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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&params=48_N_91_W_type:landmark_dim:69km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°N</span> <span class="longitude">91°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48°N 91°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48; -91</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wilderness area in Minnesota, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #DACAA5;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> Ib (<a href="/wiki/Wilderness_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness area">wilderness area</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/284px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/426px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/568px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sunset over Pose Lake, a small lake accessible only by foot.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness"><img alt="Map showing the location of Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/284px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/426px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/568px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.454%;left:57.359%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness"><img alt="Map showing the location of Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Minnesota" title="Cook County, Minnesota">Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Minnesota" title="Lake County, Minnesota">Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis County, Minnesota">Saint Louis</a> counties, Minnesota, United States</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Minnesota" title="Ely, Minnesota">Ely, Minnesota</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marais,_Minnesota" title="Grand Marais, Minnesota">Grand Marais, Minnesota</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&params=48_N_91_W_type:landmark_dim:69km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°N</span> <span class="longitude">91°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48°N 91°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48; -91</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,090,000 acres (4,400 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">105,000 (in 2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</b> (<b>BWCAW</b> or <b>BWCA</b>) comprises 1,090,000 acres (440,000 ha) of pristine forests, glacial lakes, and streams in the <a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior National Forest</a>. Located entirely within the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters" title="Boundary Waters">Boundary Waters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness area</a> is under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>. Efforts to preserve the primitive landscape began in the 1900s and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness_Act" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act</a> of 1978. The area is a popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, hiking, and fishing, and is the most visited wilderness in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bwca_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bwca_map.png/290px-Bwca_map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bwca_map.png/435px-Bwca_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bwca_map.png/580px-Bwca_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>The BWCAW within the <a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior National Forest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The BWCAW extends along 150 miles (240 km) of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canadian border</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Region" title="Arrowhead Region">Arrowhead Region</a> of Minnesota. The combined region of the BWCAW, Superior National Forest, <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park">Voyageurs National Park</a>, and Ontario's <a href="/wiki/Quetico_Provincial_Park" title="Quetico Provincial Park">Quetico</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Verendrye_Provincial_Park" title="La Verendrye Provincial Park">La Verendrye</a> provincial parks make up a large area of contiguous wilderness lakes and forests called the "Quetico-Superior country", or simply the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters" title="Boundary Waters">Boundary Waters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> lies to the south and east of the Boundary Waters.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-searle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–3">: 1–3 </span></sup> </p><p>Nearly 20% of the BWCAW's total area, or 190,000 acres (77,000 ha), is water. Within the borders of the area are over 1,100 lakes and hundreds of miles of rivers and streams. Much of the other 80% of the area is forest. The BWCAW contains the largest remaining area of uncut forest in the eastern portion of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Divide" title="Laurentian Divide">Laurentian Divide</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> runs northeast–southwest through the east side of the BWCAW, following the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Upland" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Upland">Superior Upland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunflint_Range" title="Gunflint Range">Gunflint Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paddling_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddling-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> The crossing of the divide at <a href="/wiki/Height_of_Land_Portage" title="Height of Land Portage">Height of Land Portage</a> was an occasion for ceremony and initiation rites for the fur-trading <a href="/wiki/Voyageur" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyageur">Voyageurs</a> of the 18th and early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-baptizing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baptizing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wilderness also includes the highest peak in Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_(Minnesota)" title="Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)">Eagle Mountain</a> (2,301 feet (701 m)), part of the <a href="/wiki/Misquah_Hills" title="Misquah Hills">Misquah Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Located around the perimeter of the BWCAW are six ranger stations: in <a href="/wiki/Cook,_Minnesota" title="Cook, Minnesota">Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Minnesota" title="Aurora, Minnesota">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Minnesota" title="Ely, Minnesota">Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Minnesota" title="Isabella, Minnesota">Isabella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofte,_Minnesota" title="Tofte, Minnesota">Tofte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Marais,_Minnesota" title="Grand Marais, Minnesota">Grand Marais</a>. The two nearby communities with most visitor services are Ely and Grand Marais.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several historic roads such as the <a href="/wiki/Gunflint_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunflint Trail">Gunflint Trail</a>, Echo Trail (County Road 116) and Fernberg Road (County Road 18) allow access to many wilderness entry points.<sup id="cite_ref-paddling_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paddling-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The weather station Ely 25E is on the southern edge of <a href="/wiki/Snowbank_Lake_(Minnesota)" title="Snowbank Lake (Minnesota)">Snowbank Lake (Minnesota)</a>, a lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has a dry winter <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dwb</i>), bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfc</i>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ely 25E, Minnesota, 1991–2020 normals: 1444ft (440m) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(24) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99<br />(37) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(13) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">92<br />(33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.2<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(−6.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.7<br />(8.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(−15.4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(−13.1) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(−5.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.1<br />(10.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.0<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0<br />(12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(−11.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.0<br />(2.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(−21.5) </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(−19.9) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(−12.9) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7<br />(9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5<br />(11.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(−7.4) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(−16.4) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.3<br />(−3.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29<br />(−34) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26<br />(−32) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−16<br />(−27) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46<br />(8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32<br />(−36) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−45<br />(−43) </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41<br />(−41) </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32<br />(−36) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−12<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(3) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(−1) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−16<br />(−27) </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39<br />(−39) </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−45<br />(−43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.97<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.79<br />(20) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.84<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.97<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.01<br />(76) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.74<br />(95) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.10<br />(104) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.48<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.74<br />(95) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.75<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.47<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.15<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.01<br />(710) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.70<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.10<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.90<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #00007E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.80<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.40<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.00<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.00<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.00<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.00<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.90<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #00007B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.90<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.20<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.9<br />(195.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: XMACIS (records & monthly max/mins)<sup id="cite_ref-XMACIS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XMACIS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg/170px-Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg/255px-Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg/340px-Pinus_strobus_NinaMoose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_white_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white pine">eastern white pine</a> growing on glacially scoured bedrock, Nina Moose Lake</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Geology of Minnesota</a></div> <p>The lakes of the BWCAW are located in depressions formed by differential erosion of the tilted layers of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>. For the past <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">two million years</a>, massive <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">sheets of ice</a> have repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Erosion#Glaciers" title="Erosion">scoured</a> the landscape. The <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> ended with the retreat of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> from the Boundary Waters about 17,000 years ago. The resulting depressions in the landscape later filled with water, becoming today′s lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-MnGeol_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MnGeol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinselman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinselman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> bedrock are exposed including: <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. Greenstone of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior craton">Superior craton</a> located near Ely, Minnesota, is up to 2.7 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rocks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duluth_Complex" title="Duluth Complex">Duluth Complex</a> comprise the bedrock of the eastern Boundary Waters.<sup id="cite_ref-MnGeol_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MnGeol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Microfossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfossils">microfossils</a> have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gunflint_Chert" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunflint Chert">Gunflint Chert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_ecology">Forest ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forest ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Boundary Waters area is near the border of the true boreal forest and the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">Laurentian Mixed Forest Province</a> (commonly called the "North Woods"), a transitional zone between the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate hardwood forest</a> to the south that contains characteristics of each. Trees found within the wilderness area include <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Red_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Red pine">red pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_white_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white pine">eastern white pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">balsam fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis" title="Thuja occidentalis">white-cedar</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium" title="Vaccinium angustifolium">Blueberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubus_strigosus" title="Rubus strigosus">raspberries</a> can be found in cleared areas. The BWCAW is estimated to contain 455,000 acres (184,000 ha) of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a>, woods that may have burned but have never been logged.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before fire suppression efforts began during the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a> were a natural part of the Boundary Waters ecosystem, with recurrence intervals of 30 to 300 years in most areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinselman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinselman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg/220px-Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg/330px-Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg/440px-Pagami_creek_smoke_plume.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Smoke from the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pagami_Creek_Fire" title="Pagami Creek Fire">Pagami Creek Fire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On July 4, 1999, a powerful wind storm, or <a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">derecho</a>, swept across Minnesota, central Ontario, and southern Quebec. Winds as high as 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) knocked down millions of trees, affecting about 370,000 acres (150,000 ha) within the BWCAW and injuring 60 people. This event became known officially as the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters%E2%80%93Canadian_derecho" title="Boundary Waters–Canadian derecho">Boundary Waters–Canadian derecho</a>, commonly referred to as "the Boundary Waters blowdown". Although <a href="/wiki/Campsite" title="Campsite">campsites</a> and portages were quickly cleared after the storm, an increased risk of wildfire due to the large number of downed trees became a concern. The U.S. Forest Service undertook <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">prescribed burns</a> to reduce the forest fuel load in the event of a wildfire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major wildfire within the blowdown area occurred in August 2005, burning 1,335 acres (540 ha) between Alpine Lake and Seagull Lake in the northeastern BWCAW.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, two fires at Cavity Lake and Turtle Lake burned more than 30,000 acres (12,000 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Gunflint_Trail#Ham_Lake_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunflint Trail">Ham Lake Fire</a> started near the location of the Cavity Lake fire, eventually covering 76,000 acres (31,000 ha) in Minnesota and Ontario and becoming the most extensive wildfire in Minnesota in 90 years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Pagami_Creek_Fire" title="Pagami Creek Fire">Pagami Creek Fire</a> grew to over 92,000 acres (37,000 ha), spreading beyond the wilderness boundary to threaten homes and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoke from the Pagami Creek Fire drifted east and south as far as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was closed due to wildfire for the first time since the 1970s, as the <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Fire" title="Greenwood Fire">Greenwood Fire</a> threatened access and spread rapidly to the south of its origin, and other smaller fires were burning within the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Loon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Common_Loon.jpg/220px-Common_Loon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Common_Loon.jpg/330px-Common_Loon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Common_Loon.jpg/440px-Common_Loon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Common loon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animals found in the BWCAW include <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_moose" title="Western moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">beaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_boreal_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes boreal wolf">timber wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_northern_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Great northern diver">loons</a>. It is within the range of the largest population of wolves in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, as well as an unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a>. It has also been identified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bird_Conservancy" title="American Bird Conservancy">American Bird Conservancy</a> as a globally important bird habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Woodland caribou</a> once inhabited the region but have disappeared due to encroachment by deer, and the effects of a <a href="/wiki/Parelaphostrongylus_tenuis" title="Parelaphostrongylus tenuis">brainworm parasite</a> carried by deer which is harmful to both caribou and moose populations. Very rare sightings have been reported in nearby areas as recently as the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg/220px-Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg/330px-Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg/440px-Hegman_Lake_Pictographs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Pictographs at Hegman Lake, as they looked in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>The north country was inhabited by the Paleo Indian culture circa 8000 BC. Limited artifacts have been found in the BWCAW from that era and the subsequent Archaic period circa 6000 years ago. Artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Early Woodland Era</a> (circa 1300 years ago) have not been found there, but pottery and clay pipes from the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Later Woodland Indians</a> have been found there.<sup id="cite_ref-BoundaryWatersJournal2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoundaryWatersJournal2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area was then sparsely populated by the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>. Then the Ojibwe arrived and the Sioux migrated westward. The area then became a part of the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwe</a> people, who traveled the waterways in <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>. Within the BWCAW are hundreds of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Rock_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock painting">pictographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> on rock ledges and cliffs. It is thought that the <a href="/wiki/Hegman_Lake_Pictograph" title="Hegman Lake Pictograph">Hegman Lake Pictograph</a> located on a large overlooking rock wall on North Hegman Lake was most likely created by the Ojibwe. The pictograph appears to represent Ojibwe meridian constellations visible in winter during the early evening, knowledge of which may have been useful for navigating in the deep woods during the winter hunting season. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_Indian_Reservation" title="Grand Portage Indian Reservation">Grand Portage Indian Reservation</a>, just east of the BWCAW at the community of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_(community),_Minnesota" title="Grand Portage (community), Minnesota">Grand Portage</a>, is home to a number of Ojibwe to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_development">European exploration and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European exploration and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyageur_canoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg/220px-Voyageur_canoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg/330px-Voyageur_canoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Voyageur_canoe.jpg/440px-Voyageur_canoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageur</a> canoe during the fur trade era</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1688 the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Noyon" title="Jacques de Noyon">Jacques de Noyon</a> became the first European known to have traveled through the BWCAW area. Later, during the 1730s, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes,_sieur_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye">La Vérendrye</a> and others opened the region to trade, mainly in beaver pelts. By the end of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> had been organized into groups of canoe-paddling <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> working for the competing <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay</a> Companies, with a North West Company fort located at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a> on Lake Superior. The final <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs#Rendezvous" title="Voyageurs">rendezvous</a> was held at Grand Portage in 1803, after which the North West Company moved its operations further north to Fort William (now <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>). In 1821 the North West Company merged with the Hudson's Bay Company and the center of the fur trade moved even further north to the posts around Hudson Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-searle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–8">: 5–8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanoeRoutesMorse_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanoeRoutesMorse-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the area's legal and political status was disputed. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1783, had defined the northern border between the United States and Canada based on the inaccurate <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Map" title="Mitchell Map">Mitchell Map</a>. Ownership of the area between <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> and Lake Superior was unclear, with the United States claiming the border was further north at the <a href="/wiki/Kaministiquia_River" title="Kaministiquia River">Kaministiquia River</a> and Canada claiming it was further south beginning at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)" title="Saint Louis River (Lake Superior tributary)">Saint Louis River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> clarified the border between the United States and Canada using the old trading route running along the <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_River_(Minnesota%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Pigeon River (Minnesota–Ontario)">Pigeon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_(Minnesota%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario)">Rainy River</a> (today the BWCAW's northern border).<sup id="cite_ref-searle_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> </p><p>The BWCAW area remained largely undeveloped until gold, silver and iron were found in the surrounding area during the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s. Logging in the area began around the same time to supply lumber to support the mining industries, with production peaking in the late 1910s and gradually trailing off during the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-searle_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–12">: 9–12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, Minnesota's Forest Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Andrews">Christopher C. Andrews</a> persuaded the state to reserve 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of land near the BWCAW from being sold to loggers. In 1905 he visited the area on a canoe trip and was impressed by the area's natural beauty. He was able to save another 141,000 acres (57,000 ha) from being sold for development. He soon reached out to the Ontario government to encourage them to preserve some of the area's land on their side of the border, noting that the area could be "an international forest reserve and park of very great beauty and interest". This collaboration led to the creation of the Superior National Forest and the Quetico Provincial Park in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-searle_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–16">: 15–16 </span></sup> </p><p>The BWCAW itself was formed gradually through a series of actions. By the early 1920s, roads had begun to be built through the Superior National Forest to promote public access to the area for recreation. In 1926 a section of 640,000 acres (260,000 ha) within the Superior National Forest was set aside as a roadless wilderness area by Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">William Marion Jardine</a>. This area became the nucleus of the BWCAW. In 1930, Congress passed the Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act, which prohibited logging and dams within the area to preserve its natural water levels. Through additional land purchases and shifts in boundaries, the amount of protected land owned by the government in the area grew even further. In 1938, the area's borders were expanded and altered (roughly matching those of the present day BWCAW), and it was renamed the Superior Roadless Primitive Area.<sup id="cite_ref-bwcawhistory_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwcawhistory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bwcahistory2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwcahistory2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional laws focused on protecting the area's rustic and undeveloped character. In 1948, the Thye-Blatnik Bill authorized the government to purchase the few remaining privately owned homes and resorts within the area. In 1949, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> signed Executive Order 10092 which <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_airspace#United_States" title="Prohibited airspace">prohibited aircraft</a> from flying over the area below 4,000 feet. The area was officially named the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in 1958. The <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a> of 1964 organized it as a unit of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness Preservation System</a>. The 1978 <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness_Act" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act</a> established the Boundary Waters regulations much as they are today, with limitations on <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobiles</a>, a permit-based quota system for recreational access, and restrictions on logging and mining within the area.<sup id="cite_ref-bwcawhistory_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwcawhistory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bwcahistory2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwcahistory2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year the Forest Service began referring to it as "BWCAW" to recognize its wilderness character.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use_disputes">Land use disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land use disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some aspects of the BWCAW's management and conservation have been controversial. A 1971 rule limiting visitors to "designated campsites" on heavy-use routes is instituted by the U.S. Forest Service. Cans and glass bottles are prohibited from the Boundary Waters. According to the U.S. Forest Service, the measure is expected to reduce refuse by 360,000 pounds (160 t), saving $90,000 per year on cleanup.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>October 1975, Eighth District Representative <a href="/wiki/James_Oberstar" class="mw-redirect" title="James Oberstar">James Oberstar</a> (D-MN) introduced a bill that if passed would have established a Boundary Waters Wilderness Area of 625,000 acres (253,000 ha) and a Boundary Waters National Recreation Area (NRA) of 527,000 acres (213,000 ha), permitting logging and mechanized travel in the latter area and removing from wilderness designation a number of large scenic lakes such as La Croix, Basswood, Saganaga, and Seagull. The bill was strongly opposed by environmentalists. </p><p>October 21, 1978, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act, U.S. Public Law 95-495, was signed by <a href="/wiki/President_Jimmy_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="President Jimmy Carter">President Jimmy Carter</a>. The act added 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) to the Boundary Waters, to then encompass 1,098,057 acres (444,368 ha), and extended greater wilderness protection to the area. The name was changed from the Boundary Waters Canoe Area to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. The Act banned logging, mineral prospecting, and mining, and all but bans snowmobile use (two snowmobile routes remain to access Canada). The act limited motorboat use to about two dozen lakes, limited the size of motors, and regulated the number of motorboats and long established motorized <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portages</a>. It called for limiting the number of motorized lakes to 16 in 1984, and 14 in 1999, totaling about 24% of the area's water acreage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1989 Truck portage testing. According to the 1978 BWCAW Act: Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to require the termination of the existing operation of motor vehicles to assist in the transport of boats across the portages from Sucker Lake to Basswood Lake, from Fall Lake to Basswood Lake, and from Lake Vermilion to Trout Lake, during the period ending January 1, 1984. Following said date, unless the Secretary determines that there is no feasible non-motorized means of transporting boats across the portages to reach the lakes previously served by the portages listed above, he shall terminate all such motorized use of each portage listed above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1989 – U S Forest Service with the University of MN conduct feasibility tests on the three truck portages. It is determined that trucks should remain. </p><p>1990 – Friends of the Boundary Waters, Sierra Club and six other environmental groups sue to have trucks removed; CWCS joins the U S Forest Service as intervenors. </p><p>1992 – Appeals court sides with U S Forest Service that trucks should remain. Friends of the Boundary Waters and coalition appeal to <a href="/wiki/8th_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Circuit Court of Appeals">8th Circuit Court of Appeals</a>. Trucks are removed from the three truck portages. </p><p>1994 – As a result of the Friends of the Boundary Waters lawsuit against the 1992 BWCAW Management Plan, canoe rests, pontoon boats and sailboats are banned from the Boundary Waters. </p><p>1999 – As a result of the Friends of the Boundary Waters lawsuit against the 1992 BWCAW Management Plan, the courts redefined the phrase ‘that particular lake’ and exempt permits were eliminated for property owners, resorts and outfitters on the Moose, Farm and Seagull Chain of Lakes. </p><p>1999 – Trucks return to two of the three truck portages, Prairie and Trout Lake portages, as a result of Congressman Oberstar including this provision in his 1998 Transportation Bill. </p><p>A snowmobile trail located 400 feet (120 m) from the border provoked a lawsuit in 2006. In 2015, a judge ruled that the snowmobile trail did not violate the Wilderness Act.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_Twin_Metals_Mine">Proposed Twin Metals Mine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proposed Twin Metals Mine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twin_Metals_mine_(Ely,_MN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Metals mine (Ely, MN)">Twin Metals mine (Ely, MN)</a></div> <p>It has been known for decades that there are about four billion tons of copper and nickel ore, "one of the world's largest undeveloped mineral deposits", in the <a href="/wiki/Duluth_Complex" title="Duluth Complex">Duluth Complex</a>, which underlies part of northeastern Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MM_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20190625_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20190625-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resource companies have proposed mines south and west of the BWCAW upstream of the wilderness and within its watershed, leading to concerns that <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> could damage the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2016 the federal government proposed banning mining for 20 years while the subject was studied. The <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> cancelled the study in September 2018, clearing the way for mining leases in the national forest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Antofagasta PLC">Antofagasta PLC</a> subsidiary Twin Metals Minnesota would operate a proposed mine.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Tabuchi_20190625_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Tabuchi_20190625-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden administration</a> filed an application for a "mineral withdrawal" that will put a hold on the development of the mine proposal while the environmental impacts are studied. The completed study could lead to a 20-year ban on mining upstream from the BWCAW.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilderness_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wilderness_Camp.jpg/220px-Wilderness_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wilderness_Camp.jpg/330px-Wilderness_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wilderness_Camp.jpg/440px-Wilderness_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>A fire area typical at wilderness campsites throughout the BWCAW</figcaption></figure> <p>The BWCAW attracts over 150,000 visitors per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains more than 2,000 backcountry campsites, 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of canoe routes, and 12 different hiking trails and is popular for <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe_camping" title="Canoe camping">canoe touring</a>, fishing, <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushing" title="Mushing">dog sledding</a>, and enjoying the area's remote wilderness character.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permits are required for all overnight visits to the BWCAW. Quota permits are required for groups taking an overnight paddle, motor, or hiking trip, or a motorized day-use trip into the BWCAW from May 1 through September 30. These permits must be reserved in advance. Day use paddle and hiking permits do not require advance reservation and can be filled out at BWCAW entry points. From October 1 through April 30, permit reservations are not necessary, but a permit must be filled out at the permit stations located at each entry point. Each permit must specify the trip leader, the specific entry point and the day of entry. The permits are for an indefinite length, although visitors are only allowed one entry into the wilderness and cannot stay in one campsite for more than 14 nights.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiking">Hiking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hiking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EagleMountainTrail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EagleMountainTrail.jpg/220px-EagleMountainTrail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EagleMountainTrail.jpg/330px-EagleMountainTrail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EagleMountainTrail.jpg/440px-EagleMountainTrail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Junction of the Eagle Mountain and Brule Lake Trails</figcaption></figure> <p>The BWCAW contains a variety of hiking trails. Shorter hikes include the trail to <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_(Minnesota)" title="Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)">Eagle Mountain</a> (7 miles (11 km)). Loop trails include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pow_Wow_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pow Wow Trail (page does not exist)">Pow Wow Trail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snowbank_Trail" title="Snowbank Trail">Snowbank Trail</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sioux-Hustler_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux-Hustler Trail">Sioux-Hustler Trail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Border_Route_Trail" title="Border Route Trail">Border Route Trail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kekekabic_Trail" title="Kekekabic Trail">Kekekabic Trail</a> are the two longest trails running through the BWCAW. The Border Route Trail runs east–west for over 65 miles (105 km) through the eastern BWCAW, beginning at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Hiking_Trail" title="Superior Hiking Trail">Superior Hiking Trail</a> and following ridges and cliffs west until it connects with the <a href="/wiki/Kekekabic_Trail" title="Kekekabic Trail">Kekekabic Trail</a>. The Kekekabic Trail continues for another 39 miles (63 km), beginning near the Gunflint Trail and passing through the center of the BWCAW before exiting it near Snowbank Lake. Both the Border Route and the Kekekabic Trail are part of the longer <a href="/wiki/North_Country_National_Scenic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="North Country National Scenic Trail">North Country National Scenic Trail</a> and together these represent the most remote segment of the NCT's 4,800 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canoeing">Canoeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canoeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canoeing or other non-motorized boating is the most popular method of exploring the BWCAW. A 2007 study found more than 94% of overnight visitors used a non-motorized boat to travel through the park.<sup id="cite_ref-2012report_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012report-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BWCAW's size and abundance of campsites, lakes, rivers and <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> trails allow for almost countless options for different routes. Many online maps and guidebooks offer suggested routes based on entry point, duration and difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainy_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canoe campers on a trip in the BWCAW"><img alt="Canoe campers on a trip in the BWCAW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rainy_River.jpg/200px-Rainy_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rainy_River.jpg/300px-Rainy_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rainy_River.jpg/400px-Rainy_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canoe campers on a trip in the BWCAW</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A BWCA paddler with her wood-and-canvas canoe"><img alt="A BWCA paddler with her wood-and-canvas canoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg/200px-Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg/300px-Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg/400px-Bwca-and-wooden-canoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A BWCA paddler with her wood-and-canvas canoe</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fishing is a popular activity in the BWCAW. Game species include <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Panfish" title="Panfish">panfish</a>. Trout including <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Splake" title="Splake">splake</a> are also found. White sucker, burbot, and whitefish also occur. Limited stocking of walleye and lake trout is done on some lakes where natural recruitment is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-tripguide_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wilderness contains one of the largest concentrations of native lake trout lakes in the lower 48 states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Night_sky_viewing">Night sky viewing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Night sky viewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020 the BWCA became a designated Dark Sky Sanctuary, one of 20 in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It differs from other Dark Sky designations in that sanctuaries are the most remote and often darkest places in the world whose conservation state is 'most fragile'."<sup id="cite_ref-darksky_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darksky-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Forest Service had been working towards gaining this status for the BWCAW since 2008. According to the US forest service "This designation confirms what people in the area have enjoyed for thousands of years. Dark skies, starry nights, and astonishing northern lights displays have been part of the experience long before the area was designated wilderness..."<sup id="cite_ref-darksky_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darksky-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_associated_with_the_BWCAW">Notable people associated with the BWCAW</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people associated with the BWCAW"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benny_Ambrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benny Ambrose (page does not exist)">Benny Ambrose</a>, one of the last two residents of BWCAW.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Kerfoot" title="Justine Kerfoot">Justine Kerfoot</a>, local author and renowned outdoorswoman who moved to the Boundary Waters in 1928 and helped establish the Gunflint Lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhs1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhs1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Molter" title="Dorothy Molter">Dorothy Molter</a>, known as the "Rootbeer Lady", lived in the BWCAW for 56 years (alone after 1948) until her death in 1986, and was the last resident of the BWCA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oberholtzer" title="Ernest Oberholtzer">Ernest Oberholtzer</a>, is recognized today as a leading advocate for the preservation of the Quetico-Superior lake area and what would become the BWCA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd Olson">Sigurd Olson</a>, Minnesota author and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationist</a>, wrote extensively about the Boundary Waters and worked to ensure preservation of the wilderness.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR04/table7.htm">"Land Area Report"</a>. U.S. Forest Service. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Area+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fland%2Fstaff%2Flar%2FLAR04%2Ftable7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tripguide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tripguide_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3799760.pdf">"Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Trip Planning Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USDA – Forest Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USDA+%E2%80%93+Forest+Service&rft.atitle=Boundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness+Trip+Planning+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2FInternet%2FFSE_DOCUMENTS%2Fstelprd3799760.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-searle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-searle_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-searle_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-searle_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-searle_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-searle_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1977" class="citation book cs1">Searle, R. Newell (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/savingqueticosup0000sear"><i>Saving Quetico-Superior, A Land Set Apart</i></a></span>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-116-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-116-6"><bdi>0-87351-116-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Quetico-Superior%2C+A+Land+Set+Apart&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87351-116-6&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=R.+Newell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsavingqueticosup0000sear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paddling-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paddling_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paddling_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2003" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, James (2003). <i>Paddling the Boundary Waters and Voyageurs National Park</i>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-1148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-1148-2"><bdi>978-0-7627-1148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddling+the+Boundary+Waters+and+Voyageurs+National+Park&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-1148-2&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baptizing-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baptizing_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodruchny2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Podruchny, Carolyn (June 2002). "Baptizing Novices: Ritual Moments among French Canadian Voyageurs in the Montreal Fur Trade, 1780–1821". <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. Vol. 83, no. 2. University of Toronto Press, Journals Division. pp. 165–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCHR.83.2.165">10.3138/CHR.83.2.165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162310609">162310609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Baptizing+Novices%3A+Ritual+Moments+among+French+Canadian+Voyageurs+in+the+Montreal+Fur+Trade%2C+1780%E2%80%931821&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-95&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCHR.83.2.165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162310609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Podruchny&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span> (Abstract)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00212555&format=pdf">"Ely 25E, Minnesota 1991-2020 Monthly Normals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ely+25E%2C+Minnesota+1991-2020+Monthly+Normals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSC00212555%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XMACIS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XMACIS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/">"xmACIS"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=xmACIS&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxmacis.rcc-acis.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MnGeol-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MnGeol_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MnGeol_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjakangasMatsch1982" class="citation book cs1">Ojakangas, Richard; Matsch, Charles (1982). <i>Minnesota's Geology</i>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0953-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0953-5"><bdi>0-8166-0953-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+Geology&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8166-0953-5&rft.aulast=Ojakangas&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Matsch%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinselman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinselman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinselman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinselman1996" class="citation book cs1">Heinselman, Miron (1996). <i>The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2804-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2804-1"><bdi>0-8166-2804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundary+Waters+Wilderness+Ecosystem&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8166-2804-1&rft.aulast=Heinselman&rft.aufirst=Miron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiblen1971" class="citation magazine cs1">Weiblen, Paul W. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/93796/bwca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"It's Written in the Rocks: The BWCA History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Conservation Volunteer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conservation+Volunteer&rft.atitle=It%27s+Written+in+the+Rocks%3A+The+BWCA+History&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Weiblen&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F93796%2Fbwca.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarghoornTyler1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Barghoorn, Elso S.; Tyler, Stanley A. 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Vol. 147, no. 3658. pp. 563–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3658.563">10.1126/science.147.3658.563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17783259">17783259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Microorganisms+from+the+Gunflint+Chert&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=3658&rft.pages=563-577&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.147.3658.563&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17783259&rft.aulast=Barghoorn&rft.aufirst=Elso+S.&rft.au=Tyler%2C+Stanley+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinselman1996">Heinselman (1996)</a>, p. 18, Table 4.1. This figure is for solid contiguous areas of virgin forest; it does not include some smaller areas within cut-over forests, nor some shoreline areas of virgin woods. <i>Id.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/212La/index.html">"ECS: Border Lakes Subsection"</a>. <i>Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=ECS%3A+Border+Lakes+Subsection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fecs%2F212La%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416163406/http://www.friends-bwca.org/2009/07/10-years-after-the-big-blowdown/">"10 years after the big blowdown"</a>. <i>Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness</i>. 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September 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inciweb+map&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finciweb.nwcg.gov%2Fincident%2Fmaps%2F7583%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span> Showing Whelp and John Ek fires.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/superior/about-forest/?cid=fsm91_049837">"Superior National Forest – About the Forest"</a>. <i>USDA – Forest Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USDA+%E2%80%93+Forest+Service&rft.atitle=Superior+National+Forest+%E2%80%93+About+the+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdetail%2Fsuperior%2Fabout-forest%2F%3Fcid%3Dfsm91_049837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechNelsonDrabik1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Mech, L. David; Nelson, Michael E.; Drabik, Harry F. (1982). "Reoccurrence of Caribou in Minnesota". <i>The American Midland Naturalist</i>. Vol. 101, no. 8. pp. 206–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2425312">10.2307/2425312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2425312">2425312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Midland+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Reoccurrence+of+Caribou+in+Minnesota&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=206-208&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2425312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2425312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mech&rft.aufirst=L.+David&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Drabik%2C+Harry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoundaryWatersJournal2020-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoundaryWatersJournal2020_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonthei2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Monthei, Heather (Spring 2020). 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Duluth, Minnesota: Birch Portage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916691-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916691-02-8"><bdi>978-0-916691-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+on+the+Rocks%3A+Canoe+Country+Pictographs&rft.place=Duluth%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Birch+Portage+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-916691-02-8&rft.aulast=Furtman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanoeRoutesMorse-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanoeRoutesMorse_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1969" class="citation book cs1">Morse, Eric W. 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Wilderness Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-461-3"><bdi>978-0-89997-461-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundary+Waters+Canoe+Area%3A+Eastern+Region&rft.pub=Wilderness+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89997-461-3&rft.aulast=Beymer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Dzierzak%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darksky.org/our-work/conservation/idsp/sanctuaries/">"International Dark Sky Sanctuaries"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Dark+Sky+Sanctuaries&rft.pub=International+Dark-Sky+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darksky.org%2Four-work%2Fconservation%2Fidsp%2Fsanctuaries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darksky-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darksky_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-darksky_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Allie (September 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox9.com/news/boundary-waters-canoe-area-wilderness-becomes-international-dark-sky-sanctuary">"Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness becomes International Dark Sky Sanctuary"</a>. <i>Fox9</i>. KMSP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox9&rft.atitle=Boundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness+becomes+International+Dark+Sky+Sanctuary&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox9.com%2Fnews%2Fboundary-waters-canoe-area-wilderness-becomes-international-dark-sky-sanctuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/03/Wilderness-man-dead-at-82/7277399873600/">"Wilderness man dead at 82"</a>. United Press International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilderness+man+dead+at+82&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F09%2F03%2FWilderness-man-dead-at-82%2F7277399873600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/city-girl-justine-kerfoot-became-a-north-woods-icon/509483332/">"City Girl Justine Kerfoot became a North Woods Icon"</a>. <i>Star Tribune</i>. Minneapolis. May 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=City+Girl+Justine+Kerfoot+became+a+North+Woods+Icon&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fcity-girl-justine-kerfoot-became-a-north-woods-icon%2F509483332%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mhs1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mhs1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnesota_Historical_Society" class="citation web cs1">Minnesota Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display?irn=10318525">"Minnesota Environmental Issues Oral History Project: Interview with Justine Kerfoot"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Environmental+Issues+Oral+History+Project%3A+Interview+with+Justine+Kerfoot&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.au=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2Fcms%2Fdisplay%3Firn%3D10318525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2016" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Porter (October 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/travel/boundary-waters-minnesota-canada-into-the-wild.html">"On the Water, and into the Wild"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+the+Water%2C+and+into+the+Wild&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F23%2Ftravel%2Fboundary-waters-minnesota-canada-into-the-wild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProescholdtRapsonHeinselman1995" class="citation book cs1">Proescholdt, Kevin; Rapson, Rip; Heinselman, Miron L. (1995). <i>Troubled Waters</i>. St. cloud, Minnesota: North Star Press of St. Cloud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87839-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87839-100-2"><bdi>0-87839-100-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Waters&rft.place=St.+cloud%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=North+Star+Press+of+St.+Cloud&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87839-100-2&rft.aulast=Proescholdt&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Rapson%2C+Rip&rft.au=Heinselman%2C+Miron+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundary+Waters+Canoe+Area+Wilderness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External 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style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service#National_Park_System" title="National Park Service">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park">Voyageurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_rivers" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_National_Scenic_Riverway" title="Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway">Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_historic_and_scenic_trails" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Scenic Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_Trail" title="North Country Trail">North Country Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">Wildlife<br />Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge">Big Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_Meadows_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge">Crane Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Ridge_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge">Glacial Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamden_Slough_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge">Hamden Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge">Mille Lacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Minnesota Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tallgrass_Prairie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Northern Tallgrass Prairie National Wildlife Refuge">Northern Tallgrass Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Rice Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydell_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rydell National Wildlife Refuge">Rydell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge">Sherburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarac_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge">Tamarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge" title="Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge">Upper Mississippi River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Wetland<br />Management<br />Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_Wetland_Management_District" title="Big Stone Wetland Management District">Big Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lakes_Wetland_Management_District" title="Detroit Lakes Wetland Management District">Detroit Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls_Wetland_Management_District" title="Fergus Falls Wetland Management District">Fergus Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Wetland_Management_District" title="Litchfield Wetland Management District">Litchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_Wetland_Management_District" title="Minnesota Valley Wetland Management District">Minnesota Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Wetland_Management_District" title="Morris Wetland Management District">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windom_Wetland_Management_District" title="Windom Wetland Management District">Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest" title="Chippewa National Forest">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Natural Landmarks">Natural<br />Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_Gap" title="Traverse Gap">Ancient River Warren Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Ecosystem_Science_Reserve" title="Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve">Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeley_Creek_Natural_Area" title="Keeley Creek Natural Area">Keeley Creek Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_la_Croix_Research_Natural_Area" title="Lac la Croix Research Natural Area">Lac la Croix Research Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz_Peatlands_Natural_Area" title="Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area">Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Point_Research_Natural_Area" title="Pine Point Research Natural Area">Pine Point Research Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bog_State_Recreation_Area" title="Big Bog State Recreation Area">Upper Red Lake Peatland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassiz Wilderness">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boundary Waters Canoe Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarac_Wilderness" title="Tamarac Wilderness">Tamarac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota#Law_and_government" title="Minnesota">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks" title="List of Minnesota state parks">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afton_State_Park" title="Afton State Park">Afton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banning_State_Park" title="Banning State Park">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Head_Lake_State_Park" title="Bear Head Lake State Park">Bear Head Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Creek_Valley_State_Park" title="Beaver Creek Valley State Park">Beaver Creek Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_Lake_State_Park" title="Big Stone Lake State Park">Big Stone Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_State_Park" title="Blue Mounds State Park">Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_State_Park_(Minnesota)" title="Buffalo River State Park (Minnesota)">Buffalo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_State_Park" title="Camden State Park">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carley_State_Park" title="Carley State Park">Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_River_State_Park" title="Cascade River State Park">Cascade River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lindbergh_State_Park" title="Charles A. Lindbergh State Park">Charles A. Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_State_Park" title="Crow Wing State Park">Crow Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Hennepin_State_Park" title="Father Hennepin State Park">Father Hennepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flandrau_State_Park" title="Flandrau State Park">Flandrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestville_Mystery_Cave_State_Park" title="Forestville Mystery Cave State Park">Forestville Mystery Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ridgely_State_Park" title="Fort Ridgely State Park">Fort Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling_State_Park" title="Fort Snelling State Park">Fort Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Jevne_State_Park" title="Franz Jevne State Park">Franz Jevne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_State_Park" title="Frontenac State Park">Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Crosby_Manitou_State_Park" title="George H. Crosby Manitou State Park">George H. Crosby Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendalough_State_Park" title="Glendalough State Park">Glendalough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseberry_Falls_State_Park" title="Gooseberry Falls State Park">Gooseberry Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_State_Park" title="Grand Portage State Park">Grand Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Bluffs_State_Park" title="Great River Bluffs State Park">Great River Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_Lake_State_Park" title="Hayes Lake State Park">Hayes Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill-Annex_Mine_State_Park" title="Hill-Annex Mine State Park">Hill-Annex Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Park" title="Interstate Park">Interstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke_State_Park" title="Jay Cooke State Park">Jay Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Latsch_State_Park" title="John A. Latsch State Park">John A. Latsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_C._R._Magney_State_Park" title="Judge C. R. Magney State Park">Judge C. R. Magney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilen_Woods_State_Park" title="Kilen Woods State Park">Kilen Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_State_Park" title="Lac qui Parle State Park">Lac qui Parle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bemidji_State_Park" title="Lake Bemidji State Park">Lake Bemidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bronson_State_Park" title="Lake Bronson State Park">Lake Bronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Carlos_State_Park" title="Lake Carlos State Park">Lake Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_State_Park" title="Lake Louise State Park">Lake Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maria_State_Park" title="Lake Maria State Park">Lake Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shetek_State_Park" title="Lake Shetek State Park">Lake Shetek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vermilion-Soudan_Underground_Mine_State_Park" title="Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine State Park">Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood_State_Park" title="Maplewood State Park">Maplewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Beach_State_Park" title="McCarthy Beach State Park">McCarthy Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Kathio_State_Park" title="Mille Lacs Kathio State Park">Mille Lacs Kathio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneopa_State_Park" title="Minneopa State Park">Minneopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monson_Lake_State_Park" title="Monson Lake State Park">Monson Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Lake_State_Park" title="Moose Lake State Park">Moose Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myre-Big_Island_State_Park" title="Myre-Big Island State Park">Myre-Big Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerstrand-Big_Woods_State_Park" title="Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park">Nerstrand-Big Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill_State_Park" title="Old Mill State Park">Old Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Lake_State_Park" title="Rice Lake State Park">Rice Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_State_Park" title="Saint Croix State Park">Saint Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakatah_Lake_State_Park" title="Sakatah Lake State Park">Sakatah Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Portage_State_Park" title="Savanna Portage State Park">Savanna Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_State_Park" title="Scenic State Park">Scenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoolcraft_State_Park" title="Schoolcraft State Park">Schoolcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_State_Park" title="Sibley State Park">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Creek_State_Park" title="Split Rock Creek State Park">Split Rock Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse_State_Park" title="Split Rock Lighthouse State Park">Split Rock Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_River_State_Park" title="Temperance River State Park">Temperance River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettegouche_State_Park" title="Tettegouche State Park">Tettegouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Agency" title="Upper Sioux Agency">Upper Sioux Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_State_Park" title="Whitewater State Park">Whitewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_River_State_Park" title="Wild River State Park">Wild River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien_State_Park" title="William O'Brien State Park">William O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zippel_Bay_State_Park" title="Zippel Bay State Park">Zippel Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Recreation<br />Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bog_State_Recreation_Area" title="Big Bog State Recreation Area">Big Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyuna_Country_State_Recreation_Area" title="Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area">Cuyuna Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_State_Recreation_Area" title="Garden Island State Recreation Area">Garden Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Lake_State_Recreation_Area" title="Greenleaf Lake State Recreation Area">Greenleaf Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Range_Off-Highway_Vehicle_State_Recreation_Area" title="Iron Range Off-Highway Vehicle State Recreation Area">Iron Range Off-Highway Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Lake_State_Recreation_Area" title="La Salle Lake State Recreation Area">La Salle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_State_Recreation_Area" title="Minnesota Valley State Recreation Area">Minnesota Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_State_Recreation_Area" title="Red River State Recreation Area">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Boom_Site" title="St. Croix Boom Site">Saint Croix Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks#State_waysides" title="List of Minnesota state parks">Waysides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribou_River_(Minnesota)" title="Caribou River (Minnesota)">Caribou Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devils_Track_Falls_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devils Track Falls State Wayside (page does not exist)">Devils Track Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_Bay_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flood Bay State Wayside (page does not exist)">Flood Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Peak" title="Inspiration Peak">Inspiration Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_House_Ruins" title="Joseph Brown House Ruins">Joseph R. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodonce_River_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodonce River State Wayside (page does not exist)">Kodonce River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Berglund_State_Wayside" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Berglund State Wayside">Ray Berglund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Boom_Site" title="St. Croix Boom Site">St. Croix Boom Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brown_Memorial_State_Wayside" title="Sam Brown Memorial State Wayside">Sam Brown Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_forests" title="List of Minnesota state forests">Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badoura_State_Forest" title="Badoura State Forest">Badoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_State_Forest" title="Battleground State Forest">Battleground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_State_Forest" title="Bear Island State Forest">Bear Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltrami_Island_State_Forest" title="Beltrami Island State Forest">Beltrami Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fork_State_Forest" title="Big Fork State Forest">Big Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Lakes_State_Forest" title="Birch Lakes State Forest">Birch Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackduck_State_Forest" title="Blackduck State Forest">Blackduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring_State_Forest" title="Bowstring State Forest">Bowstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_State_Forest" title="Buena Vista State Forest">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burntside_State_Forest" title="Burntside State Forest">Burntside</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centennial State Forest (page does not exist)">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengwatana_State_Forest" title="Chengwatana State Forest">Chengwatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloquet_Valley_State_Forest" title="Cloquet Valley State Forest">Cloquet Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_State_Forest" title="Crow Wing State Forest">Crow Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.A.R._State_Forest_(Minnesota)" title="D.A.R. State Forest (Minnesota)">D.A.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_State_Forest" title="Emily State Forest">Emily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_State_Forest" title="Finland State Forest">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_State_Forest" title="Fond du Lac State Forest">Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Hills_State_Forest" title="Foot Hills State Forest">Foot Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_C._C._Andrews_State_Forest" title="General C. C. Andrews State Forest">General C. C. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_State_Forest" title="George Washington State Forest">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Anniversary_State_Forest" title="Golden Anniversary State Forest">Golden Anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_State_Forest" title="Grand Portage State Forest">Grand Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_River_State_Forest" title="Hill River State Forest">Hill River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntersville_State_Forest" title="Huntersville State Forest">Huntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insula_Lake_State_Forest" title="Insula Lake State Forest">Insula Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_State_Forest" title="Jeanette State Forest">Jeanette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabetogama_State_Forest" title="Kabetogama State Forest">Kabetogama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koochiching_State_Forest" title="Koochiching State Forest">Koochiching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Isabella_State_Forest" title="Lake Isabella State Forest">Lake Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods_State_Forest" title="Lake of the Woods State Forest">Lake of the Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_o%27_Lakes_State_Forest" title="Land o' Lakes State Forest">Land o'Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_River_State_Forest" title="Lost River State Forest">Lost River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_State_Forest" title="Lyons State Forest">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Headwaters_State_Forest" title="Mississippi Headwaters State Forest">Mississippi Headwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemadji_State_Forest" title="Nemadji State Forest">Nemadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle_State_Forest" title="Northwest Angle State Forest">Northwest Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Bayle_State_Forest" title="Pat Bayle State Forest">Pat Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan_State_Forest" title="Paul Bunyan State Forest">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_State_Forest" title="Pillsbury State Forest">Pillsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_State_Forest" title="Pine Island State Forest">Pine Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_State_Forest" title="Red Lake State Forest">Red Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remer_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remer State Forest (page does not exist)">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Dorer_Memorial_Hardwood_State_Forest" title="Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest">Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_River_State_Forest" title="Rum River State Forest">Rum River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Croix_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Croix State Forest (page does not exist)">Saint Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sand_Dunes_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sand Dunes State Forest (page does not exist)">Sand Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_State_Forest" title="Savanna State Forest">Savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokey_Bear_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smokey Bear State Forest (page does not exist)">Smokey Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoky_Hills_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smoky Hills State Forest (page does not exist)">Smoky Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snake_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snake River State Forest (page does not exist)">Snake River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solana_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solana State Forest (page does not exist)">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturgeon_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sturgeon River State Forest (page does not exist)">Sturgeon River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_Inlets_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two Inlets State Forest (page does not exist)">Two Inlets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waukenabo_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waukenabo State Forest (page does not exist)">Waukenabo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wealthwood_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wealthwood State Forest (page does not exist)">Wealthwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_Lake_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welsh Lake State Forest (page does not exist)">Welsh Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Earth_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Earth State Forest (page does not exist)">White Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiteface_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whiteface River State Forest (page does not exist)">Whiteface River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Scientific_and_Natural_Areas" title="Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas">Scientific and<br />Natural Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Scientific_and_Natural_Areas" title="Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas">List of scientific and natural areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_and_regional_parks_in_Minnesota" title="List of county and regional parks in Minnesota">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_and_regional_parks_in_Minnesota" title="List of county and regional parks in Minnesota">County and regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Park_District" title="Three Rivers Park District">Three Rivers Park District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota<br />Historical<br />Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey_House" title="Alexander Ramsey House">Alexander Ramsey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Coulee_Battlefield" title="Birch Coulee Battlefield">Birch Coulee Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lindbergh_State_Park" title="Charles A. Lindbergh State Park">Charles A. Lindbergh House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_House" title="Comstock House">Comstock House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_House" title="Folsom House">Folsom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_History_Center" title="Forest History Center">Forest History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestville,_Minnesota" title="Forestville, Minnesota">Forestville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Renville" title="Fort Renville">Fort Renville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ridgely" title="Fort Ridgely">Fort Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mound_(Minnesota)" title="Grand Mound (Minnesota)">Grand Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkin%27s_General_Store" title="Harkin's General Store">Harkin's General Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill_House" title="James J. Hill House">James J. Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffers_Petroglyphs" title="Jeffers Petroglyphs">Jeffers Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_Mission" title="Lac qui Parle Mission">Lac qui Parle Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Agency" title="Lower Sioux Agency">Lower Sioux Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Mill" title="Marine Mill">Marine Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_City_Museum" title="Mill City Museum">Mill City Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Indian_Museum_and_Trading_Post" title="Mille Lacs Indian Museum and Trading Post">Mille Lacs Indian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Transportation_Museum" title="Minnesota Transportation Museum">Minnehaha Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_History_Center" title="Minnesota History Center">Minnesota History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Capitol" title="Minnesota State Capitol">Minnesota State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kelley_Farm" title="Oliver Kelley Farm">Oliver Kelley Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Historic_Site" title="Sibley Historic Site">Sibley Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Trading_Post" title="Snake River Trading Post">Snake River Trading Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Split Rock Lighthouse">Split Rock Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stumne_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stumne Mounds (page does not exist)">Stumne Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Traverse des Sioux">Traverse des Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Agency_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sioux Agency State Park">Upper Sioux Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._William_W._Mayo_House" title="Dr. William W. Mayo House">W. W. Mayo House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Nature<br />centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Minnesota" title="List of nature centers in Minnesota">List of nature centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Hiking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hiking_trails_in_Minnesota" title="List of hiking trails in Minnesota">List of hiking trails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canoeing_and_kayaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Template:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Template talk:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canoeing and kayaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canoeing_and_kayaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_marathon" title="Canoe marathon">Canoe marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwater_canoeing" title="Wildwater canoeing">Wildwater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing" title="Canoe sailing">Canoe sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_freestyle" title="Canoe freestyle">Canoe freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanoe" title="Paracanoe">Paracanoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Canoeing at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_canoeing_(men)" title="List of Olympic medalists in canoeing (men)">Male medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_canoeing_(women)" title="List of Olympic medalists in canoeing (women)">Female medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_canoeing" title="List of Olympic venues in canoeing">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creeking" title="Creeking">Creeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_ski" title="Surf ski">Surf skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_kayaking" title="Surf kayaking">Surf kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_boating" title="Snow boating">Snow boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirt_boating" title="Squirt boating">Squirt boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">Standup paddleboarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe_Federation" title="International Canoe Federation">ICF</a> championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">Sprint</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_Canadian" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in men's Canadian">Men's Canadian medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_Canadian" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in women's Canadian">Women's Canadian medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in men's kayak">Men's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in women's kayak">Women's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships_medalists_in_paracanoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in paracanoe">Paracanoe medalists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships">Slalom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's canoe">Men's canoe medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's canoe">Women's canoe medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_men%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's kayak">Men's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_women%27s_kayak" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's kayak">Women's kayak medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships_medalists_in_mixed_canoe" title="List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in mixed canoe">Mixed canoe medalists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_World_Junior_and_U23_Canoe_Slalom_Championships" title="ICF World Junior and U23 Canoe Slalom Championships">Slalom Junior & U23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Marathon_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="ICF Canoe Marathon World Championship">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Ocean_Racing_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Ocean Racing World Championships">Ocean Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwater_Canoeing_World_Championships" title="Wildwater Canoeing World Championships">Wildwater canoeing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-craft_sailing" title="Small-craft sailing">Small-craft sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_kayak" title="Sea kayak">Sea kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_camping" title="Canoe camping">Canoe camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_fishing" title="Kayak fishing">Kayak fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongola_racing" title="Dongola racing">Dongola racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_livery" title="Canoe livery">Canoe livery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_canoe" title="Concrete canoe">Concrete canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyak" title="Flyak">Flyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_kayak" title="Folding kayak">Folding kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe" title="International Canoe">International Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_(canoe)" title="Malia (canoe)">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_kayak" title="Recreational kayak">Recreational kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_canoe" title="Sprint canoe">Sprint canoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_kayak" title="Aleutian kayak">Aleutian kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuco" title="Cayuco">Cayuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundan_vallam" title="Chundan vallam">Chundan vallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_brigade" title="Fur brigade">Fur brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_canoes" title="Pacific Northwest canoes">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaska" title="Rabaska">Rabaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon-nosed_canoe" title="Sturgeon-nosed canoe">Sturgeon-nosed canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimen_(kayak)" title="Taimen (kayak)">Taimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiak" title="Umiak">Umiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">War canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_boat_(racing)" title="Swan boat (racing)">Swan boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kayaking_techniques" title="Category:Kayaking techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_paddle_strokes" title="Canoe paddle strokes">Canoe paddle strokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo Rescue">Eskimo Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_roll" title="Kayak roll">Kayak roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">Portage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_and_kayaking_equipment" title="Category:Canoeing and kayaking equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albano_buoy_system" title="Albano buoy system">Albano buoy system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_float" title="Paddle float">Paddle float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_leash" title="Paddle leash">Paddle leash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalex" title="Royalex">Royalex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sock" title="Sea sock">Sea sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_deck" title="Spray deck">Spray deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuilik" title="Tuilik">Tuilik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_whitewater" title="Artificial whitewater">Artificial whitewater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_and_kayaking_venues" title="Category:Canoeing and kayaking venues">Canoeing and kayaking venues</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_canoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world records in canoeing">List of world records in canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Canoe_Classic" title="Adirondack Canoe Classic">Adirondack Canoe Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_Sable_River_Canoe_Marathon" title="Au Sable River Canoe Marathon">Au Sable River Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devizes_to_Westminster_International_Canoe_Marathon" title="Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon">Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusi_Canoe_Marathon" title="Dusi Canoe Marathon">Dusi Canoe Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_Canoe_Classic" title="Hawkesbury Canoe Classic">Hawkesbury Canoe Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Murray_Paddle" title="Massive Murray Paddle">Massive Murray Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Student_Rodeo" title="National Student Rodeo">National Student Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thameside_Series" title="Thameside Series">Thameside Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterside_Series" title="Waterside Series">Waterside Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverland_Paddling_Marathon" title="Riverland Paddling Marathon">Riverland Paddling Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival">Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Dragon_Boat_Festival_in_New_York" title="Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York">Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Houston Dragon Boat Festival">Houston Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival">Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival">Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Dragon_Boat_Race_Festival" title="Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival">Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_organizations" title="Category:Canoeing organizations">Governing bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Canoe_Association" title="European Canoe Association">European Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Canoe_Association" title="American Canoe Association">American Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_Australia" title="Paddle Australia">Paddle Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_UK" title="Paddle UK">Paddle UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Dragon_Boat_Racing_Association" title="British Dragon Boat Racing Association">British Dragon Boat Racing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Kayak_Canada" title="Canoe Kayak Canada">Canoe Kayak Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Wales" title="Canoe Wales">Canoe Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canoe_Federation" title="Croatian Canoe Federation">Croatian Canoe Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Canoe_Association" title="Israel Canoe Association">Israel Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canoe_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canoe Association">Scottish Canoe Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canoe_Federation" title="Portuguese Canoe Federation">Portuguese Canoe Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_organizations" title="Category:Canoeing organizations">Other organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Canoe_Museum" title="Canadian Canoe Museum">Canadian Canoe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Dragon_Boat_Federation" title="International Dragon Boat Federation">International Dragon Boat Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie_Canada_Sea-to-Sea_Bicentennial_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions">Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_Access_Campaign" title="Rivers Access Campaign">UK Rivers Access Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Canoeing_mass_media" title="Category:Canoeing mass media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasse-galerie" title="Chasse-galerie">La Chasse-galerie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paddle-to-the-Sea" title="Paddle-to-the-Sea">Paddle-to-the-Sea</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paddle_to_the_Sea" title="Paddle to the Sea">film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Lakes" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes">The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterwalker" title="Waterwalker">Waterwalker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_canoeing_and_kayaking" title="Outline of canoeing and kayaking">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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