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Now it’s time to keep track of them."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="There's a deluge of apps that detect your covid-19 exposure, often with little transparency. Our Covid Tracing Tracker project will document them."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="MIT Technology Review"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.png?resize=1200,600"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:width" content="1024"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:height" content="576"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:width" content="1024"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:height" content="576"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:title" content="A flood of coronavirus apps are tracking us. 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Some are lightweight and temporary, while others are pervasive and invasive: China’s system, for example, sucks up data including citizens’ identity, location, and even online payment history so that local police can watch for those who break quarantine rules.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Some services are being produced locally by small groups of coders, while others are vast, global operations. \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/10/999213/apple-and-google-are-building-coronavirus-tracking-into-ios-and-android/\">Apple and Google\u003c/a> are mobilizing huge teams to build their upcoming systems that notify people of potential exposure, which could be used by hundreds of millions of people almost immediately.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":1,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/related","config":{"isAuto":false,"headline":"How to submit a change to the Covid Tracing Tracker project","postID":1001354,"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001354/how-to-submit-a-change-to-the-covid-tracing-tracker-project/","featuredImg":{"name":"image","config":{"aspectRatio":false,"id":1001310,"alt":"","caption":"","crops":[],"height":0,"imageSize":"related_story_thumbnail","lazyload":"1","lqipSrc":"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7","postId":0,"retina":"1","showCaption":false,"sources":[{"transforms":{"fit":[212,9999]},"descriptor":212,"media":{"max":"sm"}}],"sourceTags":[],"src":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.gif","srcset":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.gif?fit=424,19998 424w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.gif?fit=212,9999 212w","url":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.gif","useBasicImg":false,"usingDataFallback":false,"width":0,"picture":false,"sizes":"(max-width: 32rem) 212px,100vw"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},"deck":""},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>Opinions differ on whether these apps are just a technocratic daydream or—if done correctly—a potentially \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/28/1000714/five-things-to-make-contact-tracing-work-covid-pandemic-apple-google/\">useful supplement to manual tracing\u003c/a>, in which human workers interview people who’ve been diagnosed with covid-19 and then track down their recent contacts. But the reality is that these services are already rolling out, and many more are likely to come in the next few months.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Despite the avalanche of services, however, we know very little about them or how they could affect society. How many people will download and use them, and how widely used do they have to be in order to succeed? What data will they collect, and who is it shared with? How will that information be used in the future? Are there policies in place to prevent abuse?\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-desktop-1' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>\u003cstrong>We started asking these questions and found that there were not always clear answers. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p> \u003cp>When we began comparing apps around the world, we realized there was no central repository of information; just incomplete, constantly changing data spread across a wide range of sources. Nor was there a single, standard approach being taken by developers and policymakers: citizens of different countries were seeing radically different levels of surveillance and transparency.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-mobile-1' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>So to help monitor this fast-evolving situation, we’re gathering the information into a single place for the first time with our \u003cstrong>Covid Tracing Tracker\u003c/strong>—a database to capture details of every significant automated contact tracing effort around the world.\u003c/p> \u003cp>We’ve been working with a range of experts to understand what we need to look at, pulling sources including government documents, announcements, and media reports, as well as talking directly to those who are making these apps to understand the technologies and policies involved. \u003c/p> \u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the first version of that database.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p> \u003cp>So far we have documented 25 individual, significant automated contact tracing efforts globally, including details on what they are, how they work, and what policies and processes have been put in place around them.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":2,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cfigure class=\"alignwide align-wide align-center\">\u003cdiv class=\"flourish-embed flourish-table\" data-src=\"visualisation/2241702\" data-url=\"https://flo.uri.sh/visualisation/2241702/embed\">\u003cscript src=\"https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/div>\u003c/figure> \u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re asking for your help to monitor and improve this database\u003c/strong> so that the development, rollout, and evolution of these services can be tracked over time. (See “How to submit a change” below.)\u003c/p> \u003cp>But first, there are a lot of caveats and details to run through. Our tracking effort is a continuous work in progress. Information is constantly changing, and will continue to shift as more apps become available, greater scrutiny is applied to these initiatives, tracing efforts spread, and the pandemic continues. So here is more information on what we’re looking at.\u003c/p> \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003cstrong>What the Covid Tracing Tracker contains\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3> \u003cp>At the most basic level, we are compiling a list of \u003cstrong>automated contact tracing apps\u003c/strong> that are \u003cstrong>backed by national governments\u003c/strong>. These are apps designed to automatically tell users or public health officials whether somebody has potentially been exposed to covid-19; it’s what is generally known as “exposure notification.”\u003c/p> \u003cp>For each one we find, there are basic questions to answer: \u003cstrong>Who is producing it?\u003c/strong> Is it released yet? Where will it be available, and on what platforms? \u003cstrong>What technologies does it use? \u003c/strong>And then, over time, we will also understand more about how each of these services works in practice, such as how many people have downloaded it and \u003cstrong>what level of penetration it has achieved\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-mobile-2' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-desktop-2' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>But then there are more complicated issues. Is it mandatory? How private is the app? Are citizens’ rights being safeguarded? How transparent are the makers about their work? To capture this information, guided by principles \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/apple-and-google-announced-a-coronavirus-tracking-system-how-worried-should-we-be/\">put forward by the American Civil Liberties Union\u003c/a> and others, we asked five questions.\u003c/p> \u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\">\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Is it voluntary? \u003c/strong>In some cases, apps are opt-in—but in other places many or all citizens are compelled to download and use them.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Are there limitations on how the data gets used? \u003c/strong>Data may sometimes be used for purposes other than public health, such as law enforcement—and that may last longer than covid-19.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Will data be destroyed after a period of time? \u003c/strong>The data the apps collect should not last forever. If it is automatically deleted in a reasonable amount of time (usually a maximum of around 30 days) or the app allows users to manually delete their own data, we award a star.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Is data collection minimized?\u003c/strong> Does the app collect only the information it needs to do what it says?\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Is the effort transparent?\u003c/strong> Transparency can take the form of clear, publicly available policies and design, an open-source code base, or all of these.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul> \u003cp>For each question, if we can answer yes , the app gets a star. If we cannot answer yes—either because the answer is negative or because it is unknown—the rating is left blank. There’s also a field for notes that can help put things in context.\u003c/p> \u003cp>In addition, we say something about the basic technology underlying the app. Here’s an explanation of the key terms.\u003c/p> \u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\">\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Location: \u003c/strong>Some apps identify a person’s contacts by tracking the phone’s movements (for instance, using GPS or triangulation from nearby cell towers) and looking for other phones that have spent time in the same location.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Bluetooth: \u003c/strong>Some systems use “proximity tracking,” in which phones swap encrypted tokens with any other nearby phones over Bluetooth. It is easier to anonymize and generally considered better for privacy than location tracking.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Google/Apple\u003c/strong>: Many apps will rely on the joint API that Apple and Google are developing. It lets iOS and Android phones communicate with each other over Bluetooth, allowing developers to build a contact tracing app that will work for both. Later the two companies plan to build this directly into their operating systems.\u003c/li>\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DP-3T\u003c/strong>: This stands for decentralized privacy-preserving proximity tracing. It’s an open-source protocol for Bluetooth-based tracking in which an individual phone’s contact logs are only stored locally, so no central authority can know who has been exposed.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul> \u003cp>We may expand these categories over time, at which point this article will be revised.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":3,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003cstrong>What the database doesn’t contain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3> \u003cp>First,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>we are \u003cstrong>focused on automated contact tracing apps\u003c/strong> that the public is already using or will use in the near future. That means we aren’t keeping track of the underlying protocols that will feed into apps (this is why the Google/Apple API itself isn’t on the list), or early-stage initiatives to build new products, or experimental apps that have no government backing or connection to public health services. Our initial search found more than 150 of these preliminary efforts, but many have no have clear pathway to being used by the public. As projects evolve into real products, we will add them to our list.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Second, although the interaction between manual contact tracing efforts and automated systems will be critical, \u003cstrong>we aren’t monitoring manual efforts at this time\u003c/strong>. \u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/related","config":{"isAuto":false,"headline":"Changelog: Covid Tracing Tracker updates as they happen","postID":1001736,"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/15/1001736/changelog-covid-tracing-tracker-updates-as-they-happen/","featuredImg":{"name":"image","config":{"aspectRatio":0.5625,"id":0,"alt":"","caption":"","crops":"","height":0,"imageSize":"full","lazyload":true,"lqipSrc":"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7","postId":0,"retina":true,"showCaption":false,"sources":[],"sourceTags":[],"src":"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7","srcset":"","url":"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7","useBasicImg":false,"usingDataFallback":false,"width":0},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},"deck":""},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>Finally, \u003cstrong>the database isn’t a recommendation on whether to download an app or not.\u003c/strong> It’s intended to bring you data that helps you make an informed decision on whether to use a service, and on whether to seek changes in your government’s approach. \u003c/p> \u003cp>Keeping eyes on all this information is going to require constant effort—the facts continue to evolve, the numbers change, and policies may or may not be adhered to. We may discover that what happens in theory is different from what happens in practice, or that what was promised does not end up being delivered.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-mobile-3' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>So we’re asking for your help.\u003c/p> \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003cstrong>How to access the database\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3> \u003cp>The most accessible version of the database exists on the page you are reading right now, \u003ca href=\"https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/2241702/\">and on Flourish\u003c/a>, a data visualization service. A public version of the underlying data is kept in \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ATalASO8KtZMx__zJREoOvFh0nmB-sAqJ1-CjVRSCOw/edit?usp=sharing\">this read-only spreadsheet\u003c/a>, which we update once a day at 6 p.m. US Eastern Time.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-desktop-3' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u003cstrong>How to submit a change\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3> \u003cp>If you have an update, correction, or addition to the tracker, please email the relevant information to us at CTT@technologyreview.com. Please reference original sources for your claim: government or developer announcements, verifiable news sources, or published research. \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001354/how-to-submit-a-change-to-the-covid-tracing-tracker-project/\">There is a separate page detailing this here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p> \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading\u003c/h3> \u003cp>If you’d like to know more about automated contact tracing and exposure notification, here are a few relevant papers and documents.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":4,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ethics.harvard.edu/outpacing-virus\">Outpacing the Virus: Digital Response to Containing the Spread of COVID-19 while Mitigating Privacy Risks\u003c/a> (Harvard Center for Ethics)\u003c/p> \u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/our-work/covid-19/covid-19-exit-through-the-app-store/\">COVID-19 Rapid Evidence Review: Exit through the App Store?\u003c/a> (Ada Lovelace Institute)\u003c/p> \u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11511\">Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs\u003c/a> (Cho, Ippolito, Yu)\u003c/p> \u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pact.mit.edu\">PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing\u003c/a> (MIT)\u003c/p> \u003cp>\u003c/p> 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type="button" class="headerTemplate__hamburgerIcon--0d1c332876d1598bcd81275ee2ce7a7c"><svg fill="none" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 24" width="32"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="m0 5h32v2h-32z"></path><path d="m0 11h32v2h-32z"></path><path d="m0 17h32v2h-32z"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></header></div></div><main class="body__content--597fb71d59d8975bccef28840f85a602 body__wrapper--7cdcb85e7719dddeb058a0557cf0d59b" id="content"><div class="contentArea__wrapper--38c966634c2da29792cafb832d80f475 content-area"><div class="contentArticleHeader__outerWrap--d6cc40acde7ec3e753044cb285587b06"><header class="contentArticleHeader__wrapper--05971b004b02adfe73512a64f2cd02fa" id="a-flood-of-coronavirus-apps-are-tracking-us--now-it-s-time-to-keep-track-of-them" style="background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #101F40ff 100%, transparent 0%)"><div class="contentArticleHeader__innerWrap--0477d4ba1c408fdd4227f8f2ce612eda"><div class="contentArticleHeader__intro--7f4db6c7b0a04a28273b1e9eddba5706 contentArticleHeader__containerBlock--b0ba76d6bc312ad7e982a3d82de5852d"><div class="eyebrow__wrap--3f80819f67820fc57cf0bc5528423a65 eyebrow__storyPage--c26b16a6b4ca8c0de5cedb70cd7380d9"><a style="color:#fff" theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/topic/policy/" class="eyebrow__eyebrow--ecd51c3e179ee35c1c52d4eb24a26ef0 eyebrow__fullStoryEyebrow--369c4e2841bef296a59700c44e8b8524">Policy</a></div><h1 class="contentArticleHeader__title--4ba85d49e1a4385c0496cbbb5900641b">A flood of coronavirus apps are tracking us. Now it’s time to keep track of them.</h1><div class="contentArticleHeader__deck--f1b7185be3807e9c436d1167de0e27f1">There's a deluge of apps that detect your covid-19 exposure, often with little transparency. Our Covid Tracing Tracker project will document them.</div><div class="contentArticleHeader__meta--dc84c03b74410f63c23ee44c6e225807"><div class="byline__wrapper--e804dd36253abad2e1f9f807e4dacadf byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><span class="byline__by--47498879ac1d8579baae61095c0f1cec" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="byline__list--f83ef95fd74e646cbad4e31d4ca13c93" aria-label="Authors"><li class="byline__author--5117418e1719e65608f7c75fb5214000 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/patrick-howell-oneill/" class="byline__name--0f13a06758d50e60b13981eba38e67b0 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41">Patrick Howell O'Neill<span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li><li class="byline__author--5117418e1719e65608f7c75fb5214000 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/tate-ryan-mosley/" class="byline__name--0f13a06758d50e60b13981eba38e67b0 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41">Tate Ryan-Mosley<span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li><li class="byline__author--5117418e1719e65608f7c75fb5214000 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/bobbie-johnson/" class="byline__name--0f13a06758d50e60b13981eba38e67b0 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41">Bobbie Johnson<span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__publishDate--7eebb1699e639d6cdf75ced975c26010">May 7, 2020</div></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__image--11274c731c33b7a7df39756c4612de07 contentArticleHeader__containerBlock--b0ba76d6bc312ad7e982a3d82de5852d contentArticleHeader__video--875febb98ac04a9b9f9f6f9ec9abdba0"><figure class="video__figure--e5af1ffb39a7a0c624a5e0b9de73b75c"><span class="video__wrapper--1f5d75db5190423341d57d21f197714b"><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" src="https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SA-CT-GettyImages-1167098461-v2.mp4" class="video__video--dd14b7423517354002694e472ef08cf5" playsinline=""></video></span><figcaption class="video__meta--2ec2fdaafefb3a1e315bcde2e494d354"><span class="video__caption--1f6c0760648d975831452081e1b55240">Ms Tech | Getty</span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__firstDots--3428101a4357a474cb46bd52c0f473eb"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__secondDots--8b6f337a88e6067ec820cddee7df8b36"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__secondDots--8b6f337a88e6067ec820cddee7df8b36" style="background-image:radial-gradient( circle at 2px 2px, #BBC7E199 2px, transparent 0 )"></div></header></div><div class="columnArea--fullStory__wrapper--ccee5f31e66b5948da2a7c721aad125d columnArea--feed__wrapper--9fde11fccdb1faf9ccccc659b597b99d columnArea__wrapper columnArea--fullStory__isStandard--6ae6bc9cb34f786f51175e8f697bd543"><div class="columnArea--fullStory__main--69d9dff03dc838997ac3b349fb620185"><div class="contentArea__wrapper--38c966634c2da29792cafb832d80f475 content-area"><div class="contentBody__wrapper--d9d8f9bb44c188246f70afcdc827cc4f"><div class="contentBody__overlay--d693d7b10ac848641212320075aaf64a"></div><div class="contentBody__content--42a60b56e419a26d9c3638a9dab52f55" id="content--body"><div><div class=""><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_0"> <p>As the covid-19 pandemic rages, technologists everywhere have been rushing to build apps, services, and systems for contact tracing: identifying and notifying all those who come in contact with a carrier. Some are lightweight and temporary, while others are pervasive and invasive: China’s system, for example, sucks up data including citizens’ identity, location, and even online payment history so that local police can watch for those who break quarantine rules.</p> <p>Some services are being produced locally by small groups of coders, while others are vast, global operations. <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/10/999213/apple-and-google-are-building-coronavirus-tracking-into-ios-and-android/">Apple and Google</a> are mobilizing huge teams to build their upcoming systems that notify people of potential exposure, which could be used by hundreds of millions of people almost immediately.</p> </div></div><aside aria-label="Related Story - How to submit a change to the Covid Tracing Tracker project" class="related__wrap alignleft"><h2 class="related__header">Related Story</h2><div class="related__content-wrap"><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001354/how-to-submit-a-change-to-the-covid-tracing-tracker-project/" class="related__featuredImg--link"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></a><div class="related__meta-wrap"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001354/how-to-submit-a-change-to-the-covid-tracing-tracker-project/" class="related__link"><div class="">How to submit a change to the Covid Tracing Tracker project</div></a><div class="related__deck"></div></div></div></aside><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_3"> <p>Opinions differ on whether these apps are just a technocratic daydream or—if done correctly—a potentially <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/28/1000714/five-things-to-make-contact-tracing-work-covid-pandemic-apple-google/">useful supplement to manual tracing</a>, in which human workers interview people who’ve been diagnosed with covid-19 and then track down their recent contacts. But the reality is that these services are already rolling out, and many more are likely to come in the next few months.</p> <p>Despite the avalanche of services, however, we know very little about them or how they could affect society. How many people will download and use them, and how widely used do they have to be in order to succeed? What data will they collect, and who is it shared with? How will that information be used in the future? Are there policies in place to prevent abuse?</p> <div id="piano__post_body-desktop-1" class="piano__post_body"></div> <p><strong>We started asking these questions and found that there were not always clear answers. </strong></p> <p>When we began comparing apps around the world, we realized there was no central repository of information; just incomplete, constantly changing data spread across a wide range of sources. Nor was there a single, standard approach being taken by developers and policymakers: citizens of different countries were seeing radically different levels of surveillance and transparency.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-mobile-1" class="piano__post_body"></div> <p>So to help monitor this fast-evolving situation, we’re gathering the information into a single place for the first time with our <strong>Covid Tracing Tracker</strong>—a database to capture details of every significant automated contact tracing effort around the world.</p> <p>We’ve been working with a range of experts to understand what we need to look at, pulling sources including government documents, announcements, and media reports, as well as talking directly to those who are making these apps to understand the technologies and policies involved. </p> <p><strong>Here’s the first version of that database.</strong></p> <p>So far we have documented 25 individual, significant automated contact tracing efforts globally, including details on what they are, how they work, and what policies and processes have been put in place around them.</p> </div></div><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_5"> <figure class="alignwide align-wide align-center"><div class="flourish-embed flourish-table" data-src="visualisation/2241702" data-url="https://flo.uri.sh/visualisation/2241702/embed"></div></figure> <p><strong>We’re asking for your help to monitor and improve this database</strong> so that the development, rollout, and evolution of these services can be tracked over time. (See “How to submit a change” below.)</p> <p>But first, there are a lot of caveats and details to run through. Our tracking effort is a continuous work in progress. Information is constantly changing, and will continue to shift as more apps become available, greater scrutiny is applied to these initiatives, tracing efforts spread, and the pandemic continues. So here is more information on what we’re looking at.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What the Covid Tracing Tracker contains</strong></h3> <p>At the most basic level, we are compiling a list of <strong>automated contact tracing apps</strong> that are <strong>backed by national governments</strong>. These are apps designed to automatically tell users or public health officials whether somebody has potentially been exposed to covid-19; it’s what is generally known as “exposure notification.”</p> <p>For each one we find, there are basic questions to answer: <strong>Who is producing it?</strong> Is it released yet? Where will it be available, and on what platforms? <strong>What technologies does it use? </strong>And then, over time, we will also understand more about how each of these services works in practice, such as how many people have downloaded it and <strong>what level of penetration it has achieved</strong>.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-mobile-2" class="piano__post_body"></div> <div id="piano__post_body-desktop-2" class="piano__post_body"></div> <p>But then there are more complicated issues. Is it mandatory? How private is the app? Are citizens’ rights being safeguarded? How transparent are the makers about their work? To capture this information, guided by principles <a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/apple-and-google-announced-a-coronavirus-tracking-system-how-worried-should-we-be/">put forward by the American Civil Liberties Union</a> and others, we asked five questions.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Is it voluntary? </strong>In some cases, apps are opt-in—but in other places many or all citizens are compelled to download and use them.</li><li><strong>Are there limitations on how the data gets used? </strong>Data may sometimes be used for purposes other than public health, such as law enforcement—and that may last longer than covid-19.</li><li><strong>Will data be destroyed after a period of time? </strong>The data the apps collect should not last forever. If it is automatically deleted in a reasonable amount of time (usually a maximum of around 30 days) or the app allows users to manually delete their own data, we award a star.</li><li><strong>Is data collection minimized?</strong> Does the app collect only the information it needs to do what it says?</li><li><strong>Is the effort transparent?</strong> Transparency can take the form of clear, publicly available policies and design, an open-source code base, or all of these.</li></ul> <p>For each question, if we can answer yes , the app gets a star. If we cannot answer yes—either because the answer is negative or because it is unknown—the rating is left blank. There’s also a field for notes that can help put things in context.</p> <p>In addition, we say something about the basic technology underlying the app. Here’s an explanation of the key terms.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Location: </strong>Some apps identify a person’s contacts by tracking the phone’s movements (for instance, using GPS or triangulation from nearby cell towers) and looking for other phones that have spent time in the same location.</li><li><strong>Bluetooth: </strong>Some systems use “proximity tracking,” in which phones swap encrypted tokens with any other nearby phones over Bluetooth. It is easier to anonymize and generally considered better for privacy than location tracking.</li><li><strong>Google/Apple</strong>: Many apps will rely on the joint API that Apple and Google are developing. It lets iOS and Android phones communicate with each other over Bluetooth, allowing developers to build a contact tracing app that will work for both. Later the two companies plan to build this directly into their operating systems.</li><li><strong>DP-3T</strong>: This stands for decentralized privacy-preserving proximity tracing. It’s an open-source protocol for Bluetooth-based tracking in which an individual phone’s contact logs are only stored locally, so no central authority can know who has been exposed.</li></ul> <p>We may expand these categories over time, at which point this article will be revised.</p> </div></div><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_7"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What the database doesn’t contain</strong></h3> <p>First,<strong> </strong>we are <strong>focused on automated contact tracing apps</strong> that the public is already using or will use in the near future. That means we aren’t keeping track of the underlying protocols that will feed into apps (this is why the Google/Apple API itself isn’t on the list), or early-stage initiatives to build new products, or experimental apps that have no government backing or connection to public health services. Our initial search found more than 150 of these preliminary efforts, but many have no have clear pathway to being used by the public. As projects evolve into real products, we will add them to our list.</p> <p>Second, although the interaction between manual contact tracing efforts and automated systems will be critical, <strong>we aren’t monitoring manual efforts at this time</strong>. </p> </div></div><aside aria-label="Related Story - Changelog: Covid Tracing Tracker updates as they happen" class="related__wrap alignleft"><h2 class="related__header">Related Story</h2><div class="related__content-wrap"><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/15/1001736/changelog-covid-tracing-tracker-updates-as-they-happen/" class="related__featuredImg--link"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412 image__aspectRatio--2c451d3b5ec4f1d8596af281c3c757bb" style="padding-bottom:56.25%"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></a><div class="related__meta-wrap"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/15/1001736/changelog-covid-tracing-tracker-updates-as-they-happen/" class="related__link"><div class="">Changelog: Covid Tracing Tracker updates as they happen</div></a><div class="related__deck"></div></div></div></aside><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_9"> <p>Finally, <strong>the database isn’t a recommendation on whether to download an app or not.</strong> It’s intended to bring you data that helps you make an informed decision on whether to use a service, and on whether to seek changes in your government’s approach. </p> <p>Keeping eyes on all this information is going to require constant effort—the facts continue to evolve, the numbers change, and policies may or may not be adhered to. We may discover that what happens in theory is different from what happens in practice, or that what was promised does not end up being delivered.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-mobile-3" class="piano__post_body"></div> <p>So we’re asking for your help.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>How to access the database</strong></h3> <p>The most accessible version of the database exists on the page you are reading right now, <a href="https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/2241702/">and on Flourish</a>, a data visualization service. A public version of the underlying data is kept in <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ATalASO8KtZMx__zJREoOvFh0nmB-sAqJ1-CjVRSCOw/edit?usp=sharing">this read-only spreadsheet</a>, which we update once a day at 6 p.m. US Eastern Time.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-desktop-3" class="piano__post_body"></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>How to submit a change</strong></h3> <p>If you have an update, correction, or addition to the tracker, please email the relevant information to us at CTT@technologyreview.com. Please reference original sources for your claim: government or developer announcements, verifiable news sources, or published research. <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1001354/how-to-submit-a-change-to-the-covid-tracing-tracker-project/">There is a separate page detailing this here</a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Further reading</h3> <p>If you’d like to know more about automated contact tracing and exposure notification, here are a few relevant papers and documents.</p> </div></div><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_11"><p><a href="https://ethics.harvard.edu/outpacing-virus">Outpacing the Virus: Digital Response to Containing the Spread of COVID-19 while Mitigating Privacy Risks</a> (Harvard Center for Ethics)</p> <p><a href="https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/our-work/covid-19/covid-19-exit-through-the-app-store/">COVID-19 Rapid Evidence Review: Exit through the App Store?</a> (Ada Lovelace Institute)</p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11511">Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs</a> (Cho, Ippolito, Yu)</p> <p><a href="https://pact.mit.edu">PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing</a> (MIT)</p> <p><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1091.84 1091.84" class="monogramTLogo" aria-hidden="true"><polygon fill="#6d6e71" points="363.95 0 363.95 1091.84 727.89 1091.84 727.89 363.95 363.95 0"></polygon><polygon fill="#939598" points="363.95 0 728.24 365.18 1091.84 364.13 1091.84 0 363.95 0"></polygon><polygon fill="#414042" points="0 0 0 0.03 0 363.95 363.95 363.95 363.95 0 0 0"></polygon></svg> </p></div></div></div><div class="sliderAd__wrapper--6839b3ffc8a509af81d783ae19d8be5f"><button class="sliderAd__closeButton--9cf649469b35d26430dc3c376c6d6c4e" type="button"><span class="sliderAd__closeText--436175f3f4428f747745983ccb31b44d">hide</span><span class="sliderAd__closeIcon--04e565ebee7cadbb069dc7f0d634315c"><svg 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Here are some of the ways people are using it. </p> </div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/melissa-heikkila/" class=""><span>Melissa Heikkilä</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="2" theme="" 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class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="3">Why AI could eat quantum computing’s lunch</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p>Rapid advances in applying artificial intelligence to simulations in physics and chemistry have some people questioning whether we will even need quantum computers at all.</p> </div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/edd-gent/" class=""><span>Edd Gent</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="4" theme="" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/11/20/1107100/ai-can-now-create-a-replica-of-your-personality/" class=""><div class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="4">AI can now create a replica of your personality</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p>A two-hour interview is enough to accurately capture your values and preferences, according to new research from Stanford and Google DeepMind.</p> </div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li 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