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id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sensory organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parietal_eye_(third_eye)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parietal_eye_(third_eye)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Parietal eye (third eye)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parietal_eye_(third_eye)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odorant_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odorant_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Odorant receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odorant_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spine_and_ribs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spine_and_ribs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spine and ribs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spine_and_ribs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tail_and_back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tail_and_back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tail and back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tail_and_back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Age determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genomic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Distribution and threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eradication_of_rats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eradication_of_rats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Eradication of rats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eradication_of_rats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brothers_Island_tuatara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brothers_Island_tuatara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Brothers Island tuatara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brothers_Island_tuatara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_tuatara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_tuatara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Northern tuatara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_tuatara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captive_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captive_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Captive breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captive_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuatara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brycg%C4%81%C3%B0exe" title="Brycgāðexe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brycgāðexe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="طراطرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طراطرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon_punctatus" title="Sphenodon punctatus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sphenodon punctatus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="টুৱাটেৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টুৱাটেৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C3%A1tara" title="Tuátara – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuátara" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteriya" title="Hatteriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hatteriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="স্ফেনডন পান্কটাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ফেনডন পান্কটাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Хатерии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хатерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCckenechse" title="Brückenechse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brückenechse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BCash%C7%AB%CC%81%CA%BCii_n%C3%A1ghahwozh%C3%AD" title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii nághahwozhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii nághahwozhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataara" title="Tuataara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuataara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataro" title="Tuataro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="سوسمار پل‌دماغی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسمار پل‌دماغی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BC" title="투아타라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투아타라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հատերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranakollar" title="Ranakollar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ranakollar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ספנודון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספנודון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಟೂವಟಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೂವಟಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰატერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰატერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataros" title="Tuataros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tuataros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6gkherdisse" title="Brögkherdisse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brögkherdisse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Туатара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туатара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B0" title="ടുവാടര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടുവാടര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%81tara" title="Tuātara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tuātara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="طراطره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طراطره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brughagedissen" title="Brughagedissen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brughagedissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%88%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B2" title="ムカシトカゲ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムカシトカゲ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braghaagedisje" title="Braghaagedisje – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Braghaagedisje" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C3%B8gler" title="Broøgler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Broøgler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteria" title="Hatteria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hatteria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Гаттерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаттерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Туатаре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туатаре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premosnici" title="Premosnici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Premosnici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatarat" title="Tuatarat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuatarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிடரிக்கோடன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிடரிக்கோடன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ทัวทารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัวทารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon_punctatus" title="Sphenodon punctatus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sphenodon punctatus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гатерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гатерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E8%83%8C%E9%B1%B7%E8%9C%A5" title="刺背鱷蜥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="刺背鱷蜥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%99%E9%A0%AD%E8%9C%A5" title="喙頭蜥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喙頭蜥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuatara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuatara (disambiguation)">Tuatara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tuatara<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> – present, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"> 19–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.56923076923px; width:6.4307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.56923076923px; width:6.4307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.56923076923px; width:4.4307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_(5205719005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg/220px-Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg/330px-Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg/440px-Tuatara_%285205719005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="864" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Northern tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus punctatus</i>) </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg/220px-Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg/330px-Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg/440px-Status_2008_NZTCS_REL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Relict<small> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Threat_Classification_System" title="New Zealand Threat Classification System">NZ TCS</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NZTCS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZTCS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sphenodon" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontidae" title="Sphenodontidae">Sphenodontidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Sphenodon</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1831 (<a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">conserved name</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. punctatus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Sphenodon punctatus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(Gray, 1842) (conserved name)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/220px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/330px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/440px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Native range (New Zealand) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/220px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/330px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/440px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="844" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Current distribution of tuatara (in black):<sup id="cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daugherty_1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recovery_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circles represent the North Island tuatara, and squares the Brothers Island tuatara. Symbols may represent up to seven islands. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Sphaenodon</i> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Gray, 1831) (<a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">rejected name</a>)</span></li> <li><i>Hatteria</i> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Gray, 1842) (rejected name)</span></li> <li><i>Rhynchocephalus</i> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen</a>, 1845) (rejected name)</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>tuatara</b> (<i><b>Sphenodon punctatus</b></i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Despite its close resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, it is part of a distinct lineage, the order <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TerraNature_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerraNature-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tuatara</i></span> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> and means "peaks on the back".<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The single extant <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of tuatara is the only surviving member of its order, which was highly diverse during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhynchocephalians first appeared in the fossil record during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, around 240 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_et_al_2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_et_al_2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached worldwide distribution and peak diversity during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, when they represented the world's dominant group of small reptiles. Rhynchocephalians underwent a great decline during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> with their youngest records outside New Zealand dating to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>. Their closest living relatives are <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a> (lizards and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>). Tuatara are of interest for studying the evolution of reptiles. </p><p>Tuatara are greenish brown and grey, and measure up to 80 cm (31 in) from head to tail-tip and weigh up to 1.3 kg (2.9 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-san_diego_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san_diego-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a spiny crest along the back, especially pronounced in males. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlapping one row on the lower jaw, which is unique among living species. They are able to hear, although no external ear is present, and have unique features in their skeleton. </p><p>Tuatara are sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-TerraNature_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerraNature-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has generated significant scientific debate. This term is currently <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> among paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Although tuatara have preserved the morphological characteristics of their Mesozoic ancestors (240–230 million years ago), there is no evidence of a continuous fossil record to support this.<sup id="cite_ref-MeloroJones2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeloroJones2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has between 5 and 6 billion <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a>, nearly twice that of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) has been protected by law since 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second species, the Brothers Island tuatara <i>S. guntheri</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Walter_Buller" title="Walter Buller">Buller</a>, 1877)</span>, was recognised in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-san_diego_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san_diego-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since 2009 it has been reclassified as a subspecies (<i>S.p. guntheri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hay_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a> <i>(Rattus exulans)</i>. Tuatara were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands<sup id="cite_ref-DoC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the first North Island release into the heavily fenced and monitored <a href="/wiki/Karori_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Karori Wildlife Sanctuary">Karori Wildlife Sanctuary</a> (now named "Zealandia") in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karori-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During routine maintenance work at <a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(wildlife_sanctuary)" title="Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary)">Zealandia</a> in late 2008, a tuatara nest was uncovered,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a hatchling found the following autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thought to be the first case of tuatara successfully breeding in the wild on New Zealand's North Island in over 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relationships of the tuatara to other living reptiles and birds, after Simões et al. 2022<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (lizards and snakes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a> (tuatara) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a> (turtles, including tortoises) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a> (crocodilians) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> (birds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Tuatara, along with other now-extinct members of the order <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a>, belong to the superorder <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a>, the only surviving taxon within <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a> along with the order <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a>, which includes lizards and snakes. Squamates and tuatara both show <a href="/wiki/Autotomy#Reptiles_and_amphibians" title="Autotomy">caudal autotomy</a> (loss of the tail-tip when threatened), and have transverse <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloacal</a> slits.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuatara were originally classified as lizards in 1831 when the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> received a skull. <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">John Edward Gray</a> used the name <i>Sphenodon</i> to describe the skull, which remains the current modern scientific name for the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Original_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Original-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, Grey described a member of the species as <i>Hatteria punctata</i>, not realising that the skull he received in 1831 were both tuatara.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray1869_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray1869-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus remained misclassified until 1867, when <a href="/wiki/Albert_C._L._G._G%C3%BCnther" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert C. L. G. Günther">A.C.L.G. Günther</a> of the British Museum noted features similar to birds, turtles, and crocodiles. He proposed the order Rhynchocephalia (meaning "beak head") for the tuatara and its fossil relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Günther1867-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1869, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i> has been used as the scientific name for the species (or the variation <i>Sphenodon punctatum</i> in some earlier sources).<sup id="cite_ref-Gray1869_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray1869-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, many disparate species were incorrectly referred to the Rhynchocephalia, resulting in what taxonomists call a "<a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket taxon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wendell_Williston" title="Samuel Wendell Williston">Williston</a> proposed the Sphenodontia to include only tuatara and their closest fossil relatives in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Rhynchocephalia is the older name<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Günther1867-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in widespread use today. <i>Sphenodon</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "wedge" (σφήν, σφηνός/<i>sphenos</i>) and "tooth" (ὀδούς, ὀδόντος/<i>odontos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars use Sphenodontia as a subset of Rhynchocephalia, including almost all members of Rhynchocephalia, apart from the most primitive representatives of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest rhynchocephalian, <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtembergia" title="Wirtembergia">Wirtembergia</a></i>, is known from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> of Germany, around 240 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>, rhynchocephalians greatly diversified,<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going on to become the world's dominant group of small reptiles during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the group was represented by a diversity of forms, including the aquatic <a href="/wiki/Pleurosauridae" title="Pleurosauridae">pleurosaurs</a> and the herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Eilenodontinae" title="Eilenodontinae">eilenodontines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest members of <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontinae">Sphenodontinae</a>, the clade which includes the tuatara, are known from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> of North America. The earliest representatives of this group are already very similar to the modern tuatara.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhynchocephalians underwent a great decline during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly due to competition with mammals and lizards,<sup id="cite_ref-Jonesetal2009a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonesetal2009a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their youngest record outside of New Zealand being of <i><a href="/wiki/Kawasphenodon" title="Kawasphenodon">Kawasphenodon</a></i> known from the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> of Patagonia in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A species of sphenodontine is known from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bathans Fauna">Saint Bathans Fauna</a> from <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> in the South Island of New Zealand. Whether it is referable to <i>Sphenodon</i> proper is not entirely clear, but it is likely to be closely related to tuatara. The ancestors of the tuatara were likely already present in New Zealand prior to its separation from Antarctica around 82-60 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonesetal2009a_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonesetal2009a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Cladogram of the position of the tuatara within Sphenodontia, after Simoes et al., 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">Sphenodontia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Diphydontosaurus" title="Diphydontosaurus">Diphydontosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Eusphenodontia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Planocephalosaurus" title="Planocephalosaurus">Planocephalosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Clevosaurus" title="Clevosaurus">Clevosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Neosphenodontia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Homoeosaurus" title="Homoeosaurus">Homoeosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleurosauridae" title="Pleurosauridae">Pleurosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Palaeopleurosaurus" title="Palaeopleurosaurus">Palaeopleurosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Derasmosaurus" title="Derasmosaurus">Derasmosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pleurosaurus" title="Pleurosaurus">Pleurosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Leptosaurus" title="Leptosaurus">Leptosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Kallimodon" title="Kallimodon">Kallimodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sapheosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapheosauridae">Sapheosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piocormus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piocormus (page does not exist)">Piocormus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Oenosaurus" title="Oenosaurus">Oenosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sapheosaurus" title="Sapheosaurus">Sapheosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontidae" title="Sphenodontidae">Sphenodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eilenodontinae" title="Eilenodontinae">Eilenodontinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sphenotitan" title="Sphenotitan">Sphenotitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eilenodon" title="Eilenodon">Eilenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Toxolophosaurus" title="Toxolophosaurus">Toxolophosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Priosphenodon" title="Priosphenodon">Priosphenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontinae">Sphenodontinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Navajosphenodon" title="Navajosphenodon">Navajosphenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cynosphenodon" title="Cynosphenodon">Cynosphenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sphenofontis" title="Sphenofontis">Sphenofontis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Kawasphenodon" title="Kawasphenodon">Kawasphenodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Sphenodon</b></i> (tuatara) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is currently considered to be only one living species of tuatara, two species were previously identified: <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>, or northern tuatara, and the much rarer <i>Sphenodon guntheri</i>, or Brothers Island tuatara, which is confined to <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_(New_Zealand)" title="The Brothers (New Zealand)">North Brother Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> <i>punctatus</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for "spotted",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>guntheri</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>-born <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Albert Günther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 paper re-examined the genetic bases used to distinguish the two supposed species of tuatara, and concluded they only represent geographic variants, and only one species should be recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the northern tuatara was re-classified as <i>Sphenodon punctatus punctatus</i> and the Brothers Island tuatara as <i>Sphenodon punctatus guntheri</i>. Individuals from Brothers Island could also not be distinguished from other modern and fossil samples based on jaw morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_2019_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaux_2019-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brothers Island tuatara has olive brown skin with yellowish patches, while the colour of the northern tuatara ranges from olive green through grey to dark pink or brick red, often mottled, and always with white spots.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karori-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lutz16_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutz16-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Brothers Island tuatara is considerably smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-NZRG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZRG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extinct species of <i>Sphenodon</i> was identified in November 1885 by William Colenso, who was sent an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> specimen from a local coal mine. Colenso named the new species <i>S. diversum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-colenso1885_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colenso1885-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fawcett and Smith (1970) consider it a synonym to the subspecies, based on a lack of distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/170px-Tuatara_scale.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/255px-Tuatara_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/340px-Tuatara_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of male <i>S. punctatus</i> and human</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg/220px-Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg/330px-Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg/440px-Sphenodon_punctatus_LH288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of the tuatara</figcaption></figure> <p>Tuatara are the largest reptiles in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult <i>S. punctatus</i> males measure 61 cm (24 in) in length and females 45 cm (18 in).<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>, males being larger.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a> even cites a length of up to 80 cm (31 in).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males weigh up to 1 kg (2.2 lb), and females up to 0.5 kg (1.1 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brother's Island tuatara are slightly smaller, weighing up to 660 g (1.3 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-NZRG_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZRG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their lungs have a single chamber with no <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara's greenish brown colour matches its environment, and can change over its lifetime. Tuatara shed their skin at least once per year as adults,<sup id="cite_ref-lutz16_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutz16-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three or four times a year as juveniles. Tuatara sexes differ in more than size. The spiny crest on a tuatara's back, made of triangular, soft folds of skin, is larger in males, and can be stiffened for display. The male abdomen is narrower than the female's.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg/220px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg/330px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg/440px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Skull diagram in top down and side-on views</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the vast majority of lizards, the tuatara has a complete lower temporal bar closing the lower <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a> (an opening of the skull behind the eye socket), caused by the fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadratojugal_bone" title="Quadratojugal bone">quadratojugal</a> (which are fused into a single element in adult tuatara) and the <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal bones</a> of the skull. This is similar to the condition found in primitive <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> reptiles. However, because more primitive rhynchocephalians have an open lower temporal fenestra with an incomplete temporal bar, this is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Derived_(phylogenetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived (phylogenetics)">derived</a> characteristic of the tuatara and other members of the clade <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontinae">Sphenodontinae</a>, rather than a primitive trait retained from early diapsids. The complete bar is thought to stabilise the skull during biting.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tip of the upper jaw is chisel- or beak-like and separated from the remainder of the jaw by a notch,<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Günther1867-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this structure is formed from fused <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillary</a> teeth, and is also found in many other advanced rhynchocephalians.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth of the tuatara, and almost all other rhynchocephalians, are described as <a href="/wiki/Acrodont" title="Acrodont">acrodont</a>, as they are attached to the apex of the jaw bone. This contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Pleurodont" title="Pleurodont">pleurodont</a> condition found in the vast majority of lizards, where the teeth are attached to the inward-facing surface of the jaw. The teeth of the tuatara are extensively fused to the jawbone, making the boundary between the tooth and jaw difficult to discern, and the teeth lack roots and are not replaced during the lifetime of the animal, unlike those of pleurodont lizards.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common misconception that tuatara lack teeth and instead have sharp projections on the jaw bone,<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutzp27-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though histology shows that they have true teeth with enamel and dentine with pulp cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieser2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their teeth wear down, older tuatara have to switch to softer prey such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>, and eventually have to chew their food between smooth jaw bones.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara possesses palatal dentition (teeth growing from the bones of the roof of the mouth), which is ancestrally present in reptiles (and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> generally).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of the original palatal teeth present in reptiles have been lost,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like all other known rhynchocephalians, the row of teeth growing from the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bones</a> have been enlarged, and like other members of Sphenodontinae the palatine teeth are orientated parallel to the teeth in the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>, and during biting the teeth of the lower jaw slot between the two upper tooth rows.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the jaw joint allows the lower jaw to slide forwards after it has closed between the two upper rows of teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_et_al._2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_et_al._2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism allows the jaws to shear through <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and bone.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brain of <i>Sphenodon</i> fills only half of the volume of its <a href="/wiki/Endocranium" title="Endocranium">endocranium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larsson2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proportion has actually been used by paleontologists trying to estimate the volume of dinosaur brains based on fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larsson2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proportion of the tuatara endocranium occupied by its brain may not be a very good guide to the same proportion in Mesozoic dinosaurs since modern birds are surviving dinosaurs but have brains which occupy a much greater relative volume in the endocranium.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larsson2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_(50669113641).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of the tuatara in oblique view"><img alt="Skull of the tuatara in oblique view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg/200px-Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg/300px-Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg/400px-Tuatara_Skull_Lateral_%2850669113641%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4079" data-file-height="2791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of the tuatara in oblique view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenodon_punctatus_(AM_LH288)_601767.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of the tuatara in oblique view, with sclerotic rings in eye sockets"><img alt="Skull of the tuatara in oblique view, with sclerotic rings in eye sockets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg/200px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg/300px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg/400px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of the tuatara in oblique view, with <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">sclerotic rings</a> in eye sockets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenodon_punctatus_(AM_LH288)_601763_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of tuatara from above"><img alt="Skull of tuatara from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg/122px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg/244px-Sphenodon_punctatus_%28AM_LH288%29_601763_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of tuatara from above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_Skull_Doral_(50668366013).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of tuatara from above"><img alt="Skull of tuatara from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg/200px-Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg/300px-Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg/400px-Tuatara_Skull_Doral_%2850668366013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="2479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of tuatara from above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuatara skull in various views with palatine tooth row visible on underside of the skull"><img alt="Tuatara skull in various views with palatine tooth row visible on underside of the skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg/113px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg/169px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg/225px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="3126" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuatara skull in various views with palatine tooth row visible on underside of the skull</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_organs">Sensory organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sensory organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_(7714490358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/220px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/330px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/440px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a tuatara's head</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eyes">Eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eyes can <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">focus</a> independently, and are specialised with three types of photoreceptive cells, all with fine structural characteristics of retinal <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for both day and night vision, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a></i> which reflects onto the retina to enhance vision in the dark. There is also a third eyelid on each eye, the <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a>. Five visual <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsin</a> genes are present, suggesting good <a href="/wiki/Colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision">colour vision</a>, possibly even at low light levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parietal_eye_(third_eye)"><span id="Parietal_eye_.28third_eye.29"></span>Parietal eye (third eye)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parietal eye (third eye)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like some other living vertebrates, including some lizards, the tuatara has a third eye on the top of its head called the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">parietal eye</a> (also called a pineal or third eye) formed by the parapineal organ, with an accompanying opening in the skull roof called the pineal or parietal foramen, enclosed by the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has its own lens, a parietal plug which resembles a <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> with rod-like structures, and degenerated nerve connection to the brain. The parietal eye is visible only in hatchlings, which have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months, it becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While capable of detecting light, it is probably not capable of detecting movement or forming an image.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It likely serves to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> and possibly detect seasonal changes, and help with <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of all extant tetrapods, the parietal eye is most pronounced in the tuatara. It is part of the pineal complex, another part of which is the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, which in tuatara secretes melatonin at night.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> have been shown to use their pineal bodies to perceive polarised light, and thus determine the position of the sun, even under cloud cover, aiding <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearing">Hearing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, the tuatara has the most primitive hearing organs among the amniotes. There is no tympanum (<a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a>) and no earhole,<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutzp27-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> cavity is filled with loose tissue, mostly <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose (fatty) tissue</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> comes into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate</a> (which is immovable), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamosal">squamosal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">hair cells</a> are unspecialised, innervated by both <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Afferent nerve">afferent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Efferent nerve">efferent nerve</a> fibres, and respond only to low frequencies. Though the hearing organs are poorly developed and primitive with no visible external ears, they can still show a frequency response from 100 to 800 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>, with peak sensitivity of 40 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> at 200 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odorant_receptors">Odorant receptors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Odorant receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animals that depend on the sense of smell to capture prey, escape from predators or simply interact with the environment they inhabit, usually have many odorant receptors. These receptors are expressed in the dendritic membranes of the neurons for the detection of odours. The tuatara has several hundred receptors, around 472, a number more similar to what birds have than to the large number of receptors that turtles and crocodiles may have.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spine_and_ribs">Spine and ribs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spine and ribs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tuatara <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a> is made up of hourglass-shaped <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column#Classification" title="Vertebral column">amphicoelous</a> vertebrae, concave both before and behind.<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutzp27-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the usual condition of fish vertebrae and some amphibians, but is unique to tuatara within the amniotes. The vertebral bodies have a tiny hole through which a constricted remnant of the notochord passes; this was typical in early fossil reptiles, but lost in most other amniotes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara has <a href="/wiki/Gastralium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastralium">gastralia</a>, rib-like bones also called gastric or abdominal ribs,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the presumed ancestral trait of diapsids. They are found in some <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, where they are mostly made of cartilage, as well as crocodiles and the tuatara, and are not attached to the spine or thoracic ribs. The true ribs are small projections, with small, hooked bones, called uncinate processes, found on the rear of each rib.<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutzp27-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature is also present in birds. The tuatara is the only living <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> with well-developed gastralia and uncinate processes. </p><p>In the early tetrapods, the gastralia and ribs with uncinate processes, together with bony elements such as bony plates in the skin (osteoderms) and <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicles</a> (collar bone), would have formed a sort of exoskeleton around the body, protecting the belly and helping to hold in the guts and inner organs. These anatomical details most likely evolved from structures involved in locomotion even before the vertebrates ventured onto land. The gastralia may have been involved in the breathing process in early amphibians and reptiles. The pelvis and shoulder girdles are arranged differently from those of lizards, as is the case with other parts of the internal anatomy and its scales.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tail_and_back">Tail and back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tail and back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spiny plates on the back and tail of the tuatara resemble those of a crocodile more than a lizard, but the tuatara shares with lizards the ability to break off its tail when caught by a predator, and then regenerate it. The regrowth takes a long time and differs from that of lizards. Well illustrated reports on tail regeneration in tuatara have been published by Alibardi and Meyer-Rochow.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloacal glands of tuatara have a unique <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> named <a href="/wiki/Tuataric_acid" title="Tuataric acid">tuataric acid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_determination">Age determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Age determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are two means of determining the age of tuatara. Using microscopic inspection, hematoxylinophilic rings can be identified and counted in both the phalanges and the femur. Phalangeal hematoxylinophilic rings can be used for tuatara up to ages 12–14 years, as they cease to form around this age. Femoral rings follow a similar trend, however they are useful for tuatara up to ages 25–35 years. Around that age, femoral rings cease to form.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research on age determination methods for tuatara is required, as tuatara have lifespans much longer than 35 years (ages up to 60<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are common, and captive tuatara have lived to over 100 years).<sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZHer-2009-01-26-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-2009-01-26-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possibility could be via examination of tooth wear, as tuatara have fused sets of teeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/220px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/330px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/440px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6929" data-file-height="4622" /></a><figcaption>A tuatara basking at the West Coast Wildlife Centre, at <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_/_Waiau" title="Franz Josef / Waiau">Franz Josef</a> on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a></figcaption></figure><p> Adult tuatara are <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> reptiles, though they will often bask in the sun to warm their bodies. Hatchlings hide under logs and stones, and are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, likely because adults are cannibalistic. Juveniles are typically active at night, but can be found active during the day. The juveniles' movement pattern is attributed to genetic hardwire of conspecifics for predator avoidance and thermal restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara thrive in temperatures much lower than those tolerated by most reptiles, and <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a> during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remain active at temperatures as low as 5 °C (41 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while temperatures over 28 °C (82 °F) are generally fatal. The optimal body temperature for the tuatara is from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F), the lowest of any reptile.<sup id="cite_ref-UofM_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UofM-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body temperature of tuatara is lower than that of other reptiles, ranging from 5.2–11.2 °C (41.4–52.2 °F) over a day, whereas most reptiles have body temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low body temperature results in a slower <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burrowing seabirds such as <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion_(bird)" title="Prion (bird)">prions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwaters</a> share the tuatara's island habitat during the birds' nesting seasons. The tuatara use the <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>' burrows for shelter when available, or dig their own. The seabirds' <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> helps to maintain invertebrate populations on which tuatara predominantly prey; including <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Crickets">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81" title="Wētā">wētās</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their diets also consist of <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, and bird's eggs and chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_2019_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaux_2019-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young tuatara are also occasionally cannibalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diet of the tuatara varies seasonally and they mainly only consume <a href="/wiki/Fairy_prions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy prions">fairy prions</a> and their eggs in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total darkness no feeding attempt whatsoever was observed<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lowest light intensity at which an attempt to snatch a beetle was observed occurred under 0.0125 <a href="/wiki/Lux_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lux (unit)">lux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs and young of seabirds that are seasonally available as food for tuatara may provide <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">beneficial fatty acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara of both sexes defend territories, and will threaten and eventually bite intruders. The bite can cause serious injury.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara will bite when approached, and will not let go easily.<sup id="cite_ref-lutz24_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutz24-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female tuatara rarely exhibit parental behaviour by guarding nests on islands with high rodent populations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuataras are parasitised by the <a href="/wiki/Tuatara_tick" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuatara tick">tuatara tick</a> (<i>Archaeocroton sphenodonti</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a> that directly depends on tuataras.<sup id="cite_ref-godf_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godf-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ticks tend to be more prevalent on larger males, as they have larger home ranges than smaller and female tuatara and interact with other tuatara more in territorial displays.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/200px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/300px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/400px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A male tuatara named Henry, living at the <a href="/wiki/Southland_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Southland Museum and Art Gallery">Southland Museum and Art Gallery</a>, is still reproductively active at 111 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brueckenechse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brueckenechse.jpg/200px-Brueckenechse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Brueckenechse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tuatara juvenile (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Tuatara reproduce very slowly, taking 10 to 20 years to reach sexual maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their reproduction rate is slow, tuatara have the fastest swimming sperm by two to four times compared to all reptiles studied earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating occurs in midsummer; females mate and lay <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> once every four years.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During courtship, a male makes his skin darker, raises his crests, and parades toward the female. He slowly walks in circles around the female with stiffened legs. The female will either allow the male to mount her, or retreat to her burrow.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males do not have a penis; they have rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenes</a>; meaning that <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent organs</a> are used to deliver sperm to the female during copulation. They reproduce by the male lifting the tail of the female and placing his <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">vent</a> over hers. This process is sometimes referred to as a "cloacal kiss". The <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> is then transferred into the female, much like the mating process in birds.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with birds, the tuatara is one of the few members of <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a> to have lost the ancestral penis.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuatara eggs have a soft, parchment-like 0.2 mm thick shell that consists of calcite crystals embedded in a matrix of fibrous layers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes the females between one and three years to provide eggs with yolk, and up to seven months to form the shell. It then takes between 12 and 15 months from copulation to hatching. This means reproduction occurs at two- to five-year intervals, the slowest in any reptile.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survival of embryos has also been linked to having more success in moist conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild tuatara are known to be still reproducing at about 60 years of age; "Henry", a male tuatara at Southland Museum in <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a>, New Zealand, became a father (possibly for the first time) on 23 January 2009, at age 111, with an 80 year-old female.<sup id="cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZHer-2009-01-26-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-2009-01-26-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sex of a hatchling <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">depends on the temperature</a> of the egg, with warmer eggs tending to produce male tuatara, and cooler eggs producing females. Eggs incubated at 21 °C (70 °F) have an equal chance of being male or female. However, at 22 °C (72 °F), 80% are likely to be males, and at 20 °C (68 °F), 80% are likely to be females; at 18 °C (64 °F) all hatchlings will be females.<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evidence indicates sex determination in tuatara is determined by both genetic and environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuatara probably have the slowest growth rates of any reptile,<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing to grow larger for the first 35 years of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average lifespan is about 60 years, but they can live to be well over 100 years old;<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tuatara could be the reptile with the second longest lifespan after tortoises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some experts believe that captive tuatara could live as long as 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDad_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNDad-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be related to genes that offer protection against reactive oxygen species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what are 'reactive oxygen species'? (June 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tuatara genome has 26 genes that encode <a href="/wiki/Selenoprotein" title="Selenoprotein">selenoproteins</a> and 4 <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a>-specific <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> genes. In humans, selenoproteins have a function of antioxidation, redox regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones. It is not fully demonstrated, but these genes may be related to the longevity of this animal or may have emerged as a result of the low levels of selenium and other trace elements in the New Zealand terrestrial systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomic_characteristics">Genomic characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Genomic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most abundant <a href="/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element" title="Long interspersed nuclear element">LINE element</a> in the tuatara is L2 (10%). Most of them are interspersed and can remain active. The longest L2 element found is 4 kb long and 83% of the sequences had ORF2p completely intact. The CR1 element is the second most repeated (4%). Phylogenetic analysis shows that these sequences are very different from those found in other nearby species such as lizards. Finally, less than 1% are elements belonging to L1, a low percentage since these elements tend to predominate in placental mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the predominant LINE elements are the CR1, contrary to what has been seen in the tuatara. This suggests that perhaps the genome repeats of sauropsids were very different compared to mammals, birds and lizards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genes of the <a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">major histocompatibility complex</a> (MHC) are known to play roles in disease resistance, <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>, and kin recognition in various vertebrate species. Among known vertebrate genomes, MHCs are considered one of the most polymorphic.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the tuatara, 56 MHC genes have been identified; some of which are similar to MHCs of amphibians and mammals. Most MHCs that were annotated in the tuatara genome are highly conserved, however there is large genomic rearrangement observed in distant <a href="/wiki/Lepidosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosaur">lepidosaur</a> lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the elements that have been analyzed are present in all <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, most are mammalian interspersed repeats or MIR, specifically the diversity of MIR subfamilies is the highest that has been studied so far in an amniote. 16 families of <a href="/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element" title="Short interspersed nuclear element">SINEs</a> that were recently active have also been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara has 24 unique families of <a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">DNA transposons</a>, and at least 30 subfamilies were recently active. This diversity is greater than what has been found in other amniotes and in addition, thousands of identical copies of these transposons have been analyzed, suggesting to researchers that there is recent activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome is the second largest known to reptiles. Only the <a href="/wiki/Greek_tortoise" title="Greek tortoise">Greek tortoise</a> genome is larger.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 7,500 <a href="/wiki/LTR_retrotransposon" title="LTR retrotransposon">LTRs</a> have been identified, including 450 <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">endogenous retroviruses</a> (ERVs). Studies in other <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> have recognized a similar number but nevertheless, in the genome of the tuatara it has been found a very old clade of retrovirus known as <a href="/wiki/Spumavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spumavirus">Spumavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">non-coding RNA</a>-related elements have been identified in the tuatara genome, of which the vast majority, about 6,900, are derived from recently active <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable elements</a>. The rest are related to ribosomal, <a href="/wiki/Spliceosome" title="Spliceosome">spliceosomal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle_RNA" title="Signal recognition particle RNA">signal recognition particle RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial genome</a> of the genus <i>Sphenodon</i> is approximately 18,000 bp in size and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> and 22 <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> is a very common modification in animals and the distribution of <a href="/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG sites</a> within genomes affects this methylation. Specifically, 81% of these CpG sites have been found to be methylated in the tuatara genome. Recent publications propose that this high level of methylation may be due to the amount of repeating elements that exist in the genome of this animal. This pattern is closer to what occurs in organisms such as zebrafish, about 78%, while in humans it is only 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_62-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemmell2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuatara are absolutely protected under New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Act_1953" title="Wildlife Act 1953">Wildlife Act 1953</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is also listed under Appendix I of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES) meaning commercial international trade in wild sourced specimens is prohibited and all other international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_threats">Distribution and threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Distribution and threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuatara were once widespread on New Zealand's main North and South Islands, where <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> remains have been found in sand dunes, caves, and Māori <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiped out from the main islands before European settlement, they were long confined to 32 offshore islands free of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-DoC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands are difficult to get to,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are colonised by few animal species, indicating that some animals absent from these islands may have caused tuatara to disappear from the mainland. However, <i>kiore</i> (Polynesian rats) had recently become established on several of the islands, and tuatara were persisting, but not breeding, on these islands.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cree_etal1995_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cree_etal1995-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, tuatara were much rarer on the rat-inhabited islands.<sup id="cite_ref-cree_etal1995_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cree_etal1995-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to conservation work, 25% of the distinct tuatara populations had become extinct in the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daugherty_1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recent discovery of a tuatara hatchling on the mainland indicates that attempts to re-establish a breeding population on the New Zealand mainland have had some success.<sup id="cite_ref-bergner_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergner-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total population of tuatara is estimated to be between 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuatara have temperature-dependent sex determination meaning that the temperature of the egg determines the sex of the animal. For tuatara, lower egg incubation temperatures lead to females while higher temperatures lead to males. Since global temperatures are increasing, climate change may be skewing the male to female ratio of tuatara. Current solutions to this potential future threat are the selective removal of adults and the incubation of eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eradication_of_rats">Eradication of rats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eradication of rats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuatara were removed from <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Island, New Zealand">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Mercury_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mercury Island">Red Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuvier_Island" title="Cuvier Island">Cuvier Islands</a> in 1990 and 1991, and maintained in captivity to allow Polynesian rats to be eradicated on those islands. All three populations bred in captivity, and after successful eradication of the rats, all individuals, including the new juveniles, were returned to their islands of origin. In the 1991–92 season, <a href="/wiki/Little_Barrier_Island" title="Little Barrier Island">Little Barrier Island</a> was found to hold only eight tuatara, which were taken into <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">in situ</a></i> captivity, where females produced 42 eggs, which were incubated at Victoria University. The resulting offspring were subsequently held in an enclosure on the island, then released into the wild in 2006 after rats were eradicated there.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hen_and_Chicken_Islands" title="Hen and Chicken Islands">Hen and Chicken Islands</a>, Polynesian rats were eradicated on Whatupuke in 1993, Lady Alice Island in 1994, and Coppermine Island in 1997. Following this program, juveniles have once again been seen on the latter three islands. In contrast, rats persist on Hen Island of the same group, and no juvenile tuatara have been seen there as of 2001. In the <a href="/wiki/Alderman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Alderman Islands">Alderman Islands</a>, Middle Chain Island holds no tuatara, but it is considered possible for rats to swim between Middle Chain and other islands that do hold tuatara, and the rats were eradicated in 1992 to prevent this.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another rodent eradication was carried out on the Rangitoto Islands east of <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Island" title="D'Urville Island">D'Urville Island</a>, to prepare for the release of 432 Cook Strait tuatara juveniles in 2004, which were being raised at Victoria University as of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brothers_Island_tuatara">Brothers Island tuatara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brothers Island tuatara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sphenodon punctatus guntheri</i> is present naturally on one small island with a population of approximately 400. In 1995, 50 juvenile and 18 adult Brothers Island tuatara were moved to Titi Island in <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, and their establishment monitored. Two years later, more than half of the animals had been seen again and of those all but one had gained weight. In 1998, 34 juveniles from captive breeding and 20 wild-caught adults were similarly transferred to <a href="/wiki/Matiu/Somes_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Matiu/Somes Island">Matiu/Somes Island</a>, a more publicly accessible location in Wellington Harbour. The captive juveniles were from induced layings from wild females.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October 2007, 50 tuatara collected as eggs from North Brother Island and hatched at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University</a> were being released onto <a href="/wiki/Long_Island,_Marlborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Island, Marlborough">Long Island</a> in the outer <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>. The animals had been cared for at Wellington Zoo for the previous five years and had been kept in secret in a specially built enclosure at the zoo, off display.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another out of country population of Brothers Island tuatara that was given to the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Zoological Society">San Diego Zoological Society</a> and is housed off-display at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a> facility in Balboa.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No successful reproductive efforts have been reported yet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_tuatara">Northern tuatara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Northern tuatara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>S. punctatus punctatus</i> naturally occurs on 29 islands, and its population is estimated to be over 60,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, 32 adult northern tuatara were moved from <a href="/wiki/Moutoki_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Moutoki Island">Moutoki Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moutohora_Island" title="Moutohora Island">Moutohora</a>. The carrying capacity of Moutohora is estimated at 8,500 individuals, and the island could allow public viewing of wild tuatara.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, 60 northern tuatara were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Tiritiri_Matangi_Island" title="Tiritiri Matangi Island">Tiritiri Matangi Island</a> from Middle Island in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Islands" title="Mercury Islands">Mercury group</a>. They are occasionally seen sunbathing by visitors to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuatara_karori_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/170px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/255px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/340px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Tuatara at the <a href="/wiki/Karori_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Karori Wildlife Sanctuary">Karori Sanctuary</a> are given coloured markings on the head for identification.</figcaption></figure> <p>A mainland release of <i>S.p. punctatus</i> occurred in 2005 in the heavily fenced and monitored <a href="/wiki/Karori_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Karori Wildlife Sanctuary">Karori Sanctuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karori-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second mainland release took place in October 2007, when a further 130 were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Stephens_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephens Island, New Zealand">Stephens Island</a> to the Karori Sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2009, the first recorded wild-born offspring were observed.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captive_breeding">Captive breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Captive breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tuatara" title="Special:EditPage/Tuatara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first successful breeding of tuatara in captivity is believed to have achieved by Sir <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Thomas" title="Algernon Thomas">Algernon Thomas</a> at either his University offices or residence in Symonds Street in the late 1880s or his new home, Trewithiel, in Mount Eden in the early 1890s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several tuatara breeding programmes are active in New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Southland_museum_and_art_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland museum and art gallery">Southland Museum and Art Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> was the first institution to have a tuatara breeding programme; starting in 1986 they bred <i>S. punctatus</i> and have focused on <i>S. guntheri</i> more recently.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Zoo" title="Hamilton Zoo">Hamilton Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Zoo" title="Auckland Zoo">Auckland Zoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Zoo" title="Wellington Zoo">Wellington Zoo</a> also breed tuatara for release into the wild. At Auckland Zoo in the 1990s it was discovered that tuatara have <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> maintains a research programme into the captive breeding of tuatara, and the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABkaha_/_Mount_Bruce_National_Wildlife_Centre" title="Pūkaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre">Pūkaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre</a> keeps a pair and a juvenile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The WildNZ Trust has a tuatara breeding enclosure at <a href="/wiki/Ruawai" title="Ruawai">Ruawai</a>. One notable captive breeding success story took place in January 2009, when all 11 eggs belonging to 110 year-old tuatara Henry and 80 year-old tuatara Mildred hatched. This story is especially remarkable as Henry required surgery to remove a cancerous tumour in order to successfully breed.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDad_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNDad-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Zoo" title="Chester Zoo">Chester Zoo</a>, England, announced that they succeeded in breeding the tuatara in captivity for the first time outside its homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuatara feature in a number of indigenous legends, and are held as <i>ariki</i> (God forms). Tuatara are regarded as the messengers of <a href="/wiki/Whiro" title="Whiro">Whiro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">god</a> of death and disaster, and Māori women are forbidden to eat them.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuatara also indicate <i>tapu</i> (the borders of what is sacred and restricted),<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramdstad-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beyond which there is <i>mana</i>, meaning there could be serious consequences if that boundary is crossed.<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramdstad-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Māori women would sometimes tattoo images of lizards, some of which may represent tuatara, near their genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramdstad-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, tuatara are regarded as a <i><a href="/wiki/Taonga" title="Taonga">taonga</a></i> (special treasure) along with being viewed as the <a href="/wiki/Kaitiaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitiaki">kaitiaki</a> (guardian) of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuatara was featured on one side of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_five-cent_coin" title="New Zealand five-cent coin">New Zealand five-cent coin</a>, which was phased out in October 2006. <i>Tuatara</i> was also the name of the Journal of the Biological Society of Victoria University College and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, published from 1947 until 1993. It has now been digitised by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Electronic_Text_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Electronic Text Centre">New Zealand Electronic Text Centre</a>, also at Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A tuatara named "Tua" is prominently featured in the 2017 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Turtles_All_the_Way_Down_(novel)" title="Turtles All the Way Down (novel)">Turtles All the Way Down</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is a brand of New Zealand craft beer named after the Tuatara which particularly references the third eye in its advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the season one finale of <i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Elementary" title="Abbott Elementary">Abbott Elementary</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an old tuatara named Duster is used to represent themes of ageing and transition.</li> <li>In the movie <a href="/wiki/Leo_(2023_American_film)" title="Leo (2023 American film)">Leo</a> the main character is a tuatara named Leo.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/48px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/64px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715230031/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92231&is_real_user=1">"<i>Sphenodon</i>"</a>. <i>Paleobiology Database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92231&is_real_user=1">the original</a> on 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology+Database&rft.atitle=Sphenodon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D92231%26is_real_user%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/conservation-status/#at-risk">"Conservation status of plants and animals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+status+of+plants+and+animals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fnature%2Fconservation-status%2F%23at-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/131735762/120191347">"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F131735762%2F120191347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZTCS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZTCS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nztcs.org.nz/assessments/123941">"<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>. NZTCS"</a>. <i>nztcs.org.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nztcs.org.nz&rft.atitle=Sphenodon+punctatus.+NZTCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnztcs.org.nz%2Fassessments%2F123941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daugherty_1990-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Daugherty,_C.H.Hay,_J.M.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cree, A., Daugherty, C.H., Hay, J.M. (1 September 1990). "Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (<i>Sphenodon</i>)". <i>Nature</i>. <b>347</b> (6289): 177–179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.347..177D">1990Natur.347..177D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F347177a0">10.1038/347177a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4342765">4342765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Neglected+taxonomy+and+continuing+extinctions+of+tuatara+%28Sphenodon%29&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6289&rft.pages=177-179&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4342765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F347177a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Natur.347..177D&rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&rft.au=Hay%2C+J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recovery-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recovery_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recovery_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recovery_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recovery_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recovery_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaze,_P.2001" class="citation report cs1">Gaze, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tuatara+recovery+plan+2001%E2%80%932011&rft.series=Threatened+Species+Recovery+Plan&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-478-22131-2&rft.au=Gaze%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2FTSRP47.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeston,_A.2003" class="citation news cs1">Beston, A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitzealandia.com/news-item/found-mainland-nzs-first-tuatara-nest-in-hundreds-of-years/">the original</a> on 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand%27s+%27living+fossil%27+confirmed+as+nesting+on+the+mainland+for+the+first+time+in+200+years%21&rft.pub=Karori+Sanctuary+Trust&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitzealandia.com%2Fnews-item%2Ffound-mainland-nzs-first-tuatara-nest-in-hundreds-of-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115529/http://www.visitzealandia.com/Site/Zealandia_Home/Inside/News/Media_Releases_2009/Tuatara_baby.aspx">"Our first baby tuatara!"</a> (Press release). Karori Sanctuary Trust. 18 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitzealandia.com/Site/Zealandia_Home/Inside/News/Media_Releases_2009/Tuatara_baby.aspx">the original</a> on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+first+baby+tuatara%21&rft.pub=Karori+Sanctuary+Trust&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitzealandia.com%2FSite%2FZealandia_Home%2FInside%2FNews%2FMedia_Releases_2009%2FTuatara_baby.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimõesKammererCaldwellPierce2022" class="citation journal cs1">Simões TR, Kammerer CF, Caldwell MW, Pierce SE (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9390993">"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>8</b> (33): eabq1898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8.1898S">2022SciA....8.1898S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abq1898">10.1126/sciadv.abq1898</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9390993">9390993</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984885">35984885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Successive+climate+crises+in+the+deep+past+drove+the+early+evolution+and+radiation+of+reptiles&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=eabq1898&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9390993%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8.1898S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35984885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abq1898&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Tiago+R.&rft.au=Kammerer%2C+Christian+F.&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Stephanie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9390993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Cree, A. (2002). "Tuatara". In Halliday, T., Alder, K. (eds.). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 210–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852507-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852507-9"><bdi>0-19-852507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuatara&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-852507-9&rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Original-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Original_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_John_Edward" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray, John Edward</a>, <i>The zoological miscellany : to be continued occasionally</i>, London: Published by Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. 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Wood, pp. 13–14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2FBHL.TITLE.113722">10.5962/BHL.TITLE.113722</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2319292">2319292</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25908786M">25908786M</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51389982" class="extiw" title="d:Q51389982">Q51389982</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+zoological+miscellany+%3A+to+be+continued+occasionally&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Published+by+Treuttel%2C+Wurtz+and+Co.%2C+G.B.+Sowerby%2C+W.+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25908786M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2319292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2FBHL.TITLE.113722&rft.au=Gray%2C+John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_John_Edward" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray, John Edward</a>, <i>The zoological miscellany : to be continued occasionally</i>, London: Published by Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. Sowerby, W. Wood, p. 72, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2FBHL.TITLE.113722">10.5962/BHL.TITLE.113722</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2319292">2319292</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25908786M">25908786M</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51389982" class="extiw" title="d:Q51389982">Q51389982</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+zoological+miscellany+%3A+to+be+continued+occasionally&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Published+by+Treuttel%2C+Wurtz+and+Co.%2C+G.B.+Sowerby%2C+W.+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25908786M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2319292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2FBHL.TITLE.113722&rft.au=Gray%2C+John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray1869-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray1869_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray1869_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_J._E.1869" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray, J. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=The+oldest+known+rhynchocephalian+reptile+from+the+Middle+Triassic+%28Ladinian%29+of+Germany+and+its+phylogenetic+position+among+Lepidosauromorpha&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=776-790&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.issn=1932-8486&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37937325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.25339&rft.aulast=Sues&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft.au=Schoch%2C+Rainer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Far.25339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownsteinMeyerFabbriBhullar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Brownstein CD, Meyer DL, Fabbri M, Bhullar BA, Gauthier JA (29 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9708687">"Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 7087. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13.7087B">2022NatCo..13.7087B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-34217-5">10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9708687">9708687</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446761">36446761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+origins+of+the+prolonged+extant+squamate+radiation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7087&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9708687%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13.7087B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36446761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-34217-5&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Chase+D.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Dalton+L.&rft.au=Fabbri%2C+Matteo&rft.au=Bhullar%2C+Bhart-Anjan+S.&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+Jacques+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9708687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894340">8894340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35241764">35241764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=An+exceptionally+preserved+Sphenodon-like+sphenodontian+reveals+deep+time+conservation+of+the+tuatara+skeleton+and+ontogeny&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2399-3642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35241764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03144-y&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Tiago+R.&rft.au=Kinney-Broderick%2C+Grace&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Stephanie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5882712">5882712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29657788">29657788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Lepidosaurian+diversity+in+the+Mesozoic%E2%80%93Palaeogene%3A+the+potential+roles+of+sampling+biases+and+environmental+drivers&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171830&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5882712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RSOS....571830C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29657788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.171830&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Terri+J.&rft.au=Benson%2C+Roger+B.+J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Susan+E.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5882712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonesetal2009a-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonesetal2009a_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonesetal2009a_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesTennysonWorthyEvans2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jones ME, Tennyson AJ, Worthy JP, Evans SE, Worthy TH (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660973">"A sphenodontine (Rhynchocephalia) from the Miocene of New Zealand and palaeobiogeography of the tuatara (Sphenodon)"</a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences</i>. <b>276</b> (1660): 1385–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.1785">10.1098/rspb.2008.1785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660973">2660973</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19203920">19203920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+sphenodontine+%28Rhynchocephalia%29+from+the+Miocene+of+New+Zealand+and+palaeobiogeography+of+the+tuatara+%28Sphenodon%29&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1660&rft.pages=1385-90&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2660973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19203920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2008.1785&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Tennyson%2C+AJ&rft.au=Worthy%2C+JP&rft.au=Evans%2C+SE&rft.au=Worthy%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2660973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApesteguíaGómezRougier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Apesteguía S, Gómez RO, Rougier GW (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150314">"The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>281</b> (1792): 20140811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0811">10.1098/rspb.2014.0811</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150314">4150314</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143041">25143041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+youngest+South+American+rhynchocephalian%2C+a+survivor+of+the+K%2FPg+extinction&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1792&rft.pages=20140811&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4150314%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25143041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0811&rft.aulast=Apestegu%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+RO&rft.au=Rougier%2C+GW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4150314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimõesKinney-BroderickPierce2022" class="citation journal cs1">Simões TR, Kinney-Broderick G, Pierce SE (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894340">"An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny"</a>. <i>Communications Biology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03144-y">10.1038/s42003-022-03144-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2399-3642">2399-3642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894340">8894340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35241764">35241764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=An+exceptionally+preserved+Sphenodon-like+sphenodontian+reveals+deep+time+conservation+of+the+tuatara+skeleton+and+ontogeny&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2399-3642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35241764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03144-y&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Tiago+R.&rft.au=Kinney-Broderick%2C+Grace&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Stephanie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050828031645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3052.shtml">"Tuatara – <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>"</a>. <i>Science and Nature: Animals</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (bbc.co.uk). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3052.shtml">the original</a> on 28 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Nature%3A+Animals&rft.atitle=Tuatara+%E2%80%93+Sphenodon+punctatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2Fwildfacts%2Ffactfiles%2F3052.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn,_W.T.2004" class="citation book cs1">Stearn, W.T. (1 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&q=botanical+epithets+punctatus&pg=PA476"><i>Botanical Latin</i></a>. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-627-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-627-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-627-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanical+Latin&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-627-9&rft.au=Stearn%2C+W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0hZvTFJUioC%26q%3Dbotanical%2Bepithets%2Bpunctatus%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeolens,_BoWatkins,_MichaelGrayson,_Michael2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bo_Beolens" class="extiw" title="species:Bo Beolens">Beolens, Bo</a>, <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Michael_Watkins" class="extiw" title="species:Michael Watkins">Watkins, Michael</a>, Grayson, Michael (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5"><bdi>978-1-4214-0135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eponym+Dictionary+of+Reptiles&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5&rft.au=Beolens%2C+Bo&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Michael&rft.au=Grayson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span> xiii + 296 pp. (<i>Sphenodon guntheri</i>, p. 110).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaux_2019-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaux_2019_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaux_2019_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaux,_F.Morgan-Richards,_M.Daly,_E.E.Trewick,_S.A.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vaux, F., Morgan-Richards, M., Daly, E.E., Trewick, S.A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12402">"Tuatara and a new morphometric dataset for Rhynchocephalia: Comments on Herrera-Flores <i>et al</i>."</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 321–334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Palgy..62..321V">2019Palgy..62..321V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12402">10.1111/pala.12402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134902015">134902015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Tuatara+and+a+new+morphometric+dataset+for+Rhynchocephalia%3A+Comments+on+Herrera-Flores+et+al.&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321-334&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134902015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12402&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Palgy..62..321V&rft.au=Vaux%2C+F.&rft.au=Morgan-Richards%2C+M.&rft.au=Daly%2C+E.E.&rft.au=Trewick%2C+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lutz16-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lutz16_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lutz16_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZRG-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZRG_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZRG_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill,_B.Whitaker,_T.1996" class="citation book cs1">Gill, B., Whitaker, T. (1996). <i>New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles</i>. David Bateman Publishing. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-264-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-264-3"><bdi>1-86953-264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Frogs+and+Reptiles&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=David+Bateman+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86953-264-3&rft.au=Gill%2C+B.&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colenso1885-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colenso1885_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColenso,_W.1885" class="citation journal cs1">Colenso, W. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_18/rsnz_18_00_000850.pdf">"Notes on the bones of a species of <i>Sphenodon</i>, (<i>S. diversum</i>, Col.,) apparently distinct from the species already known"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>18</b>: 118–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+bones+of+a+species+of+Sphenodon%2C+%28S.+diversum%2C+Col.%2C%29+apparently+distinct+from+the+species+already+known&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=118-128&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Colenso%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsnz.natlib.govt.nz%2Fvolume%2Frsnz_18%2Frsnz_18_00_000850.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcettSmith1970" class="citation journal cs1">Fawcett JD, Smith HM (1970). "An Overlooked Synonym of Sphenodon punctatus, the New Zealand Tuatara". <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>4</b> (1–2): 89–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1562712">10.2307/1562712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562712">1562712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=An+Overlooked+Synonym+of+Sphenodon+punctatus%2C+the+New+Zealand+Tuatara&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=89-91&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1562712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1562712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Hobart+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>www.doc.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0403-8"><bdi>978-1-4200-0403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infectious+Diseases+and+Pathology+of+Reptiles&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-0403-8&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhO4WAZcVLEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317073012/http://animalcorner.co.uk/reptiles/rep_tuatara.html">"Tuataras"</a>. <i>Animal Corner</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=An+exceptionally+preserved+Sphenodon-like+sphenodontian+reveals+deep+time+conservation+of+the+tuatara+skeleton+and+ontogeny&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2399-3642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35241764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03144-y&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Tiago+R.&rft.au=Kinney-Broderick%2C+Grace&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Stephanie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8894340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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(identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F59126b60-16d8-46d2-b657-954693a39d4e">1983/59126b60-16d8-46d2-b657-954693a39d4e</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360">0022-3360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+reassessment+of+Clevosaurus+latidens+Fraser%2C+1993+%28Lepidosauria%2C+Rhynchocephalia%29+and+rhynchocephalian+phylogeny+based+on+parsimony+and+Bayesian+inference&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=734-742&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F59126b60-16d8-46d2-b657-954693a39d4e&rft.issn=0022-3360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjpa.2017.136&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JPal...92..734H&rft.aulast=Herrera-Flores&rft.aufirst=Jorge+A.&rft.au=Stubbs%2C+Thomas+L.&rft.au=Elsler%2C+Armin&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjpa.2017.136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuatara%3A+Journal+of+the+Biological+Society&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-corpus-tuatara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanz,_J.2017" class="citation news cs1">Ganz, J. (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ew.com/books/2017/06/23/john-green-turtles-all-the-way-down-details/">"Everything we know about John Green's new book"</a>. <i>EW.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EW.com&rft.atitle=Everything+we+know+about+John+Green%27s+new+book&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.au=Ganz%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fbooks%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Fjohn-green-turtles-all-the-way-down-details%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuatarabrewing.co.nz/the-third-eye/about">"About – The Third Eye"</a>. <i>Tuatarabrewing.co.nz</i>. Tuatara Breweries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuatarabrewing.co.nz&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+The+Third+Eye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuatarabrewing.co.nz%2Fthe-third-eye%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org/viewtopic.php?f=1155&t=52402">"s01e13 – Zoo Balloon – Abbott Elementary Transcripts – TvT"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=s01e13+%E2%80%93+Zoo+Balloon+%E2%80%93+Abbott+Elementary+Transcripts+%E2%80%93+TvT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D1155%26t%3D52402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2002" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard B, et al. (Tuatara Recovery Group) (June 2002). Jasperse J, Rolfe J (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSOP21.pdf"><i>Tuatara captive management plan and husbandry manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Threatened Species Occasional Publication. Vol. 21. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuatara+captive+management+plan+and+husbandry+manual&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.series=Threatened+Species+Occasional+Publication&rft.pub=Department+of+Conservation&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2FTSOP21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBry" class="citation web cs1">Bry L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2005-07/1121008231.Zo.r.html">"Evolution of a third eye in some animals?"</a>. <i>MadSci Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MadSci+Network&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+third+eye+in+some+animals%3F&rft.aulast=Bry&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madsci.org%2Fposts%2Farchives%2F2005-07%2F1121008231.Zo.r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughertyKeall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daugherty C, Keall S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015051223/http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/FishFrogsAndReptiles/Tuatara/en">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/FishFrogsAndReptiles/Tuatara/en">the original</a> on 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuatara&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Keall%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FTheBush%2FFishFrogsAndReptiles%2FTuatara%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughertyCree1990" class="citation journal cs1">Daugherty CH, Cree A (April 1990). "Tuatara: a survivor from the dinosaur age". <i>New Zealand Geographic</i>. <b>6</b>: 66–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Geographic&rft.atitle=Tuatara%3A+a+survivor+from+the+dinosaur+age.&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=66-86&rft.date=1990-04&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Cree%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2012" class="citation web cs1">Gill V (30 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826011404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18249270">"Tuatara reptile slices food with 'steak-knife teeth"</a>. <i>BBC Nature</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18249270">the original</a> on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Nature&rft.atitle=Tuatara+reptile+slices+food+with+%27steak-knife+teeth&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F18249270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2005" class="citation book cs1">Lutz D (2005). <i>Tuatara: A Living Fossil</i>. Salem, Oregon: Dimi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931625-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931625-43-5"><bdi>978-0-931625-43-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuatara%3A+A+Living+Fossil&rft.place=Salem%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Dimi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-931625-43-5&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisano" class="citation web cs1">Maisano J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digimorph.org/specimens/Sphenodon_punctatus/adult/">"<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i> (tuatara) – 3D visualisations from X-ray CT scans"</a>. <i>Digimorph</i>. University of Texas at Austin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digimorph&rft.atitle=Sphenodon+punctatus+%28tuatara%29+%E2%80%93+3D+visualisations+from+X-ray+CT+scans&rft.aulast=Maisano&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigimorph.org%2Fspecimens%2FSphenodon_punctatus%2Fadult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarris" class="citation web cs1">Marris J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626014815/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Sphenodon_guntheri/">"Images and movies of the Brothers Island tuatara <i>(Sphenodon guntheri)</i>"</a>. <i>ARKive: Images of Life on Earth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Sphenodon_guntheri/">the original</a> on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARKive%3A+Images+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.atitle=Images+and+movies+of+the+Brothers+Island+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+guntheri%29&rft.aulast=Marris&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkive.org%2Fspecies%2FGES%2Freptiles%2FSphenodon_guntheri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKintyre1997" class="citation book cs1">McKintyre M (1997). <i>Conservation of the Tuatara</i>. Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-303-0"><bdi>978-0-86473-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+the+Tuatara&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86473-303-0&rft.aulast=McKintyre&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulligan2017" class="citation web cs1">Mulligan J (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201855296/critter-of-the-week-the-tuatara">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>Critter of the Week</i>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">RNZ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Critter+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=Tuatara&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fprogrammes%2Fafternoons%2Faudio%2F201855296%2Fcritter-of-the-week-the-tuatara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1987" class="citation book cs1">Newman DG (1987). <i>Tuatara. Endangered New Zealand Wildlife Series</i>. Dunedin, New Zealand: John McIndoe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86868-098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86868-098-9"><bdi>978-0-86868-098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuatara.+Endangered+New+Zealand+Wildlife+Series&rft.pub=Dunedin%2C+New+Zealand%3A+John+McIndoe&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86868-098-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson B (2000). <i>The Tuatara</i>. Reed Children's Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86948-831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86948-831-4"><bdi>978-1-86948-831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuatara&rft.pub=Reed+Children%27s+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86948-831-4&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabO'Connor2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab IR, O'Connor GR (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772576">"The lonely eye"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>89</b> (3): 256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.2004.059105">10.1136/bjo.2004.059105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772576">1772576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15751188">15751188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=The+lonely+eye&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=256&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15751188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.2004.059105&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=IR&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sphenodon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sphenodon">Sphenodon</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sphenodon">Sphenodon</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Taxon.aspx?irn=7307">"Specimens of <i>Tuatara</i>"</a>. Te Papa Tongarewa: The collection of the Museum of New Zealand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+Tuatara&rft.place=Te+Papa+Tongarewa&rft.pub=The+collection+of+the+Museum+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2FTaxon.aspx%3Firn%3D7307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuatara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rhynchocephalia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhynchocephalia" title="Template:Rhynchocephalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhynchocephalia" title="Template talk:Rhynchocephalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhynchocephalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhynchocephalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhynchocephalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Reptilia_*_Superorder:_Lepidosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Lepidosauromorpha" title="Template:Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Gephyrosauridae?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gephyrosauridae" title="Gephyrosauridae">Gephyrosauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gephyrosaurus" title="Gephyrosaurus">Gephyrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penegephyrosaurus" title="Penegephyrosaurus">Penegephyrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadectes" title="Deltadectes">Deltadectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatteria_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sphenodon punctatus"><img alt="Sphenodon punctatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/140px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/210px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hatteria_white_background.jpg/280px-Hatteria_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">Sphenodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Diphydontosaurus" title="Diphydontosaurus">Diphydontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Godavarisaurus" title="Godavarisaurus">Godavarisaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Micromenodon" title="Micromenodon">Micromenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parvosaurus" title="Parvosaurus">Parvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecymala" title="Pelecymala">Pelecymala</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbanasaurus" title="Rebbanasaurus">Rebbanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenocondor" title="Sphenocondor">Sphenocondor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paleollanosaurus" title="Paleollanosaurus">Paleollanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Whitakersaurus" title="Whitakersaurus">Whitakersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Acrosphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrosphenodontia">Acrosphenodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Planocephalosaurus" title="Planocephalosaurus">Planocephalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Godavarisaurus" title="Godavarisaurus">Godavarisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Eusphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusphenodontia">Eusphenodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lanceirosphenodon" title="Lanceirosphenodon">Lanceirosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Microsphenodon" title="Microsphenodon">Microsphenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthiamimus" title="Opisthiamimus">Opisthiamimus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Polysphenodon" title="Polysphenodon">Polysphenodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Clevosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clevosauridae">Clevosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyrhinodon" title="Brachyrhinodon">Brachyrhinodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clevosaurus" title="Clevosaurus">Clevosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polysphenodon" title="Polysphenodon">Polysphenodon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Neosphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neosphenodontia">Neosphenodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Colobops" title="Colobops">Colobops</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homoeosaurus" title="Homoeosaurus">Homoeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lanceirosphenodon" title="Lanceirosphenodon">Lanceirosphenodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pamizinsaurus" title="Pamizinsaurus">Pamizinsaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbanasaurus" title="Rebbanasaurus">Rebbanasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenocondor" title="Sphenocondor">Sphenocondor</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Theretairus" title="Theretairus">Theretairus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zapatadon" title="Zapatadon">Zapatadon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kallimodon" title="Kallimodon">Kallimodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Leptosaurus" title="Leptosaurus">Leptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sapheosaur" title="Sapheosaur">Sapheosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piocormus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piocormus (page does not exist)">Piocormus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapheosaurus" title="Sapheosaurus">Sapheosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oenosaurus" title="Oenosaurus">Oenosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Eupropalinal<br />sphenodonts"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lamarquesaurus" title="Lamarquesaurus">Lamarquesaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sigmala" title="Sigmala">Sigmala</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingitana_anoualae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingitana anoualae (page does not exist)">Tingitana</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vadasaurus" title="Vadasaurus">Vadasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pleurosauridae" title="Pleurosauridae">Pleurosauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeopleurosaurus" title="Palaeopleurosaurus">Palaeopleurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleurosaurus" title="Pleurosaurus">Pleurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingitana_anoualae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingitana anoualae (page does not exist)">Tingitana</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vadasaurus" title="Vadasaurus">Vadasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphenodontidae" title="Sphenodontidae">Sphenodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosphenodon" title="Ankylosphenodon">Ankylosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cynosphenodon" title="Cynosphenodon">Cynosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Derasmosaurus" title="Derasmosaurus">Derasmosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kawasphenodon" title="Kawasphenodon">Kawasphenodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Navajosphenodon" title="Navajosphenodon">Navajosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pamizinsaurus" title="Pamizinsaurus">Pamizinsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sphenodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodon">Sphenodon</a></b></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenofontis" title="Sphenofontis">Sphenofontis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenovipera" title="Sphenovipera">Sphenovipera</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Theretairus" title="Theretairus">Theretairus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tika_giacchinoi" title="Tika giacchinoi">Tika</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zapatadon" title="Zapatadon">Zapatadon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Opisthodontia_(reptile)" title="Opisthodontia (reptile)">Opisthodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fraserosphenodon" title="Fraserosphenodon">Fraserosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kawasphenodon" title="Kawasphenodon">Kawasphenodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthias" title="Opisthias">Opisthias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecymala" title="Pelecymala">Pelecymala</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trullidens" title="Trullidens">Trullidens</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pleurosauridae" title="Pleurosauridae">Pleurosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sapheosaur" title="Sapheosaur">Sapheosaurs</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eilenodontinae" title="Eilenodontinae">Eilenodontinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eilenodon" title="Eilenodon">Eilenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaikaifilusaurus" title="Kaikaifilusaurus">Kaikaifilusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagosphenos" title="Patagosphenos">Patagosphenos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priosphenodon" title="Priosphenodon">Priosphenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenotitan" title="Sphenotitan">Sphenotitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxolophosaurus" title="Toxolophosaurus">Toxolophosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_reptile_genera_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_Reptiles" title="Template:New Zealand Reptiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_Reptiles" title="Template talk:New Zealand Reptiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_Reptiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand Reptiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_reptile_genera_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Reptiles_of_New_Zealand" title="Reptiles of New Zealand">reptile genera of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sphenodon</a></i> (tuatara)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylocnemis" title="Dactylocnemis">Dactylocnemis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplodactylus" title="Hoplodactylus">Hoplodactylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mokopirirakau" title="Mokopirirakau">Mokopirirakau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naultinus" title="Naultinus">Naultinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toropuku" title="Toropuku">Toropuku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_gecko" title="Harlequin gecko">Tukutuku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woodworthia" title="Woodworthia">Woodworthia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oligosoma" title="Oligosoma">Oligosoma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sphenodon</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163283" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q163283">Q163283</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sphenodon">Sphenodon</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphenodon/">Sphenodon</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3422">3422</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63SJ6">63SJ6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/35461">35461</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SQHNG">1SQHNG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473267">2473267</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/26165">26165</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202131">202131</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8507">8507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bca43239-d21d-41d0-81cf-68803a0cc4ac">bca43239-d21d-41d0-81cf-68803a0cc4ac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92231">92231</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&oldid=1258270317">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuatara&oldid=1258270317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endemic_fauna_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Endemic fauna of New Zealand">Endemic fauna of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endemic_reptiles_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Endemic reptiles of New Zealand">Endemic reptiles of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Late_Pleistocene_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances">Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances</a></li><li><a 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