CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91347774bc3f81aa',cH: 'XPEWSPPckQi3UATZSMKkyVVLkQdGAqIqEli2RGSA9Gw-1739781563-1.2.1.1-MXL6D.gpVnfNpRvpNvtyPFnAIzHlBXyzHkdxc2jhWe0qtvGoEEnrHgVelYRtLqJt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=causal%20logic&__cf_chl_tk=eITmM83tOKMQDuRpHhdxQse6a1v5nmawOm5QBtbBgtc-1739781563-1.0.1.1-deXnmLSDwpRDeZH0kLXCSJeSbhkmEmnS6A6Ost2fVfg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739781563',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=causal%20logic&__cf_chl_f_tk=eITmM83tOKMQDuRpHhdxQse6a1v5nmawOm5QBtbBgtc-1739781563-1.0.1.1-deXnmLSDwpRDeZH0kLXCSJeSbhkmEmnS6A6Ost2fVfg",md: "wM4f8gZq8XGiOPd7uIDsIAtp_HvoMMugaL8qJWgUcc8-1739781563-1.2.1.1-SuAyeSoFW6xEJ_48Fg2iuOFoAcgG_N1.mdhkEIgmYPISnkMpGtRx5PTp6fO7MSNUhJmSodhHL3c_FOVnpCzcqqUT2NfOg0sx.Z_7omDgB9yFOEnMrxrSTD6g.JUd47w2iEy9SkbLyzGW0n3BXdt.2HSvWltE9H_00Yg4isBh0VQOaHHnKgmoDRwK3yO29SfXWPibd7NuNWcLNnIhNtcVYCtEG8GAGlat.suD0jZ2DicBaLdDYyf6Epr0OWmgcLJtMnzFzpcbZdea217DJlHWeAJQAByf2hRQScDBCqLidQIsPCw0TD0cOVOlFMoh1PniW74shdpfq_7bhyJqalB07DYmPu_12usVMFHBRy7B16W9kWM.7YhlS2aLVUs.5BtjDctUQrAQvBz3m9i465bxMI37kg11Gtidyt8IKfnFgd3f74XikyIt6LP8a7tUYGaEu_qALiG4EaO31O9plw32F0Tn.wlaVXVihZvo63OIssDwK0Z4OQvsPlEZIgNBm7IaFBZUFXPzr4obn3QLnF.q16HgKt1s4U8A34RJ6Vd15cjYZ...2aM0eOweuJ4a.hA2t3YmiMT7cGsSriP3J1uVmcsF1b7TQSfpEwVK.CR3FaMGThBauSrcFBdtPdVTiUMFbtCQVLocb19wqqadHvDsh.Zoj8pTo138ci9FdTWG2y7tOmUVm1D15GTnpS4YUoRGryV3NRpJxl4SXyBy4qg4zkS74HpJM2BiOz5LO_HHbhc_qKB1XqBTzGduJCCWLOAIgDpkUJkfFTCRZnrxw8fnp8ccRhNHo1cw6pqFintMrtnx517Mbt4kJna0s1mR.01t4.bMFp_y3YktckZqH06wD7i2M4TBoKal9iHmG8mXdP0CrGXsI7l7mckWrgQ9ygme.uanR0Bb20gV8w_qXQCFmmN2Bq7khVCIoS6nZRIOfynQFEmf3Gu620ORvtteogp6X7lLAIwM0EmQqzv5zZ1UC7XHfCttsdGaSI4QW0oF6pIpZj.FUeV3CVJrEah.Mz2ktuWT_cgeRUQcQxG43XhgtlWhXklMDyUeqajKvXsEID9oTPy69w1KlJ5o8Dotitum3JUoCzP9iePnleODeloqHWPHDwrpjDBtRi1fop7m7Y4D_0njpmdygwsRS4CVqtE9JXMMFRQ2Zq.FKMkXiSvJwxOPpY0Ht7V5c6vK96dWMr3lPeDDmmZpA.fTpAYmYpU7N1JhZJMeTd7afaneUr19b_JMQbSlybpAKaV39XQ4rVnxOqS6Jr1sPyauqOnmDdbSicsxLBPmojilFjJKphakTYVSQDvp.O8lVgirKCm257b8FD5.ZQPz36kXB8vE2oWEiRMMWqq4NzixphQArG9uIdiSsn5hGXXjdzfPMOww8rZdgirf.DlAdJCN7W1IYI.b7gyNiVW3QjTpbDZ.TaXqHSw7jWIrHEePmKaPBAb3GCVFBVqViyOGmI8HBoolnHhS3wVYpFfYZNV9C2VDkVVyUodzz78mfKJPOUXH77vJwC0q7QGDiNkOx6K7m8MpbZ9kC4A0.Wo_zM.Nqool4I_7RUlsEpPSKDmyvSTtg25JHLW_3jMNYPGjd1n57rEqV1DSnO7g0hBBF4XqJOCYhYeLX8_x0jbExsKCyhcxbqrC6E68jlZtLMe20arRqwoWbeFKuii.Afo7ocewvJPd_vdMh3AsIwbB7rWKOpdpbMrKVLD5lrBUWcGCZKbSJtTRCwi9HBBon2H6fVf9LYCYKwkvcbnnpC4GYwm1OqXhuJtw39wWFsYC5ItExzaTGkknFj2zj3RdW_BG.uMEe_kYQ1cX_eKC5lu67hEkyiH3Cd1YO5UI8AN8_8oz_fGN0LxsIajQA7f4rwCDUnBstGWak9fFdeH8KXuk1fi8fff_6alFKhOMcdJRiJoVcY6KhRQEXBpPYU20zjzQcOvbdGDGt.yRYsk8f.4HgU00ynQqkjO9sWY",mdrd: "S2Iik7wlq_DwBOgYjK0NucjTZKbceBR5nS3qc4rZ.Ck-1739781563-1.2.1.1-FFd1eXTGQVxChJT8p._wq8naNX6LN0uG.gG1Xg1Yd_PWGYWGNGzh.aOFg8GpPxaRRp4rn_ujGZIcxdnT0s2JgrDRrm221RVqdaVsZI4b6NtsbKxnwbfhTyaQ63t1RoO.3kTWLBqMQCpmJbuN4ZjZaWQbP6WxK9WXmUvjrt3Jq0VJ1O_7X.2IHjy4.lkdQ8aWy5aNt6JFIYBw_ILaG33B_kUcUMeyrg3Bfr13GUY8hNogo7U15xQ99jskaIOeKym6ClkiikXc7ZRJMpJXcMvCRkIY5cYS_JYaP9KY3NIYQlS1tJeXBojo4trLnHyx52qfTqwTry2BKEZLRiXRJj5am2Iwq47PQECm22On.ij3Nz20UINtzAsXiBdIeoX8BNbR8cz7SRV._z5bpfLYvD8Kz1hgs3lblfK4PkiZ4umLyZPbNCDFFkD5e9M1j0bjTVTUHa7304V9Dl3iMoMfKOoejhnP38B.gZFJ22SzjS4MvaMfklPUsLOt_ZBMlzmShG3mGXbzFnO9VW4zpnWal4O1XEE1XSdHRiawaPp1Ykx_5bHCeagZabsVEAuwKXtfaEsIixFAqYR019xfUKATSwQqniEVQdH3mZ9Aoo3qYge35Ba99C_9Z9gSkdXruckhzo38kOgEFmWjylptzBbhgHBK9Hk9KJ4.o3i.uS8UmLFx2oE1Vzr5S5hJwG86n05lfd6OC5roQDLQZeODnPnMCmaOsBhS7DS6AUOV3Rla5Qhpp3TXW0PkDlHTK_5OXaGnKWG6m9dyFDBht_YFFdlNe5lVqlRXqZaN892tZ.4AWuA6aLtclwG1UFTVj85RBZsypoMCxAsPPlzUWRdHGcZu4fO8iC7JXUNUHitfbXypsOOFDez6L.sdSpgVjod2NpHz_3fmDLQBxp8sxCAbPxmTxtB_bZ6zOjoGehSuxkrlFcMAfPDogyVwh7DoWuTQGNc2DI24Z0v35WmczDsYlTpjhxLNusP7MD7Ra2.87lLAOkh2gC1dIMoYLjyZNtl4alsPhfpocYPp6YnJz8t9j6MydvJxGmVmcKLVVWxt2hzuSePee998qHMDYSHZ1NfxvttbsRt9a7Yr2WuZQkSnnIXNPH2zMa_Hvd86QD8hcymS407a3Dcq1rRBSpK_dbuUan8u0wcY8R6D6rnjH3KSdChBPL7R_0Gd1A7HQN0p0Xd8aFTAyRCGJs1w4xqhlYwdQ01Ftw9baHKTpMG3ubImQErvMBva6ezrDv3t4y04ng_g8jF89bqxh91hOLm7mgrEDt0ULg7W6oUrp6MsWak8K7JS7NHjlt6JW7HipVUWUq6DF0W27lyQPy9IzOeT.lo91ytRPe58OchyvQuKzWyZpv8IgJYyH0fg8dyLM3.DvxyqXmGhU1HPvSyyXR1if7QNYIIfZ4a7FFU1qQWc.V.WrGPD0HyjjI0eayGv20tPfyAdlNljeJ75URcHyOXbGU6tjqeDxGwqdzzCIC2LX2QxPN7nEffEpfdCH7._v0y4LcnWjiEijN49XJ7SGVKj3VuWZ8XZ_UCGxS8r8RXi1OOJXiswikmhiHLlpHQvEkSm_1J2Z.790.dcQb2qDZ2fms1L835GfJsHilQMpeyC75NtMfv9i_uARJb0MA7WLKN6ZMehwC4PFnVBQqhRePHD1eVnTW2d8OXLWRbQoLah2hOzFCHuug1Gn21IJ1DWTDbOG053cU4rQWJIan8wgWy27a94DcYhD_BIcS0XB050mj1yv9Owu65ypJvXe0qmqRBBr.YsnYcEgOYOU7UcNMIqxzIQm3opo9PQdXe6Iek4CJJZtwinYF_xpq9yXzgeBvJXcA7c8K_QLyLb1qy39sihPPqCqBJ7psSTH2hdPWwmWkFiYUDJACuy_tOC.IA_hBbMCfbt.b3ob0nHqGW1KKoDuYQVRRbuaz.5ZAkk9Sp6wFZtd4uwstgR3S7AwyozfgaMx0tUygDGrM5C9k3hTCilbYC4koSbNO5FAAXl3ogJryDFcAbTWRMJig"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91347774bc3f81aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=causal%20logic&__cf_chl_rt_tk=eITmM83tOKMQDuRpHhdxQse6a1v5nmawOm5QBtbBgtc-1739781563-1.0.1.1-deXnmLSDwpRDeZH0kLXCSJeSbhkmEmnS6A6Ost2fVfg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>