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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970–1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1970–1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1981–1986</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_&_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_&_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1987 & beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_&_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable installations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_installations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable installations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DEC_Easynet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DEC_Easynet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>DEC Easynet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DEC_Easynet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_DECnet_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_DECnet_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The DECnet Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_DECnet_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CCNET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CCNET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>CCNET</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CCNET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbyist_DECnet_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbyist_DECnet_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hobbyist DECnet networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbyist_DECnet_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul 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lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decnet" title="Decnet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Decnet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DECnet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Network protocol suite</div> <p> <b>DECnet</b> is a suite of <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocols</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. Originally released in 1975 in order to connect two <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, it evolved into one of the first <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three <a href="/wiki/Network_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Layer">layers</a>, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer <a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Systems Interconnection">OSI</a>-compliant networking protocol. </p><p>DECnet<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built right into the DEC flagship operating system <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> since its inception. Later Digital ported it to <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>, OSF/1 (later <a href="/wiki/Tru64" class="mw-redirect" title="Tru64">Tru64</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> running variants of <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/PATHWORKS" class="mw-redirect" title="PATHWORKS">PATHWORKS</a>, allowing these systems to connect to DECnet networks of <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> machines as terminal nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-asGatewayNYT1992_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asGatewayNYT1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation, DECnet Phase II (and later) were <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standards</a> with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including ones for <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DECnet code in the Linux kernel was marked as orphaned on February 18, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and removed August 22, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DECnet refers to a specific set of hardware and software networking products which implement the <b>DIGITAL Network Architecture</b> (DNA). The DIGITAL Network Architecture has a set of documents which define the network architecture in general, state the specifications for each layer of the architecture, and describe the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocols</a> which operate within each layer. Although <a href="/wiki/Packet_sniffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet sniffer">network protocol analyzer tools</a> tend to categorize all protocols from DIGITAL as "DECnet", strictly speaking, non-routed DIGITAL protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Transport" title="Local Area Transport">LAT</a>, SCS, AMDS, LAST/LAD are not DECnet protocols and are not part of the DIGITAL Network Architecture. </p><p>To trace the evolution of DECnet is to trace the development of DNA. The beginnings of DNA were in the early 1970s. DIGITAL published its first DNA specification at about the same time that <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> announced its <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">Systems Network Architecture</a> (SNA). Since that time, development of DNA has evolved through the following phases: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970–1980"><span id="1970.E2.80.931980"></span>1970–1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1970–1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phase I</b> (1974) Support limited to two <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11s</a> running the <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> operating system, or a small number of <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8s</a> running the <a href="/w/index.php?title=RTS-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTS-8 (page does not exist)">RTS-8</a> operating system, with communication over point-to-point (<a href="/wiki/DDCMP" class="mw-redirect" title="DDCMP">DDCMP</a>) links between nodes. </p><p><b>Phase II</b> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for networks of up to 32 nodes with multiple, different implementations which could inter-operate with each other. Implementations expanded to include <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a> and <a href="/wiki/VAX/VMS" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX/VMS">VAX/VMS</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with communications between processors still limited to point-to-point links only. Introduction of downline loading (MOP), and file transfer using File Access Listener (FAL), remote file access using Data Access Protocol (DAP), task-to-task programming interfaces and network management features. </p><p><b>Phase III</b> (1980).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for networks of up to 255 nodes with 8-bit addresses, over point-to point and multi-drop links. Introduction of adaptive routing capability, record access, a network management architecture, and gateways to other types of networks including IBM's SNA and <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">CCITT</a> Recommendation <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a>. </p> <div style="background:#f9f9f9;float:right;margin:15px;margin-top:0px;padding:0.2em;border: 1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%"> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2"> <caption><b>DECnet Phase IV protocol suite</b> </caption> <tbody><tr align="left"> <th>Application </th> <td>DAP: Data Access Protocol<br /> <p>CTERM: Command Terminal </p> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Network Management </th> <td>NICE: Network Information (and) Control Exchange<br /> <p>MOP: <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Operations_Protocol" title="Maintenance Operations Protocol">Maintenance Operations Protocol</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Session </th> <td>SCP: Session Control Protocol </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Transport </th> <td>NSP: Network Service Protocol </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Network </th> <td>DRP: DECnet Routing Protocol </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Data link </th> <td>DDCMP: Digital Data Communications Message Protocol<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_distributed_data_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber distributed data interface">FDDI</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <th>Physical </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_distributed_data_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber distributed data interface">FDDI</a>, ... </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–1986"><span id="1981.E2.80.931986"></span>1981–1986</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1981–1986"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phase IV</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Phase IV+</b> (1982). Phase IV was released initially to <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> systems, later <a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ULTRIX" class="mw-redirect" title="ULTRIX">ULTRIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAXELN" title="VAXELN">VAXELN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a> gained support. Support for networks of up to 64,449 nodes (63 areas of 1023 nodes) with 16-bit addresses, datalink capabilities expanded beyond DDCMP to include <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> support as the datalink of choice, expanded adaptive routing capability to include hierarchical routing (areas, level 1 and level 2 routers), <a href="/wiki/VMScluster" title="VMScluster">VMScluster</a> support (cluster alias) and host services (CTERM). CTERM allowed a user on one computer to log into another computer remotely, performing the same function that <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> does in the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protocol stack. Digital also released a product called the PATHWORKS client, and more commonly known as the PATHWORKS 32 client, that implemented much of DECnet Phase IV for DOS, and 16 and 32 bit Microsoft Windows platforms (all the way through to Windows Server 2003). </p><p>Phase IV implemented an 8 layer architecture similar to the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI</a> (7 layer) model especially at the lower levels. Since the OSI standards were not yet fully developed at the time, many of the Phase IV protocols remained proprietary. </p><p>The Ethernet implementation was unusual in that the software changed the physical address of the Ethernet interface on the network to AA-00-04-00-xx-yy where xx-yy reflected the DECnet <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> of the host. This allowed ARP-less LAN operation because the LAN address could be deduced from the DECnet address. This precluded connecting two <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">NICs</a> from the same DECnet node onto the same LAN segment, however. </p><p>The initial implementations released were for VAX/VMS and RSX-11, later this expanded to virtually every <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> DIGITAL ever shipped with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a>. DECnet stacks are found on Linux, SunOS and other platforms, and Cisco and other network vendors offer products that can cooperate with and operate within DECnet networks. Full DECnet Phase IV specifications are available. </p><p>At the same time that DECnet Phase IV was released, the company also released a proprietary protocol called <a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Transport" title="Local Area Transport">LAT</a> for serial terminal access via <a href="/wiki/Terminal_server" title="Terminal server">Terminal servers</a>. LAT shared the OSI physical and datalink layers with DECnet and LAT terminal servers used MOP for the server image download and related bootstrap processing. </p><p>Enhancements made to DECnet Phase IV eventually became known as DECnet Phase IV+, although systems running this protocol remained completely interoperable with DECnet Phase IV systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_&_beyond"><span id="1987_.26_beyond"></span>1987 & beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1987 & beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phase V</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Phase V+</b> (1987). Support for very large (architecturally unlimited) networks, a new network management model, local or distributed name service, improved performance over Phase IV. Move from a proprietary network to an <a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Systems Interconnection">Open Systems Interconnection</a> (OSI) by integration of ISO standards to provide multi-vendor connectivity and compatibility with DNA Phase IV, the last two features resulted in a hybrid network architecture (DNA and OSI) with separate "towers" sharing an integrated transport layer. Transparent transport level links to <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> were added via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 1006 (OSI over IP) and RFC 1859 (NSP over IP) standards <i>(see diagram)</i>. </p><p>It was later renamed <b>DECnet/OSI</b> to emphasize its OSI interconnectability, and subsequently <b>DECnet-Plus</b> as TCP/IP protocols were incorporated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_installations">Notable installations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DEC_Easynet">DEC Easynet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DEC Easynet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Easynet" title="Easynet">Easynet</a>, an <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a>.</div> <p>DEC's internal corporate network was a DECnet network called Easynet, which had evolved from DEC's Engineering Net (E-NET). It included over 2,000 nodes as of 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-Fair1984_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fair1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15,000 nodes (in 39 countries) as of 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-NW1987_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NW1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 54,000 nodes as of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-NW1990_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NW1990-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_DECnet_Internet">The DECnet Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The DECnet Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DECnet was used at various scientific research centers which linked their networks to form an international network called the DECnet Internet. This included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Space_Physics_Analysis_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Space Physics Analysis Network (page does not exist)">U.S. Space Physics Analysis Network</a> (US-SPAN), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Physics_Analysis_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Physics Analysis Network (page does not exist)">European Space Physics Analysis Network</a> (E-SPAN), <a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">Energy Sciences Network</a>, and other research and education networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Vance1990-Book_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vance1990-Book-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vance1990-Summary_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vance1990-Summary-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network consisted of over 17,000 nodes as of 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1989_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routing between networks with different address spaces involved the use of either "poor man's routing" (PMR) or address translation gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-Vance1990-Book_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vance1990-Book-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1988, VAX/VMS hosts on the DECnet Internet were attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(computer_worm)" title="Father Christmas (computer worm)">Father Christmas worm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CCNET">CCNET</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CCNET"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCNET (Computer Center Network) was a DECnet network that connected the campuses of various universities in the eastern regions of the United States during the 1980s. A key benefit was the sharing of systems software developed by the operations staff at the various sites, all of which were using a variety of DEC computers.<sup id="cite_ref-CU-DEC20_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-DEC20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 1983, it included <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. By May 1986, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> had been added. Several other universities joined later.<sup id="cite_ref-CU-History_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-History-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbyist_DECnet_networks">Hobbyist DECnet networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hobbyist DECnet networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbyist DECnet networks have been in use during the 21st century. These include: </p> <ul><li>HECnet<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italian Retro DECnet<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._MoranBrian_J._Edwards1984" class="citation magazine cs1">James M. 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Digital Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1320-2987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1320-2987-2"><bdi>978-0-1320-2987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DECnet+Phase+V%3A+An+OSI+Implementation+Network&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-1320-2987-2&rft.au=James+Martin&rft.au=Joel+Leben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADECnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fair1984-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fair1984_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik E. Fair (January 5, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~cwm/NetStuff/Human-Nets/Volume7.html">Re: The Plethora of Networks</a>. <i>Usenet fa.human-nets</i>. 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Retrieved August 19, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NW1990-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NW1990_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Network World (August 6, 1990), p.1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">DEC shares early lessons on DECnet V</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vance1990-Book-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vance1990-Book_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vance1990-Book_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Stuart Vance (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecvNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">The User's Directory of Computer Networks, The DECnet Internet</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vance1990-Summary-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vance1990-Summary_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Stuart Vance (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781555580476500126">The User's Directory of Computer Networks, The DECnet Internet (Publisher Summary)</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA1989-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA1989_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA Technical Reports Server (August 1, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910021669">Space physics analysis network node directory (The Yellow Pages): Fourth edition</a>. 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Retrieved August 19, 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECnet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Malamud" title="Carl Malamud">Carl Malamud</a>, <i>Analyzing DECnet/OSI Phase V</i>. Van Hostrand Reinhold, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-00375-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-00375-7">0-442-00375-7</a>.</li> <li>James Martin, Joe Leben, <i>DECnet Phase V: An OSI Implementation</i>. Digital Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55580-769-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55580-769-0">1-55580-769-0</a>.</li> <li>DECnet-Plus manuals for OpenVMS are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/doc/">http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/doc/</a></li> <li>DECnet Phase IV OpenVMS manuals for DECnet Phase IV; these Phase IV manuals are archived on OpenVMS Freeware V5.0 distribution, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/freeware">http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/freeware</a> and other sites.</li> <li>DECnet Phase IV architecture manuals (including DDCMP, MOP, NICE, NSP, DAP, CTERM, routing); at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225835/http://h71000.www7.hp.com/wizard/decnet/">https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225835/http://h71000.www7.hp.com/wizard/decnet/</a> (the originals are mirrored at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net/docs/doc_index.html">DECnet for Linux</a>).</li> <li>Cisco documentation of DECnet, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/DECnet">http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/DECnet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110161606/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/DECnet">Archived</a> January 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Template:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Template talk:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_Equipment_Corporation805" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (founder and CEO, 1957–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Anderson" title="Harlan Anderson">Harlan Anderson</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Gordon Bell</a> (VP of engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(computer_businessman)" title="Robert Palmer (computer businessman)">Robert Palmer</a> (CEO, 1992–1998)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/110px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/165px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/220px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LSI-11</li> <li>F-11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_T-11" title="DEC T-11">T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">J-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_V-11" title="DEC V-11">V-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX_78032" title="MicroVAX 78032">MicroVAX 78032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CVAX" title="CVAX">CVAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CVAX#SOC" title="CVAX">SOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Rigel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)#Mariah" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Mariah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVAX" title="NVAX">NVAX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064" title="Alpha 21064">Alpha 21064</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21066" title="Alpha 21064">21066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21068" title="Alpha 21064">21068</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164" title="Alpha 21164">Alpha 21164</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164#Alpha_21164PC_(PCA56)" title="Alpha 21164">21164PC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21264" title="Alpha 21264">Alpha 21264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21364" title="Alpha 21364">Alpha 21364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21464" title="Alpha 21464">Alpha 21464</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">MicroPRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">Computer<br />terminals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VT05" title="VT05">VT05</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_GT40" title="DEC GT40">GT40</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT50/VT52</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT55" class="mw-redirect" title="VT55">VT55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT62" class="mw-redirect" title="VT62">VT62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT101" class="mw-redirect" title="VT101">VT101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT102" class="mw-redirect" title="VT102">VT102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT103" class="mw-redirect" title="VT103">VT103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT105" class="mw-redirect" title="VT105">VT105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT131" class="mw-redirect" title="VT131">VT131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT180" title="VT180">VT180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT240" class="mw-redirect" title="VT240">VT240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT241" class="mw-redirect" title="VT241">VT241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT320" title="VT320">VT320</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT330" class="mw-redirect" title="VT330">VT330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT340" class="mw-redirect" title="VT340">VT340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT420" title="VT420">VT420</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT1000" title="VT1000">VT1000</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT510" class="mw-redirect" title="VT510">VT510</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT520" title="VT520">VT520</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT525" class="mw-redirect" title="VT525">VT525</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7#Software" title="PDP-7">DECsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_Disk_Monitor_System" class="mw-redirect" title="4K Disk Monitor System">4K DMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System" title="Commercial Operating System">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-15" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-15">RSX-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS/8" title="TSS/8">TSS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Application_System" title="Interactive Application System">IAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS#1970s" title="MUMPS">DSM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VAX/VMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXELN" title="VAXELN">VAXELN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital UNIX">Digital UNIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC-8" title="BASIC-8">BASIC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIBOL" title="DIBOL">DIBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(programming_language)" title="FOCAL (programming language)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-10" title="MACRO-10">MACRO-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-11" title="MACRO-11">MACRO-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_MACRO" title="VAX MACRO">VAX MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DIGITAL Command Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Code page 1100</a> (Multinational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">Code page 1287</a> (Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">Code page 1288</a> (Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">Digital Storage Systems Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massbus" title="Massbus">Massbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Disk_Interconnect" title="Standard Disk Interconnect">Standard Disk Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Backplane_Interconnect" title="Synchronous Backplane Interconnect">Synchronous Backplane Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI bus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECtalk" title="DECtalk">DECtalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECwriter" title="DECwriter">DECwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Digital Linear Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamically_Redefined_Character_Set" title="Dynamically Redefined Character Set">Dynamically Redefined Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(cache_coherence_protocol)" title="Firefly (cache coherence protocol)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-Chip_module" title="Flip-Chip module">Flip-Chip module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_key_(DEC)" title="Gold key (DEC)">Gold key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK201" title="LK201">LK201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK421" title="LK421">LK421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Storage_Control_Protocol" title="Mass Storage Control Protocol">Mass Storage Control Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RA90" title="RA90">RA90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK05" title="RK05">RK05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL02" title="RL02">RL02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_coupler" title="Star coupler">Star coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Module" title="System Module">System Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU81" title="TU81">TU81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CPU_Wars" title="CPU Wars">CPU Wars</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DECnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECUS" title="DECUS">DECUS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HP-Interex" title="HP-Interex">HP-Interex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Digital Federal Credit Union">Digital Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">Dynamic debugging technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX!32" title="FX!32">FX!32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Transport" title="Local Area Transport">Local Area Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Operations_Protocol" title="Maintenance Operations Protocol">Maintenance Operations Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-line_Debugging_Tool" title="On-line Debugging Tool">On-line Debugging Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_Management_Services" title="Record Management Services">Record Management Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReGIS" title="ReGIS">ReGIS</a></li> <li>Sequence and Batch Language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixel" title="Sixel">Sixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Reference_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="System Reference Manual">System Reference Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Systems_Research_Center" title="DEC Systems Research Center">Systems Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD/SMP" title="TD/SMP">TD/SMP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Entrepreneur" title="The Ultimate Entrepreneur">The Ultimate Entrepreneur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT640" title="VT640">VT640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPS-8" title="WPS-8">WPS-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" 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