> Natia Kuparadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Europe has concrete examples how small nations can survive and maintain their identity in its area. Values are eternal guides of our life and source of its perfection. European values are universal and relevant for every epoch, society or state. Values, such as personal freedom, human dignity, sovereignty of law, national or cultural identity are universal and eternal. Even superficial review of history of Georgian culture clearly shows that western values, including fundamental human rights. This paper discusses the approach and findings of choice of values in Georgia. Georgia is still quite far away from perfectly established values. Georgia has walked the hardest road till XXI century. Country survived miraculously many times. The study shows that the only way to survive is to strengthen national, traditional values and should not forget global factors. It is clear that for achievement of goals is important European education, legislative and economic reforms, peacefully and democratically develop Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title="democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20reforms" title=" economical reforms"> economical reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20values" title=" European values"> European values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20dignity" title=" human dignity"> human dignity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science" title=" science"> science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=society" title=" society"> society</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereignty%20of%20law" title=" sovereignty of law"> sovereignty of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-being" title=" well-being"> well-being</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36427/what-defines-acceptable-european-values-for-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">581</span> The Reflections of the K-12 English Language Teachers on the Implementation of the K-12 Basic Education Program in the Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20Infante">Dennis Infante</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examined the reflections of teachers on curriculum reforms, the implementation of the K-12 Basic Education Program in the Philippines. The results revealed that problems and concerns raised by teachers could be classified into curriculum materials and design; competence, readiness and motivation of the teachers; the learning environment, and support systems; readiness, competence and motivation of students; and other relevant factors. The best features of the K-12 curriculum reforms included (1) the components, curriculum materials; (2) the design, structure and delivery of the lessons; (3) the framework and theoretical approach; (3) the qualities of the teaching-learning activities; (4) and other relevant features. With the demanding task of implementing the new curriculum, the teachers expressed their needs which included (1) making the curriculum materials available to achieve the goals of the curriculum reforms; (2) enrichment of the learning environments; (3) motivating and encouraging the teachers to embrace change; (4) providing appropriate support systems; (5) re-tooling, and empowering teachers to implement the curriculum reforms; and (6) other relevant factors. The research concluded with a synthesis that provided a paradigm for implementing curriculum reforms which recognizes the needs of the teachers and the features of the new curriculum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum%20reforms" title="curriculum reforms">curriculum reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K-12" title=" K-12"> K-12</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers%27%20reflections" title=" teachers' reflections"> teachers' reflections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementing%20curriculum%20change" title=" implementing curriculum change"> implementing curriculum change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5126/the-reflections-of-the-k-12-english-language-teachers-on-the-implementation-of-the-k-12-basic-education-program-in-the-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">580</span> The Assessment of the Comparative Efficiency of Reforms through the Integral Index of Transformation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samson%20Davoyan">Samson Davoyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashot%20Davoyan"> Ashot Davoyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ani%20Khachatryan"> Ani Khachatryan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The indexes (Global Competitiveness Index, Economic Freedom Index, Human Development Index, etc.) developed by different international and non-government organizations in time and space express the quantitative and qualitative features of different fields of various reforms implemented in different countries. The main objective of our research is to develop new methodology that we will use to create integral index based on many indexes and that will include many areas of reforms. To achieve our aim we have used econometric methods (regression model for panel data method). The basis of our methodology is the development of the new integral index based on quantitative assessment of the change of two main parameters: the score of the countries by different indexes and the change of the ranks of countries for following two periods of time. As a result of the usage of methods for analyzes we have defined the indexes that are used to create the new integral index and the scales for each of them. Analyzing quantitatively and qualitatively analysis through the integral index for more than 100 countries for 2009-2014, we have defined comparative efficiency that helps to conclude in which directions countries have implemented reforms more effectively compared to others and in which direction reforms have implemented less efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title="development">development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rank" title=" rank"> rank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reforms" title=" reforms"> reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative" title=" comparative"> comparative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=index" title=" index"> index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic" title=" economic"> economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social" title=" social"> social</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=program" title=" program"> program</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29322/the-assessment-of-the-comparative-efficiency-of-reforms-through-the-integral-index-of-transformation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">579</span> Public Participation and Decision-Making towards Planning Legislation: A Case for GCC Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Saeed%20Althiabi">Saad Saeed Althiabi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is great progress in formulating and executing legislative policies in GCC, however, the public participation in formulating and in major decision making still remains weak. Drawing attention on the international law of public participation in construction and natural resource management, this paper aims in creating a feasible legislative framework for extensive public participation in the industries such as construction and oil and gas decision-making that GCC can implement. This paper would address the conflicts associated with the management and creation of legislation and ensuring public participation for the creation of a practical framework. A feasible legislative framework must take into account the various factors that shape the effectiveness of participation and the elements that promote the objectives of participation. It is premised on the ground that viewing to international prescriptions might help to reveal gaps in domestic laws, as well as alternatives to overcome them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20policies" title="legislative policies">legislative policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20participation" title=" public participation"> public participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning%20legislation" title=" planning legislation"> planning legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GCC%20countries" title=" GCC countries"> GCC countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20556/public-participation-and-decision-making-towards-planning-legislation-a-case-for-gcc-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">578</span> Opportunities and Challenges to Local Legislation at the Height of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Fifth Class Municipality in the Visayas, Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renz%20Paolo%20B.%20Ramos">Renz Paolo B. Ramos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jake%20S.%20Espina"> Jake S. Espina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Local Government Academy of the Philippines explains that Local legislation is both a power and a process by which it enacts ordinances and resolutions that have the force and effect of law while engaging with a range of stakeholders for their implementation. Legislative effectiveness is crucial for the development of any given area. This study's objective is to evaluate the legislative performance of the 10th Sangguniang of Kawayan, a legislative body in a fifth-class municipality in the Province of Biliran, during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021) with a focus on legislation, accountability, and participation, institution-building, and intergovernmental relations. The aim of the study was that a mixed-methods strategy was used to gather data. The Local Legislative Performance Appraisal Form (LLPAF) was completed, while Focus Interviews for Local Government Unit (LGU) personnel, a survey questionnaire for constituents, and ethnographic diary-writing were conducted. Convenience Sampling was utilized for LGU workers, whereas Simple Random Sampling was used to identify the number of constituents participating. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, while frequency data analysis was employed to describe and evaluate the nature and connection of the data to the underlying population. From this data, the researchers draw opportunities and challenges met by the local legislature during the height of the pandemic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20legislation" title="local legislation">local legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20governance" title=" local governance"> local governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20effectiveness" title=" legislative effectiveness"> legislative effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20analysis" title=" legislative analysis"> legislative analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162903/opportunities-and-challenges-to-local-legislation-at-the-height-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-evidence-from-a-fifth-class-municipality-in-the-visayas-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">577</span> How Polarization and Ideological Divisiveness Increase the Likelihood of Executive Action: Evidence from the Italian Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umberto%20Platini">Umberto Platini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses the role of government fragmentation as predictor of the use of emergency decrees in parliamentary democracies. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between ideological divisiveness within cabinets and the choice by executives to issue emergency decrees rather initiating ordinary legislative procedures. A Bayesian multilevel analysis conducted on the population of government-initiated legislation in Italy between 1996 and 2018 finds significant evidence that those legislative proposals which are further away from the ideological centre of gravity of the executive are around three times more likely to be issued as emergency decrees. Likewise, legislative projects regulating more contentious policy areas are significantly more likely to be issued by decree. However, for more contentious issues the importance of ideological distance as a predictor diminishes. This evidence suggests that cabinets prefer decrees to ordinary legislative procedures when they expect that the bargaining environment in Parliament is more hostile. These results persist regardless of the fluctuations of the political-economic cycle. Their robustness is also tested against a battery of controls and against fixed effects both at the government level and at the legislature level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20multilevel%20logit%20models" title="Bayesian multilevel logit models">Bayesian multilevel logit models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=executive%20action" title=" executive action"> executive action</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=executive%20decrees" title=" executive decrees"> executive decrees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideology" title=" ideology"> ideology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20studies" title=" legislative studies"> legislative studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polarization" title=" polarization"> polarization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148982/how-polarization-and-ideological-divisiveness-increase-the-likelihood-of-executive-action-evidence-from-the-italian-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">576</span> Prison Reforms: An Overview of the Nigerian Prisons as a Key Component of an Efficient Criminal Justice Delivery System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foluke%20Dada">Foluke Dada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prisons all over the world are set up by law to provide restraint and custody for individuals accused or convicted of crimes by the state. The Nigerian prison dates back to the colonial era and is modelled after the British system. It is a system that lays emphasis on punishment and deterrence. It emphasises retribution rather than reformation. These, it can be argued, results in the inhuman conditions of Nigerian prisons and the conscienceless treatment of convicts and awaiting trial inmates in Nigerian prisons. This paper attempts an examination of the challenges currently beguiling Nigerian prisons, the need for reforms in the prison systems and the imperative of these reforms to an efficient criminal justice delivery system in the country. This paper further postulates that rehabilitation should be favoured as against retribution f the development of the Nigerian criminal justice system in line with the shift towards reform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20justice" title="criminal justice">criminal justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prison%20reforms" title=" prison reforms"> prison reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation%20and%20retribution" title=" rehabilitation and retribution"> rehabilitation and retribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30000/prison-reforms-an-overview-of-the-nigerian-prisons-as-a-key-component-of-an-efficient-criminal-justice-delivery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">668</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">575</span> Civil Service Reforms in Kazakhstan and Its Influence on Modernization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliya%20Idrissova">Aliya Idrissova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Civil service (public administration) is an important social institution of society properties. Civil service institution had a significant impact on modernization processes in Kazakhstan through ensuring the functioning of all the subsystems of social life. This article is an attempt to analyses the reforms of public service institution in Kazakhstan and to assess its influence on modernization processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20service" title="civil service">civil service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazakhstan" title=" Kazakhstan"> Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modernization" title=" modernization"> modernization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20national%20model%20of%20civil%20service" title=" a national model of civil service"> a national model of civil service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20service%20reforms" title=" civil service reforms"> civil service reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bureaucracy" title=" bureaucracy"> bureaucracy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7346/civil-service-reforms-in-kazakhstan-and-its-influence-on-modernization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">574</span> Value Creation of Public Financial Management Reforms through Their Long-Term Impacts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christoph%20Schuler">Christoph Schuler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oriana%20Ponta"> Oriana Ponta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public Financial Management (PFM) reforms are promoted by various international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank, local development banks and the donor country community to strengthen governance and accountability in developing countries across the world. Reform efforts undertaken are often systematically measured against international best practice by the application of standardized analytical instruments such as the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Framework (PEFA) or the Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARP). While those instruments analyze direct achievements of PFM reforms, the long-term benefits of such reforms for society remain untapped. This gives rise to the question why the concept of impact evaluation with its experimental or quasi-experimental settings in the form of randomized control trials has rarely been applied in the context of PFM reforms. To close this gap, this study provides examples where the concept of impact evaluation can be applied to PFM reforms and thereby shifting the focus from outcome towards a long-term impact. As it is a new approach, this study does not attempt to conduct a fully flagged impact evaluation of a certain PFM reform. However, it will outline, as a form of pre-test the applicability of the impact evaluation methodology in this context, for example, by more closely analyzing the commonly used indicators (for example within PEFA or PARP). This would mean to scrutinize these indicators as to how they were designed and how they are related to the long-term impact, they should be producing. The analysis of PFM reform indicators and their relation to long-term impacts should provide practitioners and scholars alike with new insights on how to strengthen the accountability of public service delivery through successful and sustainable PFM reforms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title="accountability">accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20evaluation" title=" impact evaluation"> impact evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PFM%20reforms" title=" PFM reforms"> PFM reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20financial%20management" title=" public financial management"> public financial management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83774/value-creation-of-public-financial-management-reforms-through-their-long-term-impacts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">573</span> The Influence of Republican Culture in the Professional Education Reforms in Brazil (1892-1930)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milene%20Magalh%C3%A3es%20Pinto">Milene Magalhães Pinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irlen%20Ant%C3%B4nio%20Gon%C3%A7alves"> Irlen Antônio Gonçalves</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is within the area of History of Education in Brazil, having a descriptive and exploratory nature. It has been built on the belief that professional education is organized under political guidelines and solidifies through institutionalized discourses, allowing to know its mission concerning the society in which it operates by studying these speeches. Our purpose is to analyze how the Republican political culture yielded changes in public education through reforms to professional education in the First Republic, based on seven procedures of law that occurred in the Legislature of State of Minas Gerais. The Republican effort to reform the teaching was the result of a conception of society that aspired to advance the country by way of the national worker. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20education" title="professional education">professional education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=republican%20political%20culture" title=" republican political culture"> republican political culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20reforms" title=" education reforms"> education reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazil" title=" Brazil"> Brazil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18347/the-influence-of-republican-culture-in-the-professional-education-reforms-in-brazil-1892-1930" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">572</span> Curricular Reforms for Inclusive Education: Equalization of Opportunities for the Physically Challenged Persons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ede%20Jairus%20Adagba">Ede Jairus Adagba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The National Policy on Education has made elaborate and fascinating provisions for the education of the people with Special Needs. This category of people includes the physically challenged, the disadvantaged, the gifted and talented. However, the focus of this paper is people that are physically challenged. The paper reasons that in spite of the commendable provisions, the present curricular and learning conditions are not conducive enough to cater for the interest of the physically challenged persons. As a panacea, some curricular and physical condition reforms are proposed. These are hoped to facilitate access to inclusive education and equalization for opportunities of the physically challenged. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curricular%20reforms" title="curricular reforms">curricular reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equalization" title=" equalization"> equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusive%20education" title=" inclusive education"> inclusive education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physically%20challenged%20persons" title=" physically challenged persons"> physically challenged persons</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9318/curricular-reforms-for-inclusive-education-equalization-of-opportunities-for-the-physically-challenged-persons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">571</span> In Search of Sustainable Science Education at the Basic Level of Education in Ghana: The Unintended Consequences of Enacting Science Curriculum Reforms in Junior High Schools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Deodat%20Otami">Charles Deodat Otami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper documents an ongoing investigation which seeks to explore the consequences of repeated science curriculum reforms at basic level of education in Ghana. Drawing upon data collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews and classroom observations linked with a study of teaching practices in Junior High Schools of educational districts that are well served with teachers and yet, produce poor students’ achievements in science in the national Basic Education Certificate Examinations. The results emanating from the investigation highlight that the repeated science curriculum reforms at the basic level of education have led to the displacement of scientific knowledge in junior high schools in Ghana, a very critical level of education where the foundation for further science education to the highest level is laid. Furthermore, the results indicate that the enactment of centralised curriculum reforms in Ghana has produced some unpleasant repercussions. For instance, how the teachers interpret and implement the curriculum is directly related to their own values and practices as well as students feedback. This is contrary to the perception that external impetus received from donor agencies holds the key to strengthening reforms made. Thus, it is argued that without the right of localised management, curriculum reforms themselves are inadequate to ensure the realisation of the desired effects. This paper, therefore, draws the attention of stakeholders to the fact that the enactment of School Science Curriculum reform goes beyond just simple implementation to more complex dynamics which may change the original reform intents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20education" title="basic education">basic education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20education%20certificate%20examinations" title=" basic education certificate examinations"> basic education certificate examinations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum%20reforms" title=" curriculum reforms"> curriculum reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=junior%20high%20school" title=" junior high school"> junior high school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20districts" title=" educational districts"> educational districts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20practices" title=" teaching practices"> teaching practices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82784/in-search-of-sustainable-science-education-at-the-basic-level-of-education-in-ghana-the-unintended-consequences-of-enacting-science-curriculum-reforms-in-junior-high-schools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">570</span> Modernization and Modernity: The Professional Education Concept in the Political Discourse of the Legislative Congress of Minas Gerais (1892-1930)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milene%20Magalh%C3%A3es%20Pinto">Milene Magalhães Pinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irlen%20Ant%C3%B4nio%20Gon%C3%A7alves"> Irlen Antônio Gonçalves</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the historical processes of organization and reform of professional education contributed with the educational projects for the training/education starting from the idea of modernization of Brazil by way of industry and skilled worker. In the discourse of Congress Legislative of Minas Gerais is possible to identify the role of education as a mediating body of construction processes and rationalization modernizing of the country. The hypothesis is that education is an important instrument for promoting progress and citizenship and the way to form the professional who would serve the social and economic purposes of modernization of Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In this sense, we investigate the relationship of the concept of professional education with the ideas of modernization and modernity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title="education">education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modernization%20and%20education" title=" modernization and education"> modernization and education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20congress%20of%20Minas%20Gerais" title=" legislative congress of Minas Gerais"> legislative congress of Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20education" title=" professional education"> professional education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18616/modernization-and-modernity-the-professional-education-concept-in-the-political-discourse-of-the-legislative-congress-of-minas-gerais-1892-1930" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18616.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">569</span> Causes of Pokir in the Budgeting Process: Case Study in the Province of Jakarta, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tri%20Nopiyanto">Tri Nopiyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahardhyani%20Dwiannisa"> Rahardhyani Dwiannisa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arief%20Ismaryanto"> Arief Ismaryanto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One main issue for a certain region in order to achieve development is if the government that consists of the executive, legislative and judicial board are able to work together. However, there are certain conditions that these boards are the sources of conflict, especially between the executive and legislative board. One of the example of the conflict is between the Local Government and Legislative Board (DPRD) in the Province of Jakarta in 2015. The cause of this conflict is because of the occurrence of pokir (pokok pikiran or ideas of budgeting). Pokir is driven by a budgeting plan that is arranged by DPRD that is supposed to be sourced from the aspiration of the people and delivered 5 months before the legalization of Local Government Budget (APBD), but the current condition in Jakarta is that pokir is a project by DPRD members itself and delivered just 3 days before the legalization in order to facilitate the interests of the members of the legislative. This paper discusses how pokir happens and what factors caused it. This paper uses political budgeting theory by Andy Norton and Diane Elson to analyze the issue. The method used in this paper is qualitative to collect the data and solve the problem of this research. The methods involved are in depth interview, experimental questionnaire, and literature studies. Results of this research are that Pokir occurs because of the distribution of power among DPRD members, between parties, executive, and legislative board. Beside that, Pokir also occurs because of the lack of the people’s participation in budgeting process and monitoring. Other than that, this paper also found that pokir also happens because of the budgeting system that is not able to provide a clean budgeting process, so it enables the creation of certain slots to add pokir into the budgets. Pokir also affects the development of Jakarta that goes through stagnation. This research recommends the implementation of e-budgeting to prevent the occurrence of pokir itself in the Province of Jakarta. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20and%20executive%20board" title="legislative and executive board">legislative and executive board</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakarta" title=" Jakarta"> Jakarta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20budgeting" title=" political budgeting"> political budgeting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pokir" title=" Pokir"> Pokir</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64314/causes-of-pokir-in-the-budgeting-process-case-study-in-the-province-of-jakarta-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">568</span> Protecting Privacy and Data Security in Online Business</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilquis%20Ferdousi">Bilquis Ferdousi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the exponential growth of the online business, the threat to consumers’ privacy and data security has become a serious challenge. This literature review-based study focuses on a better understanding of those threats and what legislative measures have been taken to address those challenges. Research shows that people are increasingly involved in online business using different digital devices and platforms, although this practice varies based on age groups. The threat to consumers’ privacy and data security is a serious hindrance in developing trust among consumers in online businesses. There are some legislative measures taken at the federal and state level to protect consumers’ privacy and data security. The study was based on an extensive review of current literature on protecting consumers’ privacy and data security and legislative measures that have been taken. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title="privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20security" title=" data security"> data security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title=" legislation"> legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20business" title=" online business"> online business</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160198/protecting-privacy-and-data-security-in-online-business" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">567</span> Reflecting Socio-Political Needs in Education Policy-Making: An Exploratory Study of Vietnam's Key Education Reforms (1945-2017)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linh%20Tong">Linh Tong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of key education reforms in Vietnam from 1945 to 2017, which reflects an evolution of socio-political needs of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam throughout this period. It explores the contextual conditions, motivations and ambitions influencing the formation of the education reforms in Vietnam. It also looks, from an applied practical perspective, at the influence of politics on education policy-making. The research methodology includes a content analysis of curriculum designs proposed by the Ministry of Education and Training, relevant resolutions and executive orders passed by the National Assembly and the Prime Minister, as well as interviews with experts and key stakeholders. The results point to a particular configuration of factors which have been inspiring the shape and substance of these reforms and which have most certainly influenced their implementation. This configuration evolves from the immediate needs to erase illiteracy and cultivate socialist economic model at the beginning of Vietnam’s independence in 1945-1975, to a renewed urge to adopt market-oriented economy in 1986 and cautiously communicate with the outside world until 2000s, and to currently a demonstrated desire to fully integrate into the global economy and tackle with rising concerns about national security (the South China Sea Dispute), environmental sustainability, construction of a knowledge economy, and a rule-of-law society. Overall, the paper attempts to map Vietnam’s socio-political needs with the changing sets of goals and expected outcomes in teaching and learning methodologies and practices as introduced in Vietnamese key education reforms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum%20development" title="curriculum development">curriculum development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20society" title=" knowledge society"> knowledge society</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20security" title=" national security"> national security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics%20of%20education%20policy-making" title=" politics of education policy-making"> politics of education policy-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vietnam%27s%20education%20reforms" title=" Vietnam's education reforms"> Vietnam's education reforms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86642/reflecting-socio-political-needs-in-education-policy-making-an-exploratory-study-of-vietnams-key-education-reforms-1945-2017" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">566</span> Comparison of Budgeting Reforms: A Case Study of Thailand and OECD Member Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nattapol%20Pourprasert">Nattapol Pourprasert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siriwan%20Manowan"> Siriwan Manowan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to find out what budget problems Thailand is facing with and how the results from the comparison between the budgeting reform by Thailand and the reforms by OECD member countries can be used for carrying out budgeting reform of Thailand. The findings from the study on the budget problems that Thailand is facing with reveal that the budgeting system of Thailand lacks of the assessment for the cost-effectiveness of the expenditure of borrowed money and budgets in order to determine whether the expenses are worth the taxes collected from people or not. This is because most popularity policies have unlimited budgets which can lead to the financial risks. Also, these policies create great tax burdens for the descendants in the future and affect the fair distribution of incomes but the Parliament of Thailand never considers these facts. The findings from the comparison between Thai budgeting reform and those by OECD member countries manifest that the traditional budgeting system of Thailand is the department-based budgeting, which is still used without being changed or adjusted in order to fit the new administrative regimes. This traditional budgeting system suggests that a department is responsible for budgeting tasks. Meanwhile, in OECD member countries, budgeting reforms are carried out simultaneously with the reforms of civil service systems so that they are driven in the same directions. The budgeting reforms that rely only on the analyses on economic or technical dimension can hardly lead to success. The budgeting systems of OECD member countries are designed to deal with the unique problems that each of the member countries is facing with rather than adopting the modern system developed by other countries. The budgeting system that has a complicated concept and practice has to be implemented under a flexible strategy so that the departments that implement it can learn about and adjust itself to the system. Continuous and consistent development and training for staff members are also necessary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=budgeting%20reforms" title="budgeting reforms">budgeting reforms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OECD%20member%20countries" title=" OECD member countries"> OECD member countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=budget%20problems" title=" budget problems"> budget problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13375/comparison-of-budgeting-reforms-a-case-study-of-thailand-and-oecd-member-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13375.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">565</span> Administrative Reform and the Changing Nature of Higher Education: A Lesson from Indonesian Higher Education Reforms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurdiana%20Gaus">Nurdiana Gaus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Tang"> Mahmud Tang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses changes being experienced by academics in Indonesian state university systems as a result of government-driven policy and the impacts of these changes on academics work and organisations. This analysis is located in the main concept of neoliberal agenda with its associated discourse of New Public Management. The purpose of this analysis is to show how public administrative reforms adopting neoliberal agenda have been disseminated in Indonesian higher education reform via policies and programmes of the government. This essay is expected to clarify the concept of neoliberalism in the administrative reforms within higher education institutions by examining and understanding its implementation in Indonesian context and how this impacted on the structural changes in universities and academics work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neoliberalism" title="neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20public%20management" title=" new public management"> new public management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79986/administrative-reform-and-the-changing-nature-of-higher-education-a-lesson-from-indonesian-higher-education-reforms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">564</span> Oil-to-Cash Reform and Inequality Evidence From Iranian Reform 2010</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadali%20Mokhtari">Mohammadali Mokhtari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Developing countries increasingly recognize the need to reduce energy subsidies. Cash transfers are proposed instead of subsidies to mitigate the negative effects of energy subsidy reforms. However, there is little evidence about the redistribution effect of these subsidy-to-cash reforms. We study the redistribution impact of the largest subsidy-to-cash reform in the history of developing countries in Iran in 2010. We find a strong pro-poor impact of the reform using five inequality measures, including the Gini index and the ratio of rich to poor expenditures. Finally, we show this pro-poor impact is on average and discuss other possible mechanisms by which low-income groups objected to these pro-poor reforms in the next round, which took place in November 2019 and led to wide and large protests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20economics" title="energy economics">energy economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsidy%20reform" title=" subsidy reform"> subsidy reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality" title=" inequality"> inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Middle%20East" title=" Middle East"> Middle East</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165651/oil-to-cash-reform-and-inequality-evidence-from-iranian-reform-2010" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=19">19</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=20">20</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20reforms&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>