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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sahara_Desert_dust_windblown_to_the_Amazon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahara_Desert_dust_windblown_to_the_Amazon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Sahara Desert dust windblown to the Amazon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahara_Desert_dust_windblown_to_the_Amazon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity,_flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity,_flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biodiversity, flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity,_flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deforestation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deforestation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deforestation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>2019 fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation and climate change</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation_and_climate_change-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation and climate change subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remote_sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Remote sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_early_21st-century_Amazon_droughts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_early_21st-century_Amazon_droughts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><span><span>Impact of early 21st-century Amazon droughts</span></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_early_21st-century_Amazon_droughts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibility_of_forest-friendly_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibility_of_forest-friendly_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Possibility of forest-friendly economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibility_of_forest-friendly_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amazon rainforest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasonere%C3%ABnwoud" title="Amasonereënwoud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amasonereënwoud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="غابة الأمازون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غابة الأمازون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%99%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܥܒܐ ܕܐܡܙܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܒܐ ܕܐܡܙܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամազոնի անտառներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամազոնի անտառներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonia" title="Amazonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amazonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_ya%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F_me%C5%9F%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Amazon yağış meşələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amazon yağış meşələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آمازون یاغیش مشه‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمازون یاغیش مشه‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="আমাজন অরণ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমাজন অরণ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Дажджавыя лясы Амазоніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дажджавыя лясы Амазоніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="अमेजन जंगल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अमेजन जंगल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амазонска екваториална гора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амазонска екваториална гора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_amaz%C3%B2nica" title="Selva amazònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Selva amazònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonsk%C3%BD_prales" title="Amazonský prales – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amazonský prales" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnskoven_i_Amazonas" title="Regnskoven i Amazonas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regnskoven i Amazonas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="غابة د لأمازون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غابة د لأمازون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas-Regenwald" title="Amazonas-Regenwald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amazonas-Regenwald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τροπικό δάσος του Αμαζονίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροπικό δάσος του Αμαζονίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_amaz%C3%B3nica" title="Selva amazónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Selva amazónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazona_arbaro" title="Amazona arbaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amazona arbaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazoniako_oihana" title="Amazoniako oihana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amazoniako oihana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="جنگل‌های آمازون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل‌های آمازون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_amazonienne" title="Forêt amazonienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêt amazonienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraois_bh%C3%A1ist%C3%AD_na_hAmas%C3%B3ine" title="Foraois bháistí na hAmasóine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foraois bháistí na hAmasóine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_amaz%C3%B3nica" title="Selva amazónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Selva amazónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4_%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%BC" title="아마존 우림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마존 우림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամազոնի խոնավ անտառներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամազոնի խոնավ անտառներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="अमेज़न वर्षावन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेज़न वर्षावन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonska_pra%C5%A1uma" title="Amazonska prašuma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amazonska prašuma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_hujan_Amazon" title="Hutan hujan Amazon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hutan hujan Amazon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas%C3%B3nfrumsk%C3%B3gurinn" title="Amasónfrumskógurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amasónfrumskógurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1" title="יער האמזונאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יער האמזונאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಮೆಜಾನ್ ಮಳೆಕಾಡು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೆಜಾನ್ ಮಳೆಕಾಡು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამაზონის ჯუნგლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამაზონის ჯუნგლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msitu_wa_Amazon" title="Msitu wa Amazon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msitu wa Amazon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_dl%E2%80%99Amazonia" title="Bosch dl’Amazonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bosch dl’Amazonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ປ່າດົງຕຶບໜາອາມາຊົນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປ່າດົງຕຶບໜາອາມາຊົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvae_pluviales_Amazoniae" title="Silvae pluviales Amazoniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Silvae pluviales Amazoniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazones_lietus_me%C5%BEs" title="Amazones lietus mežs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amazones lietus mežs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="अमेजन रेनफरेस्ट – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अमेजन रेनफरेस्ट" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ആമസോൺ മഴക്കാടുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമസോൺ മഴക്കാടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="ॲमेझॉन वर्षावन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲमेझॉन वर्षावन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="غابة الامازون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غابة الامازون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%87%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂြိုပ်ဗြဲ အမဇြောန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂြိုပ်ဗြဲ အမဇြောန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمازون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آمازون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_hujan_Amazon" title="Hutan hujan Amazon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hutan hujan Amazon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="အမေဇုန် မိုးသစ်တော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေဇုန် မိုးသစ်တော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazoneregenwoud" title="Amazoneregenwoud – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amazoneregenwoud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="अमेजन वर्षावन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अमेजन वर्षावन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="अमेजन वा-गुँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अमेजन वा-गुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%AF%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="アマゾン熱帯雨林 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマゾン熱帯雨林" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonasregnskogen" title="Amazonasregnskogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amazonasregnskogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnskogen_i_Amazonas" title="Regnskogen i Amazonas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regnskogen i Amazonas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuva_Amazonica" title="Seuva Amazonica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Seuva Amazonica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_o%CA%BBrmonlari" title="Amazon oʻrmonlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amazon oʻrmonlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਮਾਜ਼ੋਨ ਵਰਖਾ ਜੰਗਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਮਾਜ਼ੋਨ ਵਰਖਾ ਜੰਗਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="ایمیزون برساتی جنگل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایمیزون برساتی جنگل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84" title="امازون باراني ځنګل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امازون باراني ځنګل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83durea_Amazonian%C4%83" title="Pădurea Amazoniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pădurea Amazoniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarumayu_sach%27a-sach%27a_suyu" title="Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Дождевые леса Амазонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дождевые леса Амазонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-ma-sun-yi-lin" title="Ya-ma-sun-yi-lin – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ya-ma-sun-yi-lin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylli_i_Amazon%C3%ABs" title="Pylli i Amazonës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pylli i Amazonës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇමසෝන් වැසි වනාන්තරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමසෝන් වැසි වනාන්තරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amazon rainforest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonsk%C3%BD_prales" title="Amazonský prales – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amazonský prales" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonski_de%C5%BEevni_gozd" title="Amazonski deževni gozd – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amazonski deževni gozd" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86" title="دارستانی ئەمازۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دارستانی ئەمازۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амазонска прашума – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амазонска прашума" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonska_pra%C5%A1uma" title="Amazonska prašuma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amazonska prašuma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonin_sademets%C3%A4" title="Amazonin sademetsä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amazonin sademetsä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_regnskog" title="Amazonas regnskog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amazonas regnskog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="அமேசான் மழைக்காடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமேசான் மழைக்காடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%93gi_n_Ama%E1%BA%93un" title="Tiẓgi n Amaẓun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiẓgi n Amaẓun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అమెజాన్ వర్షారణ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అమెజాన్ వర్షారణ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ป่าดิบชื้นแอมะซอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ป่าดิบชื้นแอมะซอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Ormanlar%C4%B1" title="Amazon Ormanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amazon Ormanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Амазонський дощовий ліс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амазонський дощовий ліс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="ایمیزون برساتی جنگل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمیزون برساتی جنگل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ABng_m%C6%B0a_Amazon" title="Rừng mưa Amazon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rừng mưa Amazon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauran_nga_kagurangan_han_Amazon" title="Mauran nga kagurangan han Amazon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mauran nga kagurangan han Amazon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="亚马逊雨林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚马逊雨林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="亞馬遜雨林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞馬遜雨林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazuon%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Amazuonėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Amazuonėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="亞馬遜雨林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞馬遜雨林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulan_Hujan_Amazon" title="Pulan Hujan Amazon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pulan Hujan Amazon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177567#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Amazon_rainforest" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large rainforest in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Amazonia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amazonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amazonia (disambiguation)">Amazonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:296px; line-height:1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background:#d0f0c0">Amazon rainforest<span style="font-weight:lighter; font-size:90%"><br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Floresta amazônica</i></span><span style="font-weight:lighter; font-size:90%"><br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Selva amazónica</i></span><span style="font-weight:lighter; font-size:90%"><br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Amazoneregenwoud</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_rainforest_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/272px-Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/408px-Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/544px-Amazon_rainforest_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_biome" title="Amazon biome">Amazon rainforest ecoregions</a> as delineated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> in dark green<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon drainage basin</a> in light green.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#d0f0c0;text-align:center;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amazon_rainforest&params=3_S_60_W_type:forest_source:kolossus-frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°S</span> <span class="longitude">60°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3°S 60°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3; -60</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">5,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,100,000 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Amazon_rainforest" title="Category:Amazon rainforest">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon rainforest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg/100px-Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg/150px-Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg/200px-Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Brazilian Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Colombian Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriente_(Ecuador)" title="Oriente (Ecuador)">Ecuadorian Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park" title="Guiana Amazonian Park">Guianan Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazonia" title="Peruvian Amazonia">Peruvian Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Venezuelan Amazon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Ecology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_biome" title="Amazon biome">Amazon biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_river" title="Flying river">Flying river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest islands">Forest islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campina_(biome)" title="Campina (biome)">Campina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campinarana" title="Campinarana">Campinarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests" title="Chiquitano dry forests">Chiquitano dry forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1%E2%80%93Solim%C3%B5es%E2%80%93Negro_moist_forests" title="Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests">Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro%E2%80%93Branco_moist_forests" title="Negro–Branco moist forests">Negro–Branco moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungas" title="Yungas">Yungas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Biodiversity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_Amazon" title="Birds of the Amazon">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_the_Amazon_River_basin_and_the_Andes" title="List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes">Butterflies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Fauna of the Amazon rainforest">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_the_Amazon_rainforest_of_Brazil" title="List of plants of the Amazon rainforest of Brazil">Plants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Threats</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle" title="Amazon rubber cycle">Amazon rubber cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_logging_in_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Selective logging in the Amazon rainforest">Selective logging</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amazon_rainforest" title="Template:Amazon rainforest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amazon_rainforest" title="Template talk:Amazon rainforest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon_rainforest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon rainforest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Amazon rainforest</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Amazon jungle</b> or <b>Amazonia</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">moist broadleaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_biome" title="Amazon biome">Amazon biome</a> that covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 6,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,300,000 sq mi) are covered by the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Brazil)" title="Indigenous territory (Brazil)">indigenous territories</a>. </p><p>The majority of the forest, 60%, is in <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Brazil</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazonia" title="Peruvian Amazonia">Peru</a> with 13%, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Colombia</a> with 10%, and with minor amounts in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Four nations have "<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Amazonas (disambiguation)">Amazonas</a>" as the name of one of their first-level administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">regions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> uses the name "<a href="/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park" title="Guiana Amazonian Park">Guiana Amazonian Park</a>" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents over half of the total area of remaining rainforests on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and comprises the largest and most <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a> tract of <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Brazil)" title="Indigenous territory (Brazil)">indigenous territories</a>. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large scale <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> is occurring in the forest, creating different harmful effects. Economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could be approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation. In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> published a report proposing a non-deforestation based economic program in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-TheWorldBank_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheWorldBank-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balancing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balancing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>Amazon</i> is said to arise from a war <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a> fought with the <a href="/wiki/Tapuyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuyas">Tapuyas</a> and other tribes. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was their custom.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor1898_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor1898-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orellana derived the name <i>Amazonas</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor1898_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor1898-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America#Amazon" title="History of South America">History of South America § Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River#History" title="Amazon River">Amazon River § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png/220px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png/330px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png/440px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_4.png 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Bates</a>'s 1863 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg/220px-Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg/330px-Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg/440px-Skyline_Parcial_de_Manaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>, with 2.2 million inhabitants, is the largest city in the Amazon basin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg/220px-Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg/330px-Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg/440px-Inneres_eines_Schabono_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a> are a group of approximately 32,000 indigenous people who live in the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg/220px-%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg/330px-%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg/440px-%C3%8Dndios_isolados_no_Acre_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Members of an <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontacted tribe">uncontacted tribe</a> encountered in the Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribeirinhos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ribeirinhos.JPG/220px-Ribeirinhos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ribeirinhos.JPG/330px-Ribeirinhos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ribeirinhos.JPG/440px-Ribeirinhos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ribeirinhos dwellings. Ribeirinhos are a traditional rural non-indigenous <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> population in the Amazon rainforest, who live near rivers</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence from an excavation at <a href="/wiki/Caverna_da_Pedra_Pintada" title="Caverna da Pedra Pintada">Caverna da Pedra Pintada</a>, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by AD 1250, which induced alterations in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a long time, it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was never more than sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> given the poor soil. Archeologist <a href="/wiki/Betty_Meggers" title="Betty Meggers">Betty Meggers</a> was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book <i>Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise</i>. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to host a larger population.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. The <a href="/wiki/Upano_Valley_sites" title="Upano Valley sites">Upano Valley sites</a> in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at <a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajó</a>, and inland dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-park_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on projections of food production, one estimate suggests over 8 million people living in the Amazon in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_Denevan_Heckenberger_Junqueira_2015_p._20150813_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement_Denevan_Heckenberger_Junqueira_2015_p._20150813-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the native indigenous population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-park_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first European to travel the length of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a> in 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Unnatural_Histories_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unnatural Histories (TV series)">Unnatural Histories</a></i> presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_agriculture_in_the_Amazon_Basin" title="Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin">Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin</a> was sufficiently advanced to support prosperous and populous societies. It is believed that civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This civilization was investigated by the British explorer <a href="/wiki/Percy_Fawcett" title="Percy Fawcett">Percy Fawcett</a> in the early twentieth century. The results of his expeditions were inconclusive, and he disappeared mysteriously on his last trip. His name for this lost civilization was the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Z">City of Z</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, numerous <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyphs</a> have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 1–1250, furthering claims about <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977, and Alceu Ranzi is credited with furthering their discovery after flying over <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC's <i>Unnatural Histories</i> presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">forest gardening</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">terra preta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terra preta is found over large areas in the Amazon forest; and is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a>. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the region of the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_peoples" title="Xingu peoples">Xingu</a> tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Amazonas, there has been fighting and wars between the neighboring tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaro</a>. Several tribes of the Jivaroan group, including the <a href="/wiki/Shuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuar people">Shuar</a>, practised <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> for trophies and <a href="/wiki/Shrunken_head" title="Shrunken head">headshrinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of missionaries to the area in the borderlands between Brazil and Venezuela have recounted constant infighting in the <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a> tribes. More than a third of the Yanomamo males, on average, died from warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Munduruku" title="Munduruku">Munduruku</a> were a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warlike</a> tribe that expanded along the <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Tapajós</a> river and its tributaries and were feared by neighboring tribes. In the early 19th century, the Munduruku were pacified and subjugated by the Brazilians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon rubber boom</a> it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants, such as <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, killed 40,000 native Amazonians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, Brazilian explorer and defender of indigenous people, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Rondon" title="Cândido Rondon">Cândido Rondon</a>, supported the <a href="/wiki/Villas-B%C3%B4as_brothers" title="Villas-Bôas brothers">Villas-Bôas brothers</a>' campaign, which faced strong opposition from the government and the ranchers of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingu National Park">first Brazilian National Park</a> for indigenous people along the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_River" title="Xingu River">Xingu River</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, British explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mason_(explorer)" title="Richard Mason (explorer)">Richard Mason</a> was killed by an uncontacted Amazon <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">tribe</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_people" title="Panará people">Panará</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s" title="Matsés">Matsés</a> made their first permanent contact with the outside world in 1969. Before that date, they were effectively at-war with the Peruvian government.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <p>Nine countries share the Amazon basin—most of the rainforest, 58.4%, is contained within the borders of Brazil. The other eight countries are Peru with 12.8%, Bolivia with 7.7%, Colombia with 7.1%, Venezuela with 6.1%, Guyana with 3.1%, Suriname with 2.5%, French Guiana with 1.4% and Ecuador with 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural">Natural</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walking_tree.jpg/220px-Walking_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walking_tree.jpg/330px-Walking_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Walking_tree.jpg/440px-Walking_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Amazon rainforest in Colombia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_CIAT_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg/220px-Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg/330px-Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg/440px-Amazon_CIAT_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4123" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, near <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rainforest likely formed during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> era (from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago). It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rainforest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> at least until the <a href="/wiki/Current_ice_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Current ice age">current ice age</a> when the climate was drier and savanna more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-morley_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morley-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ptors359_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptors359-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66 to 34 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">Mya</a>, the rainforest extended as far south as <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_south" title="45th parallel south">45°</a>. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial maximum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these <a href="/wiki/Glacial_periods" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial periods">glacial periods</a>, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.<sup id="cite_ref-yadvinder_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadvinder-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo12Foto_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/220px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/330px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campo12Foto_2.JPG/440px-Campo12Foto_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Eocene">mid-Eocene</a>, it is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the <a href="/wiki/Purus_Arch" title="Purus Arch">Purus Arch</a>. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonas Basin">Amazonas Basin</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the <a href="/wiki/Solim%C3%B5es_River" title="Solimões River">Solimões Basin</a>. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_CIAT_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg/220px-Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg/330px-Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg/440px-Amazon_CIAT_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest near <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence that there have been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> over the last 21,000 years through the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial maximum">last glacial maximum</a> (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Colinvaux1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colinvaux1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present day, the Amazon receives approximately 9 feet of rainfall annually. There is a debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> separated by open forest and grassland;<sup id="cite_ref-VanDerHammen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDerHammen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-Colinvaux2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colinvaux2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sahara_Desert_dust_windblown_to_the_Amazon">Sahara Desert dust windblown to the Amazon</h4></div> <p>More than 56% of the dust fertilizing the Amazon rainforest comes from the <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%A9l%C3%A9_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodélé depression">Bodélé depression</a> in Northern Chad in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert. The dust contains <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, important for plant growth. The yearly Sahara dust replaces the equivalent amount of phosphorus washed away yearly in Amazon soil from rains and floods.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA's <a href="/wiki/CALIPSO" title="CALIPSO">CALIPSO</a> satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average of 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year (some dust falls into the Atlantic), 15% of which of falls over the Amazon basin (22 million tons of it consisting of phosphorus).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CALIPSO uses a laser range finder to scan the Earth's atmosphere for the vertical distribution of dust and other aerosols. and regularly tracks the Sahara-Amazon dust plume. CALIPSO has measured variations in the dust amounts transported – an 86 percent drop between the highest amount of dust transported in 2007 and the lowest in 2011. This is possibly causing by rainfall variations is the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, a strip of semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara..<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amazon phosphorus also comes as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity,_flora_and_fauna"><span id="Biodiversity.2C_flora_and_fauna"></span>Biodiversity, flora and fauna</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Amazon_Rainforest_vegetation_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil">List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_manatee" title="Amazonian manatee">Amazonian manatee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/220px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/330px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/440px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> in the Amazon rainforest threatens many species of tree frogs, which are very sensitive to environmental changes (pictured: <a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusa_bicolor" title="Phyllomedusa bicolor">giant leaf frog</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauhinia_guianensis,_mature_liana_(9340889588).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg/220px-Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg/330px-Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg/440px-Bauhinia_guianensis%2C_mature_liana_%289340889588%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A giant, bundled <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">liana</a> in western Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2001_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitutes the largest collection of living <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region is home to about 2.5 million insect <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. To date, at least 40,000 plant species,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,200 <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_fish" title="Neotropical fish">fishes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AlbertReis2011_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbertReis2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Da_Silva_2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da_Silva_2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One in five of all bird species are found in the Amazon rainforest, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewinsohn_2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewinsohn_2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> species in the region is estimated at 16,000.<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The green leaf area of plants and trees in the rainforest varies by about 25% as a result of seasonal changes. Leaves expand during the dry season when sunlight is at a maximum, then undergo abscission in the cloudy wet season. These changes provide a balance of carbon between photosynthesis and respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each hectare of the Amazon rainforest contains around 1 billion of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. The amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest can be presented in the next table:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of organism</th> <th>Number of species per hectare </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></td> <td>310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">Epiphytes</a></td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a></td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a></td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the <a href="/wiki/Black_caiman" title="Black caiman">black caiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaconda" title="Anaconda">anaconda</a>. In the river, <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eels</a> can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while <a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a> are known to bite and injure humans.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various species of <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a> secrete <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors. <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">Vampire bats</a> dwell in the rainforest and can spread the <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> virus.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> can also be contracted in the Amazon region. </p><p>The biodiversity in the Amazon is becoming increasingly threatened, primarily by habitat loss from deforestation as well as increased frequency of fires. Over 90% of Amazonian plant and vertebrate species (13,000–14,000 in total) may have been impacted to some degree by fires.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng-2021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-2021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoatzin"><img alt="Hoatzin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg/271px-Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg/407px-Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg/542px-Hoatzins_in_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hoatzin" title="Hoatzin">Hoatzin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mygalomorphae"><img alt="Mygalomorphae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg/149px-Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg/224px-Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg/299px-Avicularia-geroldi-subadult.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="3016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mygalomorphae" title="Mygalomorphae">Mygalomorphae</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Centipede_(Scolopendra_gigantea)_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant Amazonian centipede"><img alt="Giant Amazonian centipede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg/120px-Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg/180px-Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg/240px-Giant_Centipede_%28Scolopendra_gigantea%29_over_40_cm_long_-_Preserved_Specimen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scolopendra_gigantea" title="Scolopendra gigantea">Giant Amazonian centipede</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howler monkey"><img alt="Howler monkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg/235px-Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg/353px-Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg/470px-Purus_Red_Howler_Monkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Howler monkey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliconia_aemygdiana_(14551077262).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heliconia"><img alt="Heliconia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg/124px-Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg/186px-Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg/248px-Heliconia_aemygdiana_%2814551077262%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Heliconia" title="Heliconia">Heliconia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Antonio_(43).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown-throated sloth"><img alt="Brown-throated sloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG/270px-Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG/405px-Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG/540px-Manuel_Antonio_%2843%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brown-throated_sloth" title="Brown-throated sloth">Brown-throated sloth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Tamarin_(EXPLORE)_(9714001143).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor tamarin"><img alt="Emperor tamarin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg/236px-Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg/354px-Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg/472px-Emperor_Tamarin_%28EXPLORE%29_%289714001143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_tamarin" title="Emperor tamarin">Emperor tamarin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrobates_azureus_(Dendrobates_tinctorius)_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue poison dart frog"><img alt="Blue poison dart frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg/233px-Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg/350px-Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg/466px-Dendrobates_azureus_%28Dendrobates_tinctorius%29_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="2002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue_poison_dart_frog" title="Blue poison dart frog">Blue poison dart frog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uakari_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bald uakari"><img alt="Bald uakari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Uakari_male.jpg/240px-Uakari_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Uakari_male.jpg/360px-Uakari_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Uakari_male.jpg/480px-Uakari_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bald_uakari" title="Bald uakari">Bald uakari</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eunectes_murinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green anaconda"><img alt="Green anaconda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eunectes_murinus.jpg/270px-Eunectes_murinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Eunectes_murinus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Green_anaconda" title="Green anaconda">Green anaconda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black caiman"><img alt="Black caiman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg/269px-Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg/404px-Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg/539px-Black_caiman_Macrofotografie_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_caiman" title="Black caiman">Black caiman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_jaguar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaguar"><img alt="Jaguar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Standing_jaguar.jpg/261px-Standing_jaguar.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Standing_jaguar.jpg/392px-Standing_jaguar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Standing_jaguar.jpg/523px-Standing_jaguar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isulas_(8583611782).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bullet ants have an extremely painful sting"><img alt="Bullet ants have an extremely painful sting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg/270px-Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg/405px-Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg/540px-Isulas_%288583611782%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paraponera_clavata" title="Paraponera clavata">Bullet ants</a> have an extremely painful sting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Many_parrots_-Anangu,_Yasuni_National_Park,_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parrots at clay lick in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador"><img alt="Parrots at clay lick in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg/270px-Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg/405px-Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg/540px-Many_parrots_-Anangu%2C_Yasuni_National_Park%2C_Ecuador_-clay_lick-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parrots at clay lick in <a href="/wiki/Yasuni_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuni National Park">Yasuni National Park</a>, Ecuador</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipa_pipa01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pipa pipa, a species of frog found within the Amazon."><img alt="Pipa pipa, a species of frog found within the Amazon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pipa_pipa01.jpg/183px-Pipa_pipa01.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pipa_pipa01.jpg/274px-Pipa_pipa01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pipa_pipa01.jpg/366px-Pipa_pipa01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Common_Surinam_toad" title="Common Surinam toad"><i>Pipa pipa</i></a>, a species of frog found within the Amazon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scarlet macaw, indigenous to the American tropics."><img alt="Scarlet macaw, indigenous to the American tropics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg/133px-Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg/200px-Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg/266px-Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="2944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_macaw" title="Scarlet macaw">Scarlet macaw</a>, indigenous to the American tropics.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titan Beetle is most generally associated with the Amazon Rainforest, it may also be found in other parts of South America if ecological conditions are favorable"><img alt="Titan Beetle is most generally associated with the Amazon Rainforest, it may also be found in other parts of South America if ecological conditions are favorable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg/140px-Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg/210px-Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg/280px-Titanus_giganteus_MHNT_dos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="3612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titan_beetle" title="Titan beetle">Titan Beetle</a> is most generally associated with the Amazon Rainforest, it may also be found in other parts of South America if ecological conditions are favorable</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deforestation">Deforestation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Amazonian_Highway" title="Trans-Amazonian Highway">Trans-Amazonian Highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Amazonian_Railway" title="Trans-Amazonian Railway">Trans-Amazonian Railway</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Rainforest,_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif/239px-Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif/359px-Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif/478px-Amazon_Rainforest%2C_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Timelapse of the deforestation 1984–2018 (bottom right)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea,_Julho-2016_(29399454651).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/202px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/303px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/404px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deforestation in the <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a> state of Brazil, 2016</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos,_Maranh%C3%A3o_(38928905194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg/239px-Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg/359px-Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg/478px-Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Porquinhos%2C_Maranh%C3%A3o_%2838928905194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wildfires in Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Brazil)" title="Indigenous territory (Brazil)">indigenous territory</a>, 2017</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/220px-2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/330px-2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/440px-2021_Top_ten_countries_for_tropical_primary_forest_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption> Home to much of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil's tropical <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">primary (old-growth)</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest loss">forest loss</a> greatly exceeds that of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WRI_20240404_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRI_20240404-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation,_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/220px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/330px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/440px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Overall, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", causing Amazon Watch to warn that the Amazonia is in the midst of a tipping point crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-AmazonWatch_202209_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmazonWatch_202209-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and the development of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, about 20% of the Amazon rainforest has already been deforested and a further 6% was "highly degraded".<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon-2023_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon-2023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 0–5% more), the <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping point</a> to flip it into a non-forest ecosystem – degraded <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process of savanisation would take decades to take full effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandon-2023_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandon-2023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirbyetal-2006_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirbyetal-2006-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> and weed invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-watkins_griffiths_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watkins_griffiths-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soils in the Amazon are productive for just a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land.<sup id="cite_ref-watkins_griffiths_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watkins_griffiths-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space. </p><p>In the 1970s, construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Amazonian_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Amazonian highway">Trans-Amazonian highway</a>. This highway represented a major threat to the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highway still has not been completed, limiting the environmental damage. </p><p>Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 km<sup>2</sup> (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-CIFOR2004_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIFOR2004-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, have been used for livestock <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">pasture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, Brazil is the largest global producer of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg/220px-Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg/330px-Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg/440px-Indian_protesters_from_Vale_do_Javar%C3%AD_in_Bel%C3%A9m_2009_1530FP8886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous protesters from <a href="/wiki/Vale_do_Javari" title="Vale do Javari">Vale do Javari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (22,392 km<sup>2</sup> or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km<sup>2</sup> or 7,343 sq mi per year).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although deforestation declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-THE_BIG_MINE_IN_AMAZON_RAINFOREST_BRAZIL_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian mining operation in the Amazon Rainforest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil's President, Jair Bolsonaro, has supported the relaxation of regulations placed on agricultural land. He has used his time in office to allow for more deforestation and more exploitation of the Amazon's rich natural resources. Deforestation reached a 15 year high in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> reservoirs in the Amazon rainforest, oil drilling activity has steadily increased, peaking in the Western Amazon in the 1970s and ushering another drilling boom in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil companies have to set up their operations by opening new roads through the forests, which often contributes to deforestation in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9.4% of the territory of the Amazon is affected by oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongabay_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongabay-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining is also a major driver of deforestation. 17% of the area of the Amazon Rainforest is affected by mining.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongabay_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongabay-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition to solar and wind energy, digitalization, raised the demand for <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> (the main ore of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> used also for financing <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Brazil" title="Gold mining in Brazil">gold mining</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, which attracrted many illegal miners to the Amazon. This led to deforestation, different environmental and social problems. Hydropower also creates significant problems in the Amazon. Such activities are defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Rainforest_Movement" title="World Rainforest Movement">World Rainforest Movement</a> as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_extractivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green extractivism (page does not exist)">Green extractivism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement">European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement</a>, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fear is that the deal could lead to more deforestation of the Amazon rainforest as it expands market access to Brazilian beef.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a November 2021 report by Brazil's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite#Environmental_monitoring" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite data</a>, deforestation has increased by 22% over 2020 and is at its highest level since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_fires">2019 fires</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires" title="2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires">2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires</a></div> <p>There were 72,843 fires in Brazil in 2019, with more than half within the Amazon region.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019 there were a record number of fires.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon</a> rose more than 88% in June 2019 compared with the same month in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development."><img alt="NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg/180px-DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg/271px-DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/DeforestationinBrazil2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier,_Rondonia,_Brazil_-_August_12,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fires and deforestation in the state of Rondônia"><img alt="Fires and deforestation in the state of Rondônia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg/288px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg/432px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg/576px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_August_12%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fires and deforestation in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier,_Rondonia,_Brazil_-_September_30,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest"><img alt="One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg/288px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg/432px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg/576px-Fires_and_Deforestation_on_the_Amazon_Frontier%2C_Rondonia%2C_Brazil_-_September_30%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impact of deforestation on natural habitat of trees"><img alt="Impact of deforestation on natural habitat of trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg/300px-Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg/451px-Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg/600px-Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impact of deforestation on natural habitat of trees</div> </li> </ul><p>The increased area of fire-impacted forest coincided with a relaxation of environmental regulations from the Brazilian government. Notably, before those regulations were put in place in 2008 the fire-impacted area was also larger compared to the regulation period of 2009–2018. As these fire continue to move closer to the heart of the Amazon basin, their impact on biodiversity will only increase in scale, as the cumulative fire-impacted area is correlated with the number of species impacted.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng-2021_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-2021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_climate_change">Conservation and climate change</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaviotas" title="Gaviotas">Gaviotas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_CIAT_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/230px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/345px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/460px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Amazon rainforest</figcaption></figure> <p>Environmentalists are concerned about <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a> that will result from <a href="/wiki/Forest_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest destruction">destruction of the forest</a>, and also about the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">release of the carbon</a> contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon stores</a> in ecosystems<sup id="cite_ref-Melillo_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melillo-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – of the order of 1.1 × 10<sup>11</sup> metric tonnes of carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Tian_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tian-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Tian_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tian-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 it was reported that the Amazon for the first time emitted more greenhouse gases than it absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though often referenced as producing more than a quarter of the Earth's oxygen, this often stated, but misused statistic actually refers to oxygen turnover. The net contribution of the ecosystem is approximately zero.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">computer model</a> of future <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100.,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radford_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and severe economic, <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> impacts of not averting the tipping point.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, simulations of Amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response, ranging from weak increases to strong decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened through the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg/170px-Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg/255px-Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg/340px-Tatiana_Espinosa_y_Shihuahuaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiana Espinosa (page does not exist)">Tatiana Espinosa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Espinosa_Qui%C3%B1ones" class="extiw" title="es:Tatiana Espinosa Quiñones">es</a>]</span> with a <i><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_micrantha" title="Dipteryx micrantha">Dipteryx micrantha</a></i> tree in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazonia" title="Peruvian Amazonia">Peruvian Amazonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1989, environmentalist C.M. Peters and two colleagues stated there is economic as well as biological incentive to protecting the rainforest. One hectare in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a> has been calculated to have a value of $6820 if <a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">intact forest</a> is sustainably harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainably harvested); or $148 if used as cattle pasture.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png/440px-Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png/660px-Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png/880px-Isolierte-V%C3%B6lker.png 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribes</a>, around the start of the 21st century</figcaption></figure> <p>As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a> (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the <a href="/wiki/Urarina" title="Urarina">Urarina</a> continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and <a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">community-based conservation</a> efforts. </p><p>From 2002 to 2006, the conserved land in the Amazon rainforest almost tripled and deforestation rates dropped up to 60%. About 1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (250,000,000 acres) have been put onto some sort of conservation, which adds up to a current amount of 1,730,000 km<sup>2</sup> (430,000,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuadorian</a> court stopped oil exploration activities in 180,000 hectares (440,000 acres) of the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, the Ecuadorian court forbade the government to sell territory with forests to oil companies.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, the US and Brazil agreed to promote private-sector development in the Amazon. They also pledged a $100m biodiversity conservation fund for the Amazon led by the private sector. Brazil's foreign minister stated that opening the rainforest to economic development was the only way to protect it.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases broken down by sector for the year 2000."><img alt="Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases broken down by sector for the year 2000." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png/300px-Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png/450px-Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png/600px-Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases broken down by sector for the year 2000.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerosols over the Amazon each September for four burning seasons (2005 through 2008). The aerosol scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight."><img alt="Aerosols over the Amazon each September for four burning seasons (2005 through 2008). The aerosol scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png/302px-September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png/453px-September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png/603px-September_Smoke_Over_the_Amazon_from_2005-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerosols over the Amazon each September for four burning seasons (2005 through 2008). The <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian river."><img alt="Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg/400px-Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg/600px-Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg/800px-Roots_by_cesarpb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian river.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Climate change disturbances of rainforests.[108]"><img alt="Climate change disturbances of rainforests.[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg/223px-Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg/334px-Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg/446px-Climate_change_disturbances_of_rainforests_infographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Climate change disturbances of rainforests.<sup id="cite_ref-10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>A 2009 study found that a 4 °C rise (above pre-industrial levels) in global temperatures by 2100 would kill 85% of the Amazon rainforest while a temperature rise of 3 °C would kill some 75% of the Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg/220px-Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg/330px-Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg/440px-Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane%2C_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park" title="Guiana Amazonian Park">Guiana Amazonian Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A new study by an international team of environmental scientists in the Brazilian Amazon shows that protection of freshwater biodiversity can be increased by up to 600% through integrated freshwater-terrestrial planning .<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> in the Amazon rainforest region has a negative impact on local climate.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the main causes of the severe <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> of 2014–2015 in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Results of a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">scientific synthesis</a> indicate that, in terms of global warming, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> with the Amazon rainforest is currently emitting more <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">it absorbs</a> overall. Climate change impacts and human activities in the area – mainly wildfires, current land-use and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">deforestation</a> – are causing a release of forcing agents that likely result in a net warming effect.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 the supreme court of Ecuador decided that ""under no circumstances can a project be carried out that generates excessive sacrifices to the collective rights of communities and nature." It also required the government to respect the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> about different industrial projects on their land. Advocates of the decision argue that it will have consequences far beyond Ecuador. In general, ecosystems are in better shape when <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> own or manage the land.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the conservation policies of <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> in the first 10 months of 2023 deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon decreased by around 50% compared to the same period in 2022. This was despite a severe drought, one of the worst on record, that exacerbated the situation. Climate change, El Nino, deforestation increases the likelihood of drought condition in the Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Amazon Conservation's MAAP forest monitoring program, the deforestation rate in the Amazon from the January 1 to November 8, 2023, decreased by 56% in comparison to the same period in 2022. The main cause is the decline in deforestation rate in Brazil, due to the government's policies, while Columbia, Peru and Bolivia also reduced deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2024 published data showed a 50% decline in deforestation rate in the Amazon rainforest and 43% rise in vegetation loss in the neighbor <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> during the year of 2023 in comparison to 2022. Both biomes together lose 12,980 km², 18% less than in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_sensing">Remote sensing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Environmental monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/220px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/330px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/440px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>This image reveals how the forest and the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> interact to create a uniform layer of "popcorn-shaped" <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud" title="Cumulus humilis cloud">cumulus clouds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remotely sensed</a> data is dramatically improving conservationists' knowledge of the Amazon basin. Given the objectivity and lowered costs of <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite-based</a> land cover and -change analysis, it appears likely that remote sensing technology will be an integral part of assessing the extents, locations and damage of deforestation in the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, remote sensing is the best and perhaps only possible way to study the Amazon on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> devices and programs like <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories. </p><p>To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon-related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006, Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: mature forest, regenerating forest [less than three years], regenerating forest [between three and five years of regrowth], and regenerating forest [eleven to eighteen years of continued development].<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researcher used a combination of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> (SAR) and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Mapper" title="Thematic Mapper">Thematic Mapper</a> (TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_early_21st-century_Amazon_droughts"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Impact_of_early_21st-century_Amazon_droughts"></span><span id="Impact_of_early_21st_century_Amazon_droughts"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Impact of early 21st-century Amazon droughts</span></span></h3></div> <p>In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were indications that 2006 may have been a second successive year of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 article in the UK newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> reported the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Hole Research Center">Woods Hole Research Center</a> results, showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists at the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Amazonian_Research" title="National Institute of Amazonian Research">National Institute of Amazonian Research</a> argued in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "<a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(climatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipping point (climatology)">tipping point</a>" where it would irreversibly start to die.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that the forest is on the brink of<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> being turned into <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A study published in <i>Nature Communications</i> in October 2020 found that about 40% of the Amazon rainforest is at risk of becoming a savanna-like ecosystem due to reduced rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature climate change">Nature climate change</a></i> provided direct empirical evidence that more than three-quarters of the Amazon rainforest has been losing resilience since the early 2000s, risking dieback with profound implications for biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change at a global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximately 3,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,160,000 sq mi) of rainforest, compared with 1,900,000 km<sup>2</sup> (734,000 sq mi) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005, the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal <i>Science</i>. In a typical year, the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional severe droughts occurred in 2010, 2015, and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 Brazil's protections of the Amazon rainforest were slashed, resulting in a severe loss of trees.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brazil's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">National Institute for Space Research</a> (INPE), deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rose more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same three-month period in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a 17 percent rise was noted in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires" title="2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires">Amazon wildfires</a>, marking the worst start to the fire season in a decade. The first 10 days of August 2020 witnessed 10,136 fires. An analysis of the government figures reflected 81 per cent increase in fires in federal reserves, in comparison with the same period in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> turned down the existence of fires, calling it a "lie", despite the data produced by his own government.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellites in September recorded 32,017 hotspots in the world's largest rainforest, a 61% rise from the same month in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, October saw a huge surge in the number of hotspots in the forest (more than 17,000 fires are burning in the Amazon's rainforest) – with more than double the amount detected in the same month last year.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibility_of_forest-friendly_economy">Possibility of forest-friendly economy</h3></div> <p>In 2023 the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, published a report named: "A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum". The report stating that economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could reach around 317 billion dollars per year, approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation, proposed non-deforestation based economic program in the region of the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-TheWorldBank_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheWorldBank-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balancing_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balancing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvopasture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silvopasture.jpg/220px-Silvopasture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silvopasture.jpg/330px-Silvopasture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Silvopasture.jpg/440px-Silvopasture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Silvopasture integrates livestock, forage, and trees. (Photo: USDA NAC)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Silvopasture" title="Silvopasture">Silvopasture</a> (integrating trees, forage and grazing) can help to stop deforestation in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to WWF, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> could help the Amazon to reduce deforestation and climate change. Ecotourism is currently still little practiced in the Amazon, partly due to lack of information about places where implementation is possible. Ecotourism is a sector that can also be taken up by the Indigenous community in the Amazon as a source of income and revenue. An ecotourism project in the Brazilian section of the rainforest had been under consideration by Brazil's State Secretary for the Environment and Sustainable Development in 2009, along the <a href="/wiki/Aripuan%C3%A3_River" title="Aripuanã River">Aripuanã River</a>, in the Aripuanã Sustainable Development Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some community-based ecotourism exists in the <a href="/wiki/Mamirau%C3%A1_Sustainable_Development_Reserve" title="Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve">Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Peru">Ecotourism is also practiced in the Peruvian section of the rainforest</a>. A few ecolodges are for instance present between Cusco and Madre de Dios.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023 Brazil's bank federation decided to implement a new sustainability standard demanding from meatpackers to ensure their meat is not coming from illegally deforested area. Credits will not be given to those who will not meet the new standards. The decision came after the European Union decides to implement regulations to stop deforestation. Brazil beef exporters, said the standard is not just because it is not applied to land owners.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21 banks representing 81% of the credit market in Brazil agree to follow those rules.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a statement of the Colombian government deforestation rates in <a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">the Colombian Amazon</a> fell by 70% in the first 9 months of 2023 compared to the same period in the previous year, what can be attributed to the conservation policies of the government. One of them is paying local residents for conserving the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amany%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanyé">Amanyé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapiche_Ohara%27s_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapiche Ohara's Reserve">Tapiche Ohara's Reserve</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>Organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a> (ACTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Association" title="Amazon Conservation Association">Amazon Conservation Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a> (ACT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a> (COICA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Action_Network" title="Rainforest Action Network">Rainforest Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Foundation_Fund" title="Rainforest Foundation Fund">Rainforest Foundation Fund</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Technology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Surveillance_System" title="Amazon Surveillance System">Amazon Surveillance System</a> (Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Watch" title="Global Forest Watch">Global Forest Watch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Floresta amazônica</i> or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Amazônia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Selva amazónica</i>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Amazonía</i></span>, or usually <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Amazonia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Forêt amazonienne</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Amazoneregenwoud</i>. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many are <i><a href="/wiki/Caboclos" class="mw-redirect" title="Caboclos">caboclos</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (mixed-race), also called <i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardos</a></i>, descendants of Amazonian indigenous people and white Portuguese colonizers. Despite their indigenous ancestry, they no longer identify with any indigenous ethnicity.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/">"WWF – About the Amazon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053628/http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWF+%E2%80%93+About+the+Amazon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fknowledge_hub%2Fwhere_we_work%2Famazon%2Fabout_the_amazon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Amazon-River">"Amazon River"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 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"Revisiting Amazonia Circa 1492". <i>Science</i>. <b>302</b> (5653): 2067–2070. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.302.5653.2067b">10.1126/science.302.5653.2067b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14684803">14684803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5316715">5316715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Amazonia+Circa+1492&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=5653&rft.pages=2067-2070&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5316715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14684803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.302.5653.2067b&rft.aulast=Meggers&rft.aufirst=Betty+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhasJiménez2024" class="citation news cs1">Yuhas, Alan; Jiménez, Jesus (January 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/science/ecuador-amazon-cities-discovery.html">"Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Remnants+of+Sprawling+Ancient+Cities+Are+Found+in+the+Amazon&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F23%2Fscience%2Fecuador-amazon-cities-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-park-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_C._Park2003" class="citation book cs1">Chris C. Park (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WQf6RZAiKcC&pg=PA108"><i>Tropical Rainforests</i></a>. Routledge. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06239-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06239-8"><bdi>978-0-415-06239-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110100622/https://books.google.com/books?id=4WQf6RZAiKcC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Rainforests&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06239-8&rft.au=Chris+C.+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WQf6RZAiKcC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clement_Denevan_Heckenberger_Junqueira_2015_p._20150813-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_Denevan_Heckenberger_Junqueira_2015_p._20150813_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementDenevanHeckenbergerJunqueira2015" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, Charles R.; Denevan, William M.; Heckenberger, Michael J.; Junqueira, André Braga; Neves, Eduardo G.; Teixeira, Wenceslau G.; Woods, William I. (August 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528512">"The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>282</b> (1812): 20150813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.0813">10.1098/rspb.2015.0813</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528512">4528512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26202998">26202998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+domestication+of+Amazonia+before+European+conquest&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=1812&rft.pages=20150813&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4528512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26202998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.0813&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft.au=Denevan%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Heckenberger%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Junqueira%2C+Andr%C3%A9+Braga&rft.au=Neves%2C+Eduardo+G.&rft.au=Teixeira%2C+Wenceslau+G.&rft.au=Woods%2C+William+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4528512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorersofamazo00smit"><i>Explorers of the Amazon</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76337-8"><bdi>978-0-226-76337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+of+the+Amazon&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76337-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplorersofamazo00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0122njp">"Unnatural Histories – Amazon"</a>. BBC Four. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108041821/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0122njp">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unnatural+Histories+%E2%80%93+Amazon&rft.pub=BBC+Four&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0122njp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Romero2012" class="citation news cs1">Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/americas/land-carvings-attest-to-amazons-lost-world.html?_r=1">"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226131006/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/americas/land-carvings-attest-to-amazons-lost-world.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Once+Hidden+by+Forest%2C+Carvings+in+Land+Attest+to+Amazon%27s+Lost+World&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft.au=Simon+Romero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F15%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fland-carvings-attest-to-amazons-lost-world.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartti_PärssinenDenise_SchaanAlceu_Ranzi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Martti Pärssinen; Denise Schaan; Alceu Ranzi (2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>83</b> (322): 1084–1095. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00099373">10.1017/s0003598x00099373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55741813">55741813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Pre-Columbian+geometric+earthworks+in+the+upper+Pur%C3%BAs%3A+a+complex+society+in+western+Amazonia&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=322&rft.pages=1084-1095&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00099373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55741813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Martti+P%C3%A4rssinen&rft.au=Denise+Schaan&rft.au=Alceu+Ranzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunior2008" class="citation journal cs1">Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211320/http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2009/10/20/amazonia-lost-and-found-2/">"Amazonia lost and found"</a>. <i>Pesquisa (Ed.220)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2009/10/20/amazonia-lost-and-found-2/">the original</a> on August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pesquisa+%28Ed.220%29&rft.atitle=Amazonia+lost+and+found&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Junior&rft.aufirst=Gon%C3%A7alo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistapesquisa.fapesp.br%2Fen%2F2009%2F10%2F20%2Famazonia-lost-and-found-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The influence of human alteration has been generally underestimated, reports Darna L. Dufour: "Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management." "Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians," <i>BioScience</i> 40, no. 9 (October 1990):658. For an example of how such peoples integrated planting into their nomadic lifestyles, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRival1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rival, Laura (1993). "The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest". <i>Man</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 635–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803990">10.2307/2803990</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803990">2803990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Family+Trees%3A+Understanding+Huaorani+Perceptions+of+the+Forest&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635-652&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rival&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckenbergerKuikuroKuikuroRussell2003" class="citation cs2">Heckenberger, M.J.; Kuikuro, A; Kuikuro, UT; Russell, JC; Schmidt, M; Fausto, C; Franchetto, B (September 19, 2003), "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?", <i>Science</i>, vol. 301, no. 5640 (published 2003), pp. 1710–14, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...301.1710H">2003Sci...301.1710H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086112">10.1126/science.1086112</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500979">14500979</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7962308">7962308</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Amazonia+1492%3A+Pristine+Forest+or+Cultural+Parkland%3F&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=5640&rft.pages=1710-14&rft.date=2003-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1086112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7962308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14500979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...301.1710H&rft.aulast=Heckenberger&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Kuikuro%2C+A&rft.au=Kuikuro%2C+UT&rft.au=Russell%2C+JC&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M&rft.au=Fausto%2C+C&rft.au=Franchetto%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/478804/amazons-head-hunters-body-shrinkers">"The Amazon's head hunters and body shrinkers"</a>. <i>The Week</i>. January 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013200316/http://theweek.com/articles/478804/amazons-head-hunters-body-shrinkers">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=The+Amazon%27s+head+hunters+and+body+shrinkers&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F478804%2Famazons-head-hunters-body-shrinkers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1992). <i>Yanomamo</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Munduruku">"Mundurukú people"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Munduruk%C3%BA+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMunduruku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Republica Oligarchic. Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/xingu/1541">From the first expedition to the creation of the Park</a>, pib.socioambiental.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WYVAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2532%2C1101451">"Rain delays rescue of explorers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. September 8, 1961. p. 8 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Rain+delays+rescue+of+explorers&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1961-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWYVAAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DvKMMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2532%252C1101451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Ron (February 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jungle-Calls-Ron-Snell-ebook/dp/B0051J7VO8/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=9780929292861&linkCode=qs&qid=1590512018&s=books&sr=1-1"><i>Jungle Calls</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Garland, Texas: Hannibal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929292-86-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-929292-86-3"><bdi>0-929292-86-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jungle+Calls&rft.place=Garland%2C+Texas&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Hannibal+Books&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft.isbn=0-929292-86-3&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FJungle-Calls-Ron-Snell-ebook%2Fdp%2FB0051J7VO8%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fdchild%3D1%26keywords%3D9780929292861%26linkCode%3Dqs%26qid%3D1590512018%26s%3Dbooks%26sr%3D1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoca-CastroReymondinBellfieldHyman2013" class="citation cs2">Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319140931/http://segamazonia.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/land_use_status_and_trends_in_amazonia.pdf"><i>Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://segamazonia.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/land_use_status_and_trends_in_amazonia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+use+Status+and+Trends+in+Amazonia&rft.pub=Amazonia+Security+Agenda+Project&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Coca-Castro&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Reymondin%2C+Louis&rft.au=Bellfield%2C+Helen&rft.au=Hyman%2C+Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsegamazonia.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpress_releases%2Fland_use_status_and_trends_in_amazonia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morley-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morley_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2000" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Robert J. (2000). <i>Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98326-2"><bdi>978-0-471-98326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Evolution+of+Tropical+Rain+Forests&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98326-2&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptors359-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ptors359_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamJohnson,_Kirk_R.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burnham, Robyn J.; Johnson, Kirk R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693437">"South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>359</b> (1450): 1595–1610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1531">10.1098/rstb.2004.1531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693437">1693437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15519975">15519975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=South+American+palaeobotany+and+the+origins+of+neotropical+rainforests&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=1450&rft.pages=1595-1610&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693437%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15519975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1531&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Robyn+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kirk+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslinMalhi,_YadvinderPhillips,_OliverCowling,_Sharon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maslin, Mark; Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver; Cowling, Sharon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001191320/http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/ebi/publications/Maslin_2005.pdf">"New views on an old forest: assessing the longevity, resilience and future of the Amazon rainforest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 477–499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005TrIBG..30..477M">2005TrIBG..30..477M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-5661.2005.00181.x">10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00181.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/ebi/publications/Maslin_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03876-7">"How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>597</b> (7877): 516–521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.597..516F">2021Natur.597..516F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03876-7">10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34471291">34471291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237388791">237388791</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912203827/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03876-7">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=How+deregulation%2C+drought+and+increasing+fire+impact+Amazonian+biodiversity&rft.volume=597&rft.issue=7877&rft.pages=516-521&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237388791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.597..516F&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03876-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34471291&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Merow%2C+Cory&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhihua&rft.au=Park%2C+Daniel+S.&rft.au=Roehrdanz%2C+Patrick+R.&rft.au=Maitner%2C+Brian&rft.au=Newman%2C+Erica+A.&rft.au=Boyle%2C+Brad+L.&rft.au=Lien%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Burger%2C+Joseph+R.&rft.au=Pires%2C+Mathias+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-03876-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRI_20240404-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRI_20240404_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">● 2021 data: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends">"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests"</a>. <i>WRI.org</i>. World Resources Institute. June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627150528/https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRI.org&rft.atitle=Forest+Pulse%3A+The+Latest+on+the+World%27s+Forests&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.wri.org%2Fgfr%2Flatest-analysis-deforestation-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span><br />● 2022 and 2023 data: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends">"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests"</a>. <i>WRI.org</i>. World Resources Institute / Global Forest Review. April 4, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240404205336/https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRI.org&rft.atitle=Forest+Pulse%3A+The+Latest+on+the+World%27s+Forests&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.wri.org%2Fgfr%2Flatest-analysis-deforestation-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmazonWatch_202209-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmazonWatch_202209_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf">"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Amazon Watch</i>. September 2022. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910025229/https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 10, 2022. <q>Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon+Watch&rft.atitle=Amazon+Against+the+Clock%3A+A+Regional+Assessment+on+Where+and+How+to+Protect+80%25+by+2025&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famazonwatch.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2001" class="citation book cs1">Various (2001). Bierregaard, Richard; Gascon, Claude; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Mesquita, Rita (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessonsfromamazo0000unse"><i>Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08483-2"><bdi>978-0-300-08483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+Amazonia%3A+The+Ecology+and+Conservation+of+a+Fragmented+Forest&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08483-2&rft.au=Various&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flessonsfromamazo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tandon-2023-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tandon-2023_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandon-2023_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandon2023" class="citation web cs1">Tandon, Ayesha (October 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/drying-of-amazon-could-be-early-warning-of-tipping-point-for-the-rainforest/">"Drying of Amazon could be early warning of 'tipping point' for the rainforest"</a>. <i>Carbon Brief</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Drying+of+Amazon+could+be+early+warning+of+%27tipping+point%27+for+the+rainforest&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fdrying-of-amazon-could-be-early-warning-of-tipping-point-for-the-rainforest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2018/02/22/amazon-rainforest-heading-to-point-of-no-return-">"Amazon Rainforest 'heading to point of no return'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+Rainforest+%27heading+to+point+of+no+return%27&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Famazon-rainforest-heading-to-point-of-no-return-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoyNobre2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5821491">"Amazon Tipping Point"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>4</b> (2): eaat2340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.2340L">2018SciA....4.2340L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aat2340">10.1126/sciadv.aat2340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5821491">5821491</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29492460">29492460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Amazon+Tipping+Point&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=eaat2340&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5821491%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29492460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aat2340&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SciA....4.2340L&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Nobre%2C+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5821491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochowBoers2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bochow, Nils; 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(2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Williams_(geographer)" title="Michael Williams (geographer)">Williams, M.</a> (2006). <i>Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis</i> (Abridged ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89947-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89947-3"><bdi>978-0-226-89947-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deforesting+the+Earth%3A+From+Prehistory+to+Global+Crisis&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89947-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615075208/http://kanat.jsc.vsc.edu/student/lind/main.htm">"Impacts and Causes of Deforestation in the Amazon Basin"</a>. <i>kanat.jsc.vsc.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanat.jsc.vsc.edu/student/lind/main.htm">the original</a> on June 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kanat.jsc.vsc.edu&rft.atitle=Impacts+and+Causes+of+Deforestation+in+the+Amazon+Basin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkanat.jsc.vsc.edu%2Fstudent%2Flind%2Fmain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIFOR2004-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIFOR2004_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfeld,_HenningGerber,_PierreWassenaar,_T.D.Castel,_Vincent2006" class="citation book cs1">Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T.D.; Castel, Vincent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm"><i>Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options</i></a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105571-7"><bdi>978-92-5-105571-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726214204/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World Bank Working Paper No. 22. Washington, DC: The World Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5691-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5691-3"><bdi>978-0-8213-5691-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910042549/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+of+Deforestation+of+the+Brazilian+Amazon&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=World+Bank+Working+Paper+No.+22&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5691-3&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fservlet%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2004%2F02%2F02%2F000090341_20040202130625%2FRendered%2FPDF%2F277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130803160638/http://www.whrc.org/news/pressroom/PR-2013-Coe-IOP-ERL_No-win_situation_for_agricultural_expansion_in_the_Amazon.html">"Research paper of Leydimere Oliveira on the amazon"</a>. 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Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imazon.org.br/">Imazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040901054620/http://www.imazon.org.br/">Archived</a> September 1, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazonia.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130124244/http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm">"INPE: Estimativas Anuais desde 1988 até 2009"</a>. <i>inpe.br</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brazilian+Report&rft.atitle=BNDES+to+join+anti-deforestation+effort+from+banks&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft.aulast=Ziolla+Menezes&rft.aufirst=Fabiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrazilian.report%2Fliveblog%2Fpolitics-insider%2F2023%2F05%2F30%2Fbndes-banks-deforestation-beef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/colombia-deforestation-decline">"Deforestation in Colombia Down 70 Percent So Far This Year"</a>. <i>Yale Environment 360</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Environment+360&rft.atitle=Deforestation+in+Colombia+Down+70+Percent+So+Far+This+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Fdigest%2Fcolombia-deforestation-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bunker, S.G. (1985). <i>Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State</i>. University of Illinois Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cleary, David (2000). "Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Pre-history to the Nineteenth Century". <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 64–96. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18524060">18524060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Environmental+History+of+the+Amazon%3A+From+Pre-history+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-96&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18524060&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Dean" title="Warren Dean">Dean, Warren</a> (1976). <i>Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920</i>. Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Dean, Warren (1997). <i>Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulding2021" class="citation book cs1">Goulding, Michael (2021). <i>The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520316126" title="Special:BookSources/9780520316126"><bdi>9780520316126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fishes+and+the+Forest%3A+Explorations+in+Amazonian+Natural+History&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780520316126&rft.aulast=Goulding&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1990). <i>The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon</i>. New York: Harper Perennial.</li> <li>Hochstetler, K. and M. Keck (2007). <i>Greening Brazil: Environmental Activism in State and Society</i>. Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822340317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822340317">978-0822340317</a></li> <li>Revkin, A. (1990). <i>The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest</i>. Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780002158862" title="Special:BookSources/9780002158862">9780002158862</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places". <i>Science News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa7864">10.1126/science.aaa7864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Drones+and+satellites+spot+lost+civilizations+in+unlikely+places&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa7864&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weinstein, Barbara (1983). <i>The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920</i>. Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804711682" title="Special:BookSources/0804711682">0804711682</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheilWunder,_S.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2768/30.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Conservation Ecology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5751%2FES-00458-060209">10.5751/ES-00458-060209</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F2768">10535/2768</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000059/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2768/30.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+value+of+tropical+forest+to+local+communities%3A+complications%2C+caveats%2C+and+cautions&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F2768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5751%2FES-00458-060209&rft.aulast=Sheil&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Wunder%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlc.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fdlc%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10535%2F2768%2F30.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmazon+rainforest" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Amazonia#Q177567" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Amazonia">Amazonia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon_Rainforest" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/journeyintoamazonia/">Journey into Amazonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/">The Amazon: The World's Largest Rainforest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/amazon/">WWF in the Amazon rainforest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonia.org.br/">Amazonia.org.br</a> Good daily updated Amazon information database on the web, held by Friends of The Earth – Brazilian Amazon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curassowlodge.com/en/what-is-the-best-time-to-visit-the-amazon-jungle/">Seasons in the Amazon and river levels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502132825/https://curassowlodge.com/en/what-is-the-best-time-to-visit-the-amazon-jungle/">Archived</a> May 2, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011031047/http://www.amazonia.org/">amazonia.org</a> Sustainable Development in the Extractive Reserve of the Baixo Rio Branco – Rio Jauaperi – Brazilian Amazon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090713084548/http://news.mongabay.com/news-index/amazon1.html">Amazon Rainforest News</a> Original news updates on the Amazon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon-rainforest.org/">Amazon-Rainforest.org</a> Information about the Amazon rainforest, its people, places of interest, and how everyone can help.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327024044/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/news/events/070320presentations.php">Conference: Climate change and the fate of the Amazon</a>. Podcasts of talks given at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a>, University of Oxford, March 20–22, 2007.</li> <li>Dead <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> calf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/383351/dead-humpback-whale-discovered-in-amazon-jungle">in the Amazon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon rainforest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park" title="Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park">Puerto Princesa Underground River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/a2528650-9348-4438-840e-0b38b67ef820">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_rainforest&oldid=1257720098">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_rainforest&oldid=1257720098</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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