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id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&returntoquery=section%3D22%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&returntoquery=section%3D22%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&returntoquery=section%3D22%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&returntoquery=section%3D22%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-История" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>История</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-История-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Свойства" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Свойства"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Свойства</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Свойства-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Свойства</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Свойства-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Състав" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Състав"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Състав</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Състав-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Цвят" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Цвят"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Цвят</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Цвят-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Прозрачност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Прозрачност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Прозрачност</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Прозрачност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Алкохолно_съдържание" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Алкохолно_съдържание"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Алкохолно съдържание</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Алкохолно_съдържание-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Екстрактно_съдържание" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Екстрактно_съдържание"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Екстрактно съдържание</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Екстрактно_съдържание-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Горчивина" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Горчивина"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Горчивина</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Горчивина-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Карбонизация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Карбонизация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Карбонизация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Карбонизация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Биологичен_ефект" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биологичен_ефект"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Биологичен ефект</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биологичен_ефект-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Технология" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Технология"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Технология</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Технология-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Технология</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Технология-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Изходни_материали" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Изходни_материали"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Изходни материали</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Изходни_материали-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Производствен_процес" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Производствен_процес"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Производствен процес</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Производствен_процес-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Опаковки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Опаковки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Опаковки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Опаковки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Типове_(стилове)_бира" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Типове_(стилове)_бира"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Типове (стилове) бира</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Типове_(стилове)_бира-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Типове (стилове) бира</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Типове_(стилове)_бира-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Според_начина_на_ферментация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Според_начина_на_ферментация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Според начина на ферментация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Според_начина_на_ферментация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ейл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ейл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Ейл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ейл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лагер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лагер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Лагер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лагер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ламбик" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ламбик"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Ламбик</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ламбик-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хибридни_и_специални_бири" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Хибридни и специални бири</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хибридни_и_специални_бири-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Според_цвета" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Според_цвета"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Според цвета</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Според_цвета-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Според_вида_малц" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Според_вида_малц"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Според вида малц</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Според_вида_малц-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Пивоварна_промишленост" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пивоварна_промишленост"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Пивоварна промишленост</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пивоварна_промишленост-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Български_пивоварни_и_марки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Български_пивоварни_и_марки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Български пивоварни и марки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Български_пивоварни_и_марки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Бира</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 185 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB" title="ቢራ – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biera" title="Biera – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93or" title="Bēor – староанглийски" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староанглийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="यवसुरा – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यवसुरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="جعة – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="বিয়েৰ – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিয়েৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoteapo" title="Ickoteapo – атикамеку" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoteapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="атикамеку" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piv%C9%99" title="Pivə – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pivə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="پیوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Һыра – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alos" title="Alos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিয়ার – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="སྦི་རག – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Пивэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пивэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-ci%C5%AB" title="Bì-ciū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йий – чеченски" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9esevo%27tamahpe" title="Héesevo'tamahpe – шайенски" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héesevo'tamahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="шайенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="بیرە – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piw%C3%B2" title="Piwò – кашубски" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="кашубски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сăра – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – долнолужишки" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="долнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπίρα – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biero" title="Biero – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95lu" title="Õlu – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagardo" title="Garagardo – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88" title="آبجو – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olut" title="Olut – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluq" title="Oluq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oluq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – фиджийски" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re" title="Bière – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir" title="Biir – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – фриулски" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoir" title="Beoir – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laby%C3%A8" title="Labyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann" title="Leann – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervexa" title="Cervexa – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervexa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguyj%C3%BAi" title="Kaguyjúi – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguyjúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌰𐌻𐌿 – готически" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="готически" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0" title="બીયર – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune" title="Lhune – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giya" title="Giya – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Giya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AE-lu" title="Phî-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בירה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – горнолужишки" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="горнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A8" title="Byè – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6r" title="Sör – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – оксидентал" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="оксидентал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro" title="Biro – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B3r" title="Bjór – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ビール – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/birje" title="birje – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="birje" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლუდი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಯರ್ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="맥주 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – карачай-балкарски" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(f%C3%B6r_ze_drinke)" title="Bier (för ze drinke) – кьолнски" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bier (för ze drinke)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кьолнски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEra" title="Bîra – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сур – коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korev" title="Korev – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesia" title="Cervesia – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – ладино" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ier_(Gedr%C3%A9nks)" title="Béier (Gedrénks) – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Béier (Gedrénks)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AFra" title="Bïra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bïra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8D" title="ເບຍ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiera" title="Labiera – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Labiera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ബിയർ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шар айраг – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар айраг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘီယာ – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(Drunk)" title="Beer (Drunk) – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beer (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9the" title="Biéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Bièrra – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bièrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିଅର – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бæгæны – осетински" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæгæны" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੀਅਰ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9re" title="Biére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(Getr%C3%A4nk)" title="Bier (Getränk) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bier (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بير – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveja" title="Cerveja – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerveja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwisa" title="Sirwisa – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A2" title="Birâ – арумънски" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Birâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzoga" title="Inzoga – киняруанда" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="киняруанда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Пиибэ – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиибэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuola" title="Vuola – северносаамски" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="северносаамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="බියර් – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro" title="Doro – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Doro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjoor" title="Bjoor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bjoor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l" title="Öl – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjyr" title="Bjyr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjyr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பியர் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="బీరు – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Оби ҷав – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оби ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เบียร์ – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala" title="Byala – цонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Byala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="цонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="پىۋا – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olud" title="Olud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(th%E1%BB%A9c_u%E1%BB%91ng)" title="Bia (thức uống) – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (thức uống)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisa" title="Serbisa – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ביר – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujbizciuj" title="Laeujbizciuj – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujbizciuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-luh" title="Bì-luh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bì-luh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhiya" title="Ubhiya – зулуски" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" hreflang="bg"><span>Уикицитат</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title beer" style="background-color: #f6e396; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Бира <br /><small>(Beer, Bier, Bière, Birra, Пиво, Piwo, Cerveza, Öl, Øl)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg/250px-Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg/375px-Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg/500px-Guinness_Foreign_Extra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#f6e396; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beer">Бира <br /><small>(Beer, Bier, Bière, Birra, Пиво, Piwo, Cerveza, Öl, Øl)</small></a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Detmolder_Pilsener_(Flasche_und_Glas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/220px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/330px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/440px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>Немска бира Detmolder Pilsener</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Leffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leffe.jpg/220px-Leffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leffe.jpg/330px-Leffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leffe.jpg/440px-Leffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="3443" /></a><figcaption>Белгийска абатска бира Leffe</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Бирата</b>, наричана също <b>пиво</b>, е най-старата<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> и най-консумираната<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алкохол">алкохолна</a> напитка в света и третата най-популярна напитка изобщо след <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Чай">чая</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Произвежда се чрез варене и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментация</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">нишесте</a>, получено главно от <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зърнено-житни култури">зърнено-житни култури</a> – най-вече <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Малц">малцов</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ечемик">ечемик</a>, но се използват и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница">пшеница</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6" title="Ръж">ръж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Царевица">царевица</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Ориз">ориз</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Овес">овес</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Сорго">сорго</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Еднозърнест лимец">лимец</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">Ферментацията</a> става с помощта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Мая (готварство)">мая</a>. Бирата се ароматизира с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a>, който придава горчивина и действа като природен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Консервант">консервант</a>. Също така може да се добавят и други аромати посредством <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Билка">билки</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Плод">плодове</a>. Мястото, където се произвежда бирата, се нарича <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пивоварна">пивоварна</a>. Бирата се продава най-често в стъклени бутилки и метални кутии, а също така в пластмасови бутилки, кегове и бурета. </p><p>Според начина на ферментация бирата най-общо се дели на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">ейл</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">лагер</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ламбик">ламбик</a>. Обикновено <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Алкохолно съдържание">алкохолното съдържание</a> на бирата е между 4 и 6%, макар че съществуват и по-високо алкохолни бири, както и безалкохолни. Бирата е популярна по цял свят, като в много страни ежегодно се провеждат фестивали на бирата. Един от най-известните е германският фестивал <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест">Октоберфест</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>История</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: История" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: История"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бирата е една от първите специално приготвяни <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Напитка">напитки</a> в историята и вероятно се появява в средата на 10 хилядолетие пр.н.е., когато започва отглеждането на зърнени култури,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> а първите писмени свидетелства са от следващото хилядолетие в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Древен Египет">Древен Египет</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия">Месопотамия</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Първите преки химически свидетелства за наличие на бира датират от средата на 4 хилядолетие пр.н.е. и са открити при разкопките на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Годин тепе (страницата не съществува)">Годин тепе</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран">Иран</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Някои археолози дори търсят връзка между появата на бирата и самата възможност за възникване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация">цивилизация</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Тъй като почти всеки материал, съдържащ <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a>, главно <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар">захар</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">нишесте</a>, може да премине през естествен процес на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментация</a>, вероятно напитки, подобни на бирата, са приготвяни от много култури по целия свят. Ранните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер">шумерски</a> текстове съдържат препратки към бирата, а химнът, посветен на шумерската богиня <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Нинкаси">Нинкаси</a>, служи едновременно за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Молитва">молитва</a> и като метод за запомняне на рецептата за производство на бира, която по този начин предавана от поколение на поколение.<sup id="cite_ref-Nin-kasi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nin-kasi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sumer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 6 хилядолетие пр.н.е. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> се произвежда оризова бира.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Таблички от Ебла">табличките от Ебла</a>, писани в средата на 3 хилядолетие пр.н.е. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирия">Сирия</a>, се изброяват различни видове бира, произвеждани в града, включително един, който носи неговото име.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 3 хилядолетие пр.н.е. бирата вече е широко разпространена и в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ранните видове бира, макар и да се произвеждат по сходен начин, силно се различават по своите качества от масовите съвременни бири. Често те съдържат различни добавки, като плодове, мед, подправки и дори билки с наркотично действие.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson20052_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson20052-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">Хмелът</a>, основен компонент на съвременната бира, започва да се използва сравнително късно, като е споменат за пръв път в Европа от един каролингски абат около 822 година<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> и отново от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Хилдегард от Бинген">Хилдегард от Бинген</a> през 1067 година.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2005110_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2005110-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Хмелът става все по-популярен и през 1516 година в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария">Бавария</a> е приет закон, според който бирата може да съдържа само вода, хмел и ечемичен малц.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Традиционно бирата се произвежда главно в домашни условия. През 7 век в Европа някои манастири започват да произвеждат бира с цел продажба, а по-късно и в градовете се появяват специализирани занаятчии-пивовари. През 19 век <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриална революция">Индустриалната революция</a> променя изцяло производството на бира, като занаятчийските методи са изоставени, а домашното производство почти изчезва до края на века.<sup id="cite_ref-sotp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Използването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ареометър">хидрометрите</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Термометър">термометрите</a> също променя пивоварната технология, давайки възможност за по-добър контрол върху процеса и за по-устойчиви резултати. Изчезването на домашното пивоварство до голяма степен се дължи и на данъчното облагане и задължителните регулации в сектора. Известно облекчаване на законовите изисквания, например във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Великобритания">Великобритания</a> през 1963, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия">Австралия</a> през 1972 и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">Съединените щати</a> през 1979 година, дава възможност домашното пивоварство да се възроди като популярно <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Хоби">хоби</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Днес производството на бира е важен клон на промишлеността в световен мащаб, включващ няколко големи международни компании и хиляди по-малки производители – от бирарии, сервиращи собствена продукция, до предприятия с регионално значение.<sup id="cite_ref-market_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-market-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 2006 година производството на бира в света е над 133 милиарда литра на стойност 284,5 милиарда долара.<sup id="cite_ref-researchandmarkets1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchandmarkets1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Свойства"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B9.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Свойства</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Свойства" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Свойства"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Състав"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8A.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2"></span>Състав</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Състав" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Състав"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Химическият състав на бирата включва 90 процента вода, 4,5 процента алкохол, 4 процента въглехидрати, азотни съединения, белтъци и свободни аминокиселини, витамини от група „В“, минерални вещества, калий, калций, фосфор и фитоестрогени, въглероден двуокис. В бирата няма мазнини. </p> <table style="background:white; text-align:center; border:1px solid #ccd2d9; border-spacing: 0px; float: right; clear: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#e0e0e0; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; padding-top:5px">Бира<br /><small>Alcoholic beverage, beer, light</small><br /><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 10px;">(Хранителна стойност за 100 g продукт)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"><table class="infobox infobox-lua" style="background:white; margin-left:0em; border-spacing: 0px; border:0px"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="border:0px; border-bottom: 1px solid grey"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border:0px;"> <div style="background-color: transparent; border:0; text-align:left; font-size:12px">  Основни</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:12px; margin-left:-1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"><table class="infobox infobox-lua" style="border: 0px; background:white"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Енергийна стойност">Енергия</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;"><b>123 kJ (30 kcal)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">Въглехидрати</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">1.64 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">Нишесте</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар">Захари</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.09 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Сукроза">Сукроза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Глюкоза">Глюкоза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.09 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фруктоза">Фруктоза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Лактоза">Лактоза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Малтоза">Малтоза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">      <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Галактоза">Галактоза</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Хранителни влакна">Влакна</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мазнина">Мазнини</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Наситена мазнина">Наситени</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Трансмазнина">Трансмазнини</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мононенаситена мазнина (страницата не съществува)">Мононенаситени</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полиненаситена мазнина (страницата не съществува)">Полиненаситени</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Холестерол">Холестерол</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Белтък">Белтъчини</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.24 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Пепел">Пепел</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.09 g</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="border:0px; border-bottom: 1px solid grey"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border:0px;"> <div style="background-color: transparent; border:0; text-align:left; font-size:12px">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Витамини">Витамини</a></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:12px; margin-left:-1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"><table class="infobox infobox-lua" style="border: 0px; background:white"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Витамин A">Витамин A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алфа каротин (страницата не съществува)">α-каротин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left">   <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бета каротин">β-каротин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_B1" title="Витамин B1">Тиамин</a> (B<sub>1</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.005 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Рибофлавин">Рибофлавин</a> (B<sub>2</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.015 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ниацин">Ниацин</a> (B<sub>3</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.391 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пантотенова киселина">Пантотенова к-на</a> (B<sub>5</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пиридоксин">Пиридоксин</a> (B<sub>6</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.034 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фолиева киселина">Фолиева к-на</a> (B<sub>9</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">6 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Кобаламин">Кобаламин</a> (B<sub>12</sub>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.02 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_C" title="Витамин C">Витамин C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_D" title="Витамин D">Витамин D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%95" title="Витамин Е">Витамин Е</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_K" title="Витамин K">Витамин K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ликопен">Ликопен</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 μg</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="border:0px; border-bottom: 1px solid grey"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border:0px;"> <div style="background-color: transparent; border:0; text-align:left; font-size:12px">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Минерали">Минерали</a></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:12px; margin-left:-1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"><table class="infobox infobox-lua" style="border: 0px; background:white"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калций">Калций</a>, Ca</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо">Желязо</a>, Fe</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнезий">Магнезий</a>, Mg</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">Фосфор</a>, P</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">Калий</a>, K</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий">Натрий</a>, Na</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">Цинк</a>, Zn</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.01 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед">Мед</a>, Cu</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.006 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Манган</a>, Mn</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.006 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">Селен</a>, Se</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.4 μg</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="border:0px; border-bottom: 1px solid grey"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border:0px;"> <div style="background-color: transparent; border:0; text-align:left; font-size:12px">  <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Аминокиселини">Аминокиселини</a></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:12px; margin-left:-1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"><table class="infobox infobox-lua" style="border: 0px; background:white"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Триптофан">Триптофан</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Треонин">Треонин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Изолевцин">Изолевцин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Левцин">Левцин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лизин">Лизин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Метионин">Метионин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Цистин">Цистин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Фенилаланин">Фенилаланин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тирозин">Тирозин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Валин">Валин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аргинин">Аргинин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хистидин">Хистидин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аланин">Аланин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.01 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аспарагинова киселина">Аспарагинова к-на</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.013 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Глутаминова киселина">Глутаминова к-на</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.039 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Глицин">Глицин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.011 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролин">Пролин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.029 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Серин">Серин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Холин">Холин</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right; position:static;">0.0088 g</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="border:0px; border-bottom: 1px solid grey"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border:0px;"> <div style="background-color: transparent; border:0; text-align:left; font-size:12px">  Други</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:12px; margin-left:-1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12144718"></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:6px"><b class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beer?uselang=bg">Бира</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Цвят"><span id=".D0.A6.D0.B2.D1.8F.D1.82"></span>Цвят</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Цвят" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Цвят"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Цветът на готовата бира зависи в най-голяма степен от наличието на тъмен малц в началната суровина, а когато е използван тъмен малц – от количеството и степента на неговото изпичане. </p><p>Диапазонът от цветове при различните видове бира е безкрайно голям. Първата система за определяне на цвета на бирата е изобретена от английския пивовар Джоузеф Уилямс Лавбонд през 1883 г. Цветността на бирата се определяла, като цветът ѝ се сравнявал с цветни стъкла и се определял в т.нар. цветни градуси на Лавбонд. С течение на времето системата на Лавбонд е призната за несъвършена, тъй като основна роля при определянето на цвета имало зрението на конкретния човек. В средата на XX век е изобретен спектрофотометърът. През 1950 г. Американското дружество на химиците от пивоварната промишленост (ASBC) въвежда еталонен табличен метод (SRM) за определяне на цветността на бирата. По същото време европейските пивовари разработват за същите цели т.н. Европейска пивоварна конвенция (EBC). Първоначално за определяне на цвета европейските пивовари използват зрителното сравнение. 25 години по-късно те също започват да използват спектрофотометър, но по различен начин от американците. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Reference_Method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Reference Method (страницата не съществува)">SRM</a>/<br style="clear:both" /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Джоузеф Уилямс Лавбонд (страницата не съществува)">Lovibond</a> </th> <th>Стил бира </th> <th>Цвят </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=EBC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EBC (страницата не съществува)">EBC</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Светъл лагер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Уит бира">Уит бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пилзнер">Пилзнер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Берлинер Вайс">Берлинер Вайс</a> </td> <td style="background:#F8F753; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Майбок</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Блонд ейл</a> </td> <td style="background:#F6F513; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">Вайс бира</a> </td> <td style="background:#ECE61A; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Американски пейл ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Индийски пейл ейл</a> </td> <td style="background:#D5BC26; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">Вайс бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сезон бира">Сезон бира</a> </td> <td style="background:#BF923B; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Битър">Английски битър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Битър">Екстра специален битър</a> </td> <td style="background:#BF813A; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Бира дьо Гард">Бира дьо Гард</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Двоен индийски пейл ейл</a> </td> <td style="background:#BC6733; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тъмен лагер">Тъмен лагер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Виенски лагер">Виенски лагер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Мерцен">Мерцен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Амбър ейл</a> </td> <td style="background:#8D4C32; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Кафяв ейл">Кафяв ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Бок бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Мюнхнер Дункел">Мюнхнер Дункел</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">Дункелвайс</a> </td> <td style="background:#5D341A; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Сух стаут</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Допелбок</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Портър</a> </td> <td style="background:#261716; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Стаут</a> </td> <td style="background:#0F0B0A; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Форин екстра стаут</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Балтийски портър</a> </td> <td style="background:#080707; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Имперски стаут</a> </td> <td style="background:#030403; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>79 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Прозрачност"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B7.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Прозрачност</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Прозрачност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Прозрачност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Прозрачността на бирата зависи от своя страна от вида (стила) на бирата и процеса на филтрация. Бирата остава непрозрачна и дори мътна поради наличието на механични примеси. Те са от фини невидими частици до видими части от ечемичени или житни зърна (от малца) и парченца листа от хмел. Типични мътни нефилтрирани бири са германската <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">вайс бира</a>, белгийската <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Уит бира">уит бира</a>, както и т.н. <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жива бира">жива бира</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Алкохолно_съдържание"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D1.81.D1.8A.D0.B4.D1.8A.D1.80.D0.B6.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Алкохолно съдържание</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Алкохолно съдържание" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Алкохолно съдържание"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Алкохолното съдържание е важна характеристика на всяка бира. Алкохолно съдържание подсказва колко силна е пивото или процентното съдържание на алкохол в него. То може да се разбере по посочения на етикета обемен процент алкохол. Например, ако е отбелязано 5% на една бутилка от 0,500 л., това означава, че тя съдържа 25 мл. чист алкохол. </p><p>По-рано алкохолното съдържание е изчислявано по най-различни методи. В наши дни в повечето страни по света са приели система за определяне на алкохолното съдържание чрез процент от обема (Alcohol by Volume – ABV), който метод се основава на измерването на количеството алкохол в готовата бира. Единствената голяма държава, която не ползва тази система, е САЩ: там е приета система за определяне на алкохолното съдържание чрез процент от теглото (Alcohol by Weight – ABW). Доколкото етиловият алкохол е по-лек от водата, показателят ABW показва резултат приблизително с 25% по-нисък от показателя ABV, т.е. бира с ABV 4% ще има в САЩ означение за алкохолно съдържание около 3,2%. Означения за алкохолно съдържание почти не се срещат върху етикетите на американската бира, макар че през 1995 г. Върховният съд позволява на пивоварите при желание да указват на своята продукция процента алкохолно съдържание. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Екстрактно_съдържание"><span id=".D0.95.D0.BA.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D1.81.D1.8A.D0.B4.D1.8A.D1.80.D0.B6.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Екстрактно съдържание</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Екстрактно съдържание" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Екстрактно съдържание"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Екстрактното съдържание (плътността) е важен технологичен показател на бирата, изразяващ се с процентното съдържание на разтворими вещества (твърди вещества от изходната смес – малц, хмел и др.). Екстрактът на бирата може да е неферментируем – този, който не може да ферментира и съответно остава в готовата бира, и ферментируем – тази част от него, която може да бъде ферментиран от пивните дрожди. </p><p>Действителното екстрактно съдържание се отбелязва обикновено на етикета на бутилката и той е около 10 – 12%. Съдържанието на алкохол се намира в пряка зависимост от плътността на бирата. Бира с малко съдържание на алкохол има плътност до 5%, със средно – до 12%, а силната бира е с плътност над 14%. Например, традиционната бира с 5 об. % алкохол се получава при действителен екстракт не по-малко от 12%. Ако бирата е с ниско екстрактно съдържание и високо съдържание на алкохол, по всяка вероятност в нея е добавен спирт. </p><p>Във Великобритания бирата се облагала с данъци в зависимост от началната плътност на неферментиралата пивна мъст. Под плътност според английската система се разбира плътността на пивната мъст по отношение плътността на водата, като плътността на последната се приема за 1000. В останалите европейски страни се използва скалата на Балинг или както е по-известна скалата на Плато. Скалата на Плато е разработена през 1843 г. от чешкия учен Карл Балинг и е усъвършенствана през 1900 г. от германския химик Фриц Плато. Градус на Плато (Балинг) е тегловия процент на екстракта, измерен в грамове, съдържащ се в 100 g начален разтвор. По правило екстрактното съдържание се указва върху етикетите на бутилираната бира заедно с процента алкохол. За обозначаване на градусите на Плато се използва съкращението „° P“. </p><p>Във Великобритания началната плътност, в зависимост от сорта, варира от 1020 до 1160 единици. За да се получи плътността в градуси по системата, приета в Европа, от посочената цифра по английската система се изваждат хиляда единици и остатъка се дели на четири. Т.е. бира с плътност 1045 по английската система ще съответства на бира с екстрактно съдържание 11% по европейската система. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Горчивина"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.87.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Горчивина</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Горчивина" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Горчивина"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бирата се характеризира с определена горчивина. Тя е сложно органолептично свойство и основен компонент на нейната вкусова характеристика. Формира се от няколко фактора: съдържание на неспецифични хмелови вещества, главно изохумулони (горчиви киселини); съдържание на дъбилни вещества от хмела, както и от ечемичените и немалцувани житни зърна; органични естери; минерални вещества, главно магнезиеви соли. Горчивите киселини са основни горчиви компоненти на хмела, чиито продукти на окисление, изомеризация, разлагане и кондензация в процеса на охмеляване на сладката пивна мъст, ферментация, карбонизация и. др. формират характерната горчивина на пивото. Делят се на две основни групи алфа-горчиви киселини и бета-горчиви киселини. Определянето на горчивите вещества (най-вече изо-а-киселините) става чрез екстрахирането им от подкислена бира с изо-октан и измерване на абсорбцията на октановия слой при 275 nm. Методът се прилага за всички видове филтрирано пиво. Мътните пива се филтруват или центрофугират. Горчивината се изчислява в т.нар. горчиви единици (IBU), закръглени до най-близкото цяло число. Изчисляват се за всички видове бира по формулата: IBU = 50. А275, където А275 е абсорбцията при дължина на вълната 275 nm. </p><p>Горчивината се изчислява по т.нар. Международна скала за горчивина (International Bitterness Units – IBU). Понякога я обозначават и като Европейска скала за горчивина (European Bitterness Units – EBU), като IBU се използва вече и в Северна Америка. Показателят IBU не дава никаква представа за аромата или вкуса на хмела, които се оценяват при съпоставка със съдържащия се в пивото алкохол и използвания малц. IBU на лекия американски лагер (lite) може да бъде около 10 единици, докато при чешкия пилзнер може да достига до 40 единици. Английският майлд ейл има показател IBU 20, индийският пейл ейл – 40 или повече, ирландският стаут – от 55 до 60, ечемиченото вино (барли уайн) – 65. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Карбонизация"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Карбонизация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Карбонизация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Карбонизация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Карбонизация или газираност е степента на насищане на бирата с въглероден диоксид. Карбонизацията влияе на вкусовите качества на бирата, както и на пенливостта и пеноустойчивотта, и е различна при различните стилове бира. Тя може да се постигне изкуствено или по естествен път – обикновено чрез влагане в бирата на естествени ингредиенти – напр. захар или глюкоза. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Биологичен_ефект"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82"></span>Биологичен ефект</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Биологичен ефект" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Биологичен ефект"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Основната активна съставка на бирата е <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алкохол">алкохолът</a>, така че здравните ефекти от алкохола по принцип се отнасят и за бирата. Умерената употреба на алкохол, включително бира, намалява риска от сърдечни заболявания, като сърдечен удар или инфаркт.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Въпреки това обаче злоупотребата с алкохол може да доведе до различни заболявания като <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизъм">алкохолизъм</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цироза">цироза</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Мая (готварство)">Бирената мая</a> е известна като богат източник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнезий">магнезий</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">селен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">калий</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">фосфор</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Биотин">биотин</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_B" title="Витамини от група B">витамини от група B</a>. Поради тази причина понякога бирата е наричана „течен хляб“.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 2005 година изследване на японски учени открива, че нискоалкохолната бира има силно противораково въздействие.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Друго изследване потвърждава благоприятното въздействие върху сърдечната система.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Технология"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Технология</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Технология" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Технология"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Изходни_материали"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8"></span>Изходни материали</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Изходни материали" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Изходни материали"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Основните съставки, от които се произвежда бирата, са <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">вода</a>, източник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">нишесте</a> (обикновено <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ечемик">ечемичен</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Малц">малц</a>), което да се преобразува в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Етанол">етилов алкохол</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивни дрожди">пивни дрожди</a>, които осъществяват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментацията</a>, и овкусители (обикновено <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Вода</dt></dl> <p>В количествено отношение основният компонент на бирата е <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a>. Минералите, разтворени в питейната вода, варират значително в различните региони, което в миналото е довело до тяхното специализиране в производството на определени видове бира.<sup id="cite_ref-geot_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geot-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Така <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Твърдост на водата">твърдата вода</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дъблин">Дъблин</a> е подходяща за приготвянето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">стаут</a>, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Гинес (бира)">Гинес</a>, а меката вода в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пилзен">Пилзен</a> – на светъл <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">лагер</a>, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Пилзнер Урквел">Пилзнер Урквел</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geot_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geot-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Малц</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/220px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/330px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/440px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Покълнал ечемичен малц преди изсушаването му</figcaption></figure> <p>Малцът като източник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте">нишесте</a> дава изходния материал за ферментацията и играе ключова роля за силата и вкуса на бирата. Най-често използваният източник на нишесте е зърненият <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Малц">малц</a>. Той се приготвя, като зърното се потапя във вода, докато започне да <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Покълване">покълва</a>, след което се изсушава в пещ. Така подготвения малц съдържа <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим">ензими</a>, които по време на производствения процес преобразуват нишестето в годни за ферментация <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар">захари</a>. Различното време и температура на сушене могат да доведат до различен цвят на малца при еднакво изходно зърно. С по-тъмния малц се произвеждат по-тъмни бири.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Почти всички съвременни бири използват като основен източник на нишесте малц, приготвен от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ечемик">ечемик</a>. Причина за това е неговите влакнести люспи, която играе важна роля не само при промиването на майшувания малц, но е и богат източник на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Амилаза">амилаза</a>, храносмилателен ензим, който улеснява преобразуването на нишестето в захари. В по-редки случаи се използват и други видове малцовани или немалцовани зърнени култури, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница">пшеница</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Ориз">ориз</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Овес">овес</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6" title="Ръж">ръж</a>, много рядко <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Царевица">царевица</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Сорго">сорго</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо">просо</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маниока">маниока</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Агаве">агаве</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В последните години соргото се използва за производството на бира, предназначена за хора, които не могат да консумират <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Глутен">глутен</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>При някои бири се използва смес от различни източници на нишесте. Обикновено ечемиченият малц е основната съставка, а към него се добавя по-малко количество по-евтини компоненти, като царевица, ориз или дори <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Захароза">захар</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Хмел</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/330px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/440px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Цвят на хмел</figcaption></figure> <p>Днес в почти всички бири се влага известно количество <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a>, което е и основното стопанско приложение на това растение.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Хмелът притежава няколко важни за бирата свойства. Той придава на напитката горчивина, която балансира сладостта на малца, както и цветни, цитрусови и билкови аромати и вкусове. Хмелът има и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антибиотик">антибиотичен</a> ефект, който благоприятства развитието на пивните дрожди за сметка на останалите микроорганизми. При готовата бира той удължава времето, през което се задържа пяната,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> а с киселинността си действа като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Консервант">консервант</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Преди налагането на хмела като основен овкусител на бирата, което протича между 13 и 16 век, за тази цел се използват други растения, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Самобайка">самобайка</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Обикновен пелин">пелин</a>, както и по-сложни съчетания от билки и плодове.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> И в наши дни някои специални бири (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сахти">Сахти</a>)продължават да използват овкусители, различни от хмел.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Пивни дрожди</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg/220px-20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg/330px-20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg/440px-20100911_232323_Yeast_Live.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>Микроскопска снимка на <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди">Пивните дрожди</a> са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Микроорганизъм">микроорганизми</a>, най-често <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби">гъби</a>, които извършват ферментацията на бирата. Те <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Метаболизъм">метаболизират</a> захарите, получени от нишестето, и отделят <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Етанол">етилов алкохол</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a>, като по този начин преобразуват пивната мъст в бира. Освен основната си роля във ферментацията, дрождите оказват влияние и върху свойствата на самата бира.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Двата най-широко използвани вида дрожди са <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, при които ферментацията протича на повърхността на пивната мъст, и <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_carlsbergensis" title="Saccharomyces carlsbergensis">Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_uvarum" title="Saccharomyces uvarum">Saccharomyces uvarum</a></i>, при които ферментацията протича на дъното на ферментационния съд, така наречената <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Горна ферментация">горна</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Долна ферментация">долна ферментация</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Примери за по-рядко използвани видове дрожди са <i><a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces_bruxellensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brettanomyces bruxellensis">Brettanomyces bruxellensis</a></i>, участващи във ферментацията на белгийския <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ламбик">ламбик</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> и <i><a href="/wiki/Torulaspora_delbrueckii" title="Torulaspora delbrueckii">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a></i>, с помощта на които ферментира баварската <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">вайс бира</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>В миналото бирата е ферментирала с помощта на свободно срещащи се в природата диви дрожди. В наши дни повечето дрожди са специално култивирани за тази цел,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> с изключение на дивите <i><a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces_bruxellensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brettanomyces bruxellensis">Brettanomyces bruxellensis</a></i>, които участват при ферментацията на бирите ламбик. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Производствен_процес"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D1.81"></span>Производствен процес</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Производствен процес" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Производствен процес"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 310px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Brewing-textless.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brewing-textless.png/310px-Brewing-textless.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brewing-textless.png/465px-Brewing-textless.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Brewing-textless.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="850" /></a></span> <div style="position: absolute; left:42.05px; top: 422.9px;"><small>Диаграма, илюстрираща пивоварния процес</small></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:15.7px; top: 26.1px;"><b>гореща вода</b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:198.6px; top: 103.6px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Майшуване">майшуване</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:257.5px; top: 30.75px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Малц">малц</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:113.66px; top: 105.15px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:63.75px; top: 209px;"><b>варене</b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:187.75px; top: 224.5px;"><b>ароматен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:34.3px; top: 339.2px;"><b>добавяне на <br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди">бирена мая</a></b> и <br /><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментация</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:149px; top: 280.3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Топлообменник">топлообменник</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:257.5px; top: 302px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бутилка">бутилки</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; left:198.6px; top: 387.25px;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Буре">буре</a></b> или <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Кег">кег</a></b></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Samadams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Samadams.jpg/220px-Samadams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Samadams.jpg/330px-Samadams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Samadams.jpg/440px-Samadams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Казани за варене на пивна мъст</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Samadams2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Samadams2.jpg/220px-Samadams2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Samadams2.jpg/330px-Samadams2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Samadams2.jpg/440px-Samadams2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Ферментационни апарати</figcaption></figure> <p>Основата на пивоварния процес е преобразуването на нишестето от изходния материал в <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар">захарен</a> разтвор, наричан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пивна мъст (страницата не съществува)">пивна мъст</a>, който от своя страна се превръща в алкохолната напитка бира чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментация</a>, извършвана от <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди">пивните дрожди</a>. </p><p>Първият етап, при който се подготвя мъстта чрез смесване на малца с топла вода, се нарича <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Майшуване">майшуване</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Майшуването отнема около 1 – 2 часа,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> за които нишестето се превръща в захари, след което пивната мъст се отделя от малца. След отцеждането малцът се промива допълнително, за да се извлече от него колкото може повече ферментируема течност. При многократно промиване всеки следващ етап води до по-слаба мъст и оттам до по-слаба бира.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Повечето съвременни пивоварни използват непрекъснат процес и събират едновременно изходната мъст и водата от промиването. </p><p>След филтрирането на пивната мъст тя се поставя в специален съд и се вари, обикновено около 1 час. В процеса на варене част от водата в мъстта се изпарява, но захарите и други по-нелетливи компоненти остават в сместа. Варенето също унищожава остатъчните <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим">ензими</a>, запазили се след етапа на майшуване. По време на варенето към сместа се добавя <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хмел">хмел</a>, който ѝ придава горчивина, вкус и аромат. Това може да стане в различни етапи на варенето, включително повече от веднъж. Колкото по-дълго се вари хмелът, толкова повече горчивина придава, но и толкова по-малко вкус и аромат остава в бирата.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2002275_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002275-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>След варенето пивната мъст се охлажда и се подготвя за ферментацията. В някои пивоварни тя престоява известно време в съд с хмел, който усилва хмелния вкус и действа като филтър. След това мъстта се премества във ферментационен апарат, където към нея се добавят пивните дрожди. В процеса на ферментация мъстта се превръща в бира, като това отнема от седмица до месеци, в зависимост от вида на дрождите и силата на бирата. Освен че захарите се преобразуват в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Етанол">етанол</a>, при този процес фините частици в мъстта се утаяват на дъното на съда. След приключването на ферментацията дрождите също се утаяват, оставяйки бирата бистра.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Понякога ферментацията се извършва на два отделни етапа, първичен и вторичен. След като при първичната ферментация се образува по-голямата част от алкохола, бирата се премества в нов съд, където протича вторична ферментация. Това се прави, когато бирата трябва да се съхранява по-дълго или се търси по-голяма бистрота.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2002306_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002306-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Опаковки"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Опаковки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Опаковки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Опаковки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>След края на ферментацията, бирата се разлива, най-често в стъклени или пластмасови (ПЕТ) <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бутилка">бутилки</a>, алуминиеви <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алуминиева кутия (страницата не съществува)">кенове</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Кег">кегове</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бъчва">бъчви</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>През последните десетилетия нараства използването на пластмасовми ПЕТ бутилки и кенове. Те са по-евтини за производителите, тъй като са опаковки за еднократна употреба, но замърсяват околната среда, и могат да бъдат дори опасни за здравето. PET пластмасата (polietilen tereftalat – материал, от който най-често са направени бутилките) съдържа химикали, които, когато бутилките са изложени на високи температури или когато бирата се съхранява в PET пластмаси за по-дълги периоди от време, могат да се отделят в бирата.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Неслучайно срока на годност на една и съща бира в стъклена бутилка и в ПЕТ бутилка се различават значително. Отделно от това пивоварните по правило наливат най-лошокачественото си пиво именно в ПЕТ бутилки.<sup id="cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Бирата в кенове придобива специфичен метален привкус. Това се дължи на емайла с който се покрива вътрешната повърхност на кеновете. Освен това, за да се увеличи срока на годност на бирата, в кеновете добавят различни стабилизатори и консерванти. Кеновете се характерни най-вече за Америка и развиващите се страни.<sup id="cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Кеговете нямат нищо общо с кеновете. Кеговете се правят от неръждаема стомана с хром-никелово покритие, която значително удължава срока на съхранение на бирата и гарантира биологическата безопасност на бирата. И най-вече, кеговете нямат отвътре емайлно покритие, което може да се разтвори в бирата и да развали вкуса и.<sup id="cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Проведено през 2010 година проучване показва, че преобладаващото мнозинство /88%/ от европейските потребители предпочитат стъклените опаковки пред другите опаковъчни материали като допринасящи за здравословния начин на живот. Едно от основните предимства на стъклото е, че то е инертно, т.е. не взаимодейства със съдържанието и не променя пивото, съхранявано в него.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Основен проблем с опаковките в България е липсата на депозитна система и нежеланието на търговските обекти да изкупуват празен стъклен и пластмасов амбалаж. Въвеждането на депозитната система обаче среща съпротива от организациите за разделно събиране, тъй като по този начин те ще загубят част от бизнеса си.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Типове_(стилове)_бира"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B8.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5_.28.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.29_.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Типове (стилове) бира</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Типове (стилове) бира" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Типове (стилове) бира"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Ale_Bitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/160px-Ale_Bitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/240px-Ale_Bitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/320px-Ale_Bitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Ейл</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg/160px-Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg/240px-Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg/320px-Lager_beer_in_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Лагер</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Geuzejacobins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geuzejacobins.jpg/160px-Geuzejacobins.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geuzejacobins.jpg/240px-Geuzejacobins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geuzejacobins.jpg/320px-Geuzejacobins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ламбик</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Weizenbier-ukko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/160px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/240px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/320px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Вайс бира</figcaption></figure> <p>Не съществува единна система на класификация на отделните видове бира в цялото им разнообразие. </p><p>Мненията на различни европейски и американски автори се разминават по въпросите на класификацията. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Според_начина_на_ферментация"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.87.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Според начина на ферментация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: Според начина на ферментация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Според начина на ферментация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В САЩ и повечето европейски страни основната класификация на типовете бира е според начина на ферментация. Съгласно този критерий повечето видове бири се подразделят на типовете <b>лагер</b> и <b>ейл</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ейл"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B9.D0.BB"></span><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">Ейл</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ейл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ейл"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">Ейл</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Ейл</b> ферментира в горната част на контейнера и при по-високи температури (15 – 25 °C) с използване на дрожди (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) за висока ферментация. Различните видове ейл често имат плодов привкус и по-високо алкохолно съдържание и се отличава с по-силен аромат и по-висока плътност в сравнение с лагера. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Лагер"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.B5.D1.80"></span><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">Лагер</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Редактиране на раздел: Лагер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Лагер"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">Лагер (бира)</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Ла́гер</b> е най-разпространения в света тип бира – повече от 90 % от комерсиалните видове бира са лагер. При производството на лагер се използват дрожди (Saccharomyces uvarum или Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) за долна ферментация. Процесът протича при ниски температури – около 5 – 15 °C, след това за дълго време бирата се съхранява при температура от около 0 °C – през това време тя изсветлява и се насища с <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид">въглероден диоксид</a>. Този процес се нарича отлежаване или лагеруване (от немски език). Като цяло процесът на ферментация е по-бавен, а бирата е по-лека, с по-малко аромати и задължително се консумира силно изстудена. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ламбик"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BA"></span><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ламбик">Ламбик</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ламбик" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ламбик"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ламбик">Ламбик</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Ламбик</b> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия">белгийска</a> бира която се прави в района на Брюксел чрез спонтанна ферментация с диви дрожди, които виреят само там. Тази бира е изключително ароматна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Хибридни_и_специални_бири"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B8.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B8"></span>Хибридни и специални бири</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Редактиране на раздел: Хибридни и специални бири" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Хибридни и специални бири"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Хибридни бири</b> – производството им е свързано с комбиниране на съставки и технологии, характерни за различни типове бира. тази група включва: <ul><li>Хибридна амбър (кехлибарена) бира: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алт бира">Северногерманска алт бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алт бира">Дюселдорфска алт бира</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парна бира">Калифорнийска обикновена бира</a>;</li> <li>Хибридна светла бира: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Крийм ейл">Крийм ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Блонд ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88" title="Кьолш">Кьолш</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пшенична бира">Американска пшенична бира</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ръжена бира">Американска ръжена бира</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Специални бири</b> – към тази категория се отнасят необичайните по състав, технология и обединяващи белези видове бира, а също така и бирите с различни добавки и родствените на бирата напитки на основата на ферментация. В тази група попадат: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Айс бира">Айс бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Брауншвайгер Муме">Брауншвайгер Муме</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Истински ейл">Истински ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Келер бира">Келер бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Коледна бира">Коледна бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парна бира">Парна бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%84_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дампф бира">Дампф бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Пейл ейл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плодова бира">Плодова бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Опушена_бира_извън_Германия" title="Раух бира">Пушена бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Раух бира">Раух бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Латцен бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Щике алт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Допелщике алт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Мюнстер алт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цвикел бира">Цвикел бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цойгел бира">Цойгел бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Щайн бира">Щайн бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сахти">Сахти</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Радлер">Радлер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абатска бира">Абатска бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Трапистка бира">Трапистка бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Био бира">Био бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Безалкохолна бира">Безалкохолна бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жива бира">Жива бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пшенична бира">Пшенична бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ръжена бира">Ръжена бира</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Динкел бира">Динкел бира (бира от спелта)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Емер бира">Емер бира (бира от лимец)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Според_цвета"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4_.D1.86.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B0"></span>Според цвета</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Редактиране на раздел: Според цвета" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Според цвета"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Класификацията на бирата по цвят е широко разпространена в Източна Европа и Русия, а също така и в някои западноевропейски страни като <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания">Испания</a>. Различават се <b>тъмно</b>, <b>светло</b>, <b>червено</b> и <b>бяло</b> пиво (бира). </p><p>При производството на тъмна бира се използва препечен малц. Цвета на бирата се определя от степента на изпичане на малца и количеството тъмен малц, използван при варенето. Най-тъмните сортове малц не могат да се използват самостоятелно без светли сортове, тъй като при изпичането си губят ензими, необходими за озахаряване на течността. </p><p>Отчетлива съпоставка според цвят и способ на ферментация е невъзможна: пр. тъмната бира може да бъде както ейл, така и лагер. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Според_вида_малц"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B0_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.86"></span>Според вида малц</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Редактиране на раздел: Според вида малц" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Според вида малц"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Преобладаващия сорт бири в света се правят от ечемичен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Малц">малц</a>. В някои видове бира ечемичения малц частично се заменя с малц от други зърнени култури. В резултат на използването на такъв малц се получават съответно пшенична бира, ръжена бира, оризова бира, царевична бира (напр. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тесгуино (страницата не съществува)">тесгуино</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хапосю (страницата не съществува)">хапосю</a>) </p><p>Все по-често големите пивоварни заменят голям процент от малца с немалцована царевица, като по този начин намаляват качеството и цената на своя продукт. </p><p>Съществуват също така и екзотични напитки като така наречените бананова бира, млечна бира, плодова бира и билкова бира, но в болшинството случаи тези напитки от традиционна европейска гледна точка трудно могат да бъдат наречени бира. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Пивоварна_промишленост"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.88.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Пивоварна промишленост</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Редактиране на раздел: Пивоварна промишленост" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Пивоварна промишленост"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивоварна промишленост">Пивоварна промишленост</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Най-големите пазари на бира са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия">Русия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия">Бразилия</a>. Страната с най-голяма употреба на този вид алкохол на глава от населението е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия">Чехия</a> (161,2 л на глава от населението през 2006 г.) </p><p>Съюзът на европейските производители на бира публикува изследване „The Brewers of Europe“ на 16 януари 2006 година със следната статистика за консумацията на бира на глава от населението в страните от Европа (в литри):<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Beer_Consumption_by_Country_(with_legend).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/380px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/570px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg/760px-Beer_Consumption_by_Country_%28with_legend%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Карта на света показваща консумацията на бира на глава от населението</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чехия">Чехия</a></td> <td>161,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a></td> <td>115,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия">Австрия</a></td> <td>108,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Република Ирландия">Ирландия</a></td> <td>108,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Великобритания">Великобритания</a></td> <td>100,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия">Белгия</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>93,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финландия">Финландия</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>84,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нидерландия">Нидерландия</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>77,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша">Полша</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>75,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалия">Португалия</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>61,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария">Швейцария</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>57,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия">Норвегия</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>55,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швеция">Швеция</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>51,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>33,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дания">Дания</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>30,1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Български_пивоварни_и_марки"><span id=".D0.91.D1.8A.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Български пивоварни и марки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Редактиране на раздел: Български пивоварни и марки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Български пивоварни и марки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG/160px-Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG/240px-Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG/320px-Bulgarian_Dark_Beers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="2747" /></a><figcaption>Тъмни бири</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG/160px-Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG/240px-Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG/320px-Kamenitza_beers.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Бири „Каменица“</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Shumensko.4.beers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shumensko.4.beers.JPG/160px-Shumensko.4.beers.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shumensko.4.beers.JPG/240px-Shumensko.4.beers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shumensko.4.beers.JPG/320px-Shumensko.4.beers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Бири „Шуменско“</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Марки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" title="Загорка АД">Загорка АД</a> (собственост на <a href="/wiki/Heineken" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken">Heineken</a>): <ul><li>собствени: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ариана (бира)">Ариана</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Загорка">Загорка</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Столично">Столично</a></i>;</li> <li>лицензни: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Амстел (бира)">Амстел</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Хайнекен (пивоварна)">Хайнекен</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Старобърно (страницата не съществува)">Старобърно</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Десперадос (страницата не съществува)">Десперадос</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кайзер">Кайзер</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Марки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица (пивоварна)">Каменица АД</a> (собственост на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81" title="Молсън Коорс">Molson Coors</a>): <ul><li>собствени: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Каменица (бира)">Каменица</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Астика (бира)">Астика</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бургаско (бира)">Бургаско</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Славена (бира)">Славена</a></i>;</li> <li>лицензни: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бекс">Бекс</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Старопрамен">Старопрамен</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Стела Артоа">Стела Артоа</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Марки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Карлсберг България АД">Карлсберг България АД</a> (собственост на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Карлсберг Груп">Carlsberg Group</a>): <ul><li>собствени: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Шуменско (бира)">Шуменско</a></i> и <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пиринско">Пиринско</a></i>;</li> <li>лицензни: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карлсберг (бира) (страницата не съществува)">Карлсберг</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Туборг (страницата не съществува)">Туборг</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Будвайзер Будвар (страницата не съществува)">Будвайзер Будвар</a></i> и <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Холстен (страницата не съществува)">Холстен</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Марки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A2_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Болярка ВТ АД">„Болярка ВТ" АД</a>: <ul><li>собствени: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Болярка (бира)">Болярка</a></i>, <i>Балканско</i>, <i>Диана</i>, <i>Кингс</i> и <i>Швейк</i>;</li> <li>лицензни: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калтенберг (страницата не съществува)">Калтенберг</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Марки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ломско пиво АД">„Ломско пиво" АД</a>: <ul><li>собствени: <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Алмус (бира)">Алмус</a></i>, <i>Мизия</i>, <i>Шопско пиво</i>, <i>Дунавско пиво</i>, <i>Гредберг</i></li></ul></li> <li>Марки на малки пивоварни и микропивоварни: <ul><li>„Агрима" АД: <i>Струмско пиво</i>;</li> <li>„Белинвест – Трявна" ООД: <i>Люкс;</i></li> <li>„Бургаска пивоварна“ ЕООД: <i>Веритас</i>.</li> <li>„Бълборг" АД: <i>Бълборг</i>;</li> <li>„Бритос" АД: <i>Бритос</i>;</li> <li>„ГБ Крафт Брюъри“ ООД: <i>Блек Пайн;</i></li> <li>„Гларус Крафт Брюинг“: <i>Гларус;</i></li> <li>„Кохонес Брюъри“: <i>Кохонес;</i></li> <li>„Металхед пивоварна“ Бургас;</li> <li>„Микроспектър" ООД: <i>Галахър;</i></li> <li>„Новарто Инвест“ ООД: <i>Хилс;</i></li> <li>„Пети океан" ООД: <i>Пети океан;</i></li> <li>„Пивоварна 359" ЕООД: <i>Диво пиво;</i></li> <li>„Сакара 2011" ЕООД: <i>Jägerhof</i>;</li> <li>„Трима и двама“ ООД: <i>Трима и двама;</i></li> <li>„Тримекс – Сервиз" АД: <i>Кметско пиво;</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вижте също" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Вижте също"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; width:250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align:left; float:right;"> <p>Открийте още информация за Бира в нашите <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Уикипедия:Сродни проекти">сродни проекти</a>: </p> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <span class="interProject"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Beer" class="extiw" title="commons:Beer">Общомедия</a> (изображения и звук)</span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikiquote-logo.png/25px-Wikiquote-logo.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikiquote-logo.png/38px-Wikiquote-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikiquote-logo.png/50px-Wikiquote-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="109" /></span></span> <span class="interProject"><a href="https://bg.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="q:Бира">Уикицитат</a> (цитати)</span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span> <span class="interProject"><a href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:бира">Уикиречник</a></span></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Българска бира">Българска бира</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">Лагер (бира)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">Ейл</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArnold" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Arnold, John P. Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology.  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0966208412" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9662084-1-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production">Volume of World Beer Production</a> //  European Beer Guide.  Посетен на 17 октомври 2006.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Nelson, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage&client=firefox-a">The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</a> //   books.google.co.uk. Посетен на 22 февруари 2009.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bryson, Lew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniabrew0000brys_t2a0">Pennsylvania Breweries</a>.  Stackpole Books, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0811732223" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0811732223</a>. с. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniabrew0000brys_t2a0/page/21">21</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFlivescience.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/mysteries/060929_beer_invented.html">Life's Little Mysteries – When Was Beer Invented?</a> //   livescience.com. Посетен на 11 ноември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-66615/beer">Beer</a> //   Britannica.com.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoman2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Homan, Michael M. Beer and Its Drinkers: An Ancient near Eastern Love Story //  <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i> 67 (2).  2004. p. 84 – 95.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20221119143235/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/world/jar-in-iranian-ruins-betrays-beer-drinkers-of-3500-bc.html">Jar in Iranian Ruins Betrays Beer Drinkers of 3500 B.C.</a> //   New York Times.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/world/jar-in-iranian-ruins-betrays-beer-drinkers-of-3500-bc.html">оригинала</a> на 2022-11-19. Посетен на 10 ноември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFwww.cbsnews.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/9QKq">Archeologists Link Rise of Civilization and Beer's Invention – Tech Talk – CBS News</a> //   www.cbsnews.com.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20022058-501465.html?tag=channelMore;pop">оригинала</a> на 22 юли 2012. Посетен на 10 ноември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMirskyMay_2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mirsky, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016205228/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=E699E9C7-E7F2-99DF-38A7329520CF67D6&colID=15">Ale's Well with the World</a> //  <i>Scientific American</i>.  May 2007.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=E699E9C7-E7F2-99DF-38A7329520CF67D6&colID=15">оригинала</a> на 2007-10-16. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDornbusch27_август" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dornbusch, Horst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/ata/20060827151956.htm">Beer: The Midwife of Civilization</a> //   Assyrian International News Agency, 27 август. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProtz4_декември" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Protz, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012180014/http://www.beer-pages.com/stories/complete-guide-beer.htm">The Complete Guide to World Beer</a> //   4 декември.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-pages.com/stories/complete-guide-beer.htm">оригинала</a> на 2016-10-12. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nin-kasi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nin-kasi_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStuckey" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stuckey, Johanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm">Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer</a> //   Matrifocus 2006. Посетен на 13 май 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sumer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sumer_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Black, Jeremy A et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literatureofanci0000unse_t7d8">The literature of ancient Sumer</a>.  Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0199263116" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-926311-6</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220226101340/https://www.pnas.org/content/101/51/17593.full">Fermented beverages of pre – and proto-historic China</a> //   Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/101/51/17593.full">оригинала</a> на 2022-02-26. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFwww.echinacities.com15_юли" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719014915/http://www.echinacities.com/special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223">Li Wine: The Beer of Ancient China – China Beer Festivals 2009</a> //   www.echinacities.com, 15 юли.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echinacities.com/Special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223">оригинала</a> на 2009-07-19. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDumper2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dumper, Michael et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA141&dq=tablets+of+ebla&cd=10#v=onepage&q=tablets%20of%20ebla">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>.  ABC-CLIO, 2007. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781576079195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781576079195</a>. p. 141.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArchaeo_News22_октомври" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/000123.html">Prehistoric brewing: the true story</a> //   Archaeo News, 22 октомври. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson20052-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson20052_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2005">Nelson 2005</a>, с. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Unger, Richard W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=hops+Carolingian+Abbot&source=web&ots=hquU2pyyXK&sig=bymjH2aH8Xc9uzm0rJS4FZc8c2g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result">Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</a>.  University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0812237951" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-3795-1</a>. p. 57.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2005110-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2005110_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2005">Nelson 2005</a>, с. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDer_Spiegel2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,549175,00.html">492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law</a> //   Der Spiegel, 2008. Посетен на 5 март 2011.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotp-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sotp_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cornell, Martyn. Beer: The Story of the Pint.  Headline, 2003. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0755311655" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7553-1165-5</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHomebrew4u.co.uk" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023506/http://www.homebrew4u.co.uk/news-articles/breaking-homebrewing-law-in-alabama.asp">Breaking the Home Brewing Law in Alabama</a> //   Homebrew4u.co.uk.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homebrew4u.co.uk/news-articles/breaking-homebrewing-law-in-alabama.asp">оригинала</a> на 2008-10-09. Посетен на 28 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-market-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-market_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYahoo!_Finance" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biz.yahoo.com/p/bevalcmktd.html">Industry Browser – Consumer Non-Cyclical – Beverages (Alcoholic) – Company List</a> //   Yahoo! Finance. Посетен на 5 ноември 2007.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchandmarkets1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-researchandmarkets1_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_and_Markets" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084307/http://researchandmarkets.com/reports/53577/beer_global_industry_guide.htm">Beer: Global Industry Guide</a> //   Research and Markets.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/53577/beer_global_industry_guide.htm">оригинала</a> на 2007-10-11. Посетен на 5 ноември 2007.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStampferJan_2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stampfer, MJ et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women //  <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> 352 (3).  Jan 2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041152">10.1056/NEJMoa041152</a>. p. 245 – 253.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHinesFeb_2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hines, LM et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11207350&promo=ONFLNS19">Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction</a> //  <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> 344 (8).  Feb 2001. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200102223440802">10.1056/NEJM200102223440802</a>. p. 549 – 555.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBergerNov_1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Berger, K et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=10564684&promo=ONFLNS19">Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians</a> //  <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> 341 (21).  Nov 1999. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911183412101">10.1056/NEJM199911183412101</a>. p. 1557 – 1564.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMukamalJan_2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mukamal, KJ et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men //  <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> 348 (2).  Jan 2003. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022095">10.1056/NEJMoa022095</a>. p. 109 – 118.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBamforth2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bamforth, C. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328151921/http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-76.htm">Beer as liquid bread: Overlapping science</a> //   2006.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-76.htm">оригинала</a> на 2007-03-28. Посетен на 6 ноември 2006.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1924" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Harden, A et al. Investigation of Barley, Malt and Beer for Vitamins B and C //  <i>Biochemistry Journal</i> 18 (5).  1924. p. 1129 – 1132.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFranconia_Notch_Brewing_Company" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526183839/http://www.4front.com/brewery/beer%20-%20why%20ours%20is%20special.htm">Why our beer is special and, dare we say, better; No filtering</a> //   Franconia Notch Brewing Company.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4front.com/brewery/beer%20-%20why%20ours%20is%20special.htm">оригинала</a> на 2007-05-26. Посетен на 6 ноември 2006.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReuters21_януари" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6853732/">Non-alcoholic beer may help mice fight cancer</a> //   Reuters, 21 януари.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFood_Navigator17_май" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?id=52157-double-benefit-from">Double benefit from alcohol-free beer</a> //   Food Navigator, 17 май.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdell2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Edell, Dean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelibertypursu00edel">Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness</a>.  New York, Harper Collins, 2004. p. 191 – 192.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFalabev.com2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123045417/http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">The Ingredients of Beer</a> //   alabev.com, 2011.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">оригинала</a> на 2016-01-23. Посетен на 9 март 2011.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geot-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-geot_38-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geot_38-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/aug04/resources.html">Geology and Beer</a> //   2004. Посетен на 5 ноември 2007.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarm-direct2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farm-direct.co.uk/farming/stockcrop/barley/malt.html">Barley Malt</a> //   Farm-direct, 2002. Посетен на 29 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Jackson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000120.html">A good beer is a thorny problem down Mexico way</a> //   BeerHunter.com, 1997. Посетен на 29 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmagalski2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Smagalski, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002170600/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art39558.asp">CAMRA & The First International Gluten Free Beer Festival</a> //   Carolyn Smagalski, Bella Online, 2006.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art39558.asp">оригинала</a> на 2010-10-02. Посетен на 2011-03-09.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldammer2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Goldammer, Ted. Chapter 6 – Beer Adjuncts //  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">The Brewers Handbook</a>.  Apex Pub, 2000. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0967521203" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9675212-0-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063059/http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2007-10-27 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1964" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Burgess, A. H. Hops: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization.  Leonard Hill, 1964. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0471123501" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-12350-1</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrewWiki" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewwiki.com/index.php/Head_Retention">Head Retention</a> //   BrewWiki. Посетен на 5 ноември 2007.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHopsteiner" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212319/http://hopsteiner.com/isopg1.htm">Hop Products: Iso-Extract</a> //   Hopsteiner.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopsteiner.com/isopg1.htm">оригинала</a> на 2007-10-11. Посетен на 5 ноември 2007.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPDQ_Guides2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016111537/http://beer.pdqguides.com/beer-ingredient-hops.html">Hops: Clever Use For a Useless Plan</a> //   PDQ Guides, 2008.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beer.pdqguides.com/beer-ingredient-hops.html">оригинала</a> на 2008-10-16. Посетен на 13 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Blanco, Carlos A et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17772625">A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids</a> //   inist.fr, 2011. Посетен на 9 март 2011.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Unger, Richard W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=gruit+beer&source=web&ots=hquT_nFAXM&sig=6dIe2vRBBHt-6wKhNfNis4FuGgk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result">Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</a>.  University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0812237951" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-3795-1</a>. p. 30.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFraoch.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080629071231/http://www.fraoch.com/historicales.htm">Heatherale.co.uk</a> //   Fraoch.com.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraoch.com/historicales.htm">оригинала</a> на 29 юни 2008. Посетен на 28 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrasserie-lancelot.com" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819030220/http://www.brasserie-lancelot.com/brasserie-lancelot.php">Présentation de la Brasserie Lancelot</a> //   Brasserie-lancelot.com.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasserie-lancelot.com/brasserie-lancelot.php">оригинала</a> на 2008-08-19. Посетен на 28 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на френски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOstergaard2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Ostergaard, S et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061932/http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/34">Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> //  <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> 64.  2000. p. 34 – 50.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/34">оригинала</a> на 2011-09-27.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dittmer, Paul R et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0kefSj0_i9sC&pg=PA376&dq=types+of+yeast+used+to+make+beer&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3MoveTthnLMs94MsIoa2B8EU-lAQ">Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls</a>.  John Wiley and Sons, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0471429929" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-42992-9</a>. p. 376.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHornsey1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hornsey, Ian Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DvNhR0xfHtMC&pg=PA221&dq=Brettanomyces+lambic&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3PmukrkBNIO7fkkHMIit43n9l7Bg">Brewing</a>.  Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0854045686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85404-568-6</a>. p. 221 – 222.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Horwitz, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809212726/http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a> //   Web.mst.edu, 2008.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">оригинала</a> на 2011-08-09. Посетен на 30 септември 2008.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHui1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hui, Y. H et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TxCQlmasQh8C&pg=PA847&dq=beer+yeast+history&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3I5rdHZa4dvHSF6rH3E5mt9ddqbg#PPA847,M1">Food Biotechnology</a>.  Wiley-IEEE, 1994. ISBN <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0471185701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-18570-1</a>. p. 847 – 848.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeer-pages.comJune" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012040702/http://beer-pages.com/protz/features/protz-the-brewer.htm">Roger Protz tries his hand at brewing</a> //   Beer-pages.com, June.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/protz-the-brewer.htm">оригинала</a> на 2009-10-12. Посетен на 21 септември 2010.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParkes2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Parkes, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619013732/http://www.abgbrew.com/brewerslog.htm">British Brewing</a> //   American Brewers Guild, 2011.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abgbrew.com/brewerslog.htm">оригинала</a> на 2010-06-19. Посетен на 8 март 2011.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMosher1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Mosher, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190723205451/http://www.brewingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue2.2/mosher.html">Parti-Gyle Brewing</a> //   BrewingTechniques, 1994.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brewingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue2.2/mosher.html">оригинала</a> на 2019-07-23. Посетен на 8 март 2011.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2002275-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2002275_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, с. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldammer2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Goldammer, Ted. Chapter 13 – Beer Fermentation //  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewershandbook0000tedg">The Brewers Handbook</a>.  Apex Pub, 2000. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0967521203" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9675212-0-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2002306-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2002306_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, с. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBroderick1982" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Broderick, Harold M et al. Beer Packaging: A Manual for the Brewing and Beverage Industries.  Master Brewers Association of the Americas, 1982.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flashka.bg/plastmasovi-butilki">Пластмасови бутилки</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Из_чего_следует_пить_пиво_64-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gubit.ru/index.php?nomer=170">Из чего следует пить пиво</a><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot – февруари 2021">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411185020/http://www.thinkglass.gr/images/final_report_survey.pdf">Пълен доклад от „Проучване на стъкления амбалаж в Европа“ (септември 2010 г.)</a>, архив на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkglass.gr/images/final_report_survey.pdf">оригинала</a> от 11 април 2014<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411185020/http://www.thinkglass.gr/images/final_report_survey.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20140411185020/http://www.thinkglass.gr/images/final_report_survey.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, посетен на 4 ноември 2014</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BE%D1%82+%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%E2%80%9C+%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8+2010+%D0%B3.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140411185020%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkglass.gr%2Fimages%2Ffinal_report_survey.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217121221/http://pressadaily.bg/publication/39727-Връщаме-пластмасовите-бутилки-в-магазина">Връщаме пластмасовите бутилки в магазина</a>, архив на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pressadaily.bg/publication/39727-Връщаме-пластмасовите-бутилки-в-магазина">оригинала</a> от 17 декември 2014<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217121221/http://pressadaily.bg/publication/39727-Връщаме-пластмасовите-бутилки-в-магазина">https://web.archive.org/web/20141217121221/http://pressadaily.bg/publication/39727-Връщаме-пластмасовите-бутилки-в-магазина</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, посетен на 29 май 2021</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141217121221%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpressadaily.bg%2Fpublication%2F39727-%D0%92%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B2-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206214002/http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/Country%20chapters%20Economic%20impact%20of%20beer.pdf">www.brewersofeurope.org</a> //    Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/Country%20chapters%20Economic%20impact%20of%20beer.pdf">оригинала</a> на 2007-02-06. Посетен на 2010-08-30.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Цитирани източници</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Lewis, Michael et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cr9Pv0gefCQC&pg=PA274&dq=hops+boiled+brewing&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U20D5Blv8GqmsNXncZ7twjbH50Zxg#PPA275,M1">Brewing</a>.  Springer, 2002. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0306472740" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-306-47274-0</a>. p. 275.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Nelson, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbariansbevera00maxn">The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</a>.  Routledge, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0415311217" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-31121-7</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbariansbevera00maxn/page/2">2</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f6e396; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Стилове бира"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background:#f6e396; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;background:#f6e396; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";background:#f6e396; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> Стилове <a class="mw-selflink selflink">бира</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f6e396; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Лагер (бира)">Лагер</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Светъл лагер</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Лек американски лагер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Стандартен американски лагер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Американски премиум лагер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Чешки светъл лагер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Мюнхнер Хелес">Мюнхнер Хелес</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Дортмундер Експорт">Дортмундер Експорт</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Фестбир</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Светъл лагер">Ляйхтбир</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пилзнер">Пилзнер</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пилзнер">Бохемски пилзнер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пилзнер">Немски пилзнер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пилзнер">Класически американски пилзнер</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Евпопейски амбър лагер</div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Виенски лагер">Виенски лагер</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мартенска бира">Мерцен</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чешки амбър лагер (страницата не съществува)">Чешки амбър лагер</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тъмен лагер">Тъмен лагер</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80#Видове" title="Тъмен лагер">Тъмен американски лагер</a> -<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Мюнхнер Дункел">Мюнхнер Дункел</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шварц бира">Шварц бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80#Видове" title="Тъмен лагер">Чешки тъмен лагер</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Бок бира</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Традиционен бок</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Допелбок</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Айсбок</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бок бира">Майбок</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f6e396; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">Ейл</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Английски пейл ейл">Английски пейл ейл (Битър)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Битър">Обикновен битър</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Битър">Специален битър</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Битър">Екстра специален битър</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Шотландски</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ирландски червен ейл">ирландски ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> 1. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Шотландски ейл</a> : <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Скотиш лайт 60/-</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Скотиш хеви 70/-</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Скотиш експорт 80/-</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Шотландски ейл">Стронг скоч ейл</a> ; 2. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ирландски червен ейл">Ирландски червен ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Американски ейл</div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Американски пейл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Американски амбър ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB#Американски_браун_ейл" title="Кафяв ейл">Американски кафяв ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Английски кафяв ейл">Английски кафяв ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Майлд ейл">Майлд ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Кафяв ейл">Южноанглийски браун ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Кафяв ейл">Северноанглийски браун ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Портър</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Браун портър</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Реубаст портър</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър">Балтийски портър</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Стаут</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Сух стаут</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Сладък стаут</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Овесен стаут</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Форин екстра стаут</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Американски стаут</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Стаут">Руски имперски стаут</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Индийски пейл ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Английски индийски пейл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Американски индийски пейл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Индийски пейл ейл">Имперски индийски пейл ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Германски ейл</div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайс бира">Вайс бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Роген бира">Роген бира</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгийски</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Френска бира">френски</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ейл">ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Уит бира">Уит бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Белгийски пейл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сезон бира">Сезон бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Биер де Гард">Биер де Гард</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мартенска бира (Франция)">Френска мартенска бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгийски специален ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Кисел ейл">Кисел ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Берлинер Вайс">Берлинер Вайс</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Лайпцигер Гозе">Лайпцигер Гозе</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Фландърски червен ейл">Фландърски червен ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Фландърски кафяв ейл">Фландърски кафяв ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ламбик">Ламбик</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгийски силен ейл</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Белгийски блонд ейл">Белгийски блонд ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Белгийски дубъл ейл">Белгийски дубъл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Белгийски трипъл ейл">Белгийски трипъл ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгийски златист силен ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгийски тъмен силен ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Силен ейл</div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Стар ейл">Стар ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Барли уайн">Английски барли уайн</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Барли уайн">Американски барли уайн</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f6e396; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Хибридна бира <br />(лагер/ейл)</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Хибридна кехлибарена бира</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алт бира">Северногерманска алт бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алт бира">Дюселдорфска алт бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парна бира">Калифорнийска обикновена бира</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Хибридна светла бира</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Крийм ейл">Крийм ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB#Американски_блонд_ейл" title="Пейл ейл">Американски блонд ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88" title="Кьолш">Кьолш</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пшенична бира">Американска пшенична бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ръжена бира">Американска ръжена бира</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f6e396; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Спeциална бира<br />(лагери и ейлове)</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Специална бира</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Айс бира">Айс бира</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Австралийски спаркинг ейл (страницата не съществува)">Австралийски спаркинг ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Брауншвайгер Муме">Брауншвайгер Муме</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Гроджиш">Гроджиш</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Истински ейл">Истински ейл</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Италиански гроздов ейл (страницата не съществува)">Италиански гроздов ейл</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Келер бира">Келер бира</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Койт бира (страницата не съществува)">Койт бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Коледна бира">Коледна бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Малц ликьор">Малц ликьор</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парна бира">Калифорния Комън</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Катарина Саур (страницата не съществува)">Катарина Саур</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кентъки Комън (страницата не съществува)">Кентъки Комън</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%84_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дампф бира">Дампф бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пейл ейл">Пейл ейл</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пенсилвания Суонки (страницата не съществува)">Пенсилвания Суонки</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плодова бира">Плодова бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Опушена_бира_извън_Германия" title="Раух бира">Пушена бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Раух бира">Раух бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Латцен бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Щике алт</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Допелщике алт</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0#Разновидности" title="Алт бира">Мюнстер алт</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цвикел бира">Цвикел бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цойгел бира">Цойгел бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Щайн бира">Щайн бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сахти">Сахти</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Радлер">Радлер</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тиквен ейл (страницата не съществува)">Тиквен ейл</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Хибридни_и_специални_бири">Специална бира (лагер/ейл)<br /> според други признаци</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абатска бира">Абатска бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Трапистка бира">Трапистка бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Био бира">Био бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Безалкохолна бира">Безалкохолна бира</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грюит бира (страницата не съществува)">Грюит бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жива бира">Жива бира</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Конопена бира (страницата не съществува)">Конопена бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пшенична бира">Пшенична бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ръжена бира">Ръжена бира</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Динкел бира">Динкел бира (бира от спелта)</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Емер бира">Емер бира (бира от лимец)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFE8BF; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Бирата по света"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background:#FFE8BF; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;background:#FFE8BF; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";background:#FFE8BF; border:2px solid #FFAD1F;;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> Бирата по света</div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;">Африка</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кенийска бира (страницата не съществува)">Кения</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мароканска бира (страницата не съществува)">Мароко</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нигерийска бира (страницата не съществува)">Нигерия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Южноафриканска бира (страницата не съществува)">Южна Африка</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0.01%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Detmolder_Pilsener_(Flasche_und_Glas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/80px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/120px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg/160px-Detmolder_Pilsener_%28Flasche_und_Glas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="3728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;">Азия</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Китайска бира (страницата не съществува)">Китай</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Индийска бира (страницата не съществува)">Индия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Израелска бира (страницата не съществува)">Израел</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Японска бира (страницата не съществува)">Япония</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Южнокорейска бира (страницата не съществува)">Южна Корея</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тайландска бира (страницата не съществува)">Тайланд</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;">Европа</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Австрийска бира">Австрия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белгийска бира">Белгия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Българска бира">България</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Чешко пиво">Чехия</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Френска бира">Франция</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Германска бира (страницата не съществува)">Германия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ирландска бира (страницата не съществува)">Ирландия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Холандска бира (страницата не съществува)">Холандия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полска бира (страницата не съществува)">Полша</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Руска бира (страницата не съществува)">Русия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сръбска бира (страницата не съществува)">Сърбия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Английска бира (страницата не съществува)">Англия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шотландска бира (страницата не съществува)">Шотландия</a></li></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;">Америка</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Американска бира (страницата не съществува)">САЩ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Канадска бира (страницата не съществува)">Канада</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мексиканска бира (страницата не съществува)">Мексико</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бразилска бира (страницата не съществува)">Бразилия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аржентинска бира (страницата не съществува)">Аржентина</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чилийска бира (страницата не съществува)">Чили</a></li></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE8BF; text-align:center; border:2px solid#F0D060; width:8em; font-size:90%;">Океания</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Австралийска бира (страницата не съществува)">Австралия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Новозеландска бира (страницата не съществува)">Нова Зеландия</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шаблон:Български пивоварни"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";color:black;background-color:;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;color:black;background-color:;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";color:black;background-color:;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>Български пивоварни</b></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;">Големи пивоварни</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" title="Загорка АД">Загорка АД</a></b> - Стара Загора (<a href="/wiki/Heineken" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken">Heineken International</a>)  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица (пивоварна)">Каменица АД</a></b> - Пловдив (<a href="/wiki/Molson_Coors_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson Coors Brewing Company">Molson Coors Brewing Company</a>)  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Карлсберг България АД">Карлсберг България АД</a></b> - София (<a href="/wiki/Carlsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlsberg">Carlsberg Group</a>)  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A2_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Болярка ВТ АД">Болярка ВТ АД</a></b> - Велико Търново  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ломско пиво АД">Ломско пиво АД</a></b> - Лом  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_1964_%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Леденика България 1964 ЕООД">Леденика България 1964 ЕООД</a></b> - София  • <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Бритос ЕООД">Бритос ЕООД</a></b> - Велико Търново</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;">Малки пивоварни и <br />микропивоварни</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> Бълборг АД - Пловдив  • Гларус Крафт Брюинг - с.Слънчево, Варненска област  • Пети океан ООД - София  • Микроспектър ООД - Варна  • Белинвест - Трявна ООД - Трявна  • Пивоварна 359 ЕООД - София</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;">Закрити или <br />преобразувани <br />пивоварни</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <p><b>1880-1947 :</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пивоварна Света Петка">Пивоварна Света Петка</a> - Русе  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пивоварна Хаберман">Пивоварна Хаберман</a> - Русе  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивоварна Братя Прошекови">Пивоварна Братя Прошекови</a> - София  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивоварна Младен Тодоров">Пивоварна Младен Тодоров</a> - София  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Люлин (пивоварна)">Пивоварна Македония</a> - София  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пивоварна Павлово">Пивоварна Павлово</a> - София  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Карлсберг България АД">Шумен - Русе АД</a> - Шумен  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица (пивоварна)">Фрик и Сулцер Пивоварница „Каменица”</a> - Пловдив  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пивоварна Лаушман и Джевизов">Пивоварна Лаушман и Джевизов</a> - с.Коматево, Пловдивско  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Пивоварна Асеновец">Пивоварна Асеновец</a> - Сливен  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" title="Загорка АД">Пивоварна Бъдащност</a> - Стара Загора  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" title="Загорка АД">Пивоварна Тракия АД</a> - Стара Загора  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пивоварна Братя Гинели">Пивоварна Братя Гинели</a> - Бургас  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пивоварна Галата">Пивоварна Галата</a> - Варна  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A2_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Болярка ВТ АД">Пивоварна Никола Хаджиславчев</a> - Велико Търново  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Пивоварна Бабенец">Пивоварна Бабенец</a> - Горна Оряховица  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Пивоварна Бузлуджа">Пивоварна Бузлуджа</a> - Габрово  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пивоварна Червен рак">Пивоварна Червен рак</a> - Плевен  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ломско пиво АД">Пивоварна Малотин и Хозман</a> - Лом  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пивоварна Виктор Олингер">Пивоварна Виктор Олингер</a> - с.Кошава, Видинско  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Пивоварна Братя Радойкови">Пивоварна Братя Радойкови</a> - Самоков  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Пивоварна Братя Попатанасови">Пивоварна Братя Попатанасови</a> - с.Жиленци, Кюстендилско <br /> </p><p><b>след 1990 :</b> </p> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивоварна София АД">Пивоварна София АД</a> - София (бивша пивоварна Люлин) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Пивоварна Ариана АД">Пивоварна Ариана АД</a> - София (бивша пивоварна Витоша)  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Плевенско пиво АД">Плевенско пиво АД</a> - Плевен  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_1964_%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Леденика България 1964 ЕООД">Варненско пиво АД</a> - Варна  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица АД">Бургаско пиво АД</a> - Бургас  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица АД">Астика АД</a> - Хасково  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Карлсберг България АД">Шуменско пиво АД</a> - Шумен  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Пиринско пиво АД">Пиринско пиво АД</a> - Благоевград  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_1964_%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Леденика България 1964 ЕООД">Леденика АД</a> - Мездра  • Агрима АД - София  • Тримекс - Сервиз АД - София</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Българска бира"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Марки българска бира</div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%94" title="Загорка АД">„Загорка“ АД</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Heineken" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken">Heineken</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <dl><dt>собствени</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Ариана (бира)">Ариана</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Загорка">Загорка</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Столично">Столично</a></dd> <dt>лицензни</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Амстел (бира)">Амстел</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хайнекен (бира) (страницата не съществува)">Хайнекен</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Каменица (пивоварна)">„Каменица“ АД</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81" title="Молсън Коорс">Molson Coors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <dt>собствени</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Каменица (бира)">Каменица</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Астика (бира)">Астика</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бургаско (бира)">Бургаско</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Славена (бира)">Славена</a></dd> <dt>лицензни</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бекс">Бекс</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Старопрамен">Старопрамен</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Стела Артоа">Стела Артоа</a></dd></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Карлсберг България АД">„Карлсберг България“ АД</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Карлсберг Груп">Carlsberg Group</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <dt>собствени</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Шуменско (бира)">Шуменско</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пиринско">Пиринско</a></dd> <dt>лицензни</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карлсберг (бира) (страницата не съществува)">Карлсберг</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Туборг (страницата не съществува)">Туборг</a></dd></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A2_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Болярка ВТ АД">„Болярка ВТ“ АД</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <dt>собствени</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Болярка (бира)">Болярка</a></dd> <dd>Балканско</dd> <dd>Диана</dd> <dd>Швейк</dd> <dt>лицензни</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калтенберг (страницата не съществува)">Калтенберг</a></dd></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ломско пиво АД">„Ломско пиво“ АД</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Алмус (бира)">Алмус</a></dd> <dd>Мизия</dd> <dd>Шопско пиво</dd> <dd>Гредберг</dd></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_1964_%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Леденика България 1964 ЕООД">„Леденика България 1964“ ЕООД</a></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 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