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</div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hong Kong (disambiguation)">Hong Kong (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="HK (disambiguation)">HK (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style>Hong Kong<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities<a href="#cite_note-23">[f]</a> in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">fourth most densely populated region</a> in the world. <table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hong Kong</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" lang="zh-Hant-HK">香港</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; line-height:normal; font-size:90%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other official names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">中華人民共和國香港特別行政區</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanisation_of_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale romanisation of Cantonese">Yale romanisation</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping romanisation</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hong Kong"><img alt="A flag with a white 5-petalled flower design on solid red background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Hong Kong"><img alt='A red circular emblem, with a white 5-petalled flower design in the centre, and surrounded by the words "Hong Kong" and "中華人民共和國香港特別行政區"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/85px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/128px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/170px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_in_China_(zoomed)_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hong Kong within China"><img alt="Location of Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/250px-Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/375px-Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/500px-Hong_Kong_in_China_%28zoomed%29_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940"></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of Hong Kong within China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">British possession</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1841</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1842</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">New Territories lease</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Imperial Japanese occupation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Re-designated as a <a href="/wiki/British_Dependent_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dependent Territory">British Dependent Territory</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1984</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover to China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative centre</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamar,_Hong_Kong" title="Tamar, Hong Kong">Tamar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">district</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>by population</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sha_Tin_District" title="Sha Tin District">Sha Tin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Chinese<a href="#cite_note-chinese-varieties-4">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-language-status-7">[b]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-lang"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous languages</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a><a href="#cite_note-chinese-varieties-4">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Waitaunese</a></li><li>Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka dialect">Tanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hoklo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-lang"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official scripts</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-language-status-7">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (2021)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">91.6% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> 2.7% <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hong_Kong" title="Filipinos in Hong Kong">Filipino</a> 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Indonesians in Hong Kong">Indonesian</a> 0.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">Indian</a> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">Nepalese</a> 2% other<a href="#cite_note-demographics-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongkonger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkonger">Hongkonger</a></li><li>Hongkongese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive-led</a> government within a unitary one-party state<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chan" title="Eric Chan">Eric Chan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Council President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leung" title="Andrew Leung">Andrew Leung</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cheung" title="Andrew Cheung">Andrew Cheung</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">National representation</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2022_National_People%27s_Congress_election_in_Hong_Kong" title="2022 National People's Congress election in Hong Kong">36 deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">203 delegates<a href="#cite_note-NationalReps-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,754.97<a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11">[9]</a> km2 (1,063.70 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">168th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">59.70% (1,640.62 km2; 633.45 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Land</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,114.35 km2 (430.25 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-landsd_area-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"> (<a href="/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan" title="Tai Mo Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">957 m (3,140 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"> (<a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 7,498,100<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 7,413,070<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,801<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a>/km2 (17,614.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $569.830 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $75,128<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $401.751 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $53,165<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 39.7<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-GiniRef-17">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.956<a href="#cite_note-HDI-18">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">4th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> (HK$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">HKD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Time" title="Hong Kong Time">HKT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy yyyy年mm月dd日</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">Mains electricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220 V–50 Hz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telephone numbers in Hong Kong">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telephone numbers in Hong Kong">+852</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HK" title="ISO 3166-2:HK">HK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN-HK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.hk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title=".香港">.香港</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China#Cross-border_with_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">Number plate prefixes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None for local vehicles, 粤Z for cross-boundary vehicles</td></tr></tbody></table> Hong Kong was established as a <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">colony of the British Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ceded <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> in 1841–1842 as a consequence of losing the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. The colony expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a <a href="/wiki/99-year_lease" title="99-year lease">99-year lease</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> in 1898. Hong Kong was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">1941</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberation Day (Hong Kong)">1945</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The territory was <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handed over from the United Kingdom to China</a> in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> under the principle of <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,<a href="#cite_note-CarrollEarlyHistory-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERen2010221-26">[19]</a> the territory is now one of the world's most significant <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centres</a> and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">third-ranked global financial centre</a> (behind <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>), ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Template:Most_traded_currencies" title="Template:Most traded currencies">ninth most traded currency</a> in the world. Home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">second-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">ultra high-net-worth individuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> Although the city has one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita incomes</a> in the world, severe <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">income inequality</a> exists among the population. Despite being <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">the city with the most skyscrapers in the world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Housing in Hong Kong">housing in Hong Kong</a> is consistently in high <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a>. Hong Kong is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">highly developed territory</a> and has a <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.956, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">ranking fourth in the world</a> and currently the only place in Asia to be in the top 5. The city has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">highest life expectancy in the world</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">public transport</a> usage exceeding 90 per cent. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory_and_Imperial_China">2.1 Prehistory and Imperial China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#British_colony">2.2 British colony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chinese_special_administrative_region">2.3 Chinese special administrative region</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Government_and_politics">3 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">3.1 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Political_reforms_and_sociopolitical_issues">3.2 Political reforms and sociopolitical issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">4.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Architecture">4.2 Architecture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Infrastructure">7 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transport">7.1 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Utilities">7.2 Utilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Cuisine">8.1 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Language">8.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cinema">8.3 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Music">8.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sport_and_recreation">8.5 Sport and recreation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Medium_of_instruction">9.1 Medium of instruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Tertiary_education">9.2 Tertiary education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References">13 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Citations">13.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sources">13.2 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Print">13.2.1 Print</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-33"><a href="#Legislation_and_case_law">13.2.1.1 Legislation and case law</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Academic_publications">13.2.2 Academic publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Institutional_reports">13.2.3 Institutional reports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#News_and_magazine_articles">13.2.4 News and magazine articles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Websites">13.2.5 Websites</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Hong Kong</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg/100px-Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 52px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg/100px-Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="52" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg/150px-Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg/200px-Hong_Kong_in_Chinese_2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">"Hong Kong" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">香港</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">hoeng1 gong2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"H\u0113ungg\u00f3ng"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yue-heung1gong2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Hēunggóng</a><a href="/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg" title="File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li>or</li><li>Hèunggóng</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Fragrant Harbour"<a href="#cite_note-HerbariumName-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarrollHKName-29">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xiānggǎng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄒㄧㄤㄍㄤˇ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shianggaang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hsiang1-kang3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Syānggǎng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">shian平kaon上</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hiong1gong3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"H\u0113ungg\u00f3ng"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yue-heung1gong2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Hēunggóng</a><a href="/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg" title="File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li>or</li><li>Hèunggóng</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">hoeng1 gong2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hêng1gong2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a></li><li>or</li><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hiong-káng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>香港特別行政區</li><li>(香港特區)</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>香港特别行政区</li><li>(香港特区)</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</li><li>(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)</li><li>or</li><li>Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū</li><li>(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄒㄧㄤㄍㄤˇ</li><li>ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ</li><li>ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ</li><li>(ㄒㄧㄤㄍㄤˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu</li><li>(Shianggaang Tehchiu)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻe4-⁠pieh2 Hsing2-⁠cheng4-⁠chʻü1</li><li>(Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻe4-chʻü1)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū</li><li>(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰú]</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>shian平kaon上 deh入⁠bih入</li><li>ghan平⁠tsen去⁠chiu平</li><li>(shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hiong1gong3 Tet6⁠piet6 Hang2⁠zin4⁠ki1</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)</li><li>or</li><li>Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui</li><li>(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1</li><li>(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hêng1gong2 Deg6⁠bid6 Heng4⁠jing3⁠kêu1</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y]</a>)</li><li>or</li><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y]</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y]</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hiong-káng Te̍k-⁠pia̍t Hêng-⁠chèng-⁠khu</li><li>(Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The name of the territory, first <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanised</a> as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780,<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a> originally referred to a small inlet located between <a href="/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau" title="Ap Lei Chau">Aberdeen Island</a> and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Hong_Kong" title="Aberdeen, Hong Kong">Aberdeen</a> was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a> Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people#Dialect" title="Tanka people">Tanka Cantonese</a>) phrase hēung góng. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".<a href="#cite_note-HerbariumName-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarrollHKName-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-etym-32">[25]</a> "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> was developed.<a href="#cite_note-etym-32">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Davis" title="John Francis Davis">Sir John Davis</a> (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> The name was also commonly written as the single word Hongkong until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Land" title="Hongkong Land">Hongkong Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Electric_Company" title="Hongkong Electric Company">Hongkong Electric Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Hotels" title="Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels">Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation">the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</a> (HSBC).<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSBC-37">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hong_Kong_history" title="Timeline of Hong Kong history">Timeline of Hong Kong history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_Imperial_China">Prehistory and Imperial China</h3></div> Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in <a href="/wiki/Wong_Tei_Tung" title="Wong Tei Tung">Wong Tei Tung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sai_Kung_Peninsula" title="Sai Kung Peninsula">Sai Kung</a> in 2003. The archaeological works revealed <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> from deposits that were dated using optical <a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">luminescence dating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Middle Neolithic</a> period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39">[32]</a> Neolithic to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> in the Middle Neolithic period and later the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yue</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39">[32]</a> As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-Li38-40">[33]</a> Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham2-39">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg/220px-Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg/220px-Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg/330px-Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg/440px-Sung_Wong_Toi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi" title="Sung Wong Toi">Sung Wong Toi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after <a href="/wiki/Qin_campaign_against_the_Yue_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin campaign against the Yue tribes">conquering the indigenous Baiyue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> The region was consolidated under the <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> kingdom (a predecessor state of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) after the Qin collapse<a href="#cite_note-KeatGinOoi-42">[35]</a> and recaptured by China after the <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Mongol conquest of China</a> in the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> court was briefly located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi" title="Sung Wong Toi">Sung Wong Toi</a> site) before its final defeat in the 1279 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> by the Yuan Dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-44">[37]</a> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> The earliest known European visitor was <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a>, who arrived in 1513.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> Portuguese merchants established a trading post called <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A3o" title="Tamão">Tamão</a> in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">military clashes</a> in the 1520s,<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were <a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)">re-established by 1549</a>. Portugal acquired a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">permanent lease</a> for <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Qing conquest</a>, maritime trade was banned under the <a href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">Haijin</a> policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a>, turning the region into a wasteland.<a href="#cite_note-HK_story-50">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> Qing authorities established the <a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a> in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colony">British colony</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hong_Kong_1868.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3255"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hong_Kong_1868.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_1868.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hong_Kong_1868.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hong_Kong_1868.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_1868.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by <a href="/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a></figcaption></figure> In 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade,<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> triggering a British military response and the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a>. British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in the 1842 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Courtauld-57">[50]</a> Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-CarrollEarlyHistory-25">[18]</a> Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonecutters_Island" title="Stonecutters Island">Stonecutters Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SecondOpiumWar-58">[51]</a> By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> The colony was further expanded in 1898 when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.<a href="#cite_note-NTLease-60">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a> began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 <a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KaiTak-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937, Governor <a href="/wiki/Geoffry_Northcote" title="Geoffry Northcote">Geoffry Northcote</a> declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941</a>, the same morning as its <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> Hong Kong was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">occupied by Japan</a> for almost four years before the British resumed control on 30 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1959%E2%80%931997).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1871%E2%80%931997)" title="Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997)">flag of British Hong Kong</a> from 1959 to 1997</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:578a_Hong_Kong_1971_(51321892645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg/220px-578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1658"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg/220px-578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg/330px-578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg/440px-578a_Hong_Kong_1971_%2851321892645%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peking_Road" title="Peking Road">Peking Road</a> in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1971</figcaption></figure> Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and more refugees crossed the border when the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> took control of mainland China in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire-68">[61]</a> Hong Kong became the first of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tiger</a> economies to industrialise during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public housing in Hong Kong">public-housing estate programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Mass Transit Railway</a> were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> Nevertheless, widespread public discontent resulted in multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> protests. In the <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a>, pro-<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a> protestors clashed with the British colonial government. As many as 51 were killed and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hong Kong Police">Royal Hong Kong Police</a> via beatings and shootings.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> and shipping hub.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_special_administrative_region">Chinese special administrative region</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong_(2052819038).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg/220px-Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg/220px-Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg/330px-Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg/440px-Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_%282052819038%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and <a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLehose,_Baron_MacLehose_of_Beoch" title="Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch">Governor Murray MacLehose</a> raised the question of Hong Kong's status with <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, in which the United Kingdom agreed to the handover of the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75">[68]</a> The impending handover triggered a <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_mass_migrations_from_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong">wave of mass emigration</a> as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-2002Pop-77">[70]</a> The Legislative Council became a <a href="/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1995 Hong Kong legislative election">fully elected legislature</a> for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> The handover of Hong Kong to China was at midnight on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.<a href="#cite_note-NYTHandover-79">[72]</a> Immediately after the handover, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire-68">[61]</a> and the recovery from this was muted by an <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">H5N1 avian-flu</a> outbreak<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> and a housing surplus.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2003 SARS epidemic</a>, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-:172-83">[76]</a>: 51 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_(48108527758).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108527758%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">Hong Kong protests</a>, August 2019</figcaption></figure> Political debates after the handover have centred around the region's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">democratic development</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Chinese central government</a>'s adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">democratic reforms</a> following the handover,<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact <a href="/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003">national security legislation</a> pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23 of the Basic Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> The central government decision to implement <a href="/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong" title="2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong">nominee pre-screening</a> before allowing <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform">chief executive elections</a> triggered a series of <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">protests in 2014</a> which became known as the Umbrella Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">2016 Legislative Council elections</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> and enforcement of national law in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station">West Kowloon high-speed railway station</a> raised further concerns about the region's autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> In June 2019, <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">mass protests erupted</a> in response to a <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill" title="2019 Hong Kong extradition bill">proposed extradition amendment bill</a> permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history,<a href="#cite_note-EconomistRestoreCalm-91">[84]</a> with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents. The Hong Kong regional government and Chinese central government responded to the protests with a number of administrative measures to quell dissent. In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_Ordinance" title="National Anthem Ordinance">National Anthem Ordinance</a>, which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China".<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> to help quell protests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-cnn20200630-93">[86]</a> Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral changes">amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system</a>, which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed <a href="/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="Candidate Eligibility Review Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-france2420210311-94">[87]</a> In May 2023, the Legislative Council also introduced legislation to reduce the number of directly elected seats in the district councils, and a <a href="/wiki/District_Council_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="District Council Eligibility Review Committee">District Council Eligibility Review Committee</a> was similarly established to vet candidates.<a href="#cite_note-dc2023_freepress01-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld01-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld02-97">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections in Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Separation of powers in Hong Kong">Separation of powers in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large, round room with desks and a dais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg/220px-Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg/220px-Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg" data-alt="Large, round room with desks and a dais" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg/330px-Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg/440px-Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Since 2012, the legislature has met in the <a href="/wiki/Tamar,_Hong_Kong" title="Tamar, Hong Kong">Tamar</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_Complex" title="Legislative Council Complex">Legislative Council Complex</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong is a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">national government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover,<a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75">[68]</a> resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive-led</a> governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.<a href="#cite_note-BasicLaw15-99">[92]</a> Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> is the regional constitution.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> The regional government is composed of three branches: <ul><li>Executive: The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a> is responsible for enforcing regional law,<a href="#cite_note-BasicLaw15-99">[92]</a> can force reconsideration of legislation,<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> and appoints <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> members and <a href="/wiki/Principal_officials_of_Hong_Kong" title="Principal officials of Hong Kong">principal officials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> Acting with the Executive Council, the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council#The_Commonwealth" title="King-in-Council">Chief Executive-in-Council</a> can propose new bills, issue <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">subordinate legislation</a>, and has authority to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve</a> the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">states of emergency</a> or public danger, the Chief Executive-in-Council is further empowered to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a></li> <li>Legislature: The unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> a sitting chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal</a> and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<a href="#cite_note-Gittings150-106">[99]</a> Judges are appointed by the chief executive on the advice of a recommendation commission.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a></li></ul> The chief executive is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier of China</a>) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="Election Committee (Hong Kong)">Election Committee</a>, which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term. Twenty are directly elected from <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">geographical constituencies</a>, thirty-five represent <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a> (FC), and forty are chosen by an <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(constituency)" title="Election Committee (constituency)">election committee</a> consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government.<a href="#cite_note-overhaul_HK-111">[104]</a> Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups,<a href="#cite_note-LegCoVoting-112">[105]</a> and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">district council</a> members and selected in region-wide <a href="/wiki/Double_direct_election" title="Double direct election">double direct elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> All popularly elected members are chosen by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff</a> voting.<a href="#cite_note-LegCoVoting-112">[105]</a> Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">2016 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a> (the current government), the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy camp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">localist groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> Hong Kong is represented in the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> appointed by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-NationalReps-10">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg/220px-Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="1585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg/220px-Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg" data-alt="The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg/330px-Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg/440px-Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building" title="Court of Final Appeal Building">Court of Final Appeal Building</a> formerly housed the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Hong Kong)">Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Chinese national law</a> does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-Gittings150-106">[99]</a> Its judicial system is based on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Local courts may refer to precedents set in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> and overseas jurisprudence.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China">mainland criminal procedure law</a> applies to cases investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPC_Observer-119">[112]</a> Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Decisions made by the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> override any territorial judicial process.<a href="#cite_note-HCAL185/2016-121">[114]</a> Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.<a href="#cite_note-BasicLawA18-122">[115]</a> The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">immigration</a> and taxation policies. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration Department</a> issues <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">passports for permanent residents</a> which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> and the region maintains a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_of_Hong_Kong" title="Boundaries of Hong Kong">regulated border</a> with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> Mainland Chinese citizens do not have <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode in Hong Kong</a> and are subject to immigration controls.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong Garrison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> is responsible for the region's defence.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> is <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a> of the armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> The central government and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">relations with foreign nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> The territory actively participates in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agencies.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> The regional government maintains <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Trade_Office" title="Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office">trade offices</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a> and other nations.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> The imposition of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_decision_on_Hong_Kong_national_security_legislation" title="National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation">central government in Beijing</a> in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-rgmsus-137">[130]</a> The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-rgmsus-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcpref-138">[131]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a> was passed by the Legislative Council to grant officials "even more powers to crack down on opposition to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Beijing</a> and the Hong Kong government" and includes penalties such as life imprisonment for political crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>. Critics state that this expansion "will strike a lasting blow to the partial autonomy the city had been promised by China [in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>]."<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Hong_Kong" title="Areas of Hong Kong">Areas of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts of Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">List of towns in Hong Kong</a></div> Hong Kong's administrative divisions are divided into three levels: <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Hong_Kong" title="Areas of Hong Kong">Areas</a> (區域), <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a> (地區), and Sub-districts (分區).<a href="#cite_note-:12-140">[133]</a> Hong Kong is administratively divided into three areas: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>. They are further divided into 18 districts. The area of Hong Kong Island has four districts, the area of Kowloon has five districts, and the area of the New Territories has nine districts.<a href="#cite_note-:12-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-141">[134]</a> Each district is represented by a <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">district council</a>. The district councils advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy.<a href="#cite_note-district-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld01-96">[89]</a> As of 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&action=edit">[update]</a> there are a total of 470 district council seats, 88 of which are directly elected.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> In May 2023, the government proposed <a href="/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2023 Hong Kong electoral changes">reforms to the District Council electoral system</a> which further cut the number of directly elected seats from 452 to 88, and total seats from 479 to 470. A requirement that district council candidates be vetted and approved by the <a href="/wiki/District_Council_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="District Council Eligibility Review Committee">District Council Eligibility Review Committee</a> was also proposed. The Legislative Council approved the reforms in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-dc2023_freepress01-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld01-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-dc2023_gld02-97">[90]</a> <div class="thumb"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px;"><figure class="mw-image-border noresize" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="The main territory of Hong Kong consists of a peninsula bordered to the north by Guangdong province, an island to the south east of the peninsula, and a smaller island to the south. These areas are surrounded by numerous much smaller islands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Hong_Kong.svg/600px-Map_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="406" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1083" usemap="#ImageMap_8b3a382fac7d0dc7"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 406px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Hong_Kong.svg/600px-Map_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="The main territory of Hong Kong consists of a peninsula bordered to the north by Guangdong province, an island to the south east of the peninsula, and a smaller island to the south. 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coords="238,198,238,195,244,192,244,190,250,186,248,185,245,185,244,184,242,180,243,178,246,178,246,176,248,175,255,177,255,173,255,170,261,173,262,171,270,171,270,166,278,163,278,160,283,160,288,156,294,157,301,150,303,150,305,152,311,151,315,147,319,148,320,145,322,143,332,141,336,142,338,142,339,146,349,146,357,145,355,148,357,152,357,155,356,157,357,160,356,163,354,165,351,169,349,169,347,173,345,173,341,176,339,175,337,171,329,173,331,176,331,179,331,182,320,183,316,189,312,192,312,189,303,182,298,186,288,187,283,186,277,188,274,190,269,190,268,187,265,188,261,192,255,193,247,195,246,196" alt="Tsuen Wan" title="Tsuen Wan"><area href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_District" shape="poly" coords="211,237,220,237,222,235,223,236,244,236,245,235,243,227,248,227,253,234,255,232,259,232,262,223,261,219,263,218,257,208,253,207,253,212,248,214,234,226,233,222,232,221,225,225,224,228,222,228,217,231,213,233" alt="Tsuen Wan" title="Tsuen Wan"><area href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_District" shape="poly" coords="268,199,264,199,264,202,263,204,264,205,264,208,266,210,270,208,269,205,266,204,268,202" alt="Tsuen Wan" title="Tsuen Wan"><area href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District" shape="poly" coords="162,136,162,139,165,137,168,135,168,134,169,133,171,127,188,127,188,129,202,130,210,128,208,132,211,137,219,137,220,144,223,144,224,153,259,153,259,150,265,149,265,151,262,151,262,160,269,160,269,170,262,170,261,171,256,169,253,170,253,175,253,175,247,173,244,175,244,177,241,177,240,181,242,181,242,184,244,186,247,186,245,188,243,188,243,191,237,194,237,198,231,196,230,194,232,191,233,187,228,192,224,192,224,189,221,189,214,192,212,189,208,188,211,186,211,183,209,184,206,183,198,177,196,175,193,175,189,176,189,174,192,166,193,159,194,156,194,153,192,153,192,157,189,159,189,165,187,171,186,174,190,184,179,181,173,186,171,189,166,189,159,185,151,187,143,179,146,177,147,173,147,168,146,165,143,163,142,161,144,159,142,155,138,152,132,151,139,143,141,143,142,138,151,137,153,139,154,138,155,135" alt="Tuen Mun" title="Tuen Mun"><area href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District" shape="poly" coords="111,175,113,178,114,184,115,182,115,179,115,177" alt="Tuen Mun" title="Tuen Mun"><area href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District" shape="poly" coords="184,219,184,223,188,221" alt="Tuen Mun" title="Tuen Mun"><area href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District" shape="poly" coords="198,214,198,218,200,217,200,213" alt="Tuen Mun" title="Tuen Mun"><area href="/wiki/Yuen_Long_District" shape="poly" coords="288,45,282,49,277,47,267,51,265,58,263,61,257,61,250,60,244,65,241,68,240,76,244,79,242,81,242,86,244,86,240,90,240,85,238,82,234,82,227,87,216,88,210,97,210,97,215,86,222,86,224,82,226,73,214,72,209,82,199,93,195,102,184,107,177,108,175,116,169,120,169,124,162,131,163,138,168,133,170,126,190,125,190,127,203,128,212,126,210,131,212,135,220,136,221,142,225,142,225,151,257,151,257,148,266,148,266,152,264,152,264,158,270,158,271,164,277,162,277,159,281,159,288,154,292,156,300,150,304,149,305,151,310,150,310,149,314,146,318,147,320,143,320,138,317,132,313,130,313,124,309,117,323,96,318,96,316,93,314,93,312,91,307,93,303,92,300,94,290,96,290,79,292,76,293,70,291,65,292,63,291,60,290,59,291,54,293,53,292,50,292,44,291,43,288,46" alt="Yuen Long" title="Yuen Long"><area href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_district" shape="poly" coords="374,250,373,247,372,246,372,245,369,240,366,237,363,228,366,222,367,216,365,211,363,210,364,208,364,207,365,205,368,205,369,207,369,208,372,210,371,213,373,214,373,217,374,218,375,220,378,219,381,221,388,218,390,218,390,225,387,227,394,235,392,236,401,245,399,247,384,232,379,237,379,242,380,243,379,248" alt="Kowloon City" title="Kowloon City"><area href="/wiki/Kwun_Tong_District" shape="poly" coords="393,219,396,219,398,221,409,219,412,225,414,229,420,232,422,232,420,236,424,237,423,240,420,243,423,248,424,253,422,253,421,259,421,262,418,261,420,259,418,258,417,259,414,255,417,253,415,252,412,252,407,245,405,244,398,236,395,236,395,235,389,228,391,226,391,219" alt="Kwun Tong" title="Kwun Tong"><area href="/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po_District" shape="poly" coords="328,234,328,232,327,230,329,229,336,224,336,219,331,217,332,216,330,214,328,214,328,213,330,213,332,212,335,213,337,213,340,213,343,211,341,209,344,208,344,207,347,207,350,208,354,206,357,208,362,208,361,210,364,212,365,218,364,224,352,223,352,226,350,228,346,225,345,227,338,223,337,225,336,224,335,225,336,226,337,229,339,229,340,230,336,235,334,233" alt="Sham Shui Po" title="Sham Shui Po"><area href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District" shape="poly" coords="406,218,403,201,403,195,398,196,398,199,385,199,384,202,382,202,380,201,379,201,379,204,374,205,373,204,369,205,373,209,373,213,375,214,376,219,378,217,381,220,388,216,392,217,396,216,399,219" alt="Wong Tai Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin"><area href="/wiki/Yau_Tsim_Mong_District" shape="poly" coords="346,228,346,227,349,231,353,228,355,228,354,225,363,225,362,228,365,237,370,246,370,248,372,249,372,250,370,250,365,254,363,256,361,256,358,254,358,246,357,244,353,246,354,249,349,250,348,248,351,246" alt="Yau Tsim Mong" title="Yau Tsim Mong"><area href="/wiki/Central_and_Western_District" shape="poly" coords="358,270,358,273,357,276,357,283,355,288,351,288,347,286,345,287,344,290,340,292,340,289,339,288,332,275,326,273,320,275,316,274,316,269,322,266,328,262,336,259,345,262,348,261,353,262,352,265" alt="Central and Western" title="Central and Western"><area href="/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Kong" shape="poly" coords="374,265,375,268,380,266,384,274,386,273,387,271,392,276,389,280,385,283,385,289,389,288,391,288,398,286,400,288,411,290,413,292,417,290,426,293,429,298,432,298,432,295,433,290,433,287,434,285,428,280,424,280,422,277,423,276,415,266,413,266,409,266,403,261,389,257,380,260" alt="Eastern" title="Eastern"><area href="/wiki/Southern_District,_Hong_Kong" shape="poly" coords="318,277,331,298,351,300,350,301,348,303,344,301,339,302,350,312,353,316,353,314,351,312,352,308,352,306,350,304,350,301,350,300,355,301,357,306,355,308,358,311,358,313,363,316,363,310,367,305,367,301,376,303,375,307,378,310,377,311,371,310,372,313,377,313,378,309,381,309,384,310,385,315,383,317,384,320,382,322,386,324,387,327,384,330,384,334,391,330,391,329,395,326,399,332,397,334,396,347,397,348,405,346,405,343,403,334,405,330,399,326,399,322,403,316,406,313,411,315,411,309,406,306,405,301,406,300,409,304,415,306,417,320,417,323,421,326,424,331,422,334,427,336,432,336,438,336,435,334,433,333,433,324,429,317,436,316,438,315,430,315,432,311,430,305,426,300,427,299,426,294,418,291,415,294,412,294,410,291,405,291,399,289,398,288,393,289,390,289,379,291,375,293,367,291,366,293,355,289,350,289,346,288,345,291,340,294,338,292,338,289,337,288,336,286,330,276,326,275" alt="Southern" title="Southern"><area href="/wiki/Southern_District,_Hong_Kong" shape="poly" coords="372,327,373,330,376,329" alt="Southern" title="Southern"><area href="/wiki/Wan_Chai_District" shape="poly" coords="356,287,365,291,368,289,374,291,384,288,384,282,391,276,387,273,387,274,385,275,379,268,375,270,374,267,371,267,371,265,370,267,364,267,364,264,364,264,362,264,361,267,359,270,360,274,357,276,358,283" alt="Wan Chai" title="Wan Chai"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reforms_and_sociopolitical_issues">Political reforms and sociopolitical issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Human rights in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_(16134715622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg/220px-A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="2444"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg/220px-A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg/330px-A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg/440px-A_new_banner_on_the_lion_rock_-umbrellarevolution_-umbrellamovement_-occupyhk_-occupyhongkong_%2816134715622%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A yellow vertical protest banner which read "We demand real universal suffrage" was hung on <a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock" title="Lion Rock">Lion Rock</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></figcaption></figure> Hong Kong is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a> that is not fully <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> of the population. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to these narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a> majority in the legislature since the handover. Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected.<a href="#cite_note-hybridregime-145">[138]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> being established as ultimate goals for the election of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45">Articles 45</a> and 68 of the basic law,<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body.<a href="#cite_note-hybridregime-145">[138]</a> The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions, but has not introduced these direct elections as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_domestic_helpers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong">Foreign domestic helpers</a>, mostly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a> is also an issue,<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> local, mainland Chinese, and foreign women have been trafficked for sex in <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">brothels</a>, homes, and businesses in the city.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> The Joint Declaration guarantees the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> for 50 years after the handover.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll181-75">[68]</a> It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> However, in response to <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> passed the controversial <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law.<a href="#cite_note-NPC_Observer-119">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> In October 2020, the Hong Kong Police arrested seven pro-<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> Annual commemorations of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral changes">changed Hong Kong's electoral system</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="Candidate Eligibility Review Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>, which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism", effectively crushing the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Democracy camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-france2420210311-94">[87]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Environment of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Satellite image showing areas of vegetation and conurbation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg" data-alt="Satellite image showing areas of vegetation and conurbation." data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River estuary</a>. It is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> on all sides except the north, which neighbours the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Chun_River" title="Sham Chun River">Sham Chun River</a>. The territory's 1,110.18 km2 (428.64 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[158]</a> area (2,754.97 km2<a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[158]</a> if the maritime area is included) consists of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, 1,073 km2 (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km2 (14 sq mi) is water.<a href="#cite_note-cia-166">[159]</a> The territory's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan" title="Tai Mo Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a>, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong" title="New towns of Hong Kong">new towns</a> throughout the New Territories.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> Much of this is built on <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">reclaimed land</a>; 70 km2 (27 sq mi) (6% of the total land or about 25% of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-reclamation-169">[162]</a> Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> About 40% of the remaining land area is <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">country parks</a> and nature reserves.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Hong Kong has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cwa), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, although closely bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>. Summers are long, hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. The humid nature of Hong Kong exacerbates the warmth of summer. <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoons</a> occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Also rarely occurring are <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, which occurred at Hong Kong International Airport on 26 September 2020 and at Victoria Harbour on 28 September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February. Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy.<a href="#cite_note-HKClimate-177">[170]</a> Snowfall has been extremely rare in Hong Kong; the last reported instance was on <a href="/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan" title="Tai Mo Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Historic temperature extremes at the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a> are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893, record highest daily minimum temperature there was 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) on 18 August 1990 and the lowest daily maximum temperature there was 3.2 °C (37.8 °F) on 16 January 1893.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39.0 °C (102 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Wetland_Park" title="Hong Kong Wetland Park">Wetland Park</a> on 22 August 2017,<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Tai_Mo_Shan" title="Tai Mo Shan">Tai Mo Shan</a> <a href="/wiki/January_2016_East_Asia_cold_wave" title="January 2016 East Asia cold wave">on 24 January 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hong Kong (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a>), normals 1991–2020,<a href="#cite_note-185">[h]</a> extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (1.31) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9 (1.53) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #13FF13; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.0 (6.02) </td> <td style="background: #004C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">290.6 (11.44) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">491.5 (19.35) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">385.8 (15.19) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">453.2 (17.84) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">321.4 (12.65) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.3 (4.74) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 (1.55) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (1.13) </td> <td style="background: #00CA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,431.2 (95.72) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.70 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.97 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.50 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.37 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.37 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.33 </td> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.43 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.50 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.90 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.83 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.70 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.30 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">139.90 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.8 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.7 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B468; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.2 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C310; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.3 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.1 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.8 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,829.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a><a href="#cite_note-met_norms-186">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-extremeshko-187">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-meanmaxmin-188">[180]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg/220px-Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg/220px-Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg/330px-Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg/440px-Yick_Cheong_Building_View_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monster_Building" title="Monster Building">Monster Building</a>, a famous group of residential buildings in <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bay" title="Quarry Bay">Quarry Bay</a></figcaption></figure> Hong Kong has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">largest number of skyscrapers</a>, with 554 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft),<a href="#cite_note-SkyscraperCenter-189">[181]</a> and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Single-family detached homes</a> are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre" title="International Commerce Centre">International Commerce Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Centre_(Hong_Kong)" title="International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)">Two International Finance Centre</a> are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong">tallest buildings in Hong Kong</a> and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the <a href="/wiki/HSBC_Building_(Hong_Kong)" title="HSBC Building (Hong Kong)">HSBC Main Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a>-topped triangular <a href="/wiki/Central_Plaza_(Hong_Kong)" title="Central Plaza (Hong Kong)">Central Plaza</a>, the circular <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Centre_(Hong_Kong)" title="Hopewell Centre (Hong Kong)">Hopewell Centre</a>, and the sharp-edged <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower_(Hong_Kong)" title="Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)">Bank of China Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FengShui-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> However, many examples of European and <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Lingnan architecture</a> are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Flagstaff House, Hong Kong">Flagstaff House</a>, the former residence of the <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">Commander of the British forces in Hong Kong</a>, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> Some buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_Building" title="Court of Final Appeal Building">Court of Final Appeal Building</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a> retain their original functions, and others have been <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_reuse" title="Adaptive reuse">adapted and reused</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Former_Marine_Police_Headquarters" title="Former Marine Police Headquarters">Former Marine Police Headquarters</a> was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,<a href="#cite_note-TourismFacts-198">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thanie_(Hong_Kong)" title="Béthanie (Hong Kong)">Béthanie</a> (built in 1875 as a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a>) houses the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts" title="Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts">Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hau_Temple,_Joss_House_Bay" title="Tin Hau Temple, Joss House Bay">Tin Hau Temple</a>, dedicated to the sea goddess <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure.<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ping_Shan_Heritage_Trail" title="Ping Shan Heritage Trail">Ping Shan Heritage Trail</a> has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Sing_Lau_Pagoda" title="Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda">Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda</a> (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda).<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a>, mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Lui_Seng_Chun" title="Lui Seng Chun">Lui Seng Chun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_(Hong_Kong)" title="Blue House (Hong Kong)">Blue House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wan_Chai" title="Wan Chai">Wan Chai</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nos._600%E2%80%93626_Shanghai_Street" title="Nos. 600–626 Shanghai Street">Shanghai Street shophouses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mong_Kok" title="Mong Kok">Mong Kok</a>. Mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public housing in Hong Kong">public-housing estates</a>, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1158px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the Victoria Harbour waterfront"><noscript><img alt="Skyline at night, with building lights reflected in water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg/1150px-Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="1150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1150px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg/1150px-Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg" data-alt="Skyline at night, with building lights reflected in water" data-width="1150" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg/1725px-Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg/2300px-Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_at_night.jpg" title="File:Hong Kong at night.jpg"> </a></div>The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> waterfront</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg/1600px-Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5562" data-file-height="785"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1600px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg/1600px-Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1600" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg/2400px-Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg/3200px-Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Panorama_by_Ryan_Cheng_2010.jpg" title="File:Kowloon Panorama by Ryan Cheng 2010.jpg"> </a></div>City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">Hong Kong people</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption style="text-align: right;">Death rates (No. of Deaths per 100,000 Population) by leading causes of death, based on ICD 10th Revision.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> Red: increased compared with 2001. Deaths from <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> increased more than 5 times from 2001 to 2021. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cause of Death</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Malignant neoplasms</td> <td>169.9</td> <td>187.2</td> <td>203.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Pneumonia</td> <td>45.1</td> <td>87.8</td> <td>132.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Diseases of heart</td> <td>70</td> <td>89.6</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Cerebrovascular</td> <td>46.6</td> <td>47.2</td> <td>42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. External causes of morbidity and mortality</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis</td> <td>15.7</td> <td>21.8</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Dementia</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>20.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. Septicaemia</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>16.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. Chronic lower respiratory diseases</td> <td>31.5</td> <td>27.8</td> <td>14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. Diabetes mellitus</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All other causes</td> <td>69.7</td> <td>85</td> <td>118.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All causes</td> <td>496</td> <td>596.6</td> <td>695.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Population graph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png" data-alt="Population graph" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Hongkong_2016.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2016 <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a> estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021. The overwhelming majority (91.6%) is <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-demographics-8">[6]</a> most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Sze_Yap_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sze Yap people in Hong Kong">Taishanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> The remaining 8.4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hong_Kong" title="Filipinos in Hong Kong">Filipinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Indonesians in Hong Kong">Indonesians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_Hong_Kong" title="South Asians in Hong Kong">South Asians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers. According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> About half the population have <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">some form of British nationality</a>, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> The vast majority also hold <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality</a>, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the handover.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> Headline <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> exceeds 7,060 people/km2, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">fourth-highest</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(1944336752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg/220px-Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg/220px-Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg/330px-Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg/440px-Sik_Sik_Yuen_Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_%281944336752%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(Hong_Kong)" title="Wong Tai Sin Temple (Hong Kong)">Wong Tai Sin Temple</a> is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Among the religious population, the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">three teachings</a>" of China, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, have the most adherents (20%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (12%) and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Islam</a> (4%).<a href="#cite_note-religionFacts-213">[205]</a> Followers of other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.<a href="#cite_note-religionFacts-213">[205]</a> Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 81.3 years for males and 87.2 years for females in 2022, one of the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> The birth rate in 2023 was 0.751 per woman of child-bearing age.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-2017HealthFacts-216">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal public healthcare system</a> is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> The city has a severe amount of income inequality,<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> which has risen since the handover, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people.<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2021, the wage gap remained high;<a href="#cite_note-IncomeDistribution-220">[212]</a> the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income.<a href="#cite_note-IncomeDistribution-220">[212]</a> The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people,<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">second-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city in the world,<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">ultra high-net-worth individuals</a> of any city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity,<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> median income for the top 10% of earners is 57 times that of the bottom 10%.<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/220px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/220px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/330px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/440px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports" title="List of busiest container ports">busiest container ports</a>.</figcaption></figure> One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports,<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> Hong Kong has a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">services</a>, characterised by <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taxation in Hong Kong">low taxation</a>, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">38th-largest economy</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">nominal GDP</a> of approximately US$407 billion.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HK-15">[13]</a> Hong Kong's economy ranked at the top of <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">the Heritage Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> index between 1995 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> However, Hong Kong was removed from the index by the Heritage Foundation in 2021, with the Foundation citing a "loss of political freedom and autonomy ... [making Hong Kong] almost indistinguishable in many respects from other major Chinese commercial centers like Shanghai and Beijing".<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">UN Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-166">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">seventh-largest in the world</a>, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) as of December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> Hong Kong is ranked as the 18th most innovative territory in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> and 3rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GFCI-235">[227]</a> The city is sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbor",<a href="#cite_note-Tech_Monitor_1999-236">[228]</a> a nickname derived from <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Hong Kong hosts several <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> companies,<a href="#cite_note-Rohwer_2001_p._168-237">[229]</a> including several multinational companies.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_1991-238">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cragg_1993_p._85-239">[231]</a> Hong Kong is the ninth largest trading entity in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">exports</a> and eighth largest in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">imports</a> (2021),<a href="#cite_note-CIAExports-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAImports-241">[233]</a> trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-CIAExports-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAImports-241">[233]</a> Over half of its cargo throughput consists of <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipments</a> (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic.<a href="#cite_note-LegcoEconomy-242">[234]</a> The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> and the busiest airport for international cargo.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-cia-166">[159]</a> Hong Kong is a key part of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%.<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">market liberalisation</a> on the mainland. Since resumption of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train" title="Guangzhou–Kowloon through train">cross-boundary train service</a> in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-HZMBridge-253">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a> formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<a href="#cite_note-MainlandCEPA-254">[246]</a> A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a> Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the handover. Mainland firms represent over half of the <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index" title="Hang Seng Index">Hang Seng Index</a> value, up from 5% in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large, empty room, with many desks and computer terminals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg" data-alt="Large, empty room, with many desks and computer terminals" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Exchange_Trade_Lobby_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former trading floor of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong Stock Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Commons5R18-258">[250]</a> The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Commons5R18-258">[250]</a> The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> Hong Kong is a gateway for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with <a href="/wiki/Shanghai-Hong_Kong_Stock_Connect" title="Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect">the Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen-Hong_Kong_Stock_Connect" title="Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect">Shenzhen stock exchanges</a>. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum_bond" title="Dim sum bond">renminbi-denominated bonds</a>, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a> trading.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a> In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>, the local currency, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">housing density</a>, the city has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_houses_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of most expensive houses in Hong Kong">most expensive housing</a> market in the world.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> and implemented almost no <a href="/wiki/Trade_restriction" title="Trade restriction">trade controls</a>. Under the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">positive non-interventionism</a>", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-ceo-266">[258]</a> While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-ceo-266">[258]</a> late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including <a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency" title="Export credit agency">export-credit</a> guarantees, a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Provident_Fund" title="Mandatory Provident Fund">compulsory pension scheme</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">minimum wage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination laws</a>, and a state mortgage backer.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistEnd-267">[259]</a> Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-TourismFacts-198">[190]</a> In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">14th most popular destination for international tourists</a>. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau).<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> The city is ranked as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">most expensive cities for expatriates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions. Additionally, due to the closure of the Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines decided to cease their operations in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> Hong Kong was <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">the most visited city internationally</a> in the Asia-Pacific in 2023, with over 2 million more international visitors than its closest competitor, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victoria Peak is a major tourist attraction that offers views of Central and Victoria Harbour."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg/800px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24000" data-file-height="8000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg/800px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg/1200px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg/1600px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_view_from_the_peak_2017.jpg" title="File:Hong Kong Skyline view from the peak 2017.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Peak" title="Victoria Peak">Victoria Peak</a> is a major tourist attraction that offers views of <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a>.</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Transport in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Tunnel entrance at night, with heavy traffic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG/220px-Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG/220px-Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG" data-alt="Tunnel entrance at night, with heavy traffic" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG/330px-Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG/440px-Cross_Harbour_Tunnel_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Harbour_Tunnel" title="Cross-Harbour Tunnel">Cross-Harbour Tunnel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom" title="Hung Hom">Hung Hom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a></figcaption></figure> Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of the daily trips made by its residents are made with public transport, the highest percentage in the world.<a href="#cite_note-pubtransport-274">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Octopus_card" title="Octopus card">Octopus card</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">payment</a> card made for Hong Kong, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> Alternative payments such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Apple Pay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alipay" title="Alipay">AliPay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> have also been gradually introduced to public transports.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peak_Tram" title="Peak Tram">Peak Tram</a>, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> rail transport between <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Peak" title="Victoria Peak">Victoria Peak</a> since 1888.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Western_District" title="Central and Western District">Central and Western District</a> has an extensive system of escalators and <a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">moving pavements</a>, which being the <a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Mid-Levels_escalator" title="Central–Mid-Levels escalator">Mid-Levels escalator</a>, the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways" title="Hong Kong Tramways">Hong Kong Tramways</a>’ tram network covers a portion of Hong Kong Island, covering from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Town" title="Kennedy Town">Kennedy Town</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shau_Kei_Wan" title="Shau Kei Wan">Shau Kei Wan</a>, with a branch to <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley,_Hong_Kong" title="Happy Valley, Hong Kong">Happy Valley</a>. It operates 6 routes and has had a rideship of 42,558 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> It began servicing Hong Kong since 1904.<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a> Hong Kong Tramways currently holds the Guinness World Record as the "Largest double-decker tram fleet in service", certified on 30 July 2021, with a fleet of 165 double-decker trams.<a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> The fleet of trams were mostly built by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways" title="Hong Kong Tramways">Hong Kong Tramways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Mass Transit Railway</a> (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 99 <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> stations and 68 <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_(MTR)" title="Light Rail (MTR)">light-rail</a> stops throughout the territory.<a href="#cite_note-RailwayFacts-287">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city<a href="#cite_note-LegcoTransport-289">[281]</a> and has an on-time rate of 99.9%.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the <a href="/wiki/East_Rail_line" title="East Rail line">East Rail line</a>, and longer-distance <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city trains</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train" title="Guangzhou–Kowloon through train">to Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train" title="Shanghai–Kowloon through train">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_through_train" title="Beijing–Kowloon through train">Beijing</a> are operated from <a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom_station" title="Hung Hom station">Hung Hom station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> This train service has however been suspended since the <a href="/wiki/Outbreak_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak of COVID-19">outbreak of COVID-19</a>, and officially closed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> on 31 July 2024, as announced by the <a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a>, citing that <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway">high-speed passenger trains</a> have effectively met the travel needs of passengers between the mainland and Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Connecting service</a> to the <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">national high-speed rail system</a> is provided at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_West_Kowloon_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station">West Kowloon railway station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> Automobiles drive <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">on the left</a> (unlike in mainland China), because of historical influence of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> More than 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Taxis_of_Hong_Kong" title="Taxis of Hong Kong">taxicabs</a>, easily identifiable by their bright colours and taxi lights, are licensed to carry riders in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> Unlicensed ride-hailing services such as <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> also exists in Hong Kong, with some operating with licensed taxis to legitimise their business in ride-sharing. Unlicensed drivers have been targeted by the government and taxi drivers in the past, mainly due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Third-party_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-party insurance">third-party insurance</a> on passengers and taxi drivers fearing the competition from drivers of these ride-hailing services.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> The government in 2024 has looked into legalising these services.<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Bus services</a> operate more than 700 routes across the territory,<a href="#cite_note-LegcoTransport-289">[281]</a> with smaller <a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">public light buses</a> (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> Expressways and truck roads, organised with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Strategic_Route_and_Exit_Number_System" title="Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System">Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System</a>, connect all major areas of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a> provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.<a href="#cite_note-HZMBridge-253">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_(20181013082946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Light-rail train on a straightaway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg/220px-V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4465" data-file-height="2905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg/220px-V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg" data-alt="Light-rail train on a straightaway" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg/330px-V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg/440px-V813_entering_Sunny_Bay_Station_%2820181013082946%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>MTR train on the <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chung_line" title="Tung Chung line">Tung Chung line</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> is the territory's primary airport, replacing <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak International Airport</a> that ended its operation in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Airlines" title="Hong Kong Airlines">Hong Kong Airlines</a>, low-cost airline <a href="/wiki/HK_Express" title="HK Express">HK Express</a> and cargo airline <a href="/wiki/Air_Hong_Kong" title="Air Hong Kong">Air Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> It was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> pre-COVID and handles <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by cargo traffic">the most air-cargo traffic in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through <a href="/wiki/Shek_Kong_Airfield" title="Shek Kong Airfield">Shek Kong Airfield</a>, under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Aviation_Club" title="Hong Kong Aviation Club">Hong Kong Aviation Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Star_Ferry" title="Star Ferry">Star Ferry</a> operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers.<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller <a href="/wiki/Kai-to" title="Kai-to">kai-to</a> boats serve the most remote coastal settlements.<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a> Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available.<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junks</a>, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Energy in Hong Kong">Energy in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Hong_Kong" title="Electricity sector in Hong Kong">Electricity sector in Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong">Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg/220px-Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg/220px-Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg/330px-Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg/440px-Lamma_Power_Station_-_October_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamma_Power_Station" title="Lamma Power Station">Lamma Power Station</a>, October 2019</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally.<a href="#cite_note-energystats2016p1-315">[307]</a> The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a> The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-317">[309]</a> Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory.<a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed,<a href="#cite_note-energystats2016p1-315">[307]</a> and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The <a href="/wiki/Dong_River_(China)" title="Dong River (China)">Dong River</a> in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water,<a href="#cite_note-LeeWater-320">[312]</a> and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater locally.<a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater which reduces freshwater use.<a href="#cite_note-LeeWater-320">[312]</a> Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">fibre-optic infrastructure</a> are increasingly prevalent,<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> there are almost 22 million <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_use" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of mobile phones in use">mobile-phone accounts</a> registered in Hong Kong,<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> which is almost triple the territory's population. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture of Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></div> Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China; it was then influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers would tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> Residents' sense of local identity has increased post-handover: polling in December 2022 had 32% of respondents identifying as "Hongkongers", 34.1% identifying as "Hongkongers in China" 45.9% purporting a "Mixed Identity", 20.5% identifying as "Chinese" and 11.9% identifying as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> Traditional Chinese family values, including <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">family honour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">preference for sons</a>, are prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear families</a> are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual.<a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> Spiritual concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a> are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to feng shui is believed to determine the success of a business.<a href="#cite_note-FengShui-194">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a> mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a> and buildings often lack <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">floor numbers with a 4</a>;<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong cuisine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/167px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/167px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg" data-alt="An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/251px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/334px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/167px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/167px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg" data-alt="French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/251px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/334px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant (left); <a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">cha chaan teng</a> breakfast food with <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.<a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-337">[329]</a> Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at <a href="/wiki/Wet_market" title="Wet market">wet markets</a>, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible when still fresh.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> There are up to five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and <a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">siu yeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">yum cha</a> (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include <a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha_siu_bao" title="Cha siu bao">cha siu bao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siu_yuk" title="Siu yuk">siu yuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_tart" title="Egg tart">egg tarts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mango_pudding" title="Mango pudding">mango pudding</a>. Local versions of Western food are served at <a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">cha chaan teng</a> (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common cha chaan teng menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-337">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages of Hong Kong</a></div> The predominant language today is <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a> originating in Guangzhou. It is spoken by 93.7% of the population, 88.2% as a first language and 5.5% as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3">[3]</a> Slightly over half the population (58.7%) speaks <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the other official language;<a href="#cite_note-OfficialLanguagesOrd-2">[2]</a> 4.6% are native speakers, and 54.1% speak English as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Code-switching_in_Hong_Kong" title="Code-switching in Hong Kong">Code-switching</a>, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population.<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> Post-handover governments have promoted <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54.2% of the population speak Mandarin, with 2.3% native speakers and 51.9% as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> are used in writing, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified characters</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, Hong Kong did not have significant <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>-speaking populations. Instead, the majority of people spoke <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> varieties, though large areas with <a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Waitaunese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanka_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka dialect">Tanka</a> speakers can be found in the northern New Territories and southern coastal areas respectively. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Hakka">Hong Kong Hakka</a> is a variety of Neo-Hakka, and belongs to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mei-Hui_Hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mei-Hui Hakka (page does not exist)">Mei-Hui Hakka</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%83%A0%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:梅惠小片">zh</a>] subbranch of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuetai_Hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuetai Hakka (page does not exist)">Yuetai Hakka</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="zh:粵台客語">zh</a>], making it closely related to <a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Moiyenese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> Waitaunese is a variety that is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a> varieties spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao'an District">Bao'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, and was the primary language of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Clans_of_the_New_Territories" title="Five Great Clans of the New Territories">Five Great Clans of the New Territories</a>, brought into Hong Kong during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-distributionNT-343">[335]</a> Some of the native Yue Chinese varieties were noticeably Hakka-influenced.<a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a> Smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hoklo</a> speakers also existed, and many villages were multicultural.<a href="#cite_note-distributionNT-343">[335]</a> Today, communities of other Chinese varieties' (such as <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siyi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyi dialect">Szeyap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>) speakers also live in Hong Kong. Southeast Asian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-Indonesian">Malay-Indonesian</a> speaking communities also live in Hong Kong. Other minority languages with significant speakerbases in Hong Kong include <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Lee,_Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Bruce_Lee%2C_Avenue_of_Stars%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Bruce Lee on the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong" title="Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong">Avenue of Stars</a>, a tribute to the city's film industry</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as <a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_(film)" title="The World of Suzie Wong (film)">The World of Suzie Wong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon" title="The Way of the Dragon">The Way of the Dragon</a> was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as <a href="/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow" title="A Better Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_(film)" title="As Tears Go By (film)">As Tears Go By</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain" title="Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain">Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain</a> expanded global interest beyond <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts films</a>; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as <a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Live_(1994_film)" title="To Live (1994 film)">To Live</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chungking_Express" title="Chungking Express">Chungking Express</a>. The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh" title="Michelle Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a> frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. Hong Kong films have also grown popular in oversea markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East".<a href="#cite_note-349">[341]</a> At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music of Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Leslie Cheung with a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Leslie Cheung with a microphone" data-width="132" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Leslie_Cheung_in_Madame_Tussauds_Hong_Kong_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E,_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82,_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit" data-width="132" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Andy_Lau_%E5%88%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%2C_Beijing_International_Film_Festival_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a> (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lau" title="Andy Lau">Andy Lau</a> has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a> is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style <a href="/wiki/Shidaiqu" title="Shidaiqu">shidaiqu</a>, it is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> and Western pop.<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a> Local media featured songs by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hui" title="Sam Hui">Sam Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Mui" title="Anita Mui">Anita Mui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Tam" title="Alan Tam">Alan Tam</a>; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)">Four Heavenly Kings</a> dominated Asian record charts.<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a> Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as <a href="/wiki/Eason_Chan" title="Eason Chan">Eason Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joey_Yung" title="Joey Yung">Joey Yung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twins_(group)" title="Twins (group)">Twins</a> are popular in and beyond the territory.<a href="#cite_note-355">[347]</a> Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education.<a href="#cite_note-356">[348]</a> The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra">Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Orchestra" title="Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra">Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_orchestra" title="Chinese orchestra">classical Chinese instruments</a>, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a> Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of the People's Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>. The song <a href="/wiki/Glory_to_Hong_Kong" title="Glory to Hong Kong">Glory to Hong Kong</a> has been used by <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">protestors</a> as an unofficial anthem of the city.<a href="#cite_note-358">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_cheering,_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/220px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/220px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg" data-alt="Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/330px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/440px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, considered the premier tournament of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Sevens Series">World Rugby Sevens Series</a>, is played each spring.</figcaption></figure> Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the <a href="/wiki/2009_East_Asian_Games" title="2009 East Asian Games">2009 East Asian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2007_Premier_League_Asia_Trophy" title="2007 Premier League Asia Trophy">2007 Premier League Asia Trophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShenKee-360">[352]</a> The territory regularly hosts the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Marathon" title="Hong Kong Marathon">Hong Kong Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic" title="Hong Kong Tennis Classic">Hong Kong Tennis Classic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Cup" title="Lunar New Year Cup">Lunar New Year Cup</a>, and hosted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1995_Dynasty_Cup" title="1995 Dynasty Cup">1995 Dynasty Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[354]</a> Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions.<a href="#cite_note-ShenKee-360">[352]</a> The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics" title="Hong Kong at the Olympics">nine medals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Lai-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Lai-shan">Lee Lai-shan</a> won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-363">[355]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Ka_Long" title="Cheung Ka Long">Cheung Ka Long</a> won the second one in <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Tokyo 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[356]</a> Hong Kong athletes have won <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics" title="Hong Kong at the Paralympics">126 medals at the Paralympic Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games">17 at the Commonwealth Games</a>. No longer part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the city's last appearance in the latter was in <a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a> races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Tuen Ng Festival</a>. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tourism_Board" title="Hong Kong Tourism Board">Tourism Board</a>'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-366">[358]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club" title="Hong Kong Jockey Club">Hong Kong Jockey Club</a>, the territory's largest taxpayer,<a href="#cite_note-JockeyClub-367">[359]</a> has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-368">[360]</a> Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<a href="#cite_note-JockeyClub-367">[359]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop%27s_House,_Anglican_Church,_Hong_Kong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG/220px-Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG/220px-Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG/330px-Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG/440px-Bishop%27s_House%2C_Anglican_Church%2C_Hong_Kong.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old campus of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Hong_Kong" title="St. Paul's College, Hong Kong">St. Paul's College</a>, the first school established in the colonial era</figcaption></figure> Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled on <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">that of the United Kingdom</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">English system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[361]</a> Children are required to attend school from age 6 until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18.<a href="#cite_note-nss-370">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-HKEduLi-371">[363]</a> At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and are awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education" title="Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education">Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education</a> upon successful completion.<a href="#cite_note-372">[364]</a> Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<a href="#cite_note-373">[365]</a> Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%.<a href="#cite_note-374">[366]</a> The literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-375">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[368]</a> Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the <a href="/wiki/Direct_Subsidy_Scheme" title="Direct Subsidy Scheme">Direct Subsidy Scheme</a> and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.<a href="#cite_note-HKEduLi-371">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium_of_instruction">Medium of instruction</h3></div> At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a>, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Putonghua</a> (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.<a href="#cite_note-377">[369]</a> English is the official medium of instruction and assessments for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although use of Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors.<a href="#cite_note-378">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">Higher education in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG/220px-Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG/220px-Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG/330px-Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG/440px-Main_Building_HKU_20100926_03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> main building</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong has twelve universities. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> (HKU) was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-384">[376]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> (CUHK) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-385">[377]</a> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a> (HKUST) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:1-386">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-387">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-388">[380]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University" title="Hong Kong Polytechnic University">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> (PolyU)<a href="#cite_note-389">[381]</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a> (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:1-386">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-387">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-388">[380]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" title="Hong Kong Baptist University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a> (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994<a href="#cite_note-390">[382]</a> and is a liberal arts institution. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University" title="Hong Kong Metropolitan University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a> (formerly as Open University of Hong Kong prior to 2021) (attaining status in 1997),<a href="#cite_note-391">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University" title="Lingnan University">Lingnan University</a> (in 1999),<a href="#cite_note-392">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a> (in 2006),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegCo_Grant_to_Shue_Yan_University2007-393">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Education University of Hong Kong">Education University of Hong Kong</a> (in 2016), <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Hang Seng University of Hong Kong">Hang Seng University of Hong Kong</a> (in 2018) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis University (Hong Kong)">Saint Francis University</a> (in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-394">[386]</a> all attained full university status in subsequent years. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvbcity-s1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Modern, green-and-white building with dish antennas on top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tvbcity-s1.png/220px-Tvbcity-s1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tvbcity-s1.png/220px-Tvbcity-s1.png" data-alt="Modern, green-and-white building with dish antennas on top" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tvbcity-s1.png/330px-Tvbcity-s1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tvbcity-s1.png/440px-Tvbcity-s1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TVB_City" title="TVB City">TVB City</a>, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station</figcaption></figure> Most of the newspapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese but there are also a few English-language newspapers. The major one being the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>, with <a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a> serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are <a href="/wiki/Ming_Pao" title="Ming Pao">Ming Pao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Daily_News" title="Oriental Daily News">Oriental Daily News</a>. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po" title="Wen Wei Po">Wen Wei Po</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[387]</a> Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[388]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television broadcasters operate in the territory; <a href="/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/HK_Television_Entertainment" title="HK Television Entertainment">HKTVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-CABLE_HOY_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="I-CABLE HOY Limited">HOY</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Television" title="Phoenix Television">Phoenix Television</a> air eight <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a> channels.<a href="#cite_note-broadcasterList-397">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[390]</a> TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share.<a href="#cite_note-399">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Paid television services</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a> offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences.<a href="#cite_note-400">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a> is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and six <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television channels.<a href="#cite_note-401">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[395]</a> Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population.<a href="#cite_note-broadcasterList-397">[389]</a> Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a>, yet local control applies.<a href="#cite_note-404">[396]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles related to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chinese-varieties-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinese-varieties_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinese-varieties_4-1">b</a> No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, the de facto regional standard.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OfficialLanguagesOrd-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-status-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language-status_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language-status_7-1">b</a> For all government use, documents written using <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> are authoritative over ones inscribed with <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-ChineseInCourt-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> After adjustment for taxes and social transfers </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Except for the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge#Hong_Kong_Link_Road" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road</a>, which drives on the right.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <div><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɒŋkɒŋ/</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɒŋˈkɒŋ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:香港">香港</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: Hoeng1 gong2; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: Hēunggóng, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Cantonese</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg\/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yue-heung1gong2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg/Yue-heung1gong2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg" title="File:Yue-heung1gong2.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li>Officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (<a href="/wiki/Abbr." class="mw-redirect" title="Abbr.">abbr.</a> Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui).</li><li>Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_permanent_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong permanent resident">Hong Kong permanent residents</a> can be of any nationality. A person without Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided there for a continuous period not less than seven years, and is permanently domiciled in the territory would be legally recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">Hongkonger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BasicLawA24-22">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> However, decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, the State Council may enforce national law in the region under specific circumstances. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeung2016">Leung 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OfficialLanguagesOrd-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialLanguagesOrd_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialLanguagesOrd_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOfficial_Languages_Ordinance">Official Languages Ordinance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2021By-CensusLanguages-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021By-CensusLanguages_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, pp. 31, 51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLegislative_Council_Disclaimer_and_Copyright_Notice">Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChineseInCourt-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ChineseInCourt_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUse_of_Chinese_in_Court_Proceedings2011">Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-demographics-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en">"China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004)"</a>. Constitute project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015. 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Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elections.gov.hk&rft.atitle=2023+District+Council+Ordinary+Election+%E2%80%93+Election+Brief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.gov.hk%2Fdc2023%2Feng%2Febrief.html%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hybridregime-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hybridregime_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hybridregime_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng2016">Cheng 2016</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_IV">Basic Law Chapter IV</a> Articles 45, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWongLim2017">Wong & Lim 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMing2006">Ming 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNgoCheung2016">Ngo & Cheung 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhao2015">Zhao 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao2013">Chao 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLhatoo2015">Lhatoo 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaquel_Carvalho_and_Peace_Chiu2018" class="citation web cs1">Raquel Carvalho and Peace Chiu (25 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil">"Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161445/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Fed+up+with+human+trafficking%2C+Hong+Kong+migrant+workers+hold+vigil+demanding+justice&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft.au=Raquel+Carvalho+and+Peace+Chiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Flaw-crime%2Farticle%2F2134591%2Ffed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Meanings_of_Right_of_Abode_and_Other_Terms%22,_Immigration_Department">"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Read2016" class="citation web cs1">Tony Read (8 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather">"Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161532/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+must+lead+the+fight+against+human+trafficking%2C+rather+than+just+do+the+bare+minimum&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft.au=Tony+Read&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F1986535%2Fhong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrid_Zweynert2015" class="citation web cs1">Astrid Zweynert (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims">"New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161341/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2020. <q>The US State Department's 2014 Trafficking in Persons report said people from mainland China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, Cambodia, and other Southeast Asian countries as well as Colombia, Chad, and Uganda had become victims of sex trafficking and forced labor in Hong Kong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+ways+to+help+Hong+Kong%27s+human+trafficking+victims&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.au=Astrid+Zweynert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMaking-a-difference%2FChange-Agent%2F2015%2F1022%2FNew-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Wordie2016" class="citation web cs1">Jason Wordie (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight">"Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161241/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2020. <q>Likewise, legions of mainland prostitutes form a highly visible yet officially clandestine workforce in certain parts of Hong Kong. Many of these women, according to informed sources within the sex-worker sorority, have been trafficked.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Human+trafficking+in+Hong+Kong%3A+hidden+in+plain+sight&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.au=Jason+Wordie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1901109%2Fhuman-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheung2016">Cheung 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheung2015">Cheung 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2020" class="citation web cs1">Hernández, Javier C. (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html">"Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong's Security Law Explained"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harsh+Penalties%2C+Vaguely+Defined+Crimes%3A+Hong+Kong%27s+Security+Law+Explained&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Javier+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fhong-kong-security-law-explain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">"Hong Kong National Security Law Promulgated, Came into Effect June 30, 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morrison_%26_Foerster" title="Morrison & Foerster">Morrison & Foerster</a>. 1 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702163941/https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morrison+%26+Foerster&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+National+Security+Law+Promulgated%2C+Came+into+Effect+June+30%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofo.com%2Fresources%2Finsights%2F200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2020" class="citation web cs1">James, William (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL">"UK says China's security law is serious violation of Hong Kong treaty"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702015311/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UK+says+China%27s+security+law+is+serious+violation+of+Hong+Kong+treaty&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-hongkong-protests-britain%2Fuk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209">"Hong Kong pro-democracy politicians arrested"</a>. BBC News. November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101110236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+pro-democracy+politicians+arrested&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-54768209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears">"Hong Kong churches drop Tiananmen tributes after 33 years amid arrest fears"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 30 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530185147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022 – via The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+churches+drop+Tiananmen+tributes+after+33+years+amid+arrest+fears&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmay%2F30%2Fhong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm">"Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications"</a>. www.landsd.gov.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210534/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.landsd.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Survey+and+Mapping+Office+%E2%80%93+Circulars+and+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landsd.gov.hk%2Fmapping%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ftotal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_166-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">"Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhong-kong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwenShaw2007">Owen & Shaw 2007</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021">Population By-Census 2021</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-reclamation-169"><a href="#cite_ref-reclamation_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLand_Policy_Report2017">Land Policy Report 2017</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwenShaw2007">Owen & Shaw 2007</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Land_Use_in_Hong_Kong_2017%22,_Planning_Department">"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMortonHarper1995">Morton & Harper 1995</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHu2003">Hu 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm">"The Natural Environment, Plants & Animals in Hong Kong"</a>. 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General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240731135355/http://gdfs.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/6013329/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2024. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3422-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD37ijXG-FykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanChow2006" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzUvGEw7Z0AC">Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-787-2"><bdi>978-962-209-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Dying+and+Bereavement%3A+a+Hong+Kong+Chinese+Experience&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-962-209-787-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.au=Chow%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzUvGEw7Z0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanLeung2003" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Shun-hing; 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Charles Knight & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491627420">491627420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+China%3A+partly+during+an+inland+journey+of+four+months%2C+between+Peking%2C+Nanking%2C+and+Canton%3B+with+notices+and+observations+relative+to+the+present+war&rft.pub=Charles+Knight+%26+Co.&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491627420&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTQOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsworthMihaljek1997" class="citation book cs1">Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6csHC4xlmFAC">Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55775-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55775-672-5"><bdi>978-1-55775-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%2C+China%3A+Growth%2C+Structural+Change%2C+and+Economic+Stability+During+the+Transition&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55775-672-5&rft.aulast=Dodsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mihaljek%2C+Dubravko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6csHC4xlmFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2002" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Richard L. 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Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+%E2%80%93+the+Source+of+Hong+Kong%27s+Progress+and+Development&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Law+and+Hong+Kong+%E2%80%93+The+15th+Anniversary+of+Reunification+with+the+Motherland&rft.pub=Working+Group+on+Overseas+Community+of+the+Basic+Law+Promotion+Steering+Committee&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884571397&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=Maria+Wai-chu&rft.au=Chan%2C+Eugene+Kin-keung&rft.au=Choi+Kwan%2C+Janice+Wing-kum&rft.au=Leung%2C+Gloria+Chi-kin&rft.au=Lo%2C+Alexandra+Dak-wai&rft.au=Tang%2C+Simon+Shu-pui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basiclaw.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbook%2F15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Tsang, Steve</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC856mG72EC">A Modern History of Hong Kong</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-419-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-419-0&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JC856mG72EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Glahn1996" class="citation book cs1">von Glahn, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNlv4f9tV_AC">Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91745-3"><bdi>978-0-520-91745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+of+Fortune%3A+Money+and+Monetary+Policy+in+China%2C+1000%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91745-3&rft.aulast=von+Glahn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNlv4f9tV_AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vigil-hong-kong-on-the-brink-review-the-origins-of-deance-11581974256">Online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1998" class="citation book cs1">Wills, John E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC">"Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662"</a>. In Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 333–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243339.009">10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+with+Maritime+Europe%2C+1514%E2%80%931662&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+8%2C+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243339.009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24333-9&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVhvh6ibLJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshire1997" class="citation book cs1">Wiltshire, Trea (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fhjrgEACAAJ">Old Hong Kong Volume II: 1901–1945</a> (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7283-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7283-13-3"><bdi>978-962-7283-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Hong+Kong+Volume+II%3A+1901%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=FormAsia+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-7283-13-3&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=Trea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0fhjrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1992" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Siu Lun (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/42565/1/07.pdf">Emigration and stability in Hong Kong</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7558-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7558-09-5"><bdi>978-962-7558-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigration+and+stability+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-962-7558-09-5&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Siu+Lun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2Fbitstream%2F10722%2F42565%2F1%2F07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordie2007" class="citation book cs1">Wordie, Jason (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyfPeYnp3-oC">Streets: Exploring Kowloon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-813-8"><bdi>978-962-209-813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets%3A+Exploring+Kowloon&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-962-209-813-8&rft.aulast=Wordie&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyfPeYnp3-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWTO2017" class="citation book cs1">Magalhães, Bianca dos Santos (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202">UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284419029">10.18111/9789284419029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1901-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1901-2"><bdi>978-92-844-1901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights%3A+2017+Edition&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284419029&rft.isbn=978-92-844-1901-2&rft.aulast=Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.aufirst=Bianca+dos+Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftede.ufrrj.br%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2Fjspui%2F5202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiIngham2003" class="citation book cs1">Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ">City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-605-9"><bdi>978-962-209-605-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Voices%3A+Hong+Kong+writing+in+English%2C+1945%E2%80%93present&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-962-209-605-9&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Xu&rft.au=Ingham%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f3IAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue2016" class="citation book cs1">Xue, Charlie Q.L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZkDAAAQBAJ">Hong Kong Architecture 1945–2015: From Colonial to Global</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-1004-0">10.1007/978-981-10-1004-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1003-3"><bdi>978-981-10-1003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Architecture+1945%E2%80%932015%3A+From+Colonial+to+Global&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-10-1004-0&rft.isbn=978-981-10-1003-3&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Charlie+Q.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xZkDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanneHeller2009" class="citation book cs1">Yanne, Andrew; Heller, Gillis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOQrEVBcX4C">Signs of a Colonial Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-944-9"><bdi>978-962-209-944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+a+Colonial+Era&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-962-209-944-9&rft.aulast=Yanne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Heller%2C+Gillis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDpOQrEVBcX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2008" class="citation book cs1">Yeung, Rikkie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUfqAQAAQBAJ">Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-963-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-963-0"><bdi>978-962-209-963-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+Millions%3A+The+Commercial+Success+and+Political+Controversies+of+Hong+Kong%27s+Railways&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-962-209-963-0&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Rikkie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUfqAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungCullen2010" class="citation book cs1">Young, Simon N.M.; Cullen, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px1WflAKjwEC">Electing Hong Kong's Chief Executive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-39-9"><bdi>978-988-8028-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electing+Hong+Kong%27s+Chief+Executive&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-988-8028-39-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Simon+N.M.&rft.au=Cullen%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx1WflAKjwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhihong2006" class="citation book cs1">Zhihong, Shi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC">"China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Heita_Kawakatsu" title="Heita Kawakatsu">Latham, A.J.H.</a>; Kawakatsu, Heita (eds.). Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 4–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37207-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37207-7"><bdi>978-0-415-37207-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Overseas+Trade+Policy+and+Its+Historical+Results%3A+1522%E2%80%931840&rft.btitle=Intra-Asian+Trade+and+the+World+Market&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37207-7&rft.aulast=Zhihong&rft.aufirst=Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLBgaa8d4aMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legislation_and_case_law">Legislation and case law</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAmendment_to_the_Basic_Law_Annex_I">Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A111/amendment.html">Instrument A111</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_II">Basic Law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html">Chapter II</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_III">Basic Law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html">Chapter III</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_IV">Basic Law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html">Chapter IV</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_V">Basic Law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_5.html">Chapter V</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_VII">Basic Law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_7.html">Chapter VII</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFChief_Executive_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_and_Another_v_the_President_of_the_Legislative_Council">Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_body.jsp?AH=&QS=&FN=&currpage=T&DIS=106799#p20"><abbr title="Court of First Instance Constitutional and Administrative Law Proceedings">HCAL</abbr> 185/2016</a>, at para. 20</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFConstitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A1/constitution.html">Instrument A1</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDistrict_Councils_Ordinance">District Councils Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/547/">Cap. 547</a>) Schedule 3</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEmergency_Regulations_Ordinance">Emergency Regulations Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/241/">Cap. 241</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHong_Kong_Baptist_University_Ordinance">Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1126/">Cap. 1126</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Passports_Ordinance">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/539/">Cap. 539</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLingnan_University_Ordinance">Lingnan University Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1165/">Cap. 1165</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNg_Ka_Ling_and_Another_v_the_Director_of_Immigration">Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_body.jsp?AH=&QS=&FN=&currpage=T&DIS=34052#p63"><abbr title="Court of Final Appeal Civil Appeal">FACV</abbr> 14/1998</a>, at para. 63</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOfficial_Languages_Ordinance">Official Languages Ordinance (Cap. 5) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/5/s3">§ 3</a>(1)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A301/declaration.html">Instrument A301</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStanding_Committee_Interpretation_Concerning_Implementation_of_Chinese_Nationality_Law_in_Hong_Kong">Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A204/interpretation.html">Instrument A204</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFThe_Education_University_of_Hong_Kong_Ordinance">The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/444/">Cap. 444</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University_Ordinance">The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1075/">Cap. 1075</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFThe_Open_University_of_Hong_Kong_Ordinance">The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/1145/">Cap. 1145</a>)</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_publications">Academic publications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Li (2011). "Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter". Journal of the History of International Law. 13 (1): 75–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157180511X552054">10.1163/157180511X552054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Universalism+and+Equal+Sovereignty+as+Contested+Myths+of+International+Law+in+the+Sino-Western+Encounter&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157180511X552054&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Edmund W. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741016000394">"Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong Kong"</a>. The China Quarterly. 226: 383–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741016000394">10.1017/S0305741016000394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Street+Politics+in+a+Hybrid+Regime%3A+The+Diffusion+of+Political+Activism+in+Post-colonial+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741016000394&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Edmund+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741016000394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengLumLamFung2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Sheung-Tak; Lum, Terry; Lam, Linda C. W.; Fung, Helene H. (2013). "Hong Kong: Embracing a Fast Aging Society With Limited Welfare". The Gerontologist. 53 (4): 527–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt017">10.1093/geront/gnt017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23528290">23528290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gerontologist&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%3A+Embracing+a+Fast+Aging+Society+With+Limited+Welfare&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E527-%3C%2Fspan%3E533&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23528290&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Sheung-Tak&rft.au=Lum%2C+Terry&rft.au=Lam%2C+Linda+C.+W.&rft.au=Fung%2C+Helene+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullinane2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cullinane, S. (2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-070X%2801%2900028-2">10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+car+ownership+and+public+transport+provision%3A+a+case+study+of+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0967-070X%2801%2900028-2&rft.aulast=Cullinane&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFan1974" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, Shuh Ching (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf">"The Population of Hong Kong"</a> (PDF). World Population Year: 1–2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/438716102">438716102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Year&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F438716102&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Shuh+Ching&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicred.org%2FEng%2FPublications%2Fpdf%2Fc-c21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrestLa_GrangeYip2004" class="citation journal cs1">Forrest, Ray; La Grange, Adrienne; Yip, Ngai-ming (2004). "Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation". <a href="/wiki/Urban_Studies_(journal)" title="Urban Studies (journal)">Urban Studies</a>. 41 (1): 207–227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004UrbSt..41..207F">2004UrbSt..41..207F</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1032.5974">10.1.1.1032.5974</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0042098032000155759">10.1080/0042098032000155759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154042413">154042413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+as+a+Global+City%3F+Social+Distance+and+Spatial+Differentiation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1032.5974%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154042413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0042098032000155759&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004UrbSt..41..207F&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=La+Grange%2C+Adrienne&rft.au=Yip%2C+Ngai-ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, Poshek (2008). "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema". The China Quarterly. 194 (194): 380–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100800043X">10.1017/S030574100800043X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20192203">20192203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154730809">154730809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Japanese+Occupation%2C+Shanghai+Exiles%2C+and+Postwar+Hong+Kong+Cinema&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=194&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154730809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20192203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS030574100800043X&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Poshek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulton_Commission1963" class="citation journal cs1">Fulton Commission (1963). "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01107190">10.1007/bf01107190</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821589">41821589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189763965">189763965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Fulton+Commission%2C+1963%3A+Commission+to+Advise+on+the+Creation+of+a+Federal-Type+Chinese+University+in+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189763965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41821589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01107190&rft.au=Fulton+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Ann D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=cilj">"Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_International_Law_Journal" title="Cornell International Law Journal">Cornell International Law Journal</a>. 30 (2): 335–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Lost+in+the+Translation%3A+Two+Legal+Cultures%2C+the+Common+Law+Judiciary+and+the+Basic+Law+of+the+Hong+Kong+Special+Administrative+Region&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Ann+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1401%26context%3Dcilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, John (2012). "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech". 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIALP.2012.10">10.1109/IALP.2012.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-6113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-6113-2"><bdi>978-1-4673-6113-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16210378">16210378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Corpus-Based+Analysis+of+Mixed+Code+in+Hong+Kong+Speech&rft.btitle=2012+International+Conference+on+Asian+Language+Processing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16210378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIALP.2012.10&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-6113-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLeung2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Kwai Sang; Leung, Wai Mun (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2191-5059-2-2">"The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Markets&rft.atitle=Octopus%3A+The+Growing+E-payment+System+in+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F101967801300197016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18766585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Poon&rft.aufirst=Simpson&rft.au=Chau%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Ff800%2F672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofieldSivan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sofield, Trevor H.B.; Sivan, Atara (2003). 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Journal of Sport & Tourism. 8 (1): 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14775080306242">10.1080/14775080306242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144106613">144106613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+%26+Tourism&rft.atitle=From+Cultural+Festival+to+International+Sport+%E2%80%93+The+Hong+Kong+Dragon+Boat+Races&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14775080306242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144106613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sofield&rft.aufirst=Trevor+H.B.&rft.au=Sivan%2C+Atara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongWong1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tong, C. 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Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004987422746">10.1023/A:1004987422746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152365622">152365622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation&rft.atitle=The+advantages+of+a+high+density%2C+mixed+land+use%2C+linear+urban+development&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004987422746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152365622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=C.+O.&rft.au=Wong%2C+S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongYeohChauYam2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Eliza L.Y.; Yeoh, Eng-kiong; Chau, Patsy Y.K.; Yam, Carrie H.K.; Cheung, Annie W.L.; Fung, Hong (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012">"How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? Realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_%26_Medicine" title="Social Science & Medicine">Social Science & Medicine</a>. 147: 261–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012">10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26605970">26605970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=How+shall+we+examine+and+learn+about+public-private+partnerships+%28PPPs%29+in+the+health+sector%3F+Realist+evaluation+of+PPPs+in+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=147&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26605970&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Eliza+L.Y.&rft.au=Yeoh%2C+Eng-kiong&rft.au=Chau%2C+Patsy+Y.K.&rft.au=Yam%2C+Carrie+H.K.&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Annie+W.L.&rft.au=Fung%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.socscimed.2015.11.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institutional_reports">Institutional reports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicensed_Broadcasting_Services2018" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf">A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Communications_Authority" title="Office of the Communications Authority">Office of the Communications Authority</a>. 1 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+List+of+Licensed+Broadcasting+Services+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Communications+Authority&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofca.gov.hk%2Ffilemanager%2Fofca%2Fen%2Fcontent_108%2Fchannel_list_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdaptation_of_Laws_Guidelines1998" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/bc/bc55/papers/p739e1.pdf">Adaptation of Laws Programme – Guiding Principles and Guideline Glossary of Terms</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>. 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July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Women+and+Men+in+Hong+Kong+Key+Statistics&rft.pub=Census+and+Statistics+Department&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.hk%2Fpub%2FB11303032017AN17B0100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuHuangNg2013" class="citation report cs1">Yu, Jian Zhen; Huang, Hilda; Ng, Wai Man (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/files/final_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf">Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Sample Chemical Analysis</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Department" title="Environmental Protection Department">Environmental Protection Department</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+for+Provision+of+Service+for+Fine+Particulate+Matter+%28PM%3Csub%3E2.5%3C%2Fsub%3E%29+Sample+Chemical+Analysis&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Department&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Jian+Zhen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hilda&rft.au=Ng%2C+Wai+Man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epd.gov.hk%2Fepd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fepd%2Fenglish%2Fenvironmentinhk%2Fair%2Fstudyrpts%2Ffiles%2Ffinal_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_and_magazine_articles">News and magazine articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinLeeJim2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clare_Baldwin" title="Clare Baldwin">Baldwin, Clare</a>; Lee, Yimou; Jim, Clare (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-economy-specialreport/special-report-the-mainlands-colonization-of-the-hong-kong-economy-idUSKBN0K901320141231">"Special Report: The mainland's colonisation of the Hong Kong economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+The+mainland%27s+colonisation+of+the+Hong+Kong+economy&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yimou&rft.au=Jim%2C+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-hongkong-china-economy-specialreport%2Fspecial-report-the-mainlands-colonization-of-the-hong-kong-economy-idUSKBN0K901320141231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2016" class="citation news cs1">Bland, Ben (31 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4">"Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+ban+on+pro-independence+candidates+sparks+backlash&rft.date=2016-07-31&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fc6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2017" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Bernice (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2102674/hong-kong-villagers-using-solar-energy-help-power-their-homes-and-show-its">"Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes – and show its potential as a source of electricity for city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+villagers+using+solar+energy+to+help+power+their+homes+%E2%80%93+and+show+its+potential+as+a+source+of+electricity+for+city&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Bernice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Farticle%2F2102674%2Fhong-kong-villagers-using-solar-energy-help-power-their-homes-and-show-its&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao2013" class="citation news cs1">Chao, York (25 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1245226/racist-hong-kong-still-fact">"Racist Hong Kong is still a fact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Racist+Hong+Kong+is+still+a+fact&rft.date=2013-05-25&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F1245226%2Fracist-hong-kong-still-fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2015" class="citation news cs1">Cheung, Stephanie (23 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1742930/case-extending-hong-kongs-2047-deadline">"The case for extending Hong Kong's 2047 deadline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=The+case+for+extending+Hong+Kong%27s+2047+deadline&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F1742930%2Fcase-extending-hong-kongs-2047-deadline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2016" class="citation news cs1">Cheung, Tony (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1943075/too-soon-talk-about-2047-legal-experts-split-when-hong-kong">"Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Too+soon+to+talk+about+2047%3F+Legal+experts+split+on+when+Hong+Kong+should+debate+its+future&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F1943075%2Ftoo-soon-talk-about-2047-legal-experts-split-when-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2017" class="citation news cs1">Cheung, Tony (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2074786/who-goes-there-chinas-annual-two-sessions-event-explained">"Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Who+goes+there%3F+Hong+Kong%27s+participation+in+China%27s+%27two+sessions%27+explained&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2074786%2Fwho-goes-there-chinas-annual-two-sessions-event-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungHo2013" class="citation news cs1">Cheung, Tony; Ho, Lauren (19 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1131216/cy-leung-insists-housing-policy-wont-cause-property-crash">"CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=CY+Leung+insists+housing+policy+won%27t+cause+property+crash&rft.date=2013-01-19&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Ho%2C+Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F1131216%2Fcy-leung-insists-housing-policy-wont-cause-property-crash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Chow, Vivienne (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/tv/asia/hong-kong-tvb-new-ott-platform-productions-1202010080/">"Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+TVB+Targeting+New+Revenues+With+OTT+Platform%2C+Productions&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Ftv%2Fasia%2Fhong-kong-tvb-new-ott-platform-productions-1202010080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrach2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Darrach, Amanda (14 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how-many-marched-protests-hong-kong-how-guess-crowd-size.php">"How many really marched in Hong Kong? And how should we best guess crowd size?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=How+many+really+marched+in+Hong+Kong%3F+And+how+should+we+best+guess+crowd+size%3F&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft.aulast=Darrach&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fanalysis%2Fhow-many-marched-protests-hong-kong-how-guess-crowd-size.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"End_of_an_experiment",_The_Economist' class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/07/15/end-of-an-experiment">"End of an experiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=End+of+an+experiment&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2010%2F07%2F15%2Fend-of-an-experiment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2018" class="citation news cs1">Frank, Robert (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/hong-kong-topples-new-york-as-worlds-richest-city.html">"Hong Kong topples New York as world's richest city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+topples+New+York+as+world%27s+richest+city&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2Fhong-kong-topples-new-york-as-worlds-richest-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargan1997" class="citation news cs1">Gargan, Edward A. (1 July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/01/world/china-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html">"China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Resumes+Control+of+Hong+Kong%2C+Concluding+156+Years+of+British+Rule&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Fchina-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGe2017" class="citation news cs1">Ge, Celine (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight">"It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+fade+out+for+Hong+Kong%27s+film+industry+as+China+moves+into+the+spotlight&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Celine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F2104540%2Fits-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2001" class="citation news cs1">Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html">"Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322100224/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+Mile-Long+Escalator+System+Elevates+the+Senses%3A+A+Stairway+to+Urban+Heaven&rft.date=2001-07-06&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F07%2F06%2Fstyle%2Fhong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsLazarus2018" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, James; Lazarus, Sarah (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html">"World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China"</a>. CNN. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planning+Department&rft.atitle=Land+Use+in+Hong+Kong+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pland.gov.hk%2Fpland_en%2Finfo_serv%2Fstatistic%2Flandu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Meanings_of_Right_of_Abode_and_Other_Terms",_Immigration_Department' class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/roa/term.html">"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration Department</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Immigration+Department&rft.atitle=Meanings+of+Right+of+Abode+and+Other+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immd.gov.hk%2Feng%2Fservices%2Froa%2Fterm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHong+Kong" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8646" class="extiw" title="d:Q8646">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/">Hong Kong</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764">Hong Kong</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HK">Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistory.hku.hk/HKinTransition/">Hong Kong in Transition (1995–2020)</a>, an open access photographic archive of recent Hong Kong history</li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.hk/">GovHK</a> Hong Kong SAR government portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/index.jsp">Discover Hong Kong</a> Official site of the tourism board</li></ul> Trade <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/HKG/Year/2019/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong</a></li></ul> Maps <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Hong_Kong" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Hong Kong">Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hong_Kong&params=22.3_N_114.2_E_type:adm1st_region:HK_dim:30000">22°18′N 114°12′E / 22.3°N 114.2°E / 22.3; 114.2</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=1276091365">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=1276091365</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 20:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሆንግ ኮንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆንግ ኮንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97" title="हाँगकाँग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हाँगकाँग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongcong" title="Hongcong – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hongcong" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="هونغ كونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هونغ كونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82" title="হংকং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হংকং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ong_Kong" title="Ḥong Kong – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥong Kong" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99" title="हङकङ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हङकङ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkonq" title="Honkonq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Honkonq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82" title="هونق کونق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هونق کونق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82" title="হংকং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হংকং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiong-k%C3%A1ng" title="Hiong-káng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiong-káng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганконг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганконг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганконг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганконг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="हांगकांग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हांगकांग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонконг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хонконг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%84" title="ཞང་ཀང – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞང་ཀང" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонконг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хонконг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hong Cong" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AD" title="هونكونڭ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هونكونڭ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AA" title="ހޮންކޮންގު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހޮންކޮންގު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_Tsii%CA%BCyishbizh%C3%AD_Bikin_Haal%CA%BC%C3%A1" title="Shádiʼááhjí Tsiiʼyishbizhí Bikin Haalʼá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí Tsiiʼyishbizhí Bikin Haalʼá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99" title="हङकङ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हङकङ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84" title="ཧོང་ཀོང – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཧོང་ཀོང" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Χονγκ Κονγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χονγκ Κονγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Гонконг ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гонконг ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkongo" title="Honkongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Honkongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="هنگ کنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنگ کنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hong Cong" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="હોંગકોંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હોંગકોંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2" title="𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌲 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌲" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3ng" title="Hiông-kóng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiông-kóng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9" title="홍콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Հոնկոնգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոնկոնգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="हॉन्ग कॉन्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हॉन्ग कॉन्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82" title="হংকং – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হংকং" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="הונג קונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הונג קונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94%C5%8Bk%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Hɔŋkɔŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔŋkɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ჰონგ-კონგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰონგ-კონგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongo_Kongo" title="Hongo Kongo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Hongo Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ຮົງກົງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮົງກົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongcongum" title="Hongcongum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hongcongum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkonga" title="Honkonga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Honkonga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkongas" title="Honkongas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Honkongas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99" title="हङकङ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हङकङ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонгконг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хонгконг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹോങ്കോങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോങ്കോങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6ong_Kong" title="Ħong Kong – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħong Kong" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongipua" title="Hongipua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hongipua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97" title="हाँग काँग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हाँग काँग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ჰონგ-კონგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰონგ-კონგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="هونج كونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هونج كونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="هانگ کانگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هانگ کانگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯍꯣꯡ ꯀꯣꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯣꯡ ꯀꯣꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%8Fng-g%C4%93%CC%A4ng" title="Hiŏng-gē̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hiŏng-gē̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ong_Kong" title="Ḥong Kong – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ḥong Kong" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонконг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хонконг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟောင်ကောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟောင်ကောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99" title="हङकङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हङकङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99" title="हङकङ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हङकङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%82" title="ହଂକଂ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହଂକଂ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong" title="Gonkong – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gonkong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97" title="ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ہانگ کانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہانگ کانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB" title="هانګ کانګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هانګ کانګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Kang" title="Ang Kang – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ang Kang" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="ហុងកុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហុងកុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong" title="Gonkong – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gonkong" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%B1_Ko%C3%B1" title="Hoñ Koñ – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hoñ Koñ" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Гонконґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гонконґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%A5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A5" title="Хоҥ Коҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хоҥ Коҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="हाङ्ग् काङ्ग् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हाङ्ग् काङ्ग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82" title="හොංකොං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හොංකොං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="هانگ ڪانگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هانگ ڪانگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%AFngk%C5%AFng" title="Hůngkůng – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hůngkůng" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoon_Koog" title="Hoon Koog – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hoon Koog" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ھۆنگ کۆنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆنگ کۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонгконг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хонгконг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்காங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்காங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D2%A3_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3" title="Һоң Коң – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һоң Коң" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%82%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ႁွင်းၵွင်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ႁွင်းၵွင်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_kong" title="Hong kong – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Hong kong" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="హాంగ్‌కాంగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హాంగ్‌కాంగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87" title="ฮ่องกง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮ่องกง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሆንግ ኮንግ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሆንግ ኮንግ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ҳонгконг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳонгконг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎰᏂᎩ ᎪᏂᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎰᏂᎩ ᎪᏂᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong" title="Gonkong – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gonkong" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%96%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81_%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81" title="ᨖᨚᨊᨁ ᨀᨚᨊᨁ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨖᨚᨊᨁ ᨀᨚᨊᨁ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гонконг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ہانگ کانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہانگ کانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%AD%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%AD" title="شياڭگاڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شياڭگاڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanghgangj" title="Yanghgangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yanghgangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkong" title="Honkong – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Honkong" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_K%C3%B4ng" title="Hồng Kông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng Kông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honke%C3%A4n" title="Honkeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Honkeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honconk" title="Honconk – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Honconk" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oo%C5%8B_Ko%C5%8B" title="Ooŋ Koŋ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ooŋ Koŋ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="האנג קאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנג קאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D%CC%81ng_K%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Họ́ng Kọng – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Họ́ng Kọng" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huonkuongs" title="Huonkuongs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Huonkuongs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香港" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cn%CC%84_K%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Ọn̄ Kọn̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọn̄ Kọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 20:54 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-wnm4b","wgBackendResponseTime":579,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.073","walltime":"4.597","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37834,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1318934,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":89229,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":61,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1207500,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3834.987 1 -total"," 27.08% 1038.345 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.38% 589.773 126 Template:Cite_web"," 13.63% 522.527 3 Template:Infobox"," 10.97% 420.664 1 Template:Infobox_political_division"," 7.94% 304.481 63 Template:Cite_book"," 6.76% 259.201 56 Template:Cite_report"," 5.41% 207.326 51 Template:Cite_news"," 5.04% 193.466 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.91% 188.123 250 Template:Harvnb"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.541","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25209985,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;End_of_an_experiment\u0026quot;,_The_Economist\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;HK_records_hottest_day_before_typhoon\u0026quot;,_EJ_Insight\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;HK_vs_China_GDP:_A_sobering_reality\u0026quot;,_EJ_Insight\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Hong_Kong_Activists_Stare_Down_\u0026#039;Great_Firewall_of_China\u0026#039;\u0026quot;,_NBC_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Hong_Kong_media_profile\u0026quot;,_BBC_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Land_Use_in_Hong_Kong_2017\u0026quot;,_Planning_Department\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Meanings_of_Right_of_Abode_and_Other_Terms\u0026quot;,_Immigration_Department\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;To_restore_calm_in_Hong_Kong,_try_democracy\u0026quot;,_The_Economist\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdaptation_of_Laws_Guidelines1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgriculture_and_Fisheries_Facts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkamai\u0026#039;s_State_of_the_Internet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmendment_to_the_Basic_Law_Annex_I\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstrid_Zweynert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon-ShoneBaltonLeeBacon-Shone2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwinLeeJim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanBanBan111\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_II\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_III\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_IV\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_V\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasic_Law_Chapter_VII\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishopRoberts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushWhelan-Wuest2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBéthanie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanChow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanLeung2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanMolloy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangWanZhuang1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengLumLamFung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungHo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChief_Executive_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_and_Another_v_the_President_of_the_Legislative_Council\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstitution_of_the_People\u0026#039;s_Republic_of_China\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtauldHoldsworthVickers1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCragg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrean2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullinane2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurryHanstedt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman_\u0026amp;_Wakefield_RHQ_Report2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarrach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisIxer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeclared_Monuments2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesjardins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeveloping_a_Supplementary_Guide_to_the_Chinese_Language_Curriculum_for_Non-Chinese_Speaking_Students2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDistrict_Administration_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDistrict_Councils_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsworthMihaljek1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomic_Statistical_Highlights2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomy_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmergency_Regulations_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmpson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnergy_Statistics_Report2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErniLeung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFCO_Written_Evidence2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFamily_Survey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeulner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrestLa_GrangeYip2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowlerFowler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulton_Commission1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeography_and_Climate2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhoshal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGittings2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlobal_Financial_Centres_Index2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoh_Chiew_TongVivian_Kam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsLazarus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosser2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuidelines_on_the_Legislative_Council_Election2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHKIA_Annual_Report2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHKSE_Market_Statistics2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHSBC_Annual_Report2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHSH_Annual_Report2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealth_Facts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeRoebuck1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingsworthZheng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Kong_Baptist_University_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Kong_Government_Gazette1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Passports_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorneManzenreiter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Foreign_Affairs_Committee_Tenth_Report2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousehold_Income_Distribution2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHungMa2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIT_and_Internet_Usage2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInland_Revenue_Annual_Report2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Wordie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangTangLawSze2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlstedt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwok2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabarre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLam2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamChang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamCullinaneLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamQiu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLand_Policy_Report2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeLeung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegCo_Grant_to_Shue_Yan_University2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegCo_and_DC_Member_Political_Affiliations2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegislative_Council_Disclaimer_and_Copyright_Notice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLhatoo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLicensed_Broadcasting_Services2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingnan_University_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlewood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLungSung2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMUIR2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKercherHodu_Cros2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedia_Facts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMok2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMokLee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonthly_Statistics_for_June2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonHarper1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNY/NJ_Port_Authority_Airport_Traffic2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg_Ka_Ling_and_Another_v_the_Director_of_Immigration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgoCheung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfficial_Languages_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwenShaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPete_Engardio1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonChau2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopulation_Policy_Report2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrestonHaacke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublic_Finance_Facts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublic_Transport_Strategy_Study2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRTHK_Budget2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRailway_Network_Facts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaquel_Carvalho_and_Peace_Chiu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReligion_and_Custom_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport_on_Rail_Service2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWilliamsPreston2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohwer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaiidi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSala2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottenhammer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenKee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShumChow2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSino-British_Joint_Declaration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiuChung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMoirBrennanRambarran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofieldSivan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanding_Committee_Interpretation_Concerning_Implementation_of_Chinese_Nationality_Law_in_Hong_Kong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatlow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTechnical_Legislative_Amendments_on_Traffic_Arrangements_for_the_Hong_Kong-Zhuhai-Macao_Bridge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Education_University_of_Hong_Kong_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Open_University_of_Hong_Kong_Ordinance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTongWong1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTony_Read2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourism_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraffic_Congestion_Study2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransport_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransport_Statistical_Highlights2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriennial_Central_Bank_Survey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_Literacy_Rates2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Human_Development_Indices_and_Indicators2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUse_of_Chinese_in_Court_Proceedings2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVehicle_Registration_and_Licensing2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivienne_Chow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWTO2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWater_Supply_Facts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWills1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltshire1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWomen_and_Men_in_Hong_Kong_Key_Statistics2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongLim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongYeohChauYam2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiIngham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXue2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanneHeller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeung2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungCullen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuHuangNg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhihong2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Glahn1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Hong Kong case\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Hong Kong ordinance\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 126,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"East Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 54,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 250,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Hong Kong districts imagemap\"] = 1,\n [\"Hong Kong topics\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 7,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political division\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 2,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Major cities along the Pearl River\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Pearl River Delta\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Raise\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 29,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallsup\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 11,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 17,\n [\"Use Hong Kong English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Wg-apos\"] = 4,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 20,\n [\"World Trade Organization\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","12.5"],["?","340","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","200","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","5.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.4"],["type","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","60","2.2"],["[others]","880","32.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-gq5qg","timestamp":"20250216205516","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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