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<nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Idea_fondamentale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idea_fondamentale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Idea fondamentale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idea_fondamentale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algoritmo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algoritmo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Algoritmo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algoritmo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudo_codice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo_codice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pseudo codice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo_codice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complessità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complessità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Complessità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complessità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vantaggi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vantaggi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vantaggi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vantaggi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svantaggi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svantaggi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Svantaggi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svantaggi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rilevamento_vicinato_più_vicino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rilevamento_vicinato_più_vicino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rilevamento vicinato più vicino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rilevamento_vicinato_più_vicino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stima_dei_parametri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stima_dei_parametri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Stima dei parametri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stima_dei_parametri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DBSCAN</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 17 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN" title="DBSCAN - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DBSCAN" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1114630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:DBSCAN" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DBSCAN"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/DBSCAN" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/DBSCAN" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&oldid=140661651" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=DBSCAN&id=140661651&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDBSCAN"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDBSCAN"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=DBSCAN"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=DBSCAN&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1114630" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento matematica <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Matematica" title="Progetto:Matematica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Il <b>DBSCAN</b> (<i>Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise</i>) è un metodo di <a href="/wiki/Clustering" title="Clustering">clustering</a> proposto nel <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> da Martin Ester, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Jörg Sander e Xiaowei Xu. È basato sulla densità perché connette regioni di punti con densità sufficientemente alta. DBSCAN è l'algoritmo più comunemente usato ed è anche il più citato nella letteratura scientifica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idea_fondamentale">Idea fondamentale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Idea fondamentale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Idea fondamentale"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBSCAN-Illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DBSCAN-Illustration.svg/400px-DBSCAN-Illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DBSCAN-Illustration.svg/600px-DBSCAN-Illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DBSCAN-Illustration.svg/800px-DBSCAN-Illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption>Il punto A e gli altri punti rossi sono <i>core point</i>. I punti B e C sono <i>density-reachable</i> da A e quindi essendo <i>density-connected</i> appartengono allo stesso cluster. Il punto N è un punto rumoroso, poiché non è né un <i>core point</i>, né è <i>density-reachable.</i> (MinPts=3 o MinPts=4)</figcaption></figure> <p>DBSCAN usa una definizione di cluster basata sulla nozione di <b>densità</b>. </p><p>Un punto <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> è <b>direttamente raggiungibile</b> da un altro punto <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> se la distanza fra essi è minore di un <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> fissato (cioè, se <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> è parte del cosiddetto <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato di <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span>; ovviamente tale relazione è <a href="/wiki/Relazione_simmetrica" title="Relazione simmetrica">simmetrica</a>). Se nell'<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato di <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> è presente un numero minimo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> di punti, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> è detto un <b>nucleo</b> (<i>core point</i>). Più precisamente, nel formalismo di DBSCAN si parla di raggiungibilità diretta solo da un nucleo ad altri punti, e non viceversa, e dunque a rigore la raggiungibilità diretta non è più una relazione simmetrica. </p><p>Un punto <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> è raggiungibile <b>per densità</b> da un nucleo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> se esiste una sequenza di punti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d4021f35aca5bc2f464be2b99b0fae72f2c7870" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.879ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{n}}"></span> di punti con <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}=p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}=p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57e2d2a41326eeda4f38a791e5c89c0f831c9e71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.581ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}=p}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{n}=r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{n}=r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1059ec9b81cf598767a08d7e912dcc9e9b15159" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.624ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{n}=r}"></span> in cui ogni <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i+1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i+1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9577169925aad488f2b57f47eb556b22f89be6e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.159ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i+1}}"></span> è direttamente raggiungibile da <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}"></span>. Ciò implica che tutti i punti intermedi siano nuclei, mentre <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> potrebbe non esserlo (cioè potrebbe non avere almeno <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> punti nel suo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato): la relazione di raggiungibilità per densità non è perciò generalmente simmetrica. I punti non raggiungibili da alcun altro punto sono detti "esterni" (<i>outlier</i>). </p><p>Si considera dunque come cluster di <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> lo stesso <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> e tutti i punti che sono raggiungibili (per densità) da esso. Ogni cluster contiene almeno un punto nucleo, e quelli che non lo sono vengono detti "margini" (<i>edge</i>): sono punti da cui non possono esserne raggiunti altri. Far parte dello stesso cluster è una relazione simmetrica che può essere formalizzata (in modo abbastanza ridondante, ma necessario per la definizione "orientata" di raggiungibilità diretta in DBSCAN) tramite la nozione di <b>connessione per densità</b> (<i>density-connectedness</i>): due punti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> sono <b>connessi</b> per densità se esiste un punto <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle o}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>o</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle o}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c1031f61947aa3d1cf3a70ec3e4904df2c3675d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle o}"></span> tale che sia <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> che <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> siano raggiungibili (per densità) da <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle o}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>o</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle o}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c1031f61947aa3d1cf3a70ec3e4904df2c3675d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle o}"></span>. </p><p>Un cluster, che è un sotto-insieme dei punti dell'insieme di dati, soddisfa due proprietà: </p> <ol><li>Tutti i punti all'interno del cluster sono mutuamente connessi per densità.</li> <li>Se un punto è raggiungibile per densità da un altro punto del cluster, anch'esso è parte del cluster.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algoritmo">Algoritmo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Algoritmo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Algoritmo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DBSCAN necessita di due parametri: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> (eps) e del numero minimo di punti richiesti per formare un cluster (minPts). Si comincia con un punto casuale che non è stato ancora visitato. Viene calcolato il suo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato e se contiene un numero sufficiente di punti viene creato un nuovo cluster. Se ciò non avviene il punto viene etichettato come rumore e successivamente potrebbe essere ritrovato in un <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato sufficientemente grande riconducibile ad un punto differente entrando a far parte di un cluster. </p><p>Se un punto è associato ad un cluster anche i punti del suo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato sono parte del cluster. Conseguentemente tutti i punti trovati all'interno del suo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinato sono aggiunti al cluster, così come i loro <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>-vicinati. Questo processo continua fino a quando il cluster viene completato. Il processo continua fino a quando non sono stati visitati tutti i punti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudo_codice">Pseudo codice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Pseudo codice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pseudo codice"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>DBSCAN(D, eps, MinPts) C = 0 Per ogni punto P non visitato nel <a href="/wiki/Dataset" title="Dataset">dataset</a> D contrassegna P come visitato N = getVicini (P, eps) se dimensioneDi(N) < MinPts contrassegna P come RUMORE altrimenti C = cluster successivo espandiCluster(P, N, C, eps, MinPts) </pre> <pre>espandiCluster(P, N, C, eps, MinPts) aggiungi P al cluster C per ogni punto P' in N se P' non è stato visitato contrassegna P' come visitato N' = getVicini(P', eps) if dimensioneDi(N') >= MinPts N = N unito con N' se P' non è ancora membro di qualche cluster aggiungi P' al cluster C </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complessità"><span id="Complessit.C3.A0"></span>Complessità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Complessità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Complessità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DBSCAN visita ogni punto del database, anche più volte nel caso di punti candidati a cluster differenti. Tuttavia per considerazioni pratiche la complessità temporale è per lo più governata dal numero di invocazioni a getVicini, in riferimento allo pseudo codice di cui sopra. DBSCAN esegue esattamente una invocazione per ogni punto e se viene utilizzata una struttura indicizzata che esegue un'interrogazione del vicinato in <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(\log n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(\log n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aae0f22048ba6b7c05dbae17b056bfa16e21807d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.336ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(\log n)}"></span>, si ottiene un tempo globale di esecuzione pari a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n\cdot \log n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n\cdot \log n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/837218b6d28ce003c0f81f7af156da3ede782fe1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n\cdot \log n)}"></span>. Senza l'uso di strutture indicizzate, il tempo di esecuzione è pari a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cd9594a16cb898b8f2a2dff9227a385ec183392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.032ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"></span>. Spesso la matrice delle distanze di dimensione <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n^{2}-n)/2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n^{2}-n)/2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34bfe9e63965f2419bff2398a31ee538790bca1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.818ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n^{2}-n)/2}"></span> viene creata per evitare appunto il ricalcolo delle distanze riducendo il tempo di elaborazione a spese della memoria utilizzata pari a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cd9594a16cb898b8f2a2dff9227a385ec183392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.032ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vantaggi">Vantaggi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Vantaggi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vantaggi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DBSCAN presenta i seguenti vantaggi: </p> <ul><li>non richiede di conoscere il numero di cluster a priori, al contrario dell'<a href="/wiki/K-means" title="K-means">algoritmo K-means</a>;</li> <li>può trovare cluster di forme arbitrarie. Può anche trovare un cluster completamente circondato da un cluster differente a cui non è connesso (dato il parametro MinPts, il cosiddetto effetto single-link, cluster differenti connessi da una sottile linea di punti, viene ridotto);</li> <li>possiede la nozione di rumore;</li> <li>richiede soltanto due parametri ed è per lo più insensibile all'ordine dei punti nel database: solo i punti posti sull'arco fra due cluster differenti possono cambiare la loro appartenenza se l'ordine dei punti viene cambiato mentre l'assegnazione ai cluster è unico a meno di isomorfismi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svantaggi">Svantaggi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Svantaggi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Svantaggi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>La qualità del clustering generato da DBSCAN dipende dalla sua <a href="/wiki/Metrica_(matematica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrica (matematica)">misura della distanza</a> che è riconducibile alla funzione getVicini(P, epsilon). La più comune misura usata è la <a href="/wiki/Distanza_euclidea" title="Distanza euclidea">distanza euclidea</a>. In particolare per il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clustering_high-dimensional_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clustering high-dimensional data (la pagina non esiste)">high-dimensional data</a>, questa misura della distanza diventa quasi inutile tanto da esser denominata "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maledizione_della_dimensionalit%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maledizione della dimensionalità (la pagina non esiste)">Maledizione della dimensionalità</a>"; nei fatti diventa difficile trovare un valore appropriato per epsilon. Tuttavia questo effetto è presente anche in altri algoritmi basati sulla distanza euclidea.</li> <li>DBSCAN non è in grado di classificare insiemi di dati con grandi differenze nelle densità, dato che la combinazione minPts-epsilon non può poi essere scelta in modo appropriato per tutti i cluster.</li></ol> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}</style><span class="chiarimento">Guarda la sezione in basso sulle estensioni per modifiche algoritmiche che gestiscono queste caratteristiche.</span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice">[<i><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Chiarezza" title="Aiuto:Chiarezza">non chiaro</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rilevamento_vicinato_più_vicino"><span id="Rilevamento_vicinato_pi.C3.B9_vicino"></span>Rilevamento vicinato più vicino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Rilevamento vicinato più vicino" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Rilevamento vicinato più vicino"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il rilevamento del vicinato più vicino avviene nella funzione getVicini(P,epsilon). Per ogni punto P vengono determinati tutti gli altri punti che sono all'interno dell'intervallo epsilon, basandosi sulla funzione della distanza usata nell'algoritmo. L'analisi richiede che sia calcolata una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrice_delle_distanze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrice delle distanze (la pagina non esiste)">matrice delle distanze</a> per l'intero data set. La generazione della matrice delle distanze ha una complessità di <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O((n^{2}-n)/2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O((n^{2}-n)/2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fefc4b06415c69008498164c1e0c2a5fc55c435e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.401ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O((n^{2}-n)/2)}"></span>dato che è necessaria solo una <a href="/wiki/Matrice_triangolare" title="Matrice triangolare">matrice triangolare</a> superiore. All'interno della matrice delle distanze il vicinato più vicino può essere calcolato selezionando la tupla che ha come valori il minimo delle funzioni su riga e colonna. La ricerca ha spinto il rilevamento del vicinato, nei database tradizionali, per migliorare la velocità. Questi ultimi risolvono il problema utilizzando <a href="/wiki/Indice_(basi_di_dati)" title="Indice (basi di dati)">indici</a> specificamente progettati per questo tipo di applicazioni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stima_dei_parametri">Stima dei parametri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Stima dei parametri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Stima dei parametri"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ogni processo di <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> ha il problema dei parametri. Ogni parametro influenza l'algoritmo in modo specifico. Per il DBSCAN i parametri epsilon e MinPnts sono necessari. I parametri devono essere specificati dall'utente dato che ogni data set richiede parametri differenti. Un valore iniziale per <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> può essere determinato come un <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-distance_graph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-distance graph (la pagina non esiste)">k-distance graph</a>. Come regola generale, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> può essere derivato dal numero di dimensioni nel data set <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> come <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=|D|+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=|D|+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6239ba7278e12331b7b213813081e567b174eeb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.53ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=|D|+1}"></span>. Tuttavia valori maggiori sono generalmente migliori per data set con rumore. </p><p>Anche se questa stima dei parametri restituisce un insieme sufficiente di parametri, la classificazione risultante può rivelarsi diversa da ciò che si aspetta, pertanto la ricerca ha realizzato un'ottimizzazione incrementale dei parametri su particolari valori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altro">Altro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Altro"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per ogni oggetto vengono trovati i vicini che ricadono in un raggio dato come parametro in ingresso; se il numero di questi vicini è superiore ad un fattore di soglia, anch'esso fornito in input all'<a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmo</a>, allora questi punti fanno parte del medesimo cluster di quello dell'oggetto che si sta osservando e in questo caso il punto è denominato <b>core point</b>. </p><p>Al termine dell'algoritmo ci potrebbero essere alcuni punti non appartenenti a cluster catalogati come <i>rumore</i>. </p><p>Se c'è una catena di oggetti da attraversare (con i consueti vincoli) per raggiungere un punto <i>q</i> da uno <i>p</i>, allora <i>q</i> sarà detto semplicemente <b>rintracciabile</b>. </p><p>Ultimo caso è quello in cui due oggetti "p" e "q" sono detti <b>connessi</b>: per essere definiti in tal modo, deve esistere un terzo punto <i>o</i>, per cui "p" e "q" sono entrambi rintracciabili. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Apprendimento_automatico"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apprendimento_automatico" title="Template:Apprendimento automatico"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Apprendimento_automatico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Apprendimento automatico (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apprendimento_automatico&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_automatico" title="Apprendimento automatico">Apprendimento automatico</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Problemi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Teoria_dell%27apprendimento_statistico" title="Teoria dell'apprendimento statistico">Teoria dell'apprendimento statistico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Classificazione" title="Classificazione">Classificazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Analisi_della_regressione" title="Analisi della regressione">Regressione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Regole_di_associazione" title="Regole di associazione">Regole di associazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_non_supervisionato" title="Apprendimento non supervisionato">Apprendimento non supervisionato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_supervisionato" title="Apprendimento supervisionato">Apprendimento supervisionato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_per_rinforzo" title="Apprendimento per rinforzo">Apprendimento per rinforzo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_profondo" title="Apprendimento profondo">Apprendimento profondo</a></td><td rowspan="8" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernel_Machine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/150px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/225px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kernel_Machine.svg/300px-Kernel_Machine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_forest_model_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Algoritmo_EM" title="Algoritmo EM">Algoritmo EM</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">DBSCAN</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mean_shift" title="Mean shift">Mean shift</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_generativa_avversaria" title="Rete generativa avversaria">Rete generativa avversaria</a> (cGAN<b> ·</b> VAE-GAN<b> ·</b> cycleGAN)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_supervisionato" title="Apprendimento supervisionato">Apprendimento supervisionato</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Albero_di_decisione" title="Albero di decisione">Albero di decisione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Foresta_casuale" title="Foresta casuale">Foresta casuale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Conditional_random_field" title="Conditional random field">Conditional random fields</a> CRF<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modello_di_Markov_nascosto" title="Modello di Markov nascosto">Modello di Markov nascosto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors" title="K-nearest neighbors">K-nearest neighbors</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Classificatore_bayesiano" title="Classificatore bayesiano">Classificatore bayesiano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_artificiale" title="Rete neurale artificiale">Rete neurale artificiale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Regressione_lineare" title="Regressione lineare">Regressione lineare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modello_logit" title="Modello logit">Regressione logistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modello_grafico" title="Modello grafico">Modelli grafici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Macchine_a_vettori_di_supporto" title="Macchine a vettori di supporto">Macchine a vettori di supporto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Apprendimento_per_rinforzo" title="Apprendimento per rinforzo">Apprendimento per rinforzo</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/SARSA" title="SARSA">SARSA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning" title="Temporal difference learning">TD</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Riduzione_della_dimensionalit%C3%A0" title="Riduzione della dimensionalità">Riduzione della dimensionalità</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Analisi_fattoriale" title="Analisi fattoriale">Analisi fattoriale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Analisi_della_correlazione_canonica" title="Analisi della correlazione canonica">Analisi della correlazione canonica</a> (CCA)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Analisi_delle_componenti_indipendenti" title="Analisi delle componenti indipendenti">Analisi delle componenti indipendenti</a> (ICA)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Analisi_discriminante_lineare" title="Analisi discriminante lineare">Analisi discriminante lineare</a> (LDA)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Analisi_delle_componenti_principali" title="Analisi delle componenti principali">Analisi delle componenti principali</a> (PCA)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Selezione_delle_caratteristiche" title="Selezione delle caratteristiche">Selezione delle caratteristiche</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Estrazione_di_caratteristiche" title="Estrazione di caratteristiche">Estrazione di caratteristiche</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding">t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding</a> (t-SNE)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_artificiale" title="Rete neurale artificiale">Reti neurali artificiali</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Percettrone" title="Percettrone">Percettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_a_base_radiale" title="Rete neurale a base radiale">Rete neurale a base radiale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_bayesiana" title="Rete bayesiana">Rete bayesiana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_feed-forward" title="Rete neurale feed-forward">Rete neurale feed-forward</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_di_Hopfield" title="Rete di Hopfield">Rete di Hopfield</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Percettrone_multistrato" title="Percettrone multistrato">Percettrone multistrato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_ricorrente" title="Rete neurale ricorrente">Rete neurale ricorrente</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_short-term_memory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long short-term memory (la pagina non esiste)">LSTM</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Macchina_di_Boltzmann_ristretta" title="Macchina di Boltzmann ristretta">Macchina di Boltzmann ristretta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mappa_auto-organizzata" title="Mappa auto-organizzata">Mappa auto-organizzata</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_convoluzionale" title="Rete neurale convoluzionale">Rete neurale convoluzionale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_a_ritardo" title="Rete neurale a ritardo">Rete neurale a ritardo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rete_neurale_spiking" title="Rete neurale spiking">Rete neurale spiking</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trasformatore_(informatica)" title="Trasformatore (informatica)">Trasformatore</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Software</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">Scikit-learn</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torch_(libreria_software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torch (libreria software) (la pagina non esiste)">Torch</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Weka_(software)" title="Weka (software)">Weka</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:center;">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Algoritmo_genetico" title="Algoritmo genetico">Algoritmo genetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Particle_Swarm_Optimization" title="Particle Swarm Optimization">Particle Swarm Optimization</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Caratteristica_(apprendimento_automatico)" title="Caratteristica (apprendimento automatico)">Caratteristica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Compromesso_bias-varianza" title="Compromesso bias-varianza">Compromesso bias-varianza</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Minimizzazione_del_rischio_empirico" title="Minimizzazione del rischio empirico">Minimizzazione del rischio empirico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: 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