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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Human–computer interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human–computer_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals_for_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals_for_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Goals for computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals_for_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Display designs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Display_designs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Display designs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Display_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thirteen_principles_of_display_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirteen_principles_of_display_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Thirteen principles of display design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirteen_principles_of_display_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perceptual_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptual_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Perceptual principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptual_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_model_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_model_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Mental model principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_model_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_based_on_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_based_on_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Principles based on attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_based_on_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Memory principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Social computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge-driven_human–computer_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge-driven_human–computer_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge-driven_human–computer_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotions_and_human–computer_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotions_and_human–computer_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Emotions and human–computer interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotions_and_human–computer_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain–computer_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain–computer_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Brain–computer interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain–computer_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Security interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_of_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_of_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Factors of change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_of_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Scientific conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human–computer interaction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="تفاعل الإنسان مع الحاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفاعل الإنسان مع الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_home-m%C3%A1quina" title="Interaición home-máquina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición home-máquina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan-komp%C3%BCter_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1ql%C4%B1_%C9%99laq%C9%99si" title="İnsan-kompüter qarşılıqlı əlaqəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan-kompüter qarşılıqlı əlaqəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মানব-কম্পিউটার মিথস্ক্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব-কম্পিউটার মিথস্ক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakcija_%C4%8Dovjeka_i_ra%C4%8Dunara" title="Interakcija čovjeka i računara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Interakcija čovjeka i računara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_persona-ordinador" title="Interacció persona-ordinador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interacció persona-ordinador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakce_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka_a_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8De" title="Interakce člověka a počítače – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interakce člověka a počítače" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske-datamaskine_interaktion" title="Menneske-datamaskine interaktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneske-datamaskine interaktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch-Computer-Interaktion" title="Mensch-Computer-Interaktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mensch-Computer-Interaktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimese_ja_arvuti_vaheline_suhtlus" title="Inimese ja arvuti vaheline suhtlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimese ja arvuti vaheline suhtlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85-%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Αλληλεπίδραση ανθρώπου-υπολογιστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλληλεπίδραση ανθρώπου-υπολογιστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_persona-computadora" title="Interacción persona-computadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción persona-computadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa-komputila_interfaco" title="Homa-komputila interfaco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homa-komputila interfaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizaki-konputagailu_elkarrekintza" title="Gizaki-konputagailu elkarrekintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizaki-konputagailu elkarrekintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تعامل انسان و رایانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعامل انسان و رایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactions_humain-machine" title="Interactions humain-machine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interactions humain-machine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84-%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարդ-համակարգիչ փոխազդեցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդ-համակարգիչ փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मानव-संगणक अन्योन्यक्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव-संगणक अन्योन्यक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksi_manusia%E2%80%93komputer" title="Interaksi manusia–komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interaksi manusia–komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_uomo-macchina" title="Interfaccia uomo-macchina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interfaccia uomo-macchina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="אינטראקציית אדם-מחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינטראקציית אדם-מחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F" title="ಮನುಷ್ಯ-ಸಂಗಣಕ ಒಡನಾಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನುಷ್ಯ-ಸಂಗಣಕ ಒಡನಾಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_ir_kompiuterio_s%C4%85veika" title="Žmogaus ir kompiuterio sąveika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus ir kompiuterio sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүн-компьютерын харилцан үйлдэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн-компьютерын харилцан үйлдэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens-computerinteractie" title="Mens-computerinteractie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mens-computerinteractie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ヒューマンコンピュータインタラクション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒューマンコンピュータインタラクション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske%E2%80%93maskin-interaksjon" title="Menneske–maskin-interaksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneske–maskin-interaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakcja_cz%C5%82owiek%E2%80%93komputer" title="Interakcja człowiek–komputer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Interakcja człowiek–komputer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humano%E2%80%93computador" title="Interação humano–computador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interação humano–computador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interac%C8%9Biune_om-calculator" title="Interacțiune om-calculator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interacțiune om-calculator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Человеко-компьютерное взаимодействие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человеко-компьютерное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfache_%C3%B2mine-m%C3%A0china" title="Interfache òmine-màchina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Interfache òmine-màchina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%ABrveprim_nd%C3%ABrmjet_njeriu_dhe_kompjuteri" title="Ndërveprim ndërmjet njeriu dhe kompjuteri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndërveprim ndërmjet njeriu dhe kompjuteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human–computer interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakcia_%C4%8Dloveka_s_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dom" title="Interakcia človeka s počítačom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interakcia človeka s počítačom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakcija_med_%C4%8Dlovekom_in_ra%C4%8Dunalnikom" title="Interakcija med človekom in računalnikom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Interakcija med človekom in računalnikom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Интеракција човека и рачунара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интеракција човека и рачунара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakcija_%C4%8Dovjek_kompjuter" title="Interakcija čovjek kompjuter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Interakcija čovjek kompjuter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisen_ja_tietokoneen_v%C3%A4linen_vuorovaikutus" title="Ihmisen ja tietokoneen välinen vuorovaikutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisen ja tietokoneen välinen vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniska%E2%80%93datorinteraktion" title="Människa–datorinteraktion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människa–datorinteraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கணினி-மாந்த இடைத்தொடர்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணினி-மாந்த இடைத்தொடர்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างมนุษย์และคอมพิวเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างมนุษย์และคอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan-bilgisayar_etkile%C5%9Fimi" title="İnsan-bilgisayar etkileşimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan-bilgisayar etkileşimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Людино-машинна взаємодія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людино-машинна взаємодія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="انسان-کمپیوٹر میل جول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسان-کمپیوٹر میل جول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di%E2%80%93m%C3%A1y" title="Tương tác người–máy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác người–máy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人機互動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92" title="人机交互 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人机交互" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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HCI researchers observe the ways humans interact with computers and design technologies that allow humans to interact with computers in novel ways. A device that allows interaction between human being and a computer is known as a "<b>Human-computer Interface (HCI)</b>". </p><p>As a field of research, human–computer interaction is situated at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioral sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human%E2%80%93computer_interaction#Related_fields" title="Outline of human–computer interaction">several other fields of study</a>. The term was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Stuart K. Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Moran" title="Thomas P. Moran">Thomas P. Moran</a> in their 1983 book, <i>The Psychology of Human–Computer Interaction.</i> The first known use was in 1975 by Carlisle.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is intended to convey that, unlike other tools with specific and limited uses, computers have many uses which often involve an open-ended dialogue between the user and the computer. The notion of dialogue likens human–computer interaction to human-to-human interaction: an analogy that is crucial to theoretical considerations in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Humans interact with computers in many ways, and the interface between the two is crucial to facilitating this interaction. HCI is also sometimes termed <i>human–machine interaction</i> (HMI), <i>man-machine interaction</i> (MMI) or <i>computer-human interaction</i> (CHI). Desktop applications, internet browsers, handheld computers, and computer kiosks make use of the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUI) of today.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interfaces</a> (VUI) are used for <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and synthesizing systems, and the emerging <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">multi-modal</a> and Graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow humans to engage with <a href="/wiki/Embodied_agent" title="Embodied agent">embodied character agents</a> in a way that cannot be achieved with other interface paradigms. The growth in human–computer interaction field has led to an increase in the quality of interaction, and resulted in many new areas of research beyond. Instead of designing regular interfaces, the different research branches focus on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Multimodality" title="Multimodality">multimodality</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> over unimodality, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_autonomy" title="Adaptive autonomy">intelligent adaptive interfaces</a> over command/action based ones, and active interfaces over passive interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) defines human–computer interaction as "a discipline that is concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them".<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key aspect of HCI is user satisfaction, also referred to as End-User Computing Satisfaction. It goes on to say: </p><p>"Because human–computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> disciplines, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">human factors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_user_satisfaction" title="Computer user satisfaction">computer user satisfaction</a> are relevant. And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant."<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_SIGCHI_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_SIGCHI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different backgrounds contribute to its success. </p><p>Poorly designed <a href="/wiki/Human-machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-machine interface">human-machine interfaces</a> can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example is the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>, a nuclear meltdown accident, where investigations concluded that the design of the human-machine interface was at least partly responsible for the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Cognitive_Ergonomics?_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Cognitive_Ergonomics?-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRC:_Backgrounder_on_the_Three_Mile_Island_Accident_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC:_Backgrounder_on_the_Three_Mile_Island_Accident-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-three_mile_island_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three_mile_island-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, accidents in aviation have resulted from manufacturers' decisions to use non-standard <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments#Layout" title="Flight instruments">flight instruments</a> or throttle quadrant layouts: even though the new designs were proposed to be superior in basic human-machine interaction, pilots had already ingrained the "standard" layout. Thus, the conceptually good idea had unintended results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human–computer_interface"><span id="Human.E2.80.93computer_interface"></span>Human–computer interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human–computer interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The human–computer interface can be described as the point of communication between the human user and the computer. The flow of information between the human and computer is defined as the <i>loop of interaction</i>. The loop of interaction has several aspects to it, including: </p> <ul><li><b>Visual Based</b>: The visual-based human–computer interaction is probably the most widespread human–computer interaction (HCI) research area.</li> <li><b>Audio-Based</b>: The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another important area of HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different audio signals.</li> <li><i><b>Task environment</b></i>: The conditions and goals set upon the user.</li> <li><i><b>Machine environment</b></i>: The computer's environment is connected to, e.g., a laptop in a college student's dorm room.</li> <li><i><b>Areas of the interface</b></i>: Non-overlapping areas involve the processes related to humans and computers themselves, while the overlapping areas only involve the processes related to their interaction.</li> <li><i><b>Input flow</b></i>: The flow of information begins in the task environment when the user has some tasks requiring using their computer.</li> <li><i><b>Output</b></i>: The flow of information that originates in the machine environment.</li> <li><i><b>Feedback</b></i>: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes as they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.</li> <li><i><b>Fit</b></i>: This matches the computer design, the user, and the task to optimize the human resources needed to accomplish the task. <ul><li><b>Visual- Based HCI</b> ---- <ol><li>Facial Expression Analysis: This area focuses on visually recognizing and analyzing emotions through facial expressions.</li> <li>Body Movement Tracking (Large-scale): Researchers in this area concentrate on tracking and analyzing large-scale body movements.</li> <li>Gesture Recognition: Gesture recognition involves identifying and interpreting gestures made by users, often used for direct interaction with computers in command and action scenarios.</li> <li>Gaze Detection (Eyes Movement Tracking): Gaze detection involves tracking the movement of a user's eyes and is primarily used to better understand the user's attention, intent, or focus in context-sensitive situations. <br />While the specific goals of each area vary based on applications, they collectively contribute to enhancing human-computer interaction. Notably, visual approaches have been explored as alternatives or aids to other types of interactions, such as audio- and sensor-based methods. For example, lip reading or lip movement tracking has proven influential in correcting speech recognition errors.</li></ol></li> <li><b>Audio - Based HCI</b> ----Audio-based interaction in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a crucial field focused on processing information acquired through various audio signals. While the nature of audio signals may be less diverse compared to visual signals, the information they provide can be highly reliable, valuable, and sometimes uniquely informative. The research areas within this domain include: <ol><li>Speech Recognition: This area centers on the recognition and interpretation of spoken language.</li> <li>Speaker Recognition: Researchers in this area concentrate on identifying and distinguishing different speakers.</li> <li>Auditory Emotion Analysis: Efforts have been made to incorporate human emotions into intelligent human-computer interaction by analyzing emotional cues in audio signals.</li> <li>Human-Made Noise/Sign Detections: This involves recognizing typical human auditory signs like sighs, gasps, laughs, cries, etc., which contribute to emotion analysis and the design of more intelligent HCI systems.</li> <li>Musical Interaction: A relatively new area in HCI, it involves generating and interacting with music, with applications in the art industry. This field is studied in both audio- and visual-based HCI systems.</li></ol></li> <li><b>Sensor-Based HCI</b> ----This section encompasses a diverse range of areas with broad applications, all of which involve the use of physical sensors to facilitate interaction between users and machines. These sensors can range from basic to highly sophisticated. The specific areas include: <ol><li>Pen-Based Interaction: Particularly relevant in mobile devices, focusing on pen gestures and handwriting recognition.</li> <li>Mouse & Keyboard: Well-established input devices discussed in Section 3.1, commonly used in computing.</li> <li>Joysticks: Another established input device for interactive control, commonly used in gaming and simulations.</li> <li>Motion Tracking Sensors and Digitizers: Cutting-edge technology that has revolutionized industries like film, animation, art, and gaming. These sensors, in forms like wearable cloth or joint sensors, enable more immersive interactions between computers and reality.</li> <li>Haptic Sensors: Particularly significant in applications related to robotics and virtual reality, providing feedback based on touch. They play a crucial role in enhancing sensitivity and awareness in humanoid robots, as well as in medical surgery applications.</li> <li>Pressure Sensors: Also important in robotics, virtual reality, and medical applications, providing information based on pressure exerted on a surface.</li> <li>Taste/Smell Sensors: Although less popular compared to other areas, research has been conducted in the field of sensors for taste and smell. These sensors vary in their level of maturity, with some being well-established and others representing cutting-edge technologies.</li></ol></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals_for_computers">Goals for computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Goals for computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human–computer interaction studies the ways in which humans make—or do not make—use of computational artifacts, systems, and infrastructures. Much of the research in this field seeks to <i>improve</i> the human–computer interaction by improving the <i>usability</i> of computer interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Grudin1992usability_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grudin1992usability-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How usability is to be precisely understood, how it relates to other social and cultural values, and when it is, and when it may not be a desirable property of computer interfaces is increasingly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the research in the field of human–computer interaction takes an interest in: </p> <ul><li>Methods for designing new computer interfaces, thereby optimizing a design for a desired property such as learnability, findability, the efficiency of use.</li> <li>Methods for implementing interfaces, e.g., by means of <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software libraries</a>.</li> <li>Methods for evaluating and comparing interfaces with respect to their usability and other desirable properties.</li> <li>Methods for studying human–computer use and its sociocultural implications more broadly.</li> <li>Methods for determining whether or not the user is human or computer.</li> <li>Models and theories of human–computer use as well as conceptual frameworks for the design of computer interfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivist</a> user models, <a href="/wiki/Activity_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Theory">Activity Theory</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">ethnomethodological</a> accounts of human–computer use.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Perspectives that critically reflect upon the values that underlie computational design, computer use, and HCI research practice.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Visions of what researchers in the field seek to achieve might vary. When pursuing a cognitivist perspective, researchers of HCI may seek to align computer interfaces with the mental model that humans have of their activities. When pursuing a <a href="/wiki/Post-cognitivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-cognitivist">post-cognitivist</a> perspective, researchers of HCI may seek to align computer interfaces with existing social practices or existing sociocultural values. </p><p>Researchers in HCI are interested in developing design methodologies, experimenting with devices, prototyping software, and hardware systems, exploring interaction paradigms, and developing models and theories of interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg/300px-Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg/450px-Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg/600px-Linux_kernel_INPUT_OUPUT_evdev_gem_USB_framebuffer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The user interacts directly with hardware for the human <i>input</i> and <i>output</i> such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">displays</a>, e.g. through a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>. The user interacts with the computer over this software interface using the given <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input and output</a> (<i>I/O</i>) hardware. <br /> Software and hardware are matched so that the processing of the user input is fast enough, and the <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> of the computer output is not disruptive to the <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following experimental design principles are considered, when evaluating a current <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, or designing a new user interface: </p> <ul><li>Early focus is placed on the user(s) and task(s): How many users are needed to perform the task(s) is established and who the appropriate users should be is determined (someone who has never used the interface, and will not use the interface in the future, is most likely not a valid user). In addition, the task(s) the users will be performing and how often the task(s) need to be performed is defined.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">Empirical</a> measurement: the interface is tested with real users who come in contact with the interface daily. The results can vary with the performance level of the user and the typical human–computer interaction may not always be represented. Quantitative <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> specifics, such as the number of users performing the task(s), the time to complete the task(s), and the number of errors made during the task(s) are determined.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative design</a>: After determining what users, tasks, and empirical measurements to include, the following iterative design steps are performed: <ol><li>Design the user interface</li> <li>Test</li> <li>Analyze results</li> <li>Repeat</li></ol></li></ul> <p>The iterative design process is repeated until a sensible, user-friendly interface is created.<sup id="cite_ref-engineering_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engineering-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various strategies delineating methods for human–PC <a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">interaction design</a> have developed since the conception of the field during the 1980s. Most plan philosophies come from a model for how clients, originators, and specialized frameworks interface. Early techniques treated clients' psychological procedures as unsurprising and quantifiable and urged plan specialists to look at subjective science to establish zones, (for example, memory and consideration) when structuring UIs. Present-day models, in general, center around a steady input and discussion between clients, creators, and specialists and push for specialized frameworks to be folded with the sorts of encounters clients need to have, as opposed to wrapping <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> around a finished framework. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_theory" title="Activity theory">Activity theory</a>: utilized in HCI to characterize and consider the setting where human cooperations with PCs occur. Action hypothesis gives a structure for reasoning about activities in these specific circumstances and illuminates the <a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">design of interactions</a> from an action-driven perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-interaction-design_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interaction-design-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a> (UCD): a cutting-edge, broadly-rehearsed plan theory established on the possibility that clients must become the overwhelming focus in the plan of any PC framework. Clients, architects, and specialized experts cooperate to determine the requirements and restrictions of the client and make a framework to support these components. Frequently, client-focused plans are informed by <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> investigations of situations in which clients will associate with the framework. This training is like <a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">participatory design</a>, which underscores the likelihood for end-clients to contribute effectively through shared plan sessions and workshops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_user_interface_design" title="Principles of user interface design">Principles of UI design</a>: these standards may be considered during the <a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">design of a client interface</a>: resistance, effortlessness, permeability, affordance, consistency, structure, and feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-mit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive design</a> (VSD): a technique for building innovation that accounts for the individuals who utilize the design straightforwardly, and just as well for those who the design influences, either directly or indirectly. VSD utilizes an iterative planning process that includes three kinds of examinations: theoretical, exact, and specialized. Applied examinations target the understanding and articulation of the different parts of the design, and its qualities or any clashes that may emerge for the users of the design. Exact examinations are subjective or quantitative plans to explore things used to advise the creators' understanding regarding the clients' qualities, needs, and practices. Specialized examinations can include either investigation of how individuals use related advances or the framework plans.<sup id="cite_ref-value_sensitive_design_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-value_sensitive_design-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Display_designs">Display designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Display designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Displays are human-made artifacts designed to support the perception of relevant system variables and facilitate further processing of that information. Before a display is designed, the task that the display is intended to support must be defined (e.g., navigating, controlling, decision making, learning, entertaining, etc.). A user or operator must be able to process whatever information a system generates and displays; therefore, the information must be displayed according to principles to support perception, situation awareness, and understanding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteen_principles_of_display_design">Thirteen principles of display design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thirteen principles of display design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christopher Wickens et al. defined 13 principles of display design in their book <i>An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-introduction_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduction-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These human perception and information processing principles can be utilized to create an effective display design. A reduction in errors, a reduction in required training time, an increase in efficiency, and an increase in user satisfaction are a few of the many potential benefits that can be achieved by utilizing these principles. </p><p>Certain principles may not apply to different displays or situations. Some principles may also appear to be conflicting, and there is no simple solution to say that one principle is more important than another. The principles may be tailored to a specific design or situation. Striking a functional balance among the principles is critical for an effective design.<sup id="cite_ref-guidelines_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guidelines-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perceptual_principles">Perceptual principles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Perceptual principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>1.Make displays legible (or audible)</i>. A display's legibility is critical and necessary for designing a usable display. If the characters or objects being displayed cannot be discernible, the operator cannot effectively use them. </p><p><i>2.Avoid absolute judgment limits</i>. Do not ask the user to determine the level of a variable based on a single sensory variable (e.g., color, size, loudness). These sensory variables can contain many possible levels. </p><p><i>3.Top-down processing</i>. Signals are likely perceived and interpreted by what is expected based on a user's experience. If a signal is presented contrary to the user's expectation, more physical evidence of that signal may need to be presented to assure that it is understood correctly. </p><p><i>4.Redundancy gain</i>. If a signal is presented more than once, it is more likely to be understood correctly. This can be done by presenting the signal in alternative physical forms (e.g., color and shape, voice and print, etc.), as redundancy does not imply repetition. A traffic light is a good example of redundancy, as color and position are redundant. </p><p><i>5.Similarity causes confusion: Use distinguishable elements</i>. Signals that appear to be similar will likely be confused. The ratio of similar features to different features causes signals to be similar. For example, A423B9 is more similar to A423B8 than 92 is to 93. Unnecessarily similar features should be removed, and dissimilar features should be highlighted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_model_principles">Mental model principles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mental model principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>6. Principle of pictorial realism</i>. A display should look like the variable that it represents (e.g., the high temperature on a thermometer shown as a higher vertical level). If there are multiple elements, they can be configured in a manner that looks like they would in the represented environment. </p><p><i>7. Principle of the moving part</i>. Moving elements should move in a pattern and direction compatible with the user's mental model of how it actually moves in the system. For example, the moving element on an altimeter should move upward with increasing altitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principles_based_on_attention">Principles based on attention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Principles based on attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>8. Minimizing <a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">information access</a> cost</i> or <a href="/wiki/Interaction_cost" title="Interaction cost">interaction cost</a>. When the user's attention is diverted from one location to another to access necessary information, there is an associated cost in time or effort. A display design should minimize this cost by allowing frequently accessed sources to be located at the nearest possible position. However, adequate legibility should not be sacrificed to reduce this cost. </p><p><i>9. Proximity compatibility principle</i>. Divided attention between two information sources may be necessary for the completion of one task. These sources must be mentally integrated and are defined to have close mental proximity. Information access costs should be low, which can be achieved in many ways (e.g., proximity, linkage by common colors, patterns, shapes, etc.). However, close display proximity can be harmful by causing too much clutter. </p><p><i>10. Principle of multiple resources</i>. A user can more easily process information across different resources. For example, visual and auditory information can be presented simultaneously rather than presenting all visual or all auditory information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memory_principles">Memory principles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memory principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>11. Replace memory with visual information: knowledge in the world</i>. A user should not need to retain important information solely in working memory or retrieve it from long-term memory. A menu, checklist, or another display can aid the user by easing the use of their memory. However, memory use may sometimes benefit the user by eliminating the need to reference some knowledge globally (e.g., an expert computer operator would rather use direct commands from memory than refer to a manual). The use of knowledge in a user's head and knowledge in the world must be balanced for an effective design. </p><p><i>12. Principle of predictive aiding</i>. Proactive actions are usually more effective than reactive actions. A display should eliminate resource-demanding cognitive tasks and replace them with simpler perceptual tasks to reduce the user's mental resources. This will allow the user to focus on current conditions and to consider possible future conditions. An example of a predictive aid is a road sign displaying the distance to a certain destination. </p><p><i>13. Principle of consistency</i>. Old habits from other displays will easily transfer to support the processing of new displays if they are designed consistently. A user's long-term memory will trigger actions that are expected to be appropriate. A design must accept this fact and utilize consistency among different displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_research">Current research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Special:EditPage/Human–computer interaction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Topics in human–computer interaction include the following<b>:</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_computing">Social computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></div> <p>Social computing is an interactive and collaborative behavior considered between technology and people. In recent years, there has been an explosion of social science research focusing on interactions as the unit of analysis, as there are a lot of social computing technologies that include blogs, emails, social networking, quick messaging, and various others. Much of this research draws from psychology, social psychology, and sociology. For example, one study found out that people expected a computer with a man's name to cost more than a machine with a woman's name.<sup id="cite_ref-posard2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posard2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research finds that individuals perceive their interactions with computers more negatively than humans, despite behaving the same way towards these machines.<sup id="cite_ref-posardrinderknecht2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posardrinderknecht2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge-driven_human–computer_interaction"><span id="Knowledge-driven_human.E2.80.93computer_interaction"></span>Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Knowledge-driven human–computer interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In human and computer interactions, a semantic gap usually exists between human and computer's understandings towards mutual behaviors. <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a>, as a formal representation of domain-specific knowledge, can be used to address this problem by solving the semantic ambiguities between the two parties.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotions_and_human–computer_interaction"><span id="Emotions_and_human.E2.80.93computer_interaction"></span>Emotions and human–computer interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emotions and human–computer interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></div> <p>In the interaction of humans and computers, research has studied how computers can detect, process, and react to human emotions to develop emotionally intelligent information systems. Researchers have suggested several 'affect-detection channels'. The potential of telling human emotions in an automated and digital fashion lies in improvements to the effectiveness of human–computer interaction. The influence of emotions in human–computer interaction has been studied in fields such as financial decision-making using <a href="/wiki/Ecg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecg">ECG</a> and organizational knowledge sharing using <a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye-tracking</a> and face readers as affect-detection channels. In these fields, it has been shown that affect-detection channels have the potential to <a href="/wiki/Emotion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion detection">detect human emotions</a> and those information systems can incorporate the data obtained from affect-detection channels to improve decision models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain–computer_interfaces"><span id="Brain.E2.80.93computer_interfaces"></span>Brain–computer interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brain–computer interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a> (BCI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and an external device. BCI differs from <a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation_(medicine)" title="Neuromodulation (medicine)">neuromodulation</a> in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Krucoff_584_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krucoff_584-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_interactions">Security interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Security interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Security interactions are the study of interaction between humans and computers specifically as it pertains to <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>. Its aim, in plain terms, is to improve the <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> of security features in <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a> applications. </p><p>Unlike HCI, which has roots in the early days of <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> during the 1970s, HCISec is a nascent field of study by comparison. Interest in this topic tracks with that of <a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a>, which has become an area of broad public concern only in very recent years. </p><p>When security features exhibit poor usability, the following are common reasons: </p> <ul><li>they were added in casual afterthought</li> <li>they were hastily patched in to address newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Security_bug" title="Security bug">security bugs</a></li> <li>they address very complex <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a> without the benefit of a <a href="/wiki/Wizard_(software)" title="Wizard (software)">software wizard</a></li> <li>their interface designers lacked understanding of related security concepts</li> <li>their interface designers were not usability experts (often meaning they were the application developers themselves)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_of_change">Factors of change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Factors of change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, computer use was modeled as a human–computer dyad in which the two were connected by a narrow explicit communication channel, such as text-based terminals. Much work has been done to make the interaction between a computing system and a human more reflective of the multidimensional nature of everyday communication. Because of potential issues, human–computer interaction shifted focus beyond the interface to respond to observations as articulated by D. Engelbart: "If ease of use were the only valid criterion, people would stick to tricycles and never try bicycles."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How humans interact with computers continues to evolve rapidly. Human–computer interaction is affected by developments in computing. These forces include: </p> <ul><li>Decreasing hardware costs leading to larger memory and faster systems</li> <li>Miniaturization of hardware leading to portability</li> <li>Reduction in power requirements leading to portability</li> <li>New display technologies leading to the packaging of computational devices in new forms</li> <li>Specialized hardware leading to new functions</li> <li>Increased development of network communication and distributed computing</li> <li>Increasingly widespread use of computers, especially by people who are outside of the computing profession</li> <li>Increasing innovation in input techniques (e.g., voice, <a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">gesture</a>, pen), combined with lowering cost, leading to rapid computerization by people formerly left out of the <i>computer revolution</i>.</li> <li>Wider social concerns leading to improved access to computers by currently disadvantaged groups</li></ul> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the future for HCI is expected<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to include the following characteristics: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a> and communication</i>. Computers are expected to communicate through high-speed local networks, nationally over wide-area networks, and portably via infrared, ultrasonic, cellular, and other technologies. Data and computational services will be portably accessible from many if not most locations to which a user travels.</li> <li><i>High-functionality systems</i>. Systems can have large numbers of functions associated with them. There are so many systems that most users, technical or non-technical, do not have time to learn about traditionally (e.g., through thick user manuals).</li> <li><i>The mass availability of computer graphics</i>. Computer graphics capabilities such as image processing, graphics transformations, rendering, and interactive animation become widespread as inexpensive chips become available for inclusion in general workstations and mobile devices.</li> <li><i>Mixed media</i>. Commercial systems can handle images, voice, sounds, video, text, formatted data. These are exchangeable over communication links among users. The separate consumer electronics fields (e.g., stereo sets, DVD players, televisions) and computers are beginning to merge. Computer and print fields are expected to cross-assimilate.</li> <li><i>High-<a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> interaction</i>. The rate at which humans and machines interact is expected to increase substantially due to the changes in speed, computer graphics, new media, and new input/output devices. This can lead to qualitatively different interfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> or computational video.</li> <li><i>Large and thin <a href="/wiki/Displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Displays">displays</a></i>. New display technologies are maturing, enabling huge displays and displays that are thin, lightweight, and low in power use. This has large effects on portability and will likely enable developing paper-like, pen-based computer interaction systems very different in feel from present desktop workstations.</li> <li><i>Information utilities</i>. Public information utilities (such as home banking and shopping) and specialized industry services (e.g., weather for pilots) are expected to proliferate. The proliferation rate can accelerate with the introduction of high-bandwidth interaction and the improvement in the quality of interfaces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_conferences">Scientific conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scientific conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the main conferences for new research in human–computer interaction is the annually held <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>'s (ACM) <i><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Human_Factors_in_Computing_Systems" title="Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems">Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</a></i>, usually referred to by its short name CHI (pronounced <i>kai</i>, or <i>Khai</i>). CHI is organized by ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (<a href="/wiki/SIGCHI" title="SIGCHI">SIGCHI</a>). CHI is a large conference, with thousands of attendants, and is quite broad in scope. It is attended by academics, practitioners, and industry people, with company sponsors such as Google, Microsoft, and PayPal. </p><p>There are also dozens of other smaller, regional, or specialized HCI-related conferences held around the world each year, including:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>ACEICFAASRS: ACE – International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society</li> <li>ASSETS: ACM International Conference on Computers and <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li>CSCW: ACM conference on <a href="/wiki/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Supported Cooperative Work">Computer Supported Cooperative Work</a></li></ul> <ul><li>CUI: ACM conference on <a href="/wiki/Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">Conversational User Interfaces</a></li> <li>DIS: ACM conference on Designing Interactive Systems</li> <li>ECSCW: European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work</li> <li>GROUP: ACM conference on supporting <a href="/wiki/Group_work" title="Group work">group work</a></li> <li>HRI: ACM/IEEE International Conference on <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li>HCII: Human–Computer Interaction International</li> <li>ICMI: International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces</li> <li>ITS: ACM conference on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_Tabletops_and_Surfaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (page does not exist)">Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileHCI" title="MobileHCI">MobileHCI</a>: International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services</li> <li>NIME: International Conference on <a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a></li> <li>OzCHI: Australian Conference on Human–Computer Interaction</li> <li>TEI: International Conference on <a href="/wiki/Tangible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible">Tangible</a>, Embedded and Embodied Interaction</li> <li>Ubicomp: International Conference on <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li>UIST: <a href="/wiki/ACM_Symposium_on_User_Interface_Software_and_Technology" title="ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology">ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology</a></li> <li>i-USEr: International Conference on User Science and Engineering</li> <li>INTERACT: IFIP TC13 Conference on Human–Computer Interaction</li> <li>IHCI: International Conference on Intelligent Human–Computer Interaction</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Live_Art" title="Digital Live Art">Digital Live Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">Feminist HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCI_Bibliography" title="HCI Bibliography">HCI Bibliography</a>, a web-based project to provide a bibliography of Human Computer Interaction literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_and_technology" title="Mindfulness and technology">Mindfulness and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Outline of human–computer interaction">Outline of human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mouse_icon_vector.png/8px-Mouse_icon_vector.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mouse_icon_vector.png/13px-Mouse_icon_vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mouse_icon_vector.png/17px-Mouse_icon_vector.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="674" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Portal:Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_City_Interaction" title="Human City Interaction">Human City Interaction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evaluating_the_impact_of_office_automation_on_top_management_communication_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle1976" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, James H. (June 1976). "Evaluating the impact of office automation on top management communication". <i>Proceedings of the June 7-10, 1976, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '76</i>. Proceedings of the June 7–10, 1976, National Computer Conference and Exposition. pp. 611–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1499799.1499885">10.1145/1499799.1499885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18471644">18471644</a>. <q>Use of 'human–computer interaction' appears in references</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+impact+of+office+automation+on+top+management+communication&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+June+7-10%2C+1976%2C+national+computer+conference+and+exposition+on+-+AFIPS+%2776&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+June+7%E2%80%9310%2C+1976%2C+National+Computer+Conference+and+Exposition&rft.pages=611-616&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1499799.1499885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18471644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchman1987" class="citation book cs1">Suchman, Lucy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ_eBJtHxmsC&q=suchman+situated+action&pg=PR7"><i>Plans and Situated Action. The Problem of Human-Machine Communication</i></a>. New York, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521337397" title="Special:BookSources/9780521337397"><bdi>9780521337397</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plans+and+Situated+Action.+The+Problem+of+Human-Machine+Communication&rft.place=New+York%2C+Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521337397&rft.aulast=Suchman&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ_eBJtHxmsC%26q%3Dsuchman%2Bsituated%2Baction%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDourish2001" class="citation book cs1">Dourish, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCIy2zxrCqcC&q=Dourish+where+the+action+is&pg=PR7"><i>Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction</i></a>. 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(2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">"Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00584">10.3389/fnins.2016.00584</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5186786">5186786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28082858">28082858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Enhancing+Nervous+System+Recovery+through+Neurobiologics%2C+Neural+Interface+Training%2C+and+Neurorehabilitation&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=584&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5186786%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28082858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00584&rft.aulast=Krucoff&rft.aufirst=Max+O.&rft.au=Rahimpour%2C+Shervin&rft.au=Slutzky%2C+Marc+W.&rft.au=Edgerton%2C+V.+Reggie&rft.au=Turner%2C+Dennis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5186786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Gerhard (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011145532042">"User Modeling in Human–Computer Interaction"</a>. <i>User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction</i>. <b>11</b> (1–2): 65–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011145532042">10.1023/A:1011145532042</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=User+Modeling+and+User-Adapted+Interaction&rft.atitle=User+Modeling+in+Human%E2%80%93Computer+Interaction&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=65-86&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011145532042&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1023%252FA%253A1011145532042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SINHA, Gaurav; SHAHI, Rahul; SHANKAR, Mani. Human–Computer Interaction. In: Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET), 2010 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, 2010. p. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confsearch.org/confsearch/faces/pages/topic.jsp?topic=hci&sortMode=1&graphicView=true">"Conference Search: hci"</a>. <i>www.confsearch.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820005758/http://www.confsearch.org/confsearch/faces/pages/topic.jsp?topic=hci&sortMode=1&graphicView=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.confsearch.org&rft.atitle=Conference+Search%3A+hci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.confsearch.org%2Fconfsearch%2Ffaces%2Fpages%2Ftopic.jsp%3Ftopic%3Dhci%26sortMode%3D1%26graphicView%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Academic overviews of the field</dt></dl> <ul><li>Julie A. Jacko (Ed.). (2012). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (3rd Edition). CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-2943-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4398-2943-8">1-4398-2943-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sears" title="Andrew Sears">Andrew Sears</a> and Julie A. Jacko (Eds.). (2007). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (2nd Edition). CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-5870-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-5870-9">0-8058-5870-9</a></li> <li>Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). (2003). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-4468-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-4468-6">0-8058-4468-6</a></li> <li>Dix, A. (2004). Human–computer interaction (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1304-6109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-1304-6109-1">0-1304-6109-1</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historically important classic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Stuart K. Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Moran" title="Thomas P. Moran">Thomas P. Moran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a> (1983): <i>The Psychology of Human–Computer Interaction</i>. Erlbaum, Hillsdale 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89859-243-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89859-243-7">0-89859-243-7</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Overviews of history of the field</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grudin" title="Jonathan Grudin">Jonathan Grudin</a>: <i>A moving target: The evolution of human–computer interaction.</i> In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sears" title="Andrew Sears">Andrew Sears</a> and Julie A. Jacko (Eds.). (2007). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (2nd Edition). CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-5870-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-5870-9">0-8058-5870-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_A._Myers" title="Brad A. Myers">Myers, Brad</a> (1998). "A brief history of human–computer interaction technology". <i>Interactions</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 44–54. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.2422">10.1.1.23.2422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F274430.274436">10.1145/274430.274436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8278771">8278771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interactions&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+human%E2%80%93computer+interaction+technology.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.23.2422%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8278771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F274430.274436&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Carroll_(information_scientist)" title="John M. Carroll (information scientist)">John M. Carroll</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/human_computer_interaction_hci.html">Human–Computer Interaction: History and Status.</a> Encyclopedia Entry at Interaction-Design.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, John M. (2010). "Conceptualizing a possible discipline of human–computer interaction". <i>Interacting with Computers</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intcom.2009.11.008">10.1016/j.intcom.2009.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interacting+with+Computers&rft.atitle=Conceptualizing+a+possible+discipline+of+human%E2%80%93computer+interaction&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intcom.2009.11.008&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sara Candeias, S. and A. Veiga <i>The dialogue between man and machine: the role of language theory and technology</i>, Sandra M. Aluísio & Stella E. O. Tagnin, New Language Technologies, and Linguistic Research, A Two-Way Road: cap. 11. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5377-4">978-1-4438-5377-4</a>)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dt>Social science and HCI</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassFoggMoon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nass, Clifford; Fogg, B. J.; Moon, Youngme (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijhc.1996.0073">"Can computers be teammates?"</a>. <i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 669–678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fijhc.1996.0073">10.1006/ijhc.1996.0073</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Studies&rft.atitle=Can+computers+be+teammates%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=669-678&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fijhc.1996.0073&rft.aulast=Nass&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft.au=Fogg%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=Moon%2C+Youngme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fijhc.1996.0073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassMoon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nass, Clifford; Moon, Youngme (2000). "Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers". <i>Journal of Social Issues</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 81–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0022-4537.00153">10.1111/0022-4537.00153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15851410">15851410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Machines+and+mindlessness%3A+Social+responses+to+computers&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-103&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0022-4537.00153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15851410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nass&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft.au=Moon%2C+Youngme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek N (2014). "Status processes in human–computer interactions: Does gender matter?". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>37</b>: 189–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.04.025">10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Status+processes+in+human%E2%80%93computer+interactions%3A+Does+gender+matter%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=189-195&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.04.025&rft.aulast=Posard&rft.aufirst=Marek+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosardRinderknecht2015" class="citation journal cs1">Posard, Marek N.; Rinderknecht, R. Gordon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">"Do people like working with computers more than human beings?"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>51</b>: 232–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057">10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.057</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Do+people+like+working+with+computers+more+than+human+beings%3F.&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=232-238&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.04.057&rft.aulast=Posard&rft.aufirst=Marek+N.&rft.au=Rinderknecht%2C+R.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.chb.2015.04.057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman%E2%80%93computer+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Academic journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Transactions_on_Computer-Human_Interaction" title="ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction">ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction</a></i></li> <li><i>Behaviour & Information Technology</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.informaworld.com/bit">[1]</a></li> <li><i>Interacting with Computers</i></li> <li><i>International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</i></li> <li><i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i></li> <li><i>Human–Computer Interaction</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hci-journal.com/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07370024.asp">[3]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Collection of papers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Baecker" title="Ronald Baecker">Ronald M. Baecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grudin" title="Jonathan Grudin">Jonathan Grudin</a>, William A. S. Buxton, Saul Greenberg (Eds.) (1995): <i>Readings in human–computer interaction. Toward the Year 2000</i>. 2. ed. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-246-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-246-1">1-55860-246-1</a></li> <li>Mithun Ahamed, Developing a Message Interface Architecture for Android Operating Systems, (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1067/622">[4]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Treatments by one or few authors, often aimed at a more general audience</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant)" title="Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)">Jakob Nielsen</a>: <i>Usability Engineering</i>. Academic Press, Boston 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-518405-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-518405-0">0-12-518405-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Donald A. Norman</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Everyday_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="The Psychology of Everyday Things">The Psychology of Everyday Things</a></i>. Basic Books, New York 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06709-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06709-3">0-465-06709-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_Raskin" title="Jef Raskin">Jef Raskin</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Humane_Interface" title="The Humane Interface">The Humane Interface</a>. New directions for designing interactive systems</i>. Addison-Wesley, Boston 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-37937-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-37937-6">0-201-37937-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Tognazzini" title="Bruce Tognazzini">Bruce Tognazzini</a>: <i>Tog on Interface</i>. Addison-Wesley, Reading 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-60842-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-60842-1">0-201-60842-1</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Textbooks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dix" title="Alan Dix">Alan Dix</a>, Janet Finlay, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Abowd" title="Gregory Abowd">Gregory Abowd</a>, and Russell Beale (2003): <i>Human–Computer Interaction</i>. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hcibook.com/e3/">http://hcibook.com/e3/</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-046109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-046109-1">0-13-046109-1</a></li> <li>Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp & <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Preece" title="Jenny Preece">Jenny Preece</a>: <i>Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction</i>, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-66576-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-66576-9">0-470-66576-9</a></li> <li>Helen Sharp, Yvonne Rogers & <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Preece" title="Jenny Preece">Jenny Preece</a>: <i>Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction</i>, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-01866-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-01866-6">0-470-01866-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Jones_(interaction_designer)" title="Matt Jones (interaction designer)">Matt Jones (interaction designer)</a> and Gary Marsden (2006). <i>Mobile Interaction Design</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a> Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">Societal impacts of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul> 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