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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drive_power_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive_power_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Drive power sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive_power_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Automatic control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adverse effects on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects_mitigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects_mitigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adverse effects mitigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects_mitigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_tool_manufacturing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_tool_manufacturing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Machine tool manufacturing industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_tool_manufacturing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine tool</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="عدة ورشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدة ورشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalk%C9%99s%C9%99n_d%C9%99zgah" title="Metalkəsən dəzgah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metalkəsən dəzgah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Металарэзны станок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металарэзны станок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_eina" title="Màquina eina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina eina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obr%C3%A1b%C4%9Bc%C3%AD_stroj" title="Obráběcí stroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obráběcí stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkzeugmaschine" title="Werkzeugmaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Werkzeugmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6pink" title="Tööpink – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööpink" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Εργαλειομηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργαλειομηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_herramienta" title="Máquina herramienta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina herramienta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina-tresna" title="Makina-tresna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makina-tresna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماشین‌ابزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین‌ابزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-outil" title="Machine-outil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine-outil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meais%C3%ADnuirlis%C3%AD" title="Meaisínuirlisí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meaisínuirlisí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="공작기계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공작기계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Մետաղահատ հաստոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաղահատ հաստոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मशीनी औजार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मशीनी औजार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatni_stroj" title="Alatni stroj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alatni stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_perkakas" title="Mesin perkakas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin perkakas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilekeleli_esiyinguxa" title="Isilekeleli esiyinguxa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilekeleli esiyinguxa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_utensile" title="Macchina utensile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina utensile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ლითონსაჭრელი ჩარხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლითონსაჭრელი ჩარხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqina_usadell" title="Maqina usadell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maqina usadell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szersz%C3%A1mg%C3%A9p" title="Szerszámgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerszámgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ടൂളിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൂളിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Суурь машин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Суурь машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werktuigmachine" title="Werktuigmachine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werktuigmachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="工作機械 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="工作機械" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkt%C3%B8ymaskin" title="Verktøymaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verktøymaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrabiarka" title="Obrabiarka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrabiarka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina-ferramenta" title="Máquina-ferramenta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina-ferramenta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Металлорежущий станок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлорежущий станок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Machine tool" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obr%C3%A1bac%C3%AD_stroj" title="Obrábací stroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obrábací stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatni_stroj" title="Alatni stroj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alatni stroj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6st%C3%B6kone" title="Työstökone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työstökone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verktygsmaskin" title="Verktygsmaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Verktygsmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%B1m_tezg%C3%A2h%C4%B1" title="Takım tezgâhı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Takım tezgâhı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Металорізальний верстат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Металорізальний верстат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_c%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%A5" title="Máy công cụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy công cụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conventional-lathe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Conventional-lathe.jpg/220px-Conventional-lathe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Conventional-lathe.jpg/330px-Conventional-lathe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Conventional-lathe.jpg/440px-Conventional-lathe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">metal lathe</a> is an example of a machine tool.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>machine tool</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> for handling or <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, <a href="/wiki/Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">boring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the <a href="/wiki/Workpiece" title="Workpiece">workpiece</a> and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the <a href="/wiki/Cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting tool">cutting tool</a> (which is called the <b>toolpath</b>) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freehand#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:freehand">freehand</a>". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precise definition of the term <i>machine tool</i> varies among users, as discussed <a href="#Nomenclature_and_key_concepts,_interrelated">below</a>. While all machine tools are "machines that help people to make things", not all factory machines are machine tools. </p><p>Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shaft</a>), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation. </p><p>With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_key_concepts,_interrelated"><span id="Nomenclature_and_key_concepts.2C_interrelated"></span>Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Machine_tool" title="Special:EditPage/Machine tool">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">historians of technology</a> consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freehand#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:freehand">freehand</a> human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been <a href="/wiki/Hand_tool" title="Hand tool">hand tools</a>, simply provided a label for "tools that were machines instead of hand tools". Early <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, those prior to the late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period, and modern woodworking lathes and <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheels</a> may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control <i>of the cutting tool's path</i> are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970p137-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest". </p><p>The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various root concepts: </p> <ul><li>First is the <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> concept itself, which constrains workpiece or tool movement to <a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">rotation around a fixed axis</a>. This ancient concept predates machine tools per se; the earliest lathes and <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheels</a> incorporated it for the workpiece, but the movement of the tool itself on these machines was entirely freehand.</li> <li>The machine slide (<a href="/wiki/Tool_Ways" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool Ways">tool way</a>), which has many forms, such as dovetail ways, box ways, or cylindrical column ways. Machine slides constrain tool or workpiece movement <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:linear">linearly</a>. If a stop is added, the <i>length</i> of the line can also be accurately controlled. (Machine slides are essentially a subset of <a href="/wiki/Linear_bearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear bearing">linear bearings</a>, although the language used to classify these various <a href="/wiki/Machine_element" title="Machine element">machine elements</a> may be defined differently by some users in some contexts, and some elements may be distinguished by contrasting with others)</li> <li>Tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a> operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced element's matching the reproduced element's final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which directly matches the desired output shape, can actuate a complex toolpath by creating component <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vectors</a> that add up to a net toolpath.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van Der Waals Force</a> between like materials is high; freehand manufacture of square plates, produces only square, flat, machine tool building reference components, accurate to millionths of an inch, but of nearly no variety. The process of feature replication allows the flatness and squareness of a milling machine cross slide assembly, or the roundness, lack of taper, and squareness of the two axes of a lathe machine to be transferred to a machined work piece with accuracy and precision better than a thousandth of an inch, not as fine as millionths of an inch. As the fit between sliding parts of a made product, machine, or machine tool approaches this critical thousandth of an inch measurement, lubrication and capillary action combine to prevent Van Der Waals force from welding like metals together, extending the lubricated life of sliding parts by a factor of thousands to millions; the disaster of oil depletion in the conventional automotive engine is an accessible demonstration of the need, and in aerospace design, like-to-unlike design is used along with solid lubricants to prevent Van Der Waals welding from destroying mating surfaces. Given the modulus of elasticity of metals, the range of fit tolerances near one thousandth of an inch correlates to the relevant range of constraint between at one extreme, permanent assembly of two mating parts and at the other, a free sliding fit of those same two parts.</li></ul> <p>Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Musical_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical box">musical box</a> cams and <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard looms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a> of programmable mechanical control with machine tool toolpath control was delayed many decades, in part because the programmable control methods of musical boxes and looms lacked the rigidity for machine tool toolpaths. Later, electromechanical solutions (such as <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servos</a>) and soon electronic solutions (including <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>) were added, leading to <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control and computer numerical control</a>. </p><p>When considering the difference between freehand toolpaths and machine-constrained toolpaths, the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> become important in understanding <i>why</i> the machine-constrained option adds <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a>. </p><p>Matter-Additive, Matter-Preserving, and Matter-Subtractive "Manufacturing" can proceed in sixteen ways: Firstly, the work may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; secondly, the tool may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; thirdly, the energy can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some external source, including for examples a foot treadle by the same worker, or a motor, without limitation; and finally, the control can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some other source, including computer numerical control. With two choices for each of four parameters, the types are enumerated to sixteen types of Manufacturing, where Matter-Additive might mean painting on canvas as readily as it might mean 3D printing under computer control, Matter-Preserving might mean forging at the coal fire as readily as stamping license plates, and Matter-Subtracting might mean casually whittling a pencil point as readily as it might mean precision grinding the final form of a laser deposited turbine blade. </p><p>A precise description of what a machine tool is and does in an instant moment is given by a 12 component vector relating the linear and rotational degrees of freedom of the single work piece and the single tool contacting that work piece in any machine arbitrarily and in order to visualize this vector it makes sense to arrange it in four rows of three columns with labels x y and z on the columns and labels spin and move on the rows, with those two labels repeated one more time to make a total of four rows so that the first row might be labeled spin work, the second row might be labeled move work, the third row might be labeled spin tool, and the fourth row might be labeled move tool although the position of the labels is arbitrary which is to say there is no agreement in the literature of mechanical engineering on what order these labels should be but there are 12 degrees of freedom in a machine tool. That said it is important to remember that this is in an instant moment and that instant moment may be a preparatory moment before a tool makes contact with a work piece, or maybe an engaged moment during which contact with work and tool requires an input of rather large amounts of power to get work done which is why machine tools are large and heavy and stiff. Since what these vectors describe our instant moments of degrees of freedom the vector structure is capable of expressing the changing mode of a machine tool as well as expressing its fundamental structure in the following way: imagine a lathe spending a cylinder on a horizontal axis with a tool ready to cut a face on that cylinder in some preparatory moment. What the operator of such a lathe would do is lock the x-axis on the carriage of the lathe establishing a new vector condition with a zero in the x slide position for the tool. Then the operator would unlock the y-axis on the cross slide of the lathe, assuming that our examples were equipped with that, and then the operator would apply some method of traversing the facing tool across the face of the cylinder being cut and a depth combined with the rotational speed selected which engages cutting ability within the power of range of the motor powering the lathe. So the answer to what a machine tool is, is a very simple answer but it is highly technical and is unrelated to the history of machine tools. </p><p>Preceding, there is an answer for what machine tools are. We may consider what they do also. Machine tools produce finished surfaces. They may produce any finish from an arbitrary degree of very rough work to a specular optical grade finish the improvement of which is moot. Machine tools produce the surfaces comprising the features of machine parts by removing chips. These chips may be very rough or even as fine as dust. Every machine tools supports its removal process with a stiff, redundant and so vibration resisting structure because each chip is removed in a semi a synchronous way, creating multiple opportunities for vibration to interfere with precision. </p><p>Humans are generally quite talented in their freehand movements; the drawings, paintings, and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, and of countless other talented people, show that human freehand toolpath has great potential. The <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity (constraining the toolpath despite thousands of <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newtons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">pounds</a>) of force fighting against the constraint), <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>. With a machine tool, toolpaths that no human muscle could constrain can be constrained; and toolpaths that are technically possible with freehand methods, but would require tremendous time and skill to execute, can instead be executed quickly and easily, even by people with little freehand talent (because the machine takes care of it). The latter aspect of machine tools is often referred to by historians of bytechnology as "building the skill into the tool", in contrast to the toolpath-constraining skill being in the <i>person</i> who wields the tool. As an example, it is <i>physically possible</i> to make <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable</a> screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is <i>economically practical</i> to make them only with machine tools. </p><p>In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome1934_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome1934-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrowest <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of [conventional] <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>. These processes are a type of deformation that produces <a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">swarf</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a> use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>, shearing, <a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">riveting</a>, and others. Thus <a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">presses</a> are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by <a href="/wiki/Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Max Holland</a> in his history of Burgmaster and <a href="/wiki/Houdaille_Industries" title="Houdaille Industries">Houdaille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> and <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> and similar economic topics use this broader definition. </p><p>The colloquial sense implying [conventional] metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">electrical discharge machining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">electrochemical machining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_machining" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam machining">electron beam machining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">photochemical machining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">ultrasonic machining</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">plasma cutting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water jet cutting</a>, are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">machine tool builders</a> are already developing machines that include both <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtractive manufacturing">subtractive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> in one work envelope,<sup id="cite_ref-Zelinski_2013-11-08_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinski_2013-11-08-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retrofits of existing machines are underway.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelinski_2014-02-21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinski_2014-02-21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> use of the terms varies, with subtle <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotative</a> boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to <a href="/wiki/Woodworking_machine" title="Woodworking machine">woodworking machinery</a> (joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> "machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction. </p><p>Regarding the 1930s NBER definition quoted above, one could argue that its specificity to metal is obsolete, as it is quite common today for particular lathes, milling machines, and machining centers (definitely machine tools) to work exclusively on plastic cutting jobs throughout their whole working lifespan. Thus the NBER definition above could be expanded to say "which employs a tool to work on metal <i>or other materials of high hardness</i>". And its specificity to "operating by other than hand power" is also problematic, as machine tools can be powered by people if appropriately set up, such as with a <a href="/wiki/Treadle" title="Treadle">treadle</a> (for a <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>) or a hand lever (for a <a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">shaper</a>). Hand-powered shapers are clearly "the 'same thing' as shapers with electric motors except smaller", and it is trivial to power a <a href="/wiki/Micro_lathe" title="Micro lathe">micro lathe</a> with a hand-cranked belt pulley instead of an electric motor. Thus one can question whether power source is truly a key distinguishing concept; but for economics purposes, the NBER's definition made sense, because most of the commercial value of the existence of machine tools comes about via those that are powered by electricity, hydraulics, and so on. Such are the vagaries of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a>, both of which have their places in the business world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Machine_tool" title="Special:EditPage/Machine tool">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Forerunners of machine tools included <a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Potter's wheels">potter's wheels</a>, which had existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> prior to 2500 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, known to have existed in multiple regions of Europe since at least 1000 to 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was not until the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve. <a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmakers</a> of the Middle Ages and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">renaissance men</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others. </p><p>Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> (small arms and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>); <a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">clocks</a>; textile machinery; steam engines (<a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">rail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">otherwise</a>) (the story of how <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a>'s need for an accurate cylinder spurred Boulton's boring machine is discussed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Roe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Others could be included in this list as well, but they tend to be connected with the root causes already listed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rolling-element_bearing" title="Rolling-element bearing">rolling-element bearings</a> are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries. </p><p>Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in England in the middle to late 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> required more metal parts, which were usually made of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. Cast iron could be cast in molds for larger parts, such as engine cylinders and gears, but was difficult to work with a file and could not be hammered. Red hot wrought iron could be hammered into shapes. Room temperature wrought iron was worked with a file and chisel and could be made into gears and other complex parts; however, hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a> invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> and refined by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography. </p><p>The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium). </p><p>The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there that Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates. </p><p>With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were constructed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a> in England around 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>, soon followed the path of expanding their entrepreneurship from manufactured end products and <a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">millwright</a> work into the realm of building machine tools for sale. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png/220px-Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png/330px-Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png/440px-Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a> milling machine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1818</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe, <a href="/wiki/Screw-cutting_lathe" title="Screw-cutting lathe">screw-cutting lathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">turret lathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machine</a>, pattern tracing lathe, <a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">shaper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">metal planer</a>, which were all in use before 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these machine tools the decades-old objective of producing <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a> was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">length standards</a> of the 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by <a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine shops</a> as by machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Machine tool innovation continues in several public and private research centers worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drive_power_sources">Drive power sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drive power sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A]ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Mr. Slater</a> was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/David_Wilkinson_(machinist)" title="David Wilkinson (machinist)">David Wilkinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson200924_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson200924-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treadle" title="Treadle">treadles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Treadwheel" title="Treadwheel">treadwheels</a>) were used in the past, as was water power (via <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a>); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> after 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter&Bryant_1991_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter&Bryant_1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_control">Automatic control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Automatic control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_numerical_control" title="History of numerical control">History of numerical control</a></div> <p>Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early machines used <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheels</a> to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a> (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on <a href="/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a> to control their motion. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as <a href="/wiki/Computerized_numerical_control_(CNC)_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized numerical control (CNC) machines">computerized numerical control (CNC) machines</a>. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drill</a> machine might contain a magazine with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a> for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Machining_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Machining center">machining centers</a>, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of machine tools are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broach_(metalwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broach (metalwork)">Broaching machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill#Drill_press" title="Drill">Drill press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_shaper" title="Gear shaper">Gear shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbing machine">Hobbing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honing_(metalworking)" title="Honing (metalworking)">Hone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (tool)">Lathe</a></li> <li>Honing Machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_machine_(automatic_lathe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw machine (automatic lathe)">Screw machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shear (sheet metal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TC625_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="thibaut 5 axis saw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TC625_2.jpg/220px-TC625_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TC625_2.jpg/330px-TC625_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TC625_2.jpg/440px-TC625_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>5 axis bridge saw</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saws" class="mw-redirect" title="Saws">Saws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a> mills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machines</a></li> <li>Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool</li></ul> <p>When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding (abrasive cutting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_tool_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting tool (metalworking)">Multiple edge cutting tools</a></li> <li>Single edge cutting tools</li></ul> <p>Other techniques are used to <i>add</i> desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective <i>addition</i> of material are called <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects_on_humans">Adverse effects on humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverse effects on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal_swarf" title="Metal swarf">Metal swarf</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects_mitigations">Adverse effects mitigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adverse effects mitigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dust_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust extraction">Dust extraction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_tool_manufacturing_industry">Machine tool manufacturing industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Machine tool manufacturing industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tool builder</a></div> <p>The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm Gardner Research.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest producer of machine tools was China with $23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $12.9 billion and $12.88 billion respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $5.6 billion and $5 billion respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_tool_builders" title="Category:Machine tool builders">Category:Machine tool builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damped_machining_tools" title="Damped machining tools">Damped machining tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxy_granite" title="Epoxy granite">Epoxy granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_slide_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Four slide machine">Four slide machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_dynamometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tool dynamometer">Machine tool dynamometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASME_B5" title="ASME B5">Machine Tool Standards (ASME)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_calculator" title="Machinist calculator">Machinist calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimachine" title="Multimachine">Multimachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">Numerical control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">Self-replicating machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">Tool bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_wear" title="Tool wear">Tool wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_Ways" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool Ways">Tool Ways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_press_tools" title="Types of press tools">Types of press tools</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504041958/https://mechanicalsite.com/metal-cutting">Define Metal Cutting</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1970p137-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a>, p. 137, figure 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome1934-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1934_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1934">Jerome 1934</a>, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland1989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1989">Holland 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelinski_2013-11-08-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelinski_2013-11-08_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZelinski2013" class="citation cs2">Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing">"Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Machine_Shop" title="Modern Machine Shop">Modern Machine Shop</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Machine+Shop&rft.atitle=Hybrid+machine+combines+milling+and+additive+manufacturing&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.aulast=Zelinski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmsonline.com%2Fblog%2Fpost%2Fhybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelinski_2014-02-21-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelinski_2014-02-21_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelinski2014" class="citation cs2">Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing">"The capacity to build 3D metal forms is a retrofittable option for subtractive CNC machine tools"</a>, <i>Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Machine+Shop+Additive+Manufacturing+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+capacity+to+build+3D+metal+forms+is+a+retrofittable+option+for+subtractive+CNC+machine+tools&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.aulast=Zelinski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.additivemanufacturinginsight.com%2Farticles%2Fadd-on-additive-manufacturing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1972a">Woodbury 1972a</a>, pp. 18–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roe1916_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roe1916_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+spectacular+power+of+interchangeable+parts&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-49499444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-nasmyth">"James Nasmyth"</a>. <i>www.nationalgalleries.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalgalleries.org&rft.atitle=James+Nasmyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgalleries.org%2Fart-and-artists%2Fartists%2Fjames-nasmyth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1970-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2009">Thomson 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rybczynsky, <i>One Good Turn</i>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86729-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86729-X">0-684-86729-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,</i> pp. 87, 112, 121, 146-50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4">978-1-4000-6964-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Dana T. <i>Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,</i> pp. 5, 7-8, Cypress, CA, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4">978-0-9897906-0-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson200924-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson200924_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2009">Thomson 2009</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter&Bryant_1991-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter&Bryant_1991_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterBryant1991" class="citation cs2">Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt"><i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power</i></a></span>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9"><bdi>0-262-08198-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730-1930%2C+Vol.+3%3A+The+Transmission+of+Power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+London&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-262-08198-9&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Lynwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindustr00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thibaut.fr/en/what-is-a-cnc-machine-for-natural-stone/">"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?"</a>. <i>Thibaut</i>. 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thibaut&rft.atitle=What+is+a+CNC+machine+for+natural+stone%3F&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thibaut.fr%2Fen%2Fwhat-is-a-cnc-machine-for-natural-stone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921224058/https://www.gardnerweb.com/cdn/cms/GR-2015-WMTS.pdf">"2015 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gardner Business Media, Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardnerweb.com/cdn/cms/GR-2015-WMTS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardner+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=2015+World+Machine-Tool+Output+and+Consumption+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardnerweb.com%2Fcdn%2Fcms%2FGR-2015-WMTS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Holland, Max</a> (1989), <i>When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America</i>, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-208-0"><bdi>978-0-87584-208-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246343673">246343673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Machine+Stopped%3A+A+Cautionary+Tale+from+Industrial+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246343673&rft.isbn=978-0-87584-208-0&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span> <i>A history most specifically of Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era (Noble 1984) as a seminal history. Later republished under the title </i>From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company<i>. </i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1934" class="citation cs2">Jerome, Harry (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/jero34-1">"Mechanization in Industry"</a>, <i>NBER</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: US National Bureau of Economic Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER&rft.atitle=Mechanization+in+Industry&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Jerome&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fbooks%2Fjero34-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Moore_(swimmer)" title="Wayne Moore (swimmer)">Moore, Wayne R.</a> (1970), <i>Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy</i> (1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, US: Moore Special Tool Co., <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73127307">73127307</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Mechanical+Accuracy&rft.place=Bridgeport%2C+Connecticut%2C+US&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Moore+Special+Tool+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73127307&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Wayne+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the <a href="/wiki/Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">jig borer</a> (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a> in machine tools (second only to that of <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrological</a> machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the <a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">tool and die maker</a>.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Roe, Joseph Wickham</a> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage"><i>English and American Tool Builders</i></a>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16011753">16011753</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+American+Tool+Builders&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16011753&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wickham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-EJAAAAIAAJ%26printsec%3Dtitlepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (<a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/27024075">27-24075</a>); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-73-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-73-7">978-0-917914-73-7</a>).. <i>A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation cs2">Thomson, Ross (2009), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom"><i>Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865</i></a></span>, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9141-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-9141-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures+of+Change+in+the+Mechanical+Age%3A+Technological+Invention+in+the+United+States+1790-1865&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9141-0&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuresofchan0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWoodbury1972a" class="citation">Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In <a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1972">Woodbury (1972)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury1972" class="citation cs2">Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) [1961], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinhistory00robe"><i>Studies in the History of Machine Tools</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73033-4"><bdi>978-0-262-73033-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72006354">72006354</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Machine+Tools&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+US%2C+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72006354&rft.isbn=978-0-262-73033-4&rft.aulast=Woodbury&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinhistory00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. Colvin">Colvin, Fred H.</a> (1947), <i>Sixty Years with Men and Machines</i>, New York and London: McGraw-Hill, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/47003762">47003762</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Years+with+Men+and+Machines&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F47003762&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Fred+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-86-7">978-0-917914-86-7</a>). Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph Flanders</a>. <i>A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloud2006" class="citation cs2">Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], <i>The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02555-3"><bdi>978-0-521-02555-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006275684">2006275684</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70251252">70251252</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Machine+Tool+Industry%2C+1850%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70251252&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006275684&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02555-3&rft.aulast=Floud&rft.aufirst=Roderick+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21203-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21203-0">0-521-21203-0</a>.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHounshell1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984), <i>From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-2975-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110">1104810110</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+American+System+to+Mass+Production%2C+1800%E2%80%931932%3A+The+Development+of+Manufacturing+Technology+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104810110&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83016269&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2975-8&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span> <i>One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1984), <i>Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation</i>, New York, New York, US: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51262-4"><bdi>978-0-394-51262-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83048867">83048867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forces+of+Production%3A+A+Social+History+of+Industrial+Automation&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83048867&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51262-4&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span> <i>One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe1937" class="citation cs2">Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064575577;view=1up;seq=9"><i>James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/37016470">37016470</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3456642">3456642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Hartness%3A+A+Representative+of+the+Machine+Age+at+Its+Best&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3456642&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F37016470&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wickham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015064575577%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span> link from <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</li></ul> <p>. <i>A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.</i> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">Rolt, L. T. C.</a> (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_short_history_of_machine_tools.html?id=1dhSAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Short History of Machine Tools</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250074">250074</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Machine+Tools&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250074&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=L.+T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_short_history_of_machine_tools.html%3Fid%3D1dhSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>. Co-edition published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2">Rolt, L. T. C. (1965), <i>Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools</i>, London: B. T. Batsford, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65080822">65080822</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+for+the+Job%3A+a+Short+History+of+Machine+Tools&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65080822&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=L.+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine+tool" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ryder_and_Son&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ryder and Son (page does not exist)">Ryder, Thomas and Son</a>, <i>Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968</i>, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_tool&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metalworkingsuppliers.com/mw/machine-tools-history/">Milestones in the History of Machine Tools</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machine_tool" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:machine tool">machine tool</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hole_making" title="Category:Hole making">Drilling</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Category:Threading (manufacturing)">threading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_head" title="Die head">Die head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grinding_and_lapping" title="Category:Grinding and lapping">Grinding and<br />lapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Machining" title="Category:Machining">Machining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machine tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_tools" title="Category:Machine tools">Machine tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machine_and_metalworking_tools" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template talk:Machine and metalworking tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machine and metalworking tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Machine_and_metalworking_tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_press" title="Arbor press">Arbor press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_lathe" title="Automatic lathe">Automatic lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball-peen_hammer" title="Ball-peen hammer">Ball-peen hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_press" title="Drill press">Drill press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_shaper" title="Gear shaper">Gear shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">Lathe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machine tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_restorer" title="Thread restorer">Thread restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">Tool bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">Turret lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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tool","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machine_tool","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19768","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19768","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-04T02:05:31Z","dateModified":"2024-09-22T18:09:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c5\/Conventional-lathe.jpg","headline":"machine for shaping or machining metal, has means for constraining the workpiece and provides a guided tool movement"}</script> </body> </html>