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id="toc-Arab_League_peace_plans_2011–2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_League_peace_plans_2011–2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arab League peace plans 2011–2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_League_peace_plans_2011–2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_peace_initiatives_for_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_peace_initiatives_for_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Russian peace initiatives for Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_peace_initiatives_for_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012_'informal_talks'_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_'informal_talks'_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>2012 'informal talks' proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_'informal_talks'_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_2012:_offering_the_fall_of_Assad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_2012:_offering_the_fall_of_Assad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>February 2012: offering the fall of Assad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_2012:_offering_the_fall_of_Assad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brokerage_Proposal,_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brokerage_Proposal,_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Brokerage Proposal, 2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brokerage_Proposal,_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friends_of_Syria_Group,_February_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_of_Syria_Group,_February_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Friends of Syria Group, February 2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_of_Syria_Group,_February_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kofi_Annan_Peace_Plan,_March_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kofi_Annan_Peace_Plan,_March_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kofi Annan Peace Plan, March 2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kofi_Annan_Peace_Plan,_March_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva_I,_June_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_I,_June_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Geneva I, June 2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_I,_June_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eid_al-Adha_cease_fire_attempt,_September_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eid_al-Adha_cease_fire_attempt,_September_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Eid al-Adha cease fire attempt, September 2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eid_al-Adha_cease_fire_attempt,_September_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva_II,_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_II,_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Geneva II, 2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_II,_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_Opposition_conference_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_Opposition_conference_(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Astana Opposition conference (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_Opposition_conference_(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_Committees_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Committees_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Four Committees Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Committees_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zabadani_Ceasefire_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zabadani_Ceasefire_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Zabadani Ceasefire Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zabadani_Ceasefire_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vienna_Process_(since_October_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vienna_Process_(since_October_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Vienna Process (since October 2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vienna_Process_(since_October_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_2015_Riyadh_conference_of_Syrian_opposition_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2015_Riyadh_conference_of_Syrian_opposition_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>December 2015 Riyadh conference of Syrian opposition groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2015_Riyadh_conference_of_Syrian_opposition_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva_III,_January_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_III,_January_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Geneva III, January 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_III,_January_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Syrian_Women's_Advisory_Board,_February_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Syrian_Women's_Advisory_Board,_February_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>The Syrian Women's Advisory Board, February 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Syrian_Women's_Advisory_Board,_February_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cessation_of_Hostilities,_February_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessation_of_Hostilities,_February_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessation_of_Hostilities,_February_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_2016_cease_fire_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2016_cease_fire_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>September 2016 cease fire deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2016_cease_fire_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2016_Lausanne_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2016_Lausanne_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>October 2016 Lausanne talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2016_Lausanne_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation_of_Astana_talks,_and_ceasefire_(December_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_of_Astana_talks,_and_ceasefire_(December_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>Initiation of Astana talks, and ceasefire (December 2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_of_Astana_talks,_and_ceasefire_(December_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>First round of Astana talks (January 2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneva_IV,_February–March_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_IV,_February–March_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>Geneva IV, February–March 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_IV,_February–March_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_2017_Astana_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_2017_Astana_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.22</span> <span>February 2017 Astana talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_2017_Astana_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2017_and_May_2017_Astana_talks:_De-escalation_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2017_and_May_2017_Astana_talks:_De-escalation_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.23</span> <span>March 2017 and May 2017 Astana talks: De-escalation zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2017_and_May_2017_Astana_talks:_De-escalation_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_talks,_July_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_talks,_July_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.24</span> <span>Astana talks, July 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_talks,_July_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_talks,_September_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_talks,_September_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.25</span> <span>Astana talks, September 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_talks,_September_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_talks,_October_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_talks,_October_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.26</span> <span>Astana talks, October 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_talks,_October_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_talks,_December_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_talks,_December_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.27</span> <span>Astana talks, December 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_talks,_December_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sochi_talks,_January_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sochi_talks,_January_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.28</span> <span>Sochi talks, January 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sochi_talks,_January_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_talks,_March_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_talks,_March_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.29</span> <span>Astana talks, March 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_talks,_March_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idlib_memorandum,_September_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idlib_memorandum,_September_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.30</span> <span>Idlib memorandum, September 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idlib_memorandum,_September_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_agreement,_August_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_agreement,_August_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.31</span> <span>Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, August 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_agreement,_August_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Constitutional_Committee_in_Geneva,_October_2019–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Constitutional_Committee_in_Geneva,_October_2019–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.32</span> <span>Syrian Constitutional Committee in Geneva, October 2019–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Constitutional_Committee_in_Geneva,_October_2019–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_meeting,_December_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_meeting,_December_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.33</span> <span>Astana meeting, December 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_meeting,_December_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana_Process,_July_2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana_Process,_July_2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.34</span> <span>Astana Process, July 2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana_Process,_July_2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Small_Group"_meeting,_May_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Small_Group"_meeting,_May_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.35</span> <span>"Small Group" meeting, May 2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Small_Group"_meeting,_May_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian peace process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عملية السلام السورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية السلام السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdos_de_paz_entre_el_gobierno_de_Bashar_al-%C3%81sad_y_la_oposici%C3%B3n_siria" title="Acuerdos de paz entre el gobierno de Bashar al-Ásad y la oposición siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuerdos de paz entre el gobierno de Bashar al-Ásad y la oposición siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_d%27Astana" title="Processus d'Astana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus d'Astana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Processus" title="Astana Processus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astana Processus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_damai_Syria" title="Proses damai Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proses damai Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Попытки урегулирования сирийского конфликта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Попытки урегулирования сирийского конфликта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_sis%C3%A4llissodan_rauhanv%C3%A4litysyritykset" title="Syyrian sisällissodan rauhanvälitysyritykset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of a series on<br />the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.8em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/200px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/300px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/400px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League initiative I</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League initiative II</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011–12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Churkin peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Geneva_I_Conference_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva I Conference on Syria">(Geneva I)</a></small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposal (2013)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Mideast peace conference</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2014</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Four_committees_initiative" title="Four committees initiative">Staffan de Mistura peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">Zabadani agreement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Vienna talks</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Peace_Conference_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Peace Conference (2016)">Geneva III</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">US-Russia ceasefire proposal (2016)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">Geneva IV</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2018_Idlib_demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Idlib demilitarization">Idlib demilitarization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian-Turkish_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Turkish normalization">Syrian-Turkish normalization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2022–24</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Bashar Assad presidentship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Ba'athist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Opposition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Syria" title="Secularism in Syria">Secularism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War">Sectarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Secondary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Electricity supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria#Oil" title="Energy in Syria">Control of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Situation in Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Siege of Madaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International brokers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Peace envoy for Syria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Proposals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> amendment:</b></span> <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution of Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syrian_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Syrian Opposition">Constitution of Syrian Opposition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution of Rojava</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zones</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Projects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_University" title="Free Syrian University">Free Syrian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Is_Being_Slaughtered_Silently" title="Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently">Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template talk:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Syrian peace process</b> is the ensemble of initiatives and plans to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, which has been ongoing in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> since 2011 and has <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">spilled beyond its borders</a>. The peace process has been moderated by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Envoy of the Secretary-General">UN Special Envoy</a> on Syria, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiating parties to end the conflict are typically representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Ba'athist government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> is usually excluded at the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical <a href="/wiki/Salafist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist">Salafist</a> forces including the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> have not engaged in any contacts on peaceful resolution to the conflict. </p><p>The attempts to find a solution to the Syrian conflict and bring stability to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> began in late 2011, when the Arab League launched two initiatives, but without much success. Russia in January 2012 and in November 2013 suggested talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and the opposition. In March–May 2012, hopes were on a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>/Arab League plan coordinated by former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>. </p><p>In January and February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Conference on Syria</a> took place, organised by then-UN envoy to Syria <a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Lakhdar Brahimi</a>. On 30 October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">further talks</a> started in Vienna involving officials from the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">EU</a>, Russia, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and various regional actors such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and, for the first time, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Peace talks with rebel leadership continued in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcastana_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcastana-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kazakh officials are offering Astana as a neutral venue and "a natural home" for peace negotiations on Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-IDNsyria_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDNsyria-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest major effort to bring about an end to the war started in October 2019 in Geneva with the convening of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a> to draft a new constitution for Syria under the auspices of the United Nations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_League_peace_plans_2011–2012"><span id="Arab_League_peace_plans_2011.E2.80.932012"></span>Arab League peace plans 2011–2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arab League peace plans 2011–2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria,_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg/250px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg/375px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg/500px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Muslims and Christians at a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> monitors in Damascus on 17 January 2012</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League peace plans for Syria</a></div> <p>In November 2011–January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> (AL) twice tried to accomplish an end to Syrian government (and opposition) violence and convince both parties to start talks instead of fighting. </p><p>After the Syrian government's agreement to <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria#Second_attempt" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">the AL plan of 19 December</a> the AL sent a monitoring mission to Syria. Violence continued and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> on 22 January withdrew its monitors from the mission, and called on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and all other states to pressure Syria strongly to adhere to the AL peace plan. The Arab League on 28 January 2012 ended its monitoring mission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_peace_initiatives_for_Syria">Russian peace initiatives for Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian peace initiatives for Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia's role in the Syrian conflict">Russia's role in the Syrian conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_'informal_talks'_proposal"><span id="2012_.27informal_talks.27_proposal"></span>2012 'informal talks' proposal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2012 'informal talks' proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 January 2012, the Russian foreign ministry suggested "informal" talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, and said the Syrian authorities had already agreed to the Russian offer. Abdel Baset Seda, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a>'s executive committee, told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that the SNC had not received any formal invitation for such talks, but would decline if one arrived: "Our position has not changed and it is that there is no dialogue with (President Bashar al-Assad)".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="February_2012:_offering_the_fall_of_Assad">February 2012: offering the fall of Assad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: February 2012: offering the fall of Assad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> held talks with envoys of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members of the United Nations Security Council</a>. During those discussions, the Russian ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Churkin" title="Vitaly Churkin">Vitaly Churkin</a>, proposed a three-point plan that would bring the Syrian government and opposition to the negotiation table and result in Assad stepping down as president. But, according to Ahtisaari, the US, Britain, and France rejected that proposal, being convinced that fall of Assad's government was inevitable. "It was an opportunity lost in 2012," he said in an interview in September 2015. Other Western diplomats refute Ahtisaari's claims, with one stating, "I very much doubt the P3 [the US, UK and France] refused or dismissed any such strategy offer at the time. The questions were more to do with sequencing—the beginning or end of process—and with Russia's ability to deliver—to get Assad to step down."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brokerage_Proposal,_2013"><span id="Brokerage_Proposal.2C_2013"></span>Brokerage Proposal, 2013</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brokerage Proposal, 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 November 2013, Russia again announced it was trying to broker talks in Moscow between the Syrian government and opposition, seeing that the U.S. and Russian negotiators failed to agree on whether or not Assad should be forced out of office.<sup id="cite_ref-USA7-11-2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA7-11-2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Bogdanov said, the Moscow talks could focus on humanitarian problems as well on some political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-USA7-11-2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA7-11-2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_of_Syria_Group,_February_2012"><span id="Friends_of_Syria_Group.2C_February_2012"></span>Friends of Syria Group, February 2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Friends of Syria Group, February 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></div> <p>In February 2012, the then French President Sarkozy initiated an international "contact group" to find a solution for the Syrian conflict, after Russia and China <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">had vetoed a 4 February 2012 UN Security Council resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group held four meetings, all in the year 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kofi_Annan_Peace_Plan,_March_2012"><span id="Kofi_Annan_Peace_Plan.2C_March_2012"></span>Kofi Annan Peace Plan, March 2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kofi Annan Peace Plan, March 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> (Joint Special Envoy for the United Nations and the Arab League),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched in March 2012, intended to commit both the Syrian government and opposition to a cease fire and commit the Syrian government to initiate deliberations with the opposition on their aspirations and concerns. After Annan on 12 April had assumed that both parties had agreed to a cease fire, the UN already on 1 May had to admit that both parties were violating it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_I,_June_2012"><span id="Geneva_I.2C_June_2012"></span>Geneva I, June 2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geneva I, June 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An "action group" conference (now referred to as <i>Geneva I Conference on Syria</i>) was held on Saturday 30 June 2012, in Geneva, initiated by the then <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN peace envoy to Syria Kofi Annan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elders_Brahimi22Aug2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elders_Brahimi22Aug2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attended by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov, a representative of China, British Foreign Secretary Hague, and Kofi Annan.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC30June_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC30June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mr Annan, issuing a <i><a href="/wiki/Message" title="Message">communiqué</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-UNOfficeGeneva30June2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNOfficeGeneva30June2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the conference agreed <sup id="cite_ref-UN.NewsCentre30June2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN.NewsCentre30June2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the need for a "transitional government body with full executive powers" which could include members of the present Syrian government and of the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC30June_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC30June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Hague said that all five permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>—the US, Russia, China, France and the UK—supported Mr Annan's efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC30June_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC30June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton however suggested that Syrian dictator Assad could, in such transitional government, not remain in power, which immediately was contradicted by Lavrov.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC30June_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC30June-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Geneva talks were condemned by <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abboud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Abboud">Hassan Abboud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement">16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th Summit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> held from 26 to 31 August 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and attended by leaders of 120 countries, Iran intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a consensus was not reached between the leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eid_al-Adha_cease_fire_attempt,_September_2012"><span id="Eid_al-Adha_cease_fire_attempt.2C_September_2012"></span>Eid al-Adha cease fire attempt, September 2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eid al-Adha cease fire attempt, September 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Lakhdar Brahimi</a>, an Algerian diplomat, appointed on 1 September 2012, as the <a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_peace_envoy_for_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhdar Brahimi peace envoy for Syria">new UN–Arab League special representative for Syria</a>, appealed on both the Syrian government and the armed opposition to stop the killing during the Islamic festival of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha#Eid_al-Adha_in_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Eid al-Adha">fell that year probably on 26 October 2012</a>, and 3 or 4 days after it. Government and most of the opposition groups said 'yes' to his appeal. Yet, according to Brahimi, the lull in the fighting lasted very short, after which both parties accused the other of not having stopped its violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Elders_Brahimi22Aug2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elders_Brahimi22Aug2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_II,_2014"><span id="Geneva_II.2C_2014"></span>Geneva II, 2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geneva II, 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Conference on Syria</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Middle East peace conference</a> was a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-backed international (peace) conference, aimed at bringing Syrian government and opposition together to discuss a transitional government. <a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_peace_envoy_for_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhdar Brahimi peace envoy for Syria">Lakhdar Brahimi, UN special envoy to Syria</a>, tried to pursue the conference in close cooperation with the U.S. and Russia. It started on 22 January 2014 and ended on 31 January; no agreement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_Opposition_conference_(2015)"><span id="Astana_Opposition_conference_.282015.29"></span>Astana Opposition conference (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Astana Opposition conference (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early April, Randa Kassis asked the Kazakh President to host talks in Astana. The President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> accepted the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initiative has been criticized by some of Syrian Opposition members.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25—27 May 2015, a number of Syrian Opposition groups convened in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astana_talks_2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astana_talks_2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian government chose not to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second conference was held in Astana on 2–4 October 2015; the assembled Opposition groups adopted a declaration that called for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a> scheduled for 2016 to be held under the supervision of the international community; Nursultan Nazarbayev was asked to step in as a mediator in the Syrian conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astana2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astana2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The talks were mediated by Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Askar Mussinov and Director of the French Centre for Political and Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Fabien_Baussart" title="Fabien Baussart">Fabien Baussart</a>. Mme Gulshara Abdykalikova, the Secretary of State of Kazakhstan opened the talks in Astana.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Committees_Initiative">Four Committees Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Four Committees Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Four_committees_initiative" title="Four committees initiative">Four committees initiative</a> is a proposal put forward by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank#Multilateral_diplomacy" title="Diplomatic rank">envoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">Staffan de Mistura</a> on 29 July 2015 as a way to start the <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peace process</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been no peace talks on Syria since the Geneva II meetings in early 2014 ended in failure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zabadani_Ceasefire_Agreement">Zabadani Ceasefire Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zabadani Ceasefire Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></div> <p>In September 2015 <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, an ally of the Syrian government, announced a six-month truce between the rebel-held town of <a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a> near <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and two Shia towns in the north-west of Syria. The deal was reached after mediation from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vienna_Process_(since_October_2015)"><span id="Vienna_Process_.28since_October_2015.29"></span>Vienna Process (since October 2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vienna Process (since October 2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Syria peace talks in Vienna</a></div> <p>On 23 October 2015, the Foreign Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> met and talked in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, to find a way to end the Syrian conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 October 2015, the first round of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Syria peace talks</a> were held in Vienna with foreign ministers of 20 countries participating: U.S., Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, China, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany and other countries. The ministers agreed on the need of the Syrian government and opposition to start political talks.<sup id="cite_ref-met_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second round of the Vienna talks held in mid-November produced an agreement on the need to convene Syrian government and opposition representatives in formal negotiations under UN auspices with a target date of 1 January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-statement2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statement2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A day after a meeting of anti-government factions, including <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, Saudi Arabia, on 10 December produced a statement of principles to guide peace talks with the Syrian government,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian president Bashar Assad said he would not negotiate with "foreign terrorists."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia also rejected the outcome of the meeting in Riyadh, which it said was unrepresentative and included terrorist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-UNpush_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNpush-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After John Kerry visited Moscow where he met his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov as well as Vladimir Putin on 15 December, it was announced that on 18 December 2015 world powers would meet in New York to pass a UN resolution endorsing the principles of the Syria peace process.<sup id="cite_ref-UNpush_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNpush-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 December 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, having overcome the gridlock on Syria that had persisted since October 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytvetoun_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytvetoun-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardunlegit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardunlegit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unanimously passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2254" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254">Resolution 2254 (2015)</a>, endorsing the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">ISSG</a>'s transitional plan that set out a timetable for formal talks and a unity government within six months; the resolution put UN special envoy <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">Staffan de Mistura</a> in charge of organising Syria talks.<sup id="cite_ref-unresol2254_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unresol2254-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcunresol_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcunresol-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the major powers remained divided on who should represent the Syrian opposition; no mention was made of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad.<sup id="cite_ref-reutersendorse_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersendorse-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2015_Riyadh_conference_of_Syrian_opposition_groups">December 2015 Riyadh conference of Syrian opposition groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: December 2015 Riyadh conference of Syrian opposition groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Negotiations_Committee" title="High Negotiations Committee">High Negotiations Committee</a></div> <p>On 10 December 2015, a two-day meeting started in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, aiming at unifying Syria's opposition groups and forming an opposition delegation for the planned negotiations with the Syrian government (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna_14_November_2015_meeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna 14 November 2015 meeting (page does not exist)">Syria peace talks in Vienna 14 November 2015 meeting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabiya12Dec15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT13Dec15-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syrian Kurdish</a> factions were not represented at the meeting in Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT13Dec15-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Jabhat al-Nusra</a> had not been invited because of its assumed 'terrorist links' or <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> ties.<sup id="cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT13Dec15-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An agreement emerged on 12 December:<sup id="cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT13Dec15-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 34 opposition groups and individuals allied themselves as 'the <a href="/wiki/High_Negotiations_Committee" title="High Negotiations Committee">High Negotiations Committee</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc26Jan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included, among others, <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>, but did not include Syrian Kurds<sup id="cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc26Jan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not include some moderate opposition members supported by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc30Jan_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc30Jan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the 34 members are women, augmented by a women-only advisory body known as the Women's Consultative Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-passblue.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passblue.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France announced that "the Syrian opposition" had reached an agreement and had "adopted a common program" in Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabiya12Dec15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from France and Saudi Arabia, also <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> supported that 'High Negotiation Committee'.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc26Jan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Negotiation Committee was tasked with identifying 15 individuals willing and able to serve on the official opposition delegation to the Geneva III negotiations, of which 3 were women. </p><p>Russia however said that those gathered in Riyadh did not represent all opposition groups and therefore were not in a position to speak on behalf of the entire Syrian opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabiya12Dec15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_III,_January_2016"><span id="Geneva_III.2C_January_2016"></span>Geneva III, January 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Geneva III, January 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Peace_Conference_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Peace Conference (2016)">Geneva Peace Conference (2016)</a></div> <p>On Friday, 29 January 2016, a UN Peace Conference for Syria started in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. At the first day, Syrian government and opposition refused to sit in the same room together. On 3 February 2016, UN envoy <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">Staffan de Mistura</a> suspended the peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbctradeaccus_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbctradeaccus-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Lavrov</a> commented that "the [Syrian] opposition took a completely unconstructive position and tried to put forward preconditions".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rebel commanders were cited as saying they hoped the peace talks' collapse would "convince their foreign backers, states including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, that it was time to send them more powerful and advanced weapons, including <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">anti-aircraft missiles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-suplycutoff_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suplycutoff-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Syrian_Women's_Advisory_Board,_February_2016"><span id="The_Syrian_Women.27s_Advisory_Board.2C_February_2016"></span>The Syrian Women's Advisory Board, February 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Syrian Women's Advisory Board, February 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura announced appointment of a 12-woman advisory body, name the Women's Advisory Board (or "WAB" for short) on 2 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WAB members include opposition, government sympathizers, and Islamist-tending women.<sup id="cite_ref-passblue.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passblue.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WAB, however, is politically unaffiliated; the board does not participate directly in the negotiations but does advise the UN mediator on all proceedings. </p><p>The WAB has been criticized for the lack of transparency in member selection, with allegations that it is unrepresentative. The Syrian Women's Network went as far as to withdraw from the WAB based on these critiques.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cessation_of_Hostilities,_February_2016"><span id="Cessation_of_Hostilities.2C_February_2016"></span>Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cessation of Hostilities, February 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_ceasefires#Partial_ceasefire_(26_February–July_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War ceasefires">Syrian Civil War ceasefires § Partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)</a></div> <p>On 12 February 2016, the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) established an ISSG ceasefire task force, under the auspices of the UN, co-chaired by Russia and the United States, and issued a joint communique saying inter alia: "An ISSG task force will within one week elaborate modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities." </p><p>On 22 February 2016, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, foreign ministers of Russia and the U.S., as co-chairs of the ISSG,<sup id="cite_ref-rususdeal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rususdeal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced that they had concluded a deal to seek a nationwide cessation of hostilities in Syria to begin a week later.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal set out the Terms for a Cessation of Hostilities in Syria. Russia and the U.S. proposed that the cessation of hostilities commence at 00:00 (Damascus time) on 27 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-rususdeal_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rususdeal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISSG countries are supposed to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce, which was pronounced as of 29 February 2016, when the ISSG task force met in Geneva, to be largely holding.<sup id="cite_ref-issgmeets_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issgmeets-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uncalls_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncalls-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_2016_cease_fire_deal">September 2016 cease fire deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: September 2016 cease fire deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria#September_2016_US-Russia_brokered_ceasefire" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria § September 2016 US-Russia brokered ceasefire</a></div> <p>On 10 September 2016, Russia and U.S. reached a deal on establishing a cease fire between the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Assad</a> government and a US-supported coalition of so-called 'mainstream Syrian opposition rebel groups' including umbrella group <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_peace_process#Riyadh_December_2015_conference_of_Syrian_opposition_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War peace process">'High Negotiations Committee' (HNC)</a>, effective from 12 September, while jointly agreeing to continue attacks on <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> (former al-Nusra Front) and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL).<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera11092016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11092016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After US-led coalition <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">airstrikes</a> on Syrian Army troops on 17 September, of which the US claimed it was an accident, the Syrian government declared the ceasefire to be over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2016_Lausanne_talks">October 2016 Lausanne talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: October 2016 Lausanne talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 October, the U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar and Iran had talks about the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian war</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation_of_Astana_talks,_and_ceasefire_(December_2016)"><span id="Initiation_of_Astana_talks.2C_and_ceasefire_.28December_2016.29"></span>Initiation of Astana talks, and ceasefire (December 2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Initiation of Astana talks, and ceasefire (December 2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-December 2016, Vladimir Putin of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> of Turkey agreed to suggest Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, as a new venue for carrying on the Syria peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-riaastanaspravka_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaastanaspravka-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 2016, the foreign ministers of Iran, Turkey, and Russia agreed, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2254" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254</a> (Dec. 2015), to hold Syria peace talks in Astana, Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 December 2016, Turkey and Russia agreed on a nationwide ceasefire plan for Syria to go into effect at 00:00 on 30 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a>—representing the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, an alliance of Kurdish, Arab and Syriac militias mostly led by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a>—was not invited to the talks.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIL, the al-Nusra Front, and the YPG were excluded from the ceasefire, and the following rebel groups signed up for the truce: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Idlib_Army" title="Free Idlib Army">Free Idlib Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Ahl_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Ahl al-Sham">Jabhat Ahl al-Sham</a></li></ul> <p>However, the Ahrar al-Sham spokesman denied having signed the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political efforts by Russia and Turkey were endorsed by the UN Resolution 2336 adopted 31 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)"><span id="First_round_of_Astana_talks_.28January_2017.29"></span>First round of Astana talks (January 2017)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First round of Astana talks (January 2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Lavrentyev_(139509281608353889483984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Lavrentyev_%28139509281608353889483984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Russia's special envoy on Syria and lead negotiator to the Astana talks, Alexander Lavrentyev, 23 January 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png/220px-International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png/330px-International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png/440px-International_Meeting_on_Syrian_Settlement_in_Astana.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The International Meeting on Syrian Settlement in Astana, 25 January 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 January 2017, a Syrian opposition delegation that included twelve rebel factions convened with Syria's government delegation, headed by <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Jaafari" title="Bashar Jaafari">Bashar Jaafari</a>, in Astana for indirect talks titled the International Meeting on Syrian Settlement, sponsored by Russia, Turkey and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Astanatalks2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astanatalks2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astana was agreed on as the venue, since it was viewed as neutral by all the parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-whyastana_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyastana-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition side included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Alloush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Alloush (page does not exist)">Mohammed Alloush</a>, the political leader of <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Russia had proposed designating as a terrorist organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-riaastanaspravka_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaastanaspravka-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The start of talks in Astana was described as the "Astana-isation" of the Geneva talks, implying a shift towards the Syrian opposition conducting military operations and away from Syrians with only political influence.<sup id="cite_ref-astanaization_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astanaization-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talks took place on 23 and 24 January; the first day ended without the sides reaching an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Astana Process" talks aimed to support the framework in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2254" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254">UN Security Council Resolution 2254</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-res2254_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res2254-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended on the 24th with an agreement between Iran, Russia, and Turkey to form a joint monitoring body to work to enforce the Resolution 2254 ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the talks in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would inter alia turn the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalism</a> like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">secularism</a> by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_IV,_February–March_2017"><span id="Geneva_IV.2C_February.E2.80.93March_2017"></span>Geneva IV, February–March 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geneva IV, February–March 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)</a></div> <p>The Geneva IV peace talks on Syria were talks between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition under the auspices of the United Nations. The opposition was represented by the <a href="/wiki/High_Negotiations_Committee" title="High Negotiations Committee">High Negotiations Committee</a>, while the government delegation was led by Syria's UN ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Jaafari" title="Bashar Jaafari">Bashar Jaafari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talks began on 23 February 2017 and concluded on 3 March. The government delegation sought to focus on counter-terrorism while the opposition sought to focus on political transition.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_2017_Astana_talks">February 2017 Astana talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: February 2017 Astana talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two days of talks on strengthening the ceasefire regime (see above, Dec. 2016) in the nearly six-year-old Syrian conflict ended 16 Feb in Astana with the adoption of a document to formalise monitoring of the 29 December 2016, ceasefire agreement (see above). The document will guide the activities of a joint operational group to be formed by Russia, Turkey and Iran that was agreed to be set up during the earlier meeting in January in Astana. The document is also meant to guide confidence-building measures among the opposing sides.<sup id="cite_ref-2ndRdtalks_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndRdtalks-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2017_and_May_2017_Astana_talks:_De-escalation_zones">March 2017 and May 2017 Astana talks: De-escalation zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: March 2017 and May 2017 Astana talks: De-escalation zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zone (Syria)</a></div> <p>The third round of meetings in Astana held between 14 and 15 March yielded further agreement by all parties to the existing ceasefire agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-3rdRdtalks_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rdRdtalks-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these talks, Iran joined Turkey and Russia as a guarantor state.<sup id="cite_ref-3rdRdtalks_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rdRdtalks-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May 2017, at the fourth round of the Astana talks, representatives of Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed a memorandum to establish four "<a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">de-escalation</a> zones" in Syria. The largest one of those included the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> and adjoining districts of Hama, Aleppo and <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia</a> Governorates; the other three zones were set up in the northern rebel-controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, the rebel-controlled eastern <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a>, and along the <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Jordan–Syria border">Jordan–Syria border</a>. In those areas, combat operations would be halted as of 6 May 2017; it also envisaged suspension of flights of military aircraft in those areas, as well as the creation of conditions for humanitarian access, medical assistance, the return of displaced civilians to their homes and the restoration of damaged infrastructure. The memorandum was concluded for six months and could be extended automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tassdealmay4_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tassdealmay4-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deal was not signed by Syrian government or rebel groups; rebel representatives rejected it because it left too many loopholes for the Syrian government to continue bombing civilian areas.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> stated that the ceasefire zones were "dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_talks,_July_2017"><span id="Astana_talks.2C_July_2017"></span>Astana talks, July 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Astana talks, July 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth round of peace talks initially planned for 5–7 July 2017 in Astana, Kazakhstan were moved to 12–15 July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-astanatalks5_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astanatalks5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Astana Process has the support of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">Staffan de Mistura</a> who said the Astana talks are making "clear progress" to reducing violence in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Misturajuly_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misturajuly-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a> boycotted these talks.<sup id="cite_ref-al-monitor.com_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a precursor to these peace talks, on 9 July 2017 at 0900 GMT, an American-Russian-Jordanian brokered ceasefire commenced, though on 14 July, opposition groups participating in the <a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive</a> rejected the ceasefire, with clashes resuming across Southern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides minor violations from all sides involved, as of 15 July, the ceasefire has held.<sup id="cite_ref-al-monitor.com_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_talks,_September_2017"><span id="Astana_talks.2C_September_2017"></span>Astana talks, September 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Astana talks, September 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 September 2017, representatives of Iran, Russia and Turkey in Astana agreed on the implementation of a fourth "de-escalation zone", in the northern <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">governorate of Idlib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakh Foreign Minister Kairat Abdrakhmanov affirmed Kazakhstan's commitment to serving as a neutral venue for continued peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-6astana_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6astana-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_talks,_October_2017"><span id="Astana_talks.2C_October_2017"></span>Astana talks, October 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Astana talks, October 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventh round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace started in Astana with support of both Russia and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-7round_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7round-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talks maintained previous Astana Process agreements, addressed exchange of detainees, POWs and missing persons. The guarantor states—Russia, Turkey, and Iran—affirmed consensus that a political solution under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2254" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254">UN Security Council resolution 2254</a> should be found.<sup id="cite_ref-consensus2254_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consensus2254-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_talks,_December_2017"><span id="Astana_talks.2C_December_2017"></span>Astana talks, December 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Astana talks, December 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eighth round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace started in Astana.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talks aimed at ending the nearly seven-year-long conflict in the country, with the humanitarian crisis in the besieged Eastern Ghouta suburb of Damascus at the table.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the Syrian Arab Republic delegation called for the "immediate and unconditional withdrawal of foreign forces from Syrian territory" including Turkish and US forces.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sochi_talks,_January_2018"><span id="Sochi_talks.2C_January_2018"></span>Sochi talks, January 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sochi talks, January 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2018 Russia convened the Syrian National Dialogue Congress in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, in which 1,500 delegates participated.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_talks,_March_2018"><span id="Astana_talks.2C_March_2018"></span>Astana talks, March 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Astana talks, March 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ninth round of the Astana Process on Syrian peace took place on 16 March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trilateral ministerial meeting on Syria was to include Iran, Russia and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idlib_memorandum,_September_2018"><span id="Idlib_memorandum.2C_September_2018"></span>Idlib memorandum, September 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Idlib memorandum, September 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 September 2018 the Russian president Vladimir Putin and Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> reached an agreement to create a <a href="/wiki/2018_Idlib_demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Idlib demilitarization">buffer zone</a> in Idlib.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_agreement,_August_2019"><span id="Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone_agreement.2C_August_2019"></span>Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, August 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, August 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 August 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> reached a deal, which would set up a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">demilitarized buffer zone in northern Syria</a> to preempt a potential Turkish invasion of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>-held Northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Constitutional_Committee_in_Geneva,_October_2019–present"><span id="Syrian_Constitutional_Committee_in_Geneva.2C_October_2019.E2.80.93present"></span>Syrian Constitutional Committee in Geneva, October 2019–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syrian Constitutional Committee in Geneva, October 2019–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></div> <p>In September 2019, <a href="/wiki/Geir_Otto_Pedersen" title="Geir Otto Pedersen">Geir Otto Pedersen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Envoy of the Secretary-General">United Nations Special Envoy for Syria</a> since 31 October 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-UNSpecialEnvoy_GeirPedersen_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSpecialEnvoy_GeirPedersen-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called for <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchanges</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Confidence-building_measures" title="Confidence-building measures">confidence-building measure</a> between Syrian authorities, opposition groups and civil society groups to take place prior to a planned October 2019 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">constitution-drafting committee</a> meeting in Geneva. The committee is planned to include 50 people each from government, opposition and civil society, with 15 from each group to work specifically on drafting proposals for a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Geneva_IX_Oct2019_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geneva_IX_Oct2019-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a> officially convened for the first time on 30 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">United Nations Office at Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee's third session of negotiations, among the 45-member <i>small body</i>, with 15 members from the government, opposition, and civil society, respectively, started in late August 2020. Pedersen stated that he had "received a 'strong signal of support' from 'key international players' and from "all sides in the Constitutional Committee" for the continuation of the peace process. <a href="/wiki/Hadi_al-Bahra" title="Hadi al-Bahra">Hadi al-Bahra</a>, one of the opposition leaders, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Kuzbari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Kuzbari (page does not exist)">Ahmad Kuzbari</a>, on behalf of the Syrian government, were co-chairs of the session.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_2020Geneva_relaunch_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA_2020Geneva_relaunch-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 October 2021, yet another round of peace talks failed to reach common ground. No date for the next round was determined.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_meeting,_December_2019"><span id="Astana_meeting.2C_December_2019"></span>Astana meeting, December 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Astana meeting, December 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delegations of Turkey, Iran, and Russia arrived in Kazakhstan's capital, <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> (then named Nur-Sultan), on 10 December 2019 for two days of trilateral talks known as the Astana process.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The talks ended without any definitive ceasefire agreement, reportedly due to the anti–government side's refusal to accept new Russian terms regarding control of the Idlib province.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana_Process,_July_2021"><span id="Astana_Process.2C_July_2021"></span>Astana Process, July 2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Astana Process, July 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16th International High-Level Meeting on Syria within the Astana Process was held in Astana on 7–8 July 2021. Representatives from the Syrian government, Syrian opposition were present, as well as delegations from Iran, Russia, Turkey and others. High representative observers from the UN, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq also attended.<sup id="cite_ref-astanaprocess-july2021_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astanaprocess-july2021-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a joint statement, Russia, Iran, and Turkey reaffirmed their stance to oppose separatist plans aimed at undermining a unified Syria. </p><p>This round of talks focused largely on the humanitarian situation in Syria. All participants called upon the international community and the UN to increase assistance to Syria including infrastructure such as water, food, electricity, schools, and hospitals. </p><p>All parties also stressed the need to hold the next meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a> in Geneva as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Small_Group"_meeting,_May_2022"><span id=".22Small_Group.22_meeting.2C_May_2022"></span>"Small Group" meeting, May 2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: "Small Group" meeting, May 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the "Small Group" responsible for writing the constitution, consisting of 15 representatives from the Syrian Government, non-governmental organizations, and the Syrian opposition, met for the eighth round of talks at a Geneva hotel under UN Special Envoy for Syria Geir Pedersen. There had been a slight breakthrough during the sixth-round meetings in Geneva on Oct. 18-22, when the Syrian Government's delegation co-chair Ahmed Kuzbari sat at the same table for the first time with the co-chair of the opposition Hadi al-Bahra.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Syrian Civil War">International reactions to the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">List of Middle East peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="Negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis">Negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%90+%C2%AB%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%C2%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%3A+%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpressmia.ru%2Fpressclub%2F20150409%2F950065900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astana_talks_2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Astana_talks_2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astanatimes.com/2015/05/syrian-opposition-meeting-in-astana-makes-tentative-headway-in-finding-way-forward-for-peace-process/">"Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Opposition+Meeting+in+Astana+Makes+Tentative+Headway+in+Finding+Way+Forward+for+Peace+Process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fsyrian-opposition-meeting-in-astana-makes-tentative-headway-in-finding-way-forward-for-peace-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/russia-syria-conflict-strategy-moscow-meetings.html">"Russia mulls strategy to solve Syrian conflict"</a>. 3 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508152543/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/russia-syria-conflict-strategy-moscow-meetings.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+mulls+strategy+to+solve+Syrian+conflict&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F06%2Frussia-syria-conflict-strategy-moscow-meetings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1984197.html">Сирийская оппозиция провела конференцию в Астане</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009223825/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1984197.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Regnum.Ru, 4 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astana2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Astana2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Second-round-of-Syrian-opposition-talks-begins-in-Astana.html">"Second round of Syrian opposition talks begins in Astana"</a>. vestnikkavkaza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002136/http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Second-round-of-Syrian-opposition-talks-begins-in-Astana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second+round+of+Syrian+opposition+talks+begins+in+Astana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Fnews%2FSecond-round-of-Syrian-opposition-talks-begins-in-Astana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/world/20151004/1296432701.html">Сирийская оппозиция подписала итоговую декларацию конференции в Астане</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702070247/https://ria.ru/world/20151004/1296432701.html">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> RIA Novosti, 4 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOctober_20152015" class="citation web cs1">October 2015, Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 6 (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2015/10/representatives-of-syrian-opposition-meet-in-astana/">"Representatives of Syrian Opposition Meet in Astana"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709163755/https://astanatimes.com/2015/10/representatives-of-syrian-opposition-meet-in-astana/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representatives+of+Syrian+Opposition+Meet+in+Astana&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=October+2015&rft.aufirst=Malika+Orazgaliyeva+in+International+on+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2Frepresentatives-of-syrian-opposition-meet-in-astana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEE-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEE_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/un-chief-takes-aim-russia-over-syria-military-buildup-12277331">"UN chief takes aim at Russia over Syria military buildup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010015300/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/un-chief-takes-aim-russia-over-syria-military-buildup-12277331">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+envoy+to+present+new+Syria+peace+proposals&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fun-envoy-present-syria-peace-proposals-224458955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/hezbollah-announces-truce-covering-syrian-towns-150926033153112.html">'Hezbollah announces truce covering three Syrian towns'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928172801/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/hezbollah-announces-truce-covering-syrian-towns-150926033153112.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>, 26 September 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Arch-rivals+Saudi+Arabia%2C+Iran+to+discuss+Syria+face-to-face+for+first+time&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-iran-idUSKCN0SM14C20151028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statement2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statement2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/151114_03_en.htm">"Statement of the International Syria Support Group"</a>. <i>Official website of the European Union</i>. 14 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827204808/http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/151114_03_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC. 10 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212030252/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35060935">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Opposition+agrees+framework+for+peace+talks&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35060935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/assad-says-he-wont-step-down-wont-negotiate-with-terrorists/a-18913228">"Assad says he won't step down, won't negotiate with 'terrorists'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. DW. 11 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212174500/http://www.dw.com/en/assad-says-he-wont-step-down-wont-negotiate-with-terrorists/a-18913228">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assad+says+he+won%27t+step+down%2C+won%27t+negotiate+with+%27terrorists%27&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fassad-says-he-wont-step-down-wont-negotiate-with-terrorists%2Fa-18913228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNpush-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNpush_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNpush_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35099060">"Syria conflict: US and Russia signal new push at UN"</a>. BBC. 15 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216043600/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35099060">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+US+and+Russia+signal+new+push+at+UN&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35099060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39935#.VnVyc9dgJMw">Russia and China veto draft Security Council resolution on Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629175424/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39935#.VnVyc9dgJMw">Archived</a> 29 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UN website, 4 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytvetoun-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytvetoun_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?_r=0">"Russia and China Block U.N. Action on Crisis in Syria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 4 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114221835/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/world/middleeast/syria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+and+China+Block+U.N.+Action+on+Crisis+in+Syria&rft.date=2012-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-homs-death-toll-said-to-rise.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardunlegit-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardunlegit_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/23/russian-vetoes-putting-un-security-council-legitimacy-at-risk-says-us">"Russian vetoes are putting UN security council's legitimacy at risk, says US"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 23 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517013841/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/23/russian-vetoes-putting-un-security-council-legitimacy-at-risk-says-us">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+vetoes+are+putting+UN+security+council%27s+legitimacy+at+risk%2C+says+US&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fsep%2F23%2Frussian-vetoes-putting-un-security-council-legitimacy-at-risk-says-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unresol2254-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unresol2254_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12171.doc.htm">"Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2254 (2015), Endorsing Road Map for Peace Process in Syria, Setting Timetable for Talks"</a>. <i>The UN website</i>. 18 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222031140/http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12171.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+UN+website&rft.atitle=Security+Council+Unanimously+Adopts+Resolution+2254+%282015%29%2C+Endorsing+Road+Map+for+Peace+Process+in+Syria%2C+Setting+Timetable+for+Talks&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2015%2Fsc12171.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcunresol-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcunresol_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35138011">"Syria war: UN Security Council unanimously backs peace plan"</a>. BBC. 18 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218194429/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35138011">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+UN+Security+Council+unanimously+backs+peace+plan&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35138011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersendorse-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reutersendorse_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219170317/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUKKBN0U10J020151219">"U.N. endorses Syria peace plan in rare show of unity among big powers"</a>. Reuters. 19 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUKKBN0U10J020151219">the original</a> on 19 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.N.+endorses+Syria+peace+plan+in+rare+show+of+unity+among+big+powers&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUKKBN0U10J020151219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/12/18/syria-talks-falter-before-they-begin-as-key-players-struggle-to-agree-key.html">"Differences remain as key sides meet for Syria talks"</a>. Aljazeera. 18 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218213019/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/12/18/syria-talks-falter-before-they-begin-as-key-players-struggle-to-agree-key.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Differences+remain+as+key+sides+meet+for+Syria+talks&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F12%2F18%2Fsyria-talks-falter-before-they-begin-as-key-players-struggle-to-agree-key.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabiya12Dec15-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabiya12Dec15_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2015/12/12/Saudi-hails-Syrian-opposition-meeting-breakthrough-.html">'Saudi hails Syrian opposition meet ‘breakthrough’'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214234834/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2015/12/12/Saudi-hails-Syrian-opposition-meeting-breakthrough-.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Al Arabiya News</i>, 12 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBT13Dec15-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBT13Dec15_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/syria-talks-rebel-negotiations-saudi-arabia-exclude-key-players-syrian-opposition-2223287">'Syria Talks: Rebel Negotiations In Saudi Arabia Exclude Key Players In Syrian Opposition'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202124330/http://www.ibtimes.com/syria-talks-rebel-negotiations-saudi-arabia-exclude-key-players-syrian-opposition-2223287">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>, 13 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc26Jan-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc26Jan_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a></i>, 26 January 2016. Full citation (translated from Dutch): "Late last year, Saudi Arabia has forged an alliance of 34 groups that should represent the whole opposition at the negotiations – the High Negotiation Committee. (…) In the lead up to the peace talks, Saudi Arabia has forged an alliance of 34 political and armed groups that should represent the opposition in Geneva. But that alliance does by far not include all Syrian opposition groups. The alliance is being supported by France, Turkey and Qatar. But Russia objects to the fact that radical islamic groups as Ahrar al-Sham and Jaish al-Islam are part of the alliance. (…) Turkey supports the High Negotiation Committee and fiercely opposes participation of Syrian Kurds."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc30Jan-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrc30Jan_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a></i>, 30 January 2016. Full citation (from the Dutch): "…only the delegation of the regime and some members of the moderate opposition supported by Russia had come down to Geneva".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passblue.com-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-passblue.com_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passblue.com_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passblue.com/2016/05/10/how-syrian-women-landed-at-the-un-peace-talks-and-what-it-all-means/">"How Syrian Women Landed at the UN Peace Talks and What It All Means | passblue"</a>. 10 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913162904/http://www.passblue.com/2016/05/10/how-syrian-women-landed-at-the-un-peace-talks-and-what-it-all-means/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+takes+power-broking+role+as+Syria+peace+talks+to+begin+in+Astana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjan%2F22%2Frussia-syria-talks-astana-kazakhstan-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38714441">"Syria conflict: War of words as peace talks open in Astana"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Astana+talks+to+fortify+Syria+ceasefire+accord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopolmonitor.com%2Fastana-talks-fortify-syria-ceasefire-accord%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38714441">Syria conflict: War of words as peace talks open in Astana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429082252/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38714441">Archived</a> 29 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC, 24 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astanaization-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-astanaization_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38712444">"Syria peace talks: Armed groups come in from the cold"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510190651/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-38712444">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+peace+talks%3A+Armed+groups+come+in+from+the+cold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-38712444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/syria-talks-in-kazakhstan-get-rough-start-1485185648">"Syria Talks in Kazakhstan Get Rough Start"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 23 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124025318/http://www.wsj.com/articles/syria-talks-in-kazakhstan-get-rough-start-1485185648">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Talks+in+Kazakhstan+Get+Rough+Start&rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsyria-talks-in-kazakhstan-get-rough-start-1485185648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-res2254-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-res2254_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203025628/http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/en/last-news/8144-kazakhstan-foreign-ministry-s-statement-on-outcomes-of-international-meeting-on-syria">"Outcomes of International Meeting on Syria"</a>. <i>MFA</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA&rft.atitle=Outcomes+of+International+Meeting+on+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.kz%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Flast-news%2F8144-kazakhstan-foreign-ministry-s-statement-on-outcomes-of-international-meeting-on-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditor2017" class="citation news cs1">Editor, Patrick Wintour Diplomatic (24 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/24/syria-talks-astana-russia-turkey-iran-ceasefire">"Sponsors of Syria talks in Astana strike deal to protect fragile ceasefire"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124153543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/24/syria-talks-astana-russia-turkey-iran-ceasefire">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sponsors+of+Syria+talks+in+Astana+strike+deal+to+protect+fragile+ceasefire&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Editor&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Wintour+Diplomatic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjan%2F24%2Fsyria-talks-astana-russia-turkey-iran-ceasefire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-25/syria-opposition-rejects-russian-draft-of-new-constitution">"Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+Opposition+Rejects+Russian+Draft+of+New+Constitution&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2017-01-25%2Fsyria-opposition-rejects-russian-draft-of-new-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/26012017">"Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism"</a>. Rudaw. 26 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126071011/http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/26012017">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+draft+constitution+recognizes+Kurdish+language%2C+no+mentions+of+federalism&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F26012017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/mobile/arabic/middleeast/syria/250120172">"رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moscow+invites+Kurds+and+Syrian+opposition+to+explain+Astana&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2017%2F01%2Fmoscow-invites-kurds-and-syrian-opposition-to-explain-astana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39037609">"Syria's warring sides brought together for Geneva talks"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 23 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725223909/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39037609">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+warring+sides+brought+together+for+Geneva+talks&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-39037609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1691SJ?il=0">"Russia and Syria say opposition trying to wreck peace talks"</a>. Reuters. 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Turkey+and+Iran+continue+cooperation+on+de-escalation+zones+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F953004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANNE_BARNARD_and_RICK2017" class="citation news cs1">ANNE BARNARD and RICK (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/world/middleeast/russia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html?smpr&_r=0">"Russia Reaches Deal for Syria Safe Zones, but greementSome Rebels Scoff"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730064754/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/world/middleeast/russia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html?smpr&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.-Russian+ceasefire+deal+holding+in+southwest+Syria&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN19U08D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720141643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ap-sources-us-russia-reach-deal-on-syria-ceasefire/2017/07/07/0ed5d2a6-632e-11e7-80a2-8c226031ac3f_story.html">"404 Not Found"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ap-sources-us-russia-reach-deal-on-syria-ceasefire/2017/07/07/0ed5d2a6-632e-11e7-80a2-8c226031ac3f_story.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=404+Not+Found&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fap-sources-us-russia-reach-deal-on-syria-ceasefire%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2F0ed5d2a6-632e-11e7-80a2-8c226031ac3f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebel-factions-southern-syria-reject-ceasefire-deal/">"Rebel factions in southern Syria reject ceasefire deal"</a>. 14 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716062349/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebel-factions-southern-syria-reject-ceasefire-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebel+factions+in+southern+Syria+reject+ceasefire+deal&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Frebel-factions-southern-syria-reject-ceasefire-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2017/09/15/turkey-iran-russia-agree-on-borders-of-syria-de-escalation-zones-in-astana-talks">"Turkey, Iran, Russia agree on borders of Syria de-escalation zones in Astana talks"</a>. <i>DailySabah</i>. 15 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915125824/https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2017/09/15/turkey-iran-russia-agree-on-borders-of-syria-de-escalation-zones-in-astana-talks">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailySabah&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Iran%2C+Russia+agree+on+borders+of+Syria+de-escalation+zones+in+Astana+talks&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fsyrian-crisis%2F2017%2F09%2F15%2Fturkey-iran-russia-agree-on-borders-of-syria-de-escalation-zones-in-astana-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41279686">Syria war: Turkey, Russia, Iran agree Idlib 'ceasefire' zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424081545/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41279686">Archived</a> 24 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC, 15 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6astana-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6astana_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astanacalling.com/6th-astana-process-talks-produce-de-escalation-zone-agreement/">"6th Astana Process Talks Produce De-Escalation Zone Agreement"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=6th+Astana+Process+Talks+Produce+De-Escalation+Zone+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astanacalling.com%2F6th-astana-process-talks-produce-de-escalation-zone-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7round-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7round_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/fresh-syria-talks-open-astana-084756435.html">"Fresh Syria peace talks open in Kazakhstan's capital"</a>. AFP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030115534/https://www.yahoo.com/news/fresh-syria-talks-open-astana-084756435.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fresh+Syria+peace+talks+open+in+Kazakhstan%27s+capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Ffresh-syria-talks-open-astana-084756435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consensus2254-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-consensus2254_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/latest-syrian-peace-talks-in-astana-focus-on-humanitarian-issues/">"Latest Syrian peace talks in Astana focus on humanitarian issues"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latest+Syrian+peace+talks+in+Astana+focus+on+humanitarian+issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2Flatest-syrian-peace-talks-in-astana-focus-on-humanitarian-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/astana-hosts-eighth-talks-syria-war-171220093245167.html">"Astana hosts eighth round of talks on Syria's war"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171150/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/astana-hosts-eighth-talks-syria-war-171220093245167.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Radio Liberty. 30 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210104329/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-turkey-iran-hold-14th-round-of-talks-on-syria-war-in-kazakhstan/30317459.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Turkey%2C+Iran+Hold+14th+Round+Of+Talks+On+Syria+War+In+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Radio+Liberty&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-turkey-iran-hold-14th-round-of-talks-on-syria-war-in-kazakhstan%2F30317459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/12/18/russia-bombing-idlib-is-response-to-opposition-rejecting-land-grab">"Deadly Russian bombardment of Idlib is response to 'opposition rejection of land-grab proposal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Arab" title="The New Arab">The New Arab</a></i>. 18 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225225253/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/12/18/russia-bombing-idlib-is-response-to-opposition-rejecting-land-grab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Deadly+Russian+bombardment+of+Idlib+is+response+to+%27opposition+rejection+of+land-grab+proposal%27&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F18%2Frussia-bombing-idlib-is-response-to-opposition-rejecting-land-grab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astanaprocess-july2021-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-astanaprocess-july2021_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kazpravda.kz/en/news/politics/astana-process-foreign-ministry-announced-date-of-16th-talks-on-syria">"Astana process: Foreign Ministry announced date of 16th talks on Syria"</a>. kazpravda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Astana+process%3A+Foreign+Ministry+announced+date+of+16th+talks+on+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazpravda.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fastana-process-foreign-ministry-announced-date-of-16th-talks-on-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2021" class="citation web cs1">Times, Astana (9 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2021/07/astana-process-participants-express-conviction-about-need-for-diplomatic-solution-to-syrian-conflict/">"Astana Process Participants Express Conviction About Need for Diplomatic Solution to Syrian Conflict"</a>. <i>The Astana Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Astana+Process+Participants+Express+Conviction+About+Need+for+Diplomatic+Solution+to+Syrian+Conflict&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Astana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2Fastana-process-participants-express-conviction-about-need-for-diplomatic-solution-to-syrian-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/new-round-of-syrian-peace-talks-begins-in-geneva/2601220">"New round of Syrian peace talks begins in Geneva"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=New+round+of+Syrian+peace+talks+begins+in+Geneva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fnew-round-of-syrian-peace-talks-begins-in-geneva%2F2601220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/infographic-womens-inclusion-in-the-syria-peace-talks/">INFOGRAPHIC: Women's Inclusion in the Syria Peace Talks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tda-sy.org/en/uncategorized/syrian-views-international-agreements.html">Survey: Opinions and Current attitudes towards International Agreements on Syria. The Day After. November 2016</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War"><b>Background</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2011</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2012</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2013</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2014</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2015</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2016</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2017</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2018</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2019</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2020</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2021</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2022</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>2023</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war"><b>Spillover</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration<br />of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peace" title="Template:Peace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Peace (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peace" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">(category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_conflict" title="Cost of conflict">Cost of conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">Peace enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">Separate peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_termination" title="War termination">War termination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system_approach_to_peace_and_armed_conflict" title="Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict">Complex system approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">Conflict continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_peacebuilding" title="Environmental peacebuilding">Environmental peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_for_Peace" title="Infrastructure for Peace">Infrastructure for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional peacebuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">Arab–Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israel–Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">Kurdish/Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_peace_process" title="Yemeni peace process">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">List of periods of regional peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="post-WWII_Europe" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">post-WWII Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li>human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mechanism" title="Moscow Mechanism">Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms</a> (1989/1991)</li></ul></li> <li>military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Document" title="Vienna Document">Vienna Document</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties" title="Category:Peace treaties">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_by_country" title="Category:Peace treaties by country">Index by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace" title="Category:Peace">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&oldid=1252071350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_peace_process&oldid=1252071350</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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