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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations with other tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History of contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alternative names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Recorded title of a tribal group from South Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ngarkat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ngarkat (disambiguation)">Ngarkat</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Ngarkat</b> is a recorded title of a tribal group from <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. The Ngarkat lands had linked the mallee peoples of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> to the river peoples of the Murray River <a href="/wiki/Murraylands" title="Murraylands">Murraylands</a>. Ngarkat language has been loosely grouped with <a href="/wiki/Peramangk_language" title="Peramangk language">Peramangk language</a> though not by linguists, and the grouping was perhaps partly owed to the co-ownership of lands in both the <a href="/wiki/Ninety_Mile_Desert" title="Ninety Mile Desert">Ninety Mile Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echunga" title="Echunga">Echunga</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Hack" title="John Barton Hack">John Barton Hack</a>, and partly to the occasional meeting of tribes. The language of the Ngarkat was recorded as being Boraipur by Ryan in recent times<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though sources were not given, while it may yet be telling that the citing work concerns Mallee peoples to the east. The language may have been midway between that of mallee peoples to the east, and that of peoples to the west recorded by Teichelmann and Schurman.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that songlines linked the Coorong to the Mallee regions,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence went through Ngarkat land. It is also known that Ngarkat people did meet regularly with tribes to the east, at sites along the Murray.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country">Country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ngarkat's traditional lands have been estimated by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Norman Tindale</a> to have extended over some 8,700 square miles (23,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of the <a href="/wiki/Murray_Mallee" title="Murray Mallee">Mallee scrub belt</a> lying east of the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a>. They took in <a href="/wiki/Alawoona" title="Alawoona">Alawoona</a> south as far as <a href="/wiki/Pinnaroo,_South_Australia" title="Pinnaroo, South Australia">Pinnaroo</a>, Taunta, <a href="/wiki/Keith,_South_Australia" title="Keith, South Australia">Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintinara,_South_Australia" title="Tintinara, South Australia">Tintinara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coonalpyn,_South_Australia" title="Coonalpyn, South Australia">Coonalpyn</a>. Their eastern boundaries reached <a href="/wiki/Wolseley,_South_Australia" title="Wolseley, South Australia">Tatiara</a> and about <a href="/wiki/Murrayville,_Victoria" title="Murrayville, Victoria">Murrayville</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimber argued that Tindale had pushed the Ngarkat territorial extension into lands properly possessed by the <a href="/wiki/Wotjobaluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotjobaluk">Wotjobaluk</a> to their east, and takes the <i>Jackegilbrab</i> around <a href="/wiki/Bordertown,_South_Australia" title="Bordertown, South Australia">Bordertown</a> as belonging to the latter, but a distinct tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ngarkat lived on a largely waterless <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast201341_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast201341-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall varies from 8 inches in the north to 18 in the south. Winters can be freezing, while temperatures could hit 118 °F (48 °C) in summer, though averaging 100 °F (38 °C). In no part of the land was there a single perennial stream; water was found in soakages, by working mallee roots or culling whatever hollow trees retained, or rock cleavages held. Waterskins were manufactured from kangaroo and wallaby hides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19692_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19692-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of surface water determined much of their lifestyle. Neighbouring tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a> lived in areas where they could hunt and trap animals, fish and ducks, and such resources enabled a more settled tribal existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197461_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197461-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ngarkat, conversely, were an ever-shifting nomadic people, lacking even a fixed nomenclature for the mallee groves where they pitched camp and drew water from the mallee roots. The few stable points of return, which allowed a seasonal living base, were named and the lore of the ancestral beings of each clan developed only in such places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197440_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197440-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197460_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197460-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In periods of severe drought the Ngarkat withdrew to the Devon Downs Rock-shelter,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <i><a href="/wiki/Ngautngaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngautngaut">Ngautngaut</a></i>, on the Murray River, to which they were permitted access by a track down the cliff. In local mythology this <i>Ngautngaut</i> was a Being who dwelt in the mallee scrubland, who had been murdered when he knelt down on his knees to slake his thirst at a water-hole.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ngarkat subtribal units were widely dispersed given the scarcity of water<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were divided into six <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">hordes</a>, according to an old Tatiara informant<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Kooinkill</i></li> <li><i>Wirriga</i></li> <li><i>Chala</i></li> <li><i>Camiagiiigara</i></li> <li><i>Niall</i></li> <li><i>Munkoora</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaplin187959_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaplin187959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ngarkat faced a particular problem in making implements, millstones, hammers and axes, since suitable stone or rock materials were quite rare in their area. Onsets of highly arid weather, on draining soakages, yield evidence, aside from skeletons, of tools fashioned from <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasp-opal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its arid inhospitable terrain, Ngarkat territory was crisscrossed by trade routes, from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hindmarsh" title="Lake Hindmarsh">Lake Hindmarsh</a> to Bordertown, from <a href="/wiki/Nhill" title="Nhill">Nhill</a> to Murrayville and Pinnaroo, from the Wirrurgren Plain north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albacutya" title="Lake Albacutya">Lake Albacutya</a> through Pinnaroo country to the <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a> area. The items bartered along these trails were things like <a href="/wiki/Common_yabby" title="Common yabby">yabbyclaw</a> necklaces, pipe clay, red ochre, <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a> stone axes, and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_tribes">Relations with other tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with other tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ngarkat, who often had to seek water on other tribal lands, had difficult relations with several tribes. One <a href="/wiki/Aetiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetiology">aetiological legend</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> elder Matt Rigney, explains the pink waters of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bumbunga" title="Lake Bumbunga">Lake Bumbunga</a>, often called by settlers "Pink Lake", as the outcome of a bloody battle between the Ngarrindjeri and the Ngarkat which left many slain warriors in its waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2009141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2009141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their lands were considered in surrounding tribal lore as dangerous and "legends of fear" circulated concerning its proneness to hurricanes, or its putative infestation by malign spirits. Its Tatiara denizens were said to prey on human flesh, though ritual cannibalism was also attested among many other tribes, and was not uncommon. had the Ngarkat practised it, in times of extreme scarcity of food, they would not have been an exception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_contact">History of contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The explorer <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Edward Eyre</a> passed through Ngarkat lands during his 1940-1841 travels. He wrote of the tribe (calling them <i>Arkatko</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that they shared similar "dialects" but were mutually unintelligible unless a common third dialect was used to bridge misunderstandings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Richard Glyn Kimber only 50 of the Jackegilbrab horde survived into the mid-1840s, attributing the decline to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19694_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19694-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that many of the Ngarkat were massacred though it is unclear by who. A burial site of 70 skeletons weas documented at a soakage in the <a href="/wiki/Lameroo,_South_Australia" title="Lameroo, South Australia">Lameroo district</a> by early pioneers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19695_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19695-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribal name has been restored and conserved in the South Australian landscape by the establishment of a locality called <a href="/wiki/Ngarkat,_South_Australia" title="Ngarkat, South Australia">Ngarkat</a>, and by setting aside part of its traditional land as the <a href="/wiki/Ngarkat_Conservation_Park" title="Ngarkat Conservation Park">Ngarkat Conservation Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternative names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i>Ngerget</i></li> <li><i>Ngarkato</i></li> <li><i>Arkatko</i></li> <li><i>Boraipar</i> (language name)</li> <li><i>Baripung</i> (<i>barip</i> means "man")</li> <li><i>Boripar, Booripung</i></li> <li><i>Tatiari</i> (regional name for mallee desert)</li> <li><i>Thatiari</i> (general term)</li> <li><i>Duwinbarap</i> (eastern term <i>barap</i> = man)</li> <li><i>Doenbauraket</i></li> <li><i>Tjakulprap</i> (southeastern term <i>parap</i>, a form of <i>barab</i>, meaning "man")</li> <li><i>Jakalbarap, Jackalbarap</i></li> <li><i>Jacke-gilbrab</i></li> <li><i>Ngalundji</i> (a name for language)</li> <li><i>Nalunghee</i></li> <li><i>Wularuki</i> (name for southwestern group)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_exonyms">Tribal exonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribal exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ngeruketi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Maraura" title="Maraura">Maraura</a> term)</li> <li><i>Ratarapa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nganguruku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nganguruku">Nganguruku</a> term)</li> <li><i>Mangkarupi</i> (Jarildekalde term)</li> <li><i>Merkani/Merkanie</i> (Jaralde and Tangane term, means "enemy")</li> <li><i>Jakel-baluk</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wotjobaluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotjobaluk">Wotjobaluk</a> term)</li> <li><i>Baine Hill tribe</i> (horde around Lameroo)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Berndt" title="Ronald Berndt">Ronald Berndt</a> placed them on the western side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Alexandrina_(South_Australia)" title="Lake Alexandrina (South Australia)">Lake Alexandrina</a> opposite the <a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a> on the eastern banks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt1940164_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndt1940164-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devon Downs Rock Shelter was to become the first site of an Australian archaeological dig. It was conducted by Norman Tindale and Herbert Hale in 1929. Their stratification analysis established a seminal framework for the periodization of habitative sequences on the Australian continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower-Eskelson2014224_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower-Eskelson2014224-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1982109_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1982109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tindale cites Mathews, 1904 (Gr. 6452) p 367. This is a slight error: the reference should be G6451<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ngautngaut, of the mythical <i>ngurumba-nguttya</i> people, murdered blacks to suck their blood. He was immune to injury, save for one part of his body: his <a href="/wiki/Achilles%E2%80%99_heel" class="mw-redirect" title="Achilles’ heel">Achilles’ heel</a> was his tongue. The twin <i>Brambambulaty</i> brothers of northwestern Victorian mythology set up a trap to kill him. They created a spring at one of his lurking places, Gurabo, and stuck in the water a sharpened legbone from a kangaroo. Then they assumed the form of two dead trees nearby. Coming to the site, Ngautngaut could sense their presence, and shook the trunks, but both appeared to be rotting, Still uneasy, he left, and the trees "sang" a duet to induce him to be more thirsty. Three times the scene repeated itself. Then he bent down almost touching the surface of the water with his mouth, but again, wary, several times he withdrew. Finally, reassured, he knelt and drank, and the shaft of bone shot up and drilled him through the tongue, killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews1904364–369_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1904364–369-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yilgoonin</i> gave testimony to a police trooper, Humphries, stationed at Bordertown. He named the Ngarkat "Jackegilbrab", which Tindale takes as a section.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaplin187959_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaplin187959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eyre being tone deaf to initial <i>ng</i> heard the tribal name as Arkatko."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In others the dialects are so totally unlike one another, that natives, meeting upon opposite sides of a river, cannot speak to or understand a word of what each other say, except through the medium of a third language, namely that spoken by the natives of the river itself, and which is totally unlike either of the other two. This is the case at Moorunde, where three different dialects meet, the Yakkumban, or dialect spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Danggali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danggali people">Paritke</a> tribe, or natives inhabiting the scrub to the west and north-west of the Murray. The Boraipar or language of the Arkatko tribe, who inhabit the scrub to the east of the Murray, and the <a href="/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Aiawong</a> or river dialect, extending, with slight variations, from the junction of the Murray and Lake Alexandrina to the Darling<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEyre1845331_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyre1845331-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Edward (26 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13www5z.19">"Water for country, words for water"</a>. <i>Water for country, words for water: Indigenous placenames of north-west Victoria and south-west New South Wales</i>. ANU Press, in Indigenous and Minority Placenames: Australian and International Perspectives, Eds: Ian D. Clark, Luise Hercus, Laura Kostanski (2014). pp. 293–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925021622" title="Special:BookSources/9781925021622"><bdi>9781925021622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13www5z.19">j.ctt13www5z.19</a> – via jstor.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+for+country%2C+words+for+water&rft.btitle=Water+for+country%2C+words+for+water%3A+Indigenous+placenames+of+north-west+Victoria+and+south-west+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=293-304&rft.pub=ANU+Press%2C+in+Indigenous+and+Minority+Placenames%3A+Australian+and+International+Perspectives%2C+Eds%3A+Ian+D.+Clark%2C+Luise+Hercus%2C+Laura+Kostanski+%282014%29&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt13www5z.19%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781925021622&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt13www5z.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichelmannC._W._Schürmann1840" class="citation book cs1">Teichelmann, C. G.; C. W. Schürmann (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/116578"><i>Outlines of a grammar, vocabulary and phraseology of the Aboriginal language of South Australia spoken by the natives in and for some distance around Adelaide</i></a>. Lutheran Missionary Society, Adelaide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+a+grammar%2C+vocabulary+and+phraseology+of+the+Aboriginal+language+of+South+Australia+spoken+by+the+natives+in+and+for+some+distance+around+Adelaide&rft.pub=Lutheran+Missionary+Society%2C+Adelaide&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Teichelmann&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rft.au=C.+W.+Sch%C3%BCrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2440%2F116578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iview.abc.net.au/show/back-to-nature/series/0/video/DO1909H004S00">"Timeless Macedon (Macedon Ranges, Wurundjeri, Taungurrung & Dja Dja Wurrung Countries, VIC)"</a>. <i>Back to Nature</i>. Episode 4. 31 August 2021. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+to+Nature&rft.series=Episode+4&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiview.abc.net.au%2Fshow%2Fback-to-nature%2Fseries%2F0%2Fvideo%2FDO1909H004S00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_C.R.1982" class="citation book cs1">Harris, C.R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1647237"><i>A brief history of the Ninety Mile Desert</i></a>. Nature Conservation Society of South Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780949751041" title="Special:BookSources/9780949751041"><bdi>9780949751041</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+Ninety+Mile+Desert&rft.pub=Nature+Conservation+Society+of+South+Australia&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780949751041&rft.au=Harris%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F1647237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orig12.deviantart.net/699a/f/2011/091/7/b/peramangk_second_edition_2011_by_phasai-d3cy0ez.pdf">"Peramangk A Social History of the Aboriginal People of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges (2011)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Phasai at Deviantart<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peramangk+A+Social+History+of+the+Aboriginal+People+of+the+Southern+Mount+Lofty+Ranges+%282011%29&rft.pub=Phasai+at+Deviantart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forig12.deviantart.net%2F699a%2Ff%2F2011%2F091%2F7%2Fb%2Fperamangk_second_edition_2011_by_phasai-d3cy0ez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215–216_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndt1940164-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndt1940164_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerndt1940">Berndt 1940</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimber1969">Kimber 1969</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast201341-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast201341_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeast2013">Keast 2013</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19692-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19692_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimber1969">Kimber 1969</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197461-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197461_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197440-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197440_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale197460-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale197460_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELower-Eskelson2014224-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower-Eskelson2014224_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLower-Eskelson2014">Lower-Eskelson 2014</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1982109-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1982109_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1982">Smith 1982</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974215-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974215_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTindale1974">Tindale 1974</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews1904364–369-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews1904364–369_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathews1904">Mathews 1904</a>, pp. 364–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaplin187959-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaplin187959_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaplin187959_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaplin1879">Taplin 1879</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19693–4_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimber1969">Kimber 1969</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2009141-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2009141_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2009">Weir 2009</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyre1845331-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEyre1845331_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEyre1845">Eyre 1845</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19694-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19694_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimber1969">Kimber 1969</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimber19695-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimber19695_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimber1969">Kimber 1969</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndt1940" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Berndt" title="Ronald Berndt">Berndt, R. M.</a> (December 1940). "Some Aspects of Jaralde Culture, South Australia". <i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2): 164–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1940.tb00283.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00283.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327890">40327890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Jaralde+Culture%2C+South+Australia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-185&rft.date=1940-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1940.tb00283.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40327890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berndt&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyre1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Eyre, Edward John</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/journalsofexpedi02eyre/journalsofexpedi02eyre.pdf"><i>Journals of expeditions of discovery into central Australia, and overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the years 1840-1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. London: T. and W. Boone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journals+of+expeditions+of+discovery+into+central+Australia%2C+and+overland+from+Adelaide+to+King+George%27s+Sound%2C+in+the+years+1840-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+and+W.+Boone&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fjournalsofexpedi02eyre%2Fjournalsofexpedi02eyre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeast2013" class="citation book cs1">Keast, Allen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7_nCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Biogeography and Ecology in Australia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-401-76295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-401-76295-3"><bdi>978-9-401-76295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogeography+and+Ecology+in+Australia&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-401-76295-3&rft.aulast=Keast&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7_nCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimber1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kimber, Richard Glyn (28 July 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropologysocietysa.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/JASSA-Volume-7_6-Kimber.pdf">"Ngarkat: An Extinct Tribe of Mallee Aborigines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Society_of_South_Australia" title="Anthropological Society of South Australia">Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia</a></i>. <b>7</b> (6): 2–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Society+of+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Ngarkat%3A+An+Extinct+Tribe+of+Mallee+Aborigines&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=1969-07-28&rft.aulast=Kimber&rft.aufirst=Richard+Glyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropologysocietysa.com%2Fhome%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FJASSA-Volume-7_6-Kimber.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLower-Eskelson2014" class="citation book cs1">Lower-Eskelson, Kylie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYuaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">"Australia"</a>. In Carver, Martin; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Montón-Subías, Sandra (eds.). <i>Field Archaeology from Around the World: Ideas and Approaches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 224–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09819-7"><bdi>978-3-319-09819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia&rft.btitle=Field+Archaeology+from+Around+the+World%3A+Ideas+and+Approaches&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-09819-7&rft.aulast=Lower-Eskelson&rft.aufirst=Kylie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYuaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1904" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews" title="Robert Hamilton Mathews">Mathews, R. H.</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41579064">"Ethnological notes on the Aboriginal tribes of New South Wales and Victoria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Royal Society of New South Wales">Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales</a></i>. <b>38</b> (Part I): 203–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.359439">10.5962/p.359439</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Ethnological+notes+on+the+Aboriginal+tribes+of+New+South+Wales+and+Victoria&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=203-381&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.359439&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F41579064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1982" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, M. A. (October 1982). "Devon Downs Reconsidered: Changes in Site Use at a Lower Murray Valley Rockshelter". <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Archaeology in Oceania</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 109–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1982.tb00052.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.1982.tb00052.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386597">40386597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=Devon+Downs+Reconsidered%3A+Changes+in+Site+Use+at+a+Lower+Murray+Valley+Rockshelter&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109-116&rft.date=1982-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1982.tb00052.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40386597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaplin1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Taplin" title="George Taplin">Taplin, George</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/folkloremannersc00taplrich/folkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf"><i>Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+manners%2C+customs+and+languages+of+the+South+Australian+aborigines&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=E+Spiller%2C+Acting+Government+Printer&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Taplin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Ffolkloremannersc00taplrich%2Ffolkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindale1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale, Norman Barnett</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngarkat.htm">"Ngarkat (SA)"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National University Press">Australian National University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"><bdi>978-0-708-10741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ngarkat+%28SA%29&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Tribes+of+Australia%3A+Their+Terrain%2C+Environmental+Controls%2C+Distribution%2C+Limits%2C+and+Proper+Names&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-708-10741-6&rft.aulast=Tindale&rft.aufirst=Norman+Barnett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Ftindaletribes%2Fngarkat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2009" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Jessica K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAMz5utw9o0C&pg=PA141"><i>Murray River Country: An Ecological Dialogue with Traditional Owners</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Studies Press">Aboriginal Studies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75678-9"><bdi>978-0-855-75678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murray+River+Country%3A+An+Ecological+Dialogue+with+Traditional+Owners&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-855-75678-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Jessica+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAMz5utw9o0C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgarkat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of South Australia">Aboriginal peoples of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakirinja_people" title="Antakirinja people">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_people" title="Arabana people">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_people" title="Barngarla people">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bodaruwitj" title="Bodaruwitj">Bodaruwitj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_people" title="Bungandidj people">Bungandidj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhirari" title="Dhirari">Dhirari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari" title="Diyari">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, (including the <a href="/wiki/Mulbarapa" title="Mulbarapa">Mulbarapa</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karangura" title="Karangura">Karangura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malyangapa" title="Malyangapa">Malyangapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mardidjali" title="Mardidjali">Mardidjali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meintangk_people" title="Meintangk people">Meintangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirning" title="Mirning">Mirning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nauo_people" title="Nauo people">Nauo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngayawang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngayawang">Ngayawang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)">Ngalia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngameni" title="Ngameni">Ngameni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngangaruku" title="Ngangaruku">Ngangaruku</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaralda" title="Ngaralda">Ngaralda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ngarkat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngawadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawadj">Ngawadj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngintait" title="Ngintait">Ngintait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngurunta" title="Ngurunta">Ngurunta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nukunu" title="Nukunu">Nukunu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilatapa" title="Pilatapa">Pilatapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_people" title="Tanganekald people">Tanganekald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thangkaali" title="Thangkaali">Thangkaali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wailpi" title="Wailpi">Wailpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkanguru" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkanguru">Wongkanguru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_people" title="Yandruwandha people">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yardliyawara" title="Yardliyawara">Yardliyawara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarluyandi" title="Yarluyandi">Yarluyandi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yawarrawarrka" title="Yawarrawarrka">Yawarrawarrka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirawirung" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirawirung">Yirawirung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">APY Lands</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amaṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iltur" title="Iltur">Iltur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indulkana" title="Indulkana">Indulkana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaltjiti" title="Kaltjiti">Kaltjiti</a> (Fregon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanpi" title="Kanpi">Kaṉpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Makiri,_South_Australia" title="Makiri, South Australia">Makiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mimili,_South_Australia" title="Mimili, South Australia">Mimili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mintabie,_South_Australia" title="Mintabie, South Australia">Mintabie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyapari" title="Nyapari">Nyapaṟi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia" title="Pukatja, South Australia">Pukatja</a> (Ernabella)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umuwa,_South_Australia" title="Umuwa, South Australia">Umuwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yunyarinyi" title="Yunyarinyi">Yunyarinyi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Akenta">Akenta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_South_Australia" title="Davenport, South Australia">Davenport</a> (Umeewarra)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Community_Council" title="Gerard Community Council">Gerard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba" title="Koonibba">Koonibba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manunka" title="Manunka">Manunka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepabunna,_South_Australia" title="Nepabunna, South Australia">Nepabunna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Oak Valley, South Australia">Oak Valley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia" title="Point Pearce, South Australia">Point Pearce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raukkan,_South_Australia" title="Raukkan, South Australia">Raukkan</a> (Point McLeay)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia" title="Swan Reach, South Australia">Swan Reach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yalata,_South_Australia" title="Yalata, South Australia">Yalata</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colebrook_Home" title="Colebrook Home">Colebrook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killalpaninna_Mission" title="Killalpaninna Mission">Killalpaninna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ooldea,_South_Australia" title="Ooldea, South Australia">Ooldea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Abdulla" title="Ian Abdulla">Ian Abdulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josie_Agius" title="Josie Agius">Josie Agius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Baker_(Australian_artist)" title="Jimmy Baker (Australian artist)">Jimmy Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maringka_Baker" title="Maringka Baker">Maringka Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poltpalingada_Booboorowie" title="Poltpalingada Booboorowie">Poltpalingada Booboorowie</a> (Tom Walker)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Bray" title="Richie Bray">Richie Bray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Burgoyne" title="Iris Burgoyne">Iris Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne" title="Peter Burgoyne">Peter Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne" title="Shaun Burgoyne">Shaun Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Burton" title="Hector Burton">Hector Burton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Buzzacott" title="Kevin Buzzacott">Kevin Buzzacott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cooper_(footballer)" title="Malcolm Cooper (footballer)">Malcolm Cooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vince_Copley" title="Vince Copley">Vince Copley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyakul_Dawson" title="Nyakul Dawson">Nyakul Dawson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Nannas" title="Deadly Nannas">Deadly Nannas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Goldsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Goldsmith">Stevie Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Ngintja_Goodwin" title="Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin">Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Graham" title="Cecil Graham">Cecil Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Graham_(footballer,_born_1958)" title="Colin Graham (footballer, born 1958)">Colin Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_(footballer)" title="Michael Graham (footballer)">Michael Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hammond" title="Ruby Hammond">Ruby Hammond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hunter" title="Ruby Hunter">Ruby Hunter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjungkara_Ken" title="Tjungkara Ken">Tjungkara Ken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kudnarto" title="Kudnarto">Kudnarto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natascha_McNamara" title="Natascha McNamara">Natascha McNamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Muffler" title="Betty Muffler">Betty Muffler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Loughlin" title="Michael O'Loughlin">Michael O'Loughlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya Rigney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Rings" title="Frances Rings">Frances Rings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nura_Rupert" title="Nura Rupert">Nura Rupert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauto_Sansbury" title="Tauto Sansbury">Tauto Sansbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Yaritja_Stevens" title="Eileen Yaritja Stevens">Eileen Yaritja Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Moogy Sumner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faith_Thomas" title="Faith Thomas">Faith Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Unaipon" title="James Unaipon">James Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen" title="Gavin Wanganeen">Gavin Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wanganeen" title="Natasha Wanganeen">Natasha Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Wikilyiri" title="Ginger Wikilyiri">Ginger Wikilyiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norah_Wilson" title="Norah Wilson">Norah Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Wingard" title="Chad Wingard">Chad Wingard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjayanka_Woods" title="Tjayanka Woods">Tjayanka Woods</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Legal_Rights_Movement" title="Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement">Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Schools" title="Anangu Schools">Aṉangu schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Football_Club" title="Koonibba Football Club">Koonibba Football Club</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kupa_Piti_Kungka_Tjuta" title="Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta">Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga_Court" title="Nunga Court">Nunga Court</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of Aboriginal schools in South Australia">List of Aboriginal schools</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion</a> and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkaroo" title="Arkaroo">Arkaroo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">'Dreamtime'</a> (<i>muda</i>, <i>mura-mura</i>, <i>tjukurrpa</i>, etc.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngi%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%AFaka" title="Ngiṉṯaka">Ngiṉṯaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wati-kutjara" title="Wati-kutjara">Wati-kutjara</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Watarru Indigenous Protected Area">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Willoughby_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area">Mount Willoughby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-managed protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Price_Conservation_Park" title="Elliot Price Conservation Park">Elliot Price Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park" title="Gawler Ranges National Park">Gawler Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park"> Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanku-Breakaways_Conservation_Park" title="Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park">Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park" title="Lake Gairdner National Park">Lake Gairdner National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ikara%E2%80%93Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park">Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve" title="Innamincka Regional Reserve">Innamincka Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park" title="Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park">Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mamungari_Conservation_Park" title="Mamungari Conservation Park">Mamungari Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaut_Ngaut_Conservation_Park" title="Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park">Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area" title="Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area">Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve" title="Nullarbor Regional Reserve">Nullarbor Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pureba_Conservation_Park" title="Pureba Conservation Park">Pureba Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve" title="Strzelecki Regional Reserve">Strzelecki Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park" title="Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park">Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park">Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park" title="Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park">Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witjira_National_Park" title="Witjira National Park">Witjira National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park" title="Yumbarra Conservation Park">Yumbarra Conservation Park</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini (Yarluyandi)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangkangurru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a> (dialects: <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli (Malyangapa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu" title="Aṉangu">Aṉangu (Western Desert language)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga (Aboriginal English)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1988" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Lands_Trust_Act_1966" title="Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966">Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981">Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">Laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_establishing_the_Province_of_South_Australia" title="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia">Letters Patent</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_native_title_claims_in_South_Australia" title="List of native title claims in South Australia">List of native title claims in South Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Friends%27_Association" title="Aborigines' Friends' Association">Aborigines' Friends' Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission" title="McClelland Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre"><i>Maria</i> massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Native School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1913)" title="Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913)">Royal Commission on the Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_House" title="St Francis House">St Francis House</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Federal Parliamentary inquiry</a>))</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">By state or territory</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&oldid=1226661236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngarkat&oldid=1226661236</a>"</div></div> <div 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