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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Wst%C4%99pny" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Wst%C4%99pny" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Wst%C4%99pny" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Wst%C4%99pny" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wstępny</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 60 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorouer" title="Voorouer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voorouer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81_(%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84)" title="سلف (أصل) – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلف (أصل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipasau" title="Antipasau – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antipasau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestru" title="Ancestru – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ancestru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fcdad" title="Əcdad – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əcdad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3%CD%98-sian" title="Chó͘-sian – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chó͘-sian" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoon" title="Apoon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Apoon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestre" title="Ancestre – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ancestre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%C4%95%D0%BB" title="Несĕл – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Несĕл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinn%C3%BD_p%C5%AFvod" title="Rodinný původ – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rodinný původ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voreldre" title="Voreldre – pensylwański" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Voreldre" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pensylwański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorfahr" title="Vorfahr – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorfahr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancestor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestro" title="Ancestro – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ancestro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praulo" title="Praulo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Praulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaso" title="Arbaso – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arbaso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیاکان – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیاکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anc%C3%AAtre" title="Ancêtre – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancêtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foar%C3%A2lden" title="Foarâlden – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Foarâlden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%83%81" title="조상 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="पूर्वज – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predak" title="Predak – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestro" title="Ancestro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ancestro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leluhur" title="Leluhur – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leluhur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhokho" title="Okhokho – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Okhokho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדם הראשון – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C9%9Bt%CA%8A" title="Hadɛtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hadɛtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C" title="ಪೂರ್ವಜ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೂರ್ವಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Предок – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razana" title="Razana – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Razana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="पूर्वज – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leluhur" title="Leluhur – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leluhur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%AB-c%C5%ADng" title="Cū-cŭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cū-cŭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorouder" title="Voorouder – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorouder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veurolder" title="Veurolder – dolnosaksoński" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Veurolder" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaksoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="तपाय् – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तपाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A5%96" title="先祖 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="先祖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="نيکونه – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيکونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antepassado" title="Antepassado – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antepassado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Предок – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Өбүгэ – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өбүгэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraardh%C3%ABsi" title="Paraardhësi – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paraardhësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancestor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%8F%DA%99%D8%A7" title="وڏڙا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڏڙا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednik" title="Prednik – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prednik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="بەرەباب – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرەباب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Предак – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rf%C3%A4der" title="Förfäder – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förfäder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninuno" title="Ninuno – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ninuno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="மூதாதை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூதாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imeru" title="Imeru – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imeru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bnkisan" title="bnkisan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bnkisan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9" title="บรรพบุรุษ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรพบุรุษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ниёкон – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ниёкон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Предок – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Предок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A4_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="آبا ؤ اجداد – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبا ؤ اجداد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ti%C3%AAn" title="Tổ tiên – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổ tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="祖先 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="祖先" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="祖先 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖先" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="祖先 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祖先" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q402152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Przodek" class="mw-disambig" title="Przodek">przodek</a> (inne znaczenia).</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Upamiętnienie przodków, Łobaczow Władimir (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wstępny</b> lub <b>antenat</b> (l.mn. antenaci), <b>ascendent</b> (l.mn. ascendenci) – pojęcie używane w <a href="/wiki/Prawo" title="Prawo">prawie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia">genealogii</a>, oznaczające każdego przodka danej osoby: rodziców (ojca, matkę), dziadków (dziadka, babcię), pradziadków (pradziadka, prababcię), prapradziadków itd. Stosunek faktyczny pomiędzy daną osobą a jej wstępnym polega na tym, że ta pierwsza <a href="/wiki/Pochodzenie_dziecka" title="Pochodzenie dziecka">pochodzi</a> od tego drugiego. Osoby te są <a href="/wiki/Pokrewie%C5%84stwo" title="Pokrewieństwo">spokrewnione</a> ze sobą w <a href="/wiki/Stopie%C5%84_pokrewie%C5%84stwa" title="Stopień pokrewieństwa">linii prostej</a>. </p><p>Z bezpośrednim wstępnym (tj. <a href="/wiki/Rodzice" title="Rodzice">rodzicem</a>) łączy <a href="/wiki/Probant" title="Probant">probanta</a> stosunek <a href="/wiki/Filiacja" title="Filiacja">filiacji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wst%C4%99pny&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wst%C4%99pny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancestors?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Wstępny</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascendent" class="extiw" title="wikt:ascendent"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>ascendent</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zst%C4%99pny" title="Zstępny">zstępny</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wst%C4%99pny&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wst%C4%99pny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Józef</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Józef" style="display:none">J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Szymański</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Józef</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Józef">J.</span></span>, <i>Nauki pomocnicze historii</i>, Warszawa: PWN, 1983, s. 76<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Nauki+pomocnicze+historii&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=PWN&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Szyma%C5%84ski" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Relacje_rodzinne" title="Szablon:Relacje rodzinne"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Relacje_rodzinne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Relacje rodzinne (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Relacje_rodzinne&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Relacja_rodzinna" title="Relacja rodzinna">Relacje rodzinne</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pokrewie%C5%84stwo" title="Pokrewieństwo">pokrewieństwo</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">przodkowie</a> (wstępni)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodzice" title="Rodzice">rodzice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matka" title="Matka">matka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojciec" title="Ojciec">ojciec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziadkowie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dziadkowie">dziadkowie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babcia" class="mw-disambig" title="Babcia">babcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziadek" class="mw-disambig" title="Dziadek">dziadek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a1_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Potomstwo" title="Potomstwo">potomstwo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zst%C4%99pny" title="Zstępny">zstępni</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dziecko" title="Dziecko">dziecko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rka" title="Córka">córka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn" title="Syn">syn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnuk">wnuki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wnuczka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnuczka">wnuczka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnuk">wnuk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a1_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">potomstwo rodziców</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodze%C5%84stwo" title="Rodzeństwo">rodzeństwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siostra" title="Siostra">siostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brat" title="Brat">brat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siostrzenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Siostrzenica">siostrzenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siostrzeniec" class="mw-redirect" title="Siostrzeniec">siostrzeniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratanica">bratanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratanek">bratanek</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a1_4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">potomstwo babć i dziadków</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciocia" title="Ciocia">ciocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujek" title="Wujek">wujek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stryj_(relacja_rodzinna)" title="Stryj (relacja rodzinna)">stryj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzyn">kuzynostwo</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a1_5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">inne</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filiacja" title="Filiacja">filiacja</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Koicja" title="Koicja">koicja</a><br />i <a href="/wiki/Powinowactwo_(prawo)" title="Powinowactwo (prawo)">powinowactwo</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82%C5%BCe%C5%84stwo" title="Małżeństwo">małżeństwo</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%85%C5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Mąż">mąż</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBona" class="mw-redirect" title="Żona">żona</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Przybrana_rodzina" title="Przybrana rodzina">przybrana rodzina</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przybrana_rodzina#Macocha" title="Przybrana rodzina">macocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przybrana_rodzina" title="Przybrana rodzina">ojczym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przybrana_rodzina" title="Przybrana rodzina">pasierbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przybrana_rodzina" title="Przybrana rodzina">pasierb</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">inni krewni małżonków<br />i małżonkowie krewnych</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Bciowie" class="mw-disambig" title="Teściowie">teściowie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Bciowa" title="Teściowa">teściowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Teść">teść</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratowa">bratowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Synowa">synowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szwagier" class="mw-redirect" title="Szwagier">szwagier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szwagierka" class="mw-redirect" title="Szwagierka">szwagierka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi%C4%99%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Zięć">zięć</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">inne</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodzice_chrzestni" title="Rodzice chrzestni">rodzice chrzestni</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" 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