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title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Noun" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Noun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Noun (disambiguation)">Noun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> within a phrase, clause, or sentence.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, nouns constitute a lexical category (<a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a>) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> occurrence of nouns differs among languages. In English, prototypical nouns are <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">common nouns or proper nouns</a> that can occur with <a href="/wiki/Determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiners">determiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">attributive adjectives</a>, and can function as the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. According to traditional and popular classification, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Examples">2 Examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Characterization_and_definition">3 Characterization and definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification">4 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gender">4.1 Gender</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Proper_and_common_nouns">4.2 Proper and common nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns">4.3 Countable nouns and mass nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Collective_nouns">4.4 Collective nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns">4.5 Concrete nouns and abstract nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns">4.6 Alienable vs. inalienable nouns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Noun_phrases">5 Noun phrases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes">6 Nouns in relation to other word classes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Pronouns">6.1 Pronouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nominalization">6.2 Nominalization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bibliography">9.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History </h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech#History" title="Part of speech">History of parts of speech</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Word_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Word class">Word classes</a> (parts of speech) were described by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a>, the noun (nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined.<a href="#cite_note-Matilal-5">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus dialog</a>, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Grammar" title="The Art of Grammar">The Art of Grammar</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a> (2nd century BC). The term used in <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> was nōmen. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> nom (other forms include nomme, and noun itself). The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">forms</a> that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Because <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> share these three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical categories</a>, adjectives typically were placed in the same class as nouns. Similarly, the Latin term nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or simply substantives and adjectives). (The word <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominal</a> is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) Many European languages use a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. or sb. instead of n., which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> (multiword units that are sometimes called noun equivalents).<a href="#cite_note-CMOS-7">[6]</a> It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjunct</a>. For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts, but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>The cat sat on the chair.</li> <li>Please hand in your assignments by the end of the week.</li> <li>Cleanliness is next to godliness.</li> <li>Plato was an influential philosopher in ancient Greece.</li> <li>Revel the night, rob, murder, and commit / The oldest sins the newest kind of ways? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.</li></ul> A noun can co-occur with an <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">attributive adjective</a>. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. <ul><li>the name (name is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article the)</li> <li>*the baptise (baptise is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article)</li> <li>constant circulation (circulation is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective constant)</li> <li>*constant circulate (circulate is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective constant)</li> <li>a fright (fright is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article a)</li> <li>*an afraid (afraid is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article a)</li> <li>terrible fright (the noun fright can co-occur with the adjective terrible)</li> <li>*terrible afraid (the adjective afraid cannot co-occur with the adjective terrible)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Characterization_and_definition">Characterization and definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characterization and definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical categories</a> by which they may be varied (for example <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (linguistics)">number</a>). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories. Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative.<a href="#cite_note-jackendoff-8">[7]</a> Several English nouns lack an intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a> of their own: behalf (as in on behalf of), dint (by dint of), and sake (for the sake of).<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs to rain or to mother, or adjectives like red; and there is little difference between the adverb gleefully and the <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositional phrase</a> with glee.<a href="#cite_note-10">[note 2]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functional</a> approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.<a href="#cite_note-rijkhoff2022-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in a language. Nouns may be classified according to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> properties such as which <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> they take, and also their relations in <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types. Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this could not apply in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, which has no definite articles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gender" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender</a></div> In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> in words that modify or are used along with it. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for example, the singular form of the definite article is le for masculine nouns and la for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of -e for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> most nouns ending in -a are feminine. Gender can also correlate with the <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gender">social gender</a> of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun personne can refer to a male or a female person). In Modern English, even common nouns like hen and princess and proper nouns like Alicia do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of a specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The girl said the ring was from her new boyfriend, but he denied it was from him" (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this her is counted as a <a href="/wiki/English_possessive#Pronouns" title="English possessive">possessive pronoun</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_and_common_nouns">Proper and common nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proper and common nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper noun</a></div> A proper noun (sometimes called a proper name, though the two terms normally have different meanings) is a noun that represents a unique entity (India, <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pequod_(Moby-Dick)" title="Pequod (Moby-Dick)">Pequod</a>) – as distinguished from common nouns (or appellative nouns), which describe a class of entities (country, animal, planet, person, ship).<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context (Albania, Newton, Pasteur, America), as are many of the forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an Albanian"; the adjectival forms in "he's of Albanian heritage" and "Newtonian physics", but not in "pasteurized milk"; the second verb in "they sought to Americanize us"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns">Countable nouns and mass nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Countable nouns and mass nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></div> Count nouns or countable nouns are common nouns that can take a <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>, can combine with <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numerals</a> or counting <a href="/wiki/Quantifiers_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifiers (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> (e.g., one, two, several, every, most), and can take an indefinite article such as a or an (in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are chair, nose, and occasion. Mass nouns or uncountable (non-count) nouns differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms a furniture and three furnitures are not used – even though pieces of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how the nouns present those entities.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, soda is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_nouns">Collective nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collective nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></div> Collective nouns are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> – refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include committee, government, and police. In English these nouns may be followed by a singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members.<a href="#cite_note-Gowers_2014-16">[14]</a> Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in Plain Words include:<a href="#cite_note-Gowers_2014-16">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">"A committee was appointed to consider this subject." (singular)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">"The committee were unable to agree." (plural)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">* "The committee were of one mind when I sat in on them." (unacceptable use of plural)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns">Concrete nouns and abstract nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concrete nouns and abstract nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">Physical body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">Abstract object</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Noun" title="Special:EditPage/Noun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Concrete nouns refer to <a href="/wiki/Physical_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical bodies">physical entities</a> that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a> (chair, apple, Janet, atom), as items supposed to exist in the physical world. Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">abstract objects</a>: ideas or concepts (justice, anger, solubility, duration). Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings: art usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass key" and "the key to success"; "a block in the pipe" and "a mental block". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots (drawback, fraction, holdout, uptake). Many abstract nouns in English are formed by adding a suffix (-ness, -ity, -ion) to adjectives or verbs (happiness and serenity from the adjectives happy and serene; circulation from the verb circulate). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns">Alienable vs. inalienable nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alienable vs. inalienable nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></div> Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the <a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Awa language (Papua New Guinea)">Awa language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> regiments nouns according to how ownership is assigned: as alienable possession or <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Noun_phrases">Noun phrases</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Noun phrases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">Noun phrase</a></div> A noun phrase (or NP) is a phrase usually <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">headed</a> by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs: the dog (subject of the verbs sat and wagged); Ms Curtis (complement of the preposition near); and its tail (object of wagged). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs: you (subject of became); and their teacher.<a href="#cite_note-18">[note 3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes">Nouns in relation to other word classes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns in relation to other word classes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></div> Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, such as he, it, she, they, which, these, and those, to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as a subclass of nouns parallel to prototypical nouns). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word she is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun Gareth does. The word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">John's car is newer than the one that Bill has.</div> But one can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">This new car is cheaper than that one.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominalization">Nominalization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nominalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">Nominalization</a></div> Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">This legislation will have the most impact on the poor.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the powerful.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">The Socialist International is a worldwide association of political parties.</div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_features" title="Phi features">Phi features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Example nouns for: <ul><li>Living creatures (including people, alive, dead, or imaginary): mushrooms, dogs, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbeans</a>, rosebushes, <a href="/wiki/Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandela">Mandela</a>, bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Klingons" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingons">Klingons</a>, etc.</li> <li>Physical objects: hammers, pencils, Earth, guitars, atoms, stones, boots, shadows, etc.</li> <li>Places: closets, temples, rivers, Antarctica, houses, <a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Uluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>, etc.</li> <li>Actions of individuals or groups: swimming, exercises, cough, explosions, flight, electrification, embezzlement, etc.</li> <li>Physical qualities: colors, lengths, porosity, weights, roundness, symmetry, solidity, etc.</li> <li>Mental or bodily states: jealousy, sleep, joy, headache, confusion, etc.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Idioms often include nouns in a way that may be independent of any nominal meaning they may have: in rock and roll there is no reference to any "rock" or any "roll"; lock, stock, and barrel is a <a href="/wiki/Dead_metaphor" title="Dead metaphor">dead metaphor</a> that refers only to a figurative sense of a lock or stock or barrel. See <a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">hendiadys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendiatris" title="Hendiatris">hendiatris</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> In this position their teacher would be analysed variously under different linguistic theories. For example, some would classify it as a "predicate nominal over the subject" (as in the article <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative expression</a>); but all would agree that it is not an object since became is not <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>. Traditionally, and very commonly in mainstream linguistic analysis, it is classified as a complement or predicative complement (PC); see extended treatment in Chapter 4 ("The clause: complements") of Huddleston and Pullum (2002), pp. 213–321: for example in §5.1 at p. 253, where the NP a minister is taken as a PC in "Ed became a minister" contrasting with its role as an object (O) in "Ed attacked a minister". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/noun#:~:text=Britannica%20Dictionary%20definition%20of%20NOUN%20%5Bcount%5D%20%3A%20a,common%20noun%2C%20count%20noun%2C%20noncount%20noun%2C%20proper%20noun/">"Noun"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noun&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnoun%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBritannica%2520Dictionary%2520definition%2520of%2520NOUN%2520%255Bcount%255D%2520%253A%2520a%2Ccommon%2520noun%252C%2520count%2520noun%252C%2520noncount%2520noun%252C%2520proper%2520noun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Adger2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adger" title="David Adger">David Adger</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7SmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Language Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9"><bdi>978-0-19-882809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Unlimited%3A+The+science+behind+our+most+creative+power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882809-9&rft.au=David+Adger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7SmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matilal-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Matilal_5-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Krishna_Matilal" title="Bimal Krishna Matilal">Bimal Krishna Matilal</a>, The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language, 1990 (Chapter 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=nomen">nōmen</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o/noma">ὄνομα</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMOS-7"><a href="#cite_ref-CMOS_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Manual_of_Style" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a>, "5.10: Noun-equivalents and substantives", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch05/ch05_sec010.html">The Chicago Manual of Style</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.10%3A+Noun-equivalents+and+substantives&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.au=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2F16%2Fch05%2Fch05_sec010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackendoff-8"><a href="#cite_ref-jackendoff_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackendoff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Jackendorff">Jackendoff, Ray</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Foundations%20of%20Language.pdf">"§5.5 Semantics as a generative system"</a> (PDF). Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827012-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827012-7"><bdi>0-19-827012-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Foundations%20of%20Language.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A75.5+Semantics+as+a+generative+system&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+language%3A+brain%2C+meaning%2C+grammar%2C+evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-827012-7&rft.aulast=Jackendoff&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpu.edu.ua%2F%21e-book%2Fbook%2Fdjvu%2FA%2Fiif_kgpm_Foundations%2520of%2520Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> pages 218 and 225, and elsewhere in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuine2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine, Willard Van Orman</a> (2013) [1960 print]. "7 Ontic Decision". Word and Object. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 215–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+Ontic+Decision&rft.btitle=Word+and+Object&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=215-254&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Quine&rft.aufirst=Willard+Van+Orman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rijkhoff2022-11"><a href="#cite_ref-rijkhoff2022_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2022" class="citation book cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). "Nouns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351663779">Oxford Handbook of Word Classes</a>. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nouns&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Word+Classes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F351663779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengeveld1992" class="citation book cs1">Hengeveld, Kees (1992). Non-verbal predication: theory, typology, diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110883282" title="Special:BookSources/9783110883282"><bdi>9783110883282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-verbal+predication%3A+theory%2C+typology%2C+diachrony&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783110883282&rft.aulast=Hengeveld&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesterBeason2005">Lester & Beason 2005</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Krifka" title="Manfred Krifka">Krifka, Manfred</a>. 1989. "Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorer2005">Borer 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gowers_2014-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowers2014">Gowers 2014</a>, pp. 189–190 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/inalienable-noun">"Inalienable Noun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inalienable+Noun&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Finalienable-noun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterBeason2005" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6"><bdi>0-07-144133-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McGraw-Hill+Handbook+of+English+Grammar+and+Usage&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-144133-6&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Beason%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorer2005" class="citation book cs1">Borer, Hagit (2005). In Name Only. Structuring Sense. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Name+Only.+Structuring+Sense&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Borer&rft.aufirst=Hagit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowers2014" class="citation book cs1">Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gowers, Rebecca (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Plain_Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain Words">Plain Words</a>. Particular. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97553-5"><bdi>978-0-141-97553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plain+Words&rft.pub=Particular&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97553-5&rft.aulast=Gowers&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Laycock, Henry (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://post.queensu.ca/%7Elaycockh/Mass%20nouns%20%20Count%20nouns%20%20Non-count%20nouns.pdf">Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns</a>", Draft version of entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Oxford: Elsevier.</li></ul> For definitions of nouns based on the concept of "identity criteria": <ul><li>Geach, Peter. 1962. Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press.</li></ul> For more on identity criteria: <ul><li>Gupta, Anil. 1980, The logic of common nouns. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li></ul> For the concept that nouns are "prototypically referential": <ul><li>Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun – or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser, and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369–80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.</li></ul> For an attempt to relate the concepts of identity criteria and prototypical referentiality: <ul><li>Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical Categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noun&oldid=1258244658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noun&oldid=1258244658</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 22:48 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%8B%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ЩыӀэцӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩыӀэцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfstandige_naamwoord" title="Selfstandige naamwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfstandige naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D_(%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D)" title="ስም (ሰዋስው) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስም (ሰዋስው)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="اسم (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="বিশেষ্য পদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশেষ্য পদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivu" title="Sustantivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustantivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_aran" title="Kruna aran – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna aran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিশেষ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশেষ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB" title="Bêng-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9)" title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngaran" title="Pangngaran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangngaran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Съществително име – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съществително име" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv-kadarn" title="Anv-kadarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv-kadarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiu" title="Substantiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substantiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%87%C4%95" title="Япала ячĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япала ячĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Podstatné jméno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podstatné jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enw" title="Enw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachinamda" title="Bachinamda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachinamda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneord" title="Navneord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimis%C3%B5na" title="Nimisõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nimisõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ουσιαστικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουσιαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Улемксвал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Улемксвал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivo" title="Sustantivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustantivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantibo" title="Substantibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Substantibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam" title="Naam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnor%C3%B0" title="Navnorð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Navnorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(grammaire)" title="Nom (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadwurd" title="Haadwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haadwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmfhocal" title="Ainmfhocal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmfhocal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennymockle" title="Ennymockle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennymockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmear" title="Ainmear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ainmear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="ЦӀердош – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀердош" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE" title="સંજ્ઞા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંજ્ઞા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yink%E1%BB%8Dgbe" title="Yinkọgbe – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Yinkọgbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="명사 (품사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bcownik" title="Wěcownik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wěcownik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina" title="Nomina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiqausiq" title="Atiqausiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atiqausiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Номдар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Номдар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibizo" title="Isibizo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibizo" title="Ibizo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafnor%C3%B0" title="Nafnorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nafnorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantivo" title="Sostantivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostantivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D" title="שם עצם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עצם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_aran" title="Tembung aran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung aran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არსებითი სახელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არსებითი სახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ناوُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jistnik" title="Jistnik – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jistnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Зат есім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanow_(gramasek)" title="Hanow (gramasek) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hanow (gramasek)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomino" title="Nomino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nomino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navd%C3%AAr" title="Navdêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navdêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зат атооч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат атооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ຄຳນາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivum" title="Nomen substantivum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomen substantivum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietv%C4%81rds" title="Lietvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfsjtendig_naamwoord" title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91n%C3%A9v" title="Főnév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Именка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Именка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯოხოსქილედი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოხოსქილედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_nama" title="Kata nama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B3" title="Нэр үг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэр үг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB)" title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfstandig_naamwoord" title="Zelfstandig naamwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfstandig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B1%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лӱммут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лӱммут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_(so%CA%BBz_turkumi)" title="Ot (soʻz turkumi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ot (soʻz turkumi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨਾਂਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਂਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="នាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantiv" title="Sostantiv – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sostantiv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczownik" title="Rzeczownik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeczownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ουσιαστικόν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουσιαστικόν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutirimana" title="Sutirimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sutirimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Назывникы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Назывникы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Имя существительное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя существительное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аат тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аат тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon" title="Noon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudwoud" title="Haudwoud – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Haudwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libito" title="Libito – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libito" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_meno" title="Podstatné meno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podstatné meno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalnik" title="Samostalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_(%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ناو (ڕێزمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناو (ڕێزمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Именица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Именица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenica" title="Imenica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiivi" title="Substantiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substantiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngalan" title="Pangngalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangngalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெயர்ச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Исем (сүз төркеме) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исем (сүз төркеме)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82)" title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Исм (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исм (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Чүве ады – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чүве ады" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Іменник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىسىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Danh từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsat" title="Subsat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Subsat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantif" title="Sustantif – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sustantif" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigngaran" title="Tigngaran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D" title="名词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="名词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="סובסטאנטיוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סובסטאנטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8D_or%C3%BAk%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọrọ orúkọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọrọ orúkọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ism" title="Ism – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ism" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E_(%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C)" title="ⵉⵙⵎ (ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ) – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵎ (ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 22:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC 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