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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Tomassa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomassa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomassa.png/220px-Tomassa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomassa.png/330px-Tomassa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomassa.png/440px-Tomassa.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="1012" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Oklahoma, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Translator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tomassa Chandler Conover</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span> – 1900) was a Mexican-American woman who was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> as a child and later integrated into their society. She supported the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> Indian Agency by helping establish the Fort Sill Agency School, working there as a translator. Tomassa aided in communication between the fort and the Comanche, and was known for her compassion and humanitarian efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomassa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tomassa was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span> into a well-off family in the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young child, she and her older cousin were captured by the Carissa <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spent a decade with the Comanche and became fully integrated into their society before being ransomed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> and returned to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No one came to claim them, so they were taken in by a wealthy Mexican family who treated them as servants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She enrolled in school but chose to return to the Comanche.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanied by a schoolmate, Tomassa crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, relying on the stars for navigation, and survived by killing their horses for food and making <a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">moccasins</a> from their hides.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around fourteen, Tomassa's Comanche mother arranged for her to marry a man named Blue Leggings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defying Comanche traditions, Tomassa refused and instead chose to marry Joseph Chandler (1823–73), a half-<a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, half-white farmer near what would become <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandler bought her from Blue Leggings for three dollars and a rooster. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, their land was devastated by raiders, and the Chandlers relocated to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, returning to Oklahoma in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple lived near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cobb,_Oklahoma" title="Fort Cobb, Oklahoma">Fort Cobb, Oklahoma</a>, where they raised several children and provided beef to the Kiowa-Comanche Agency and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">post-Civil War period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a>, Joseph Chandler received a 320-acre <a href="/wiki/Headright" title="Headright">headright</a> under the treaty’s provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This headright was located about thirty miles northeast of Fort Sill, and the Chandlers became one of the first families to benefit from the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tomassa supported the Fort Sill Indian Agency by helping establish the Fort Sill Agency School.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, she began working at the school as an translator.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluent in Spanish, English, <a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a>, she played a crucial role in assisting the fort's officials and maintaining communication with the Comanche, which helped in preventing raids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Joseph Chandler’s death in 1873, Tomassa became involved with the Quaker-run school established at the Kiowa-Comanche Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worked as both a student and an interpreter at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, she played a role in protecting a Mexican couple who had been captured by the Comanche as children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomassa hid them from their pursuers in her home and later surrendered them to Indian Agent Lawrie Tatum.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomassa was known for her compassion, which earned her respect from both the <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agents</a> and the Comanche.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tomassa was a widow with four children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later married George Conover, a retired army officer, and had several more children. In 1887, she converted to Christianity and joined the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomassa died in 1900 and was buried on her ranch in western <a href="/wiki/Grady_County,_Oklahoma" title="Grady County, Oklahoma">Grady County, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomassa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBatailleLisa1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Bataille" title="Gretchen Bataille">Bataille, Gretchen M.</a>; Lisa, Laurie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanwo00bata_0/"><i>Native American women : a biographical dictionary</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5267-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-5267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+women+%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Garland&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5267-6&rft.aulast=Bataille&rft.aufirst=Gretchen+M.&rft.au=Lisa%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanwo00bata_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomassa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodnár2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Bodnár, Ágnes (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10831/69086/dissz_Bodn%C3%A1r_%C3%81gnes_irodalomtud.pdf?sequence=1"><i>The Making of the Subject in Indian Captivity Narratives: An exploration of subject construction via the performative, intersubjective, and narrative self</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D. thesis). <a href="/wiki/ELTE_Faculty_of_Humanities" title="ELTE Faculty of Humanities">ELTE Faculty of Humanities</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Making+of+the+Subject+in+Indian+Captivity+Narratives%3A+An+exploration+of+subject+construction+via+the+performative%2C+intersubjective%2C+and+narrative+self&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=ELTE+Faculty+of+Humanities&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Bodn%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=%C3%81gnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedit.elte.hu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10831%2F69086%2Fdissz_Bodn%25C3%25A1r_%25C3%2581gnes_irodalomtud.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomassa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Opal Hartsell (1994). <i>Indomitable Oklahoma Women</i>. Oklahoma Heritage Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86546-088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86546-088-1"><bdi>978-0-86546-088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indomitable+Oklahoma+Women&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Heritage+Association&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86546-088-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Opal+Hartsell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomassa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomassa&oldid=1251942033">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomassa&oldid=1251942033</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1840s_births" title="Category:1840s births">1840s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_deaths" title="Category:1900 deaths">1900 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Captives_of_Native_Americans" title="Category:Captives of Native Americans">Captives of Native Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comanche_Nation_people" title="Category:Comanche Nation people">Comanche Nation people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Mexican emigrants to the United States">Mexican emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_translators" title="Category:Indigenous translators">Indigenous translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_translators" title="Category:19th-century American translators">19th-century American translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_to_English" title="Category:Translators to English">Translators to English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Fort_Sill,_Oklahoma" title="Category:People from Fort Sill, Oklahoma">People from Fort Sill, Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Lawton,_Oklahoma" title="Category:People from Lawton, Oklahoma">People from Lawton, Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Grady_County,_Oklahoma" title="Category:People from Grady County, Oklahoma">People from Grady County, Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_translators" title="Category:Mexican translators">Mexican translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_women_educators" title="Category:19th-century American women educators">19th-century American women educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Native_American_women" title="Category:19th-century Native American women">19th-century Native American women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educators_from_Oklahoma" title="Category:Educators from Oklahoma">Educators from Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Mexican_women_educators" title="Category:19th-century Mexican women educators">19th-century Mexican women educators</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 23:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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