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The only contents found in a grimoire would be information on spells, [[ritual]]s, the preparation of magical tools, and lists of ingredients and their [[Table of magical correspondences|magical correspondences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flyingthehedge.com/2014/09/grimoire-vs-book-of-shadows.html|title = Grimoire vs Book of Shadows}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2020}} In this manner, while all ''books on magic'' could be thought of as grimoires, not all ''magical books'' should be thought of as grimoires.{{sfn|Davies|2009|pp=2-3}} While the term ''grimoire'' is originally European—and many Europeans throughout history, particularly [[ceremonial magic]]ians and [[cunning folk]], have used grimoires—the historian [[Owen Davies (historian)|Owen Davies]] has noted that similar books can be found all around the world, ranging from [[Jamaica]] to [[Sumatra]].<ref>Davies (2009:2–5)</ref> He also noted that in this sense, the world's first grimoires were created in Europe and the [[ancient Near East]].<ref>Davies (2009:6–7)</ref> ==Etymology== The etymology of ''grimoire'' is unclear. It is most commonly believed that the term ''grimoire'' originated from the [[Old French]] word ''grammaire'' 'grammar', which had initially been used to refer to all books written in [[Latin]]. By the 18th century, the term had gained its now common usage in France and had begun to be used to refer purely to books of magic. Owen Davies presumed this was because "many of them continued to circulate in Latin manuscripts".{{sfn|Davies|2009}} However, the term ''grimoire'' later developed into a [[figure of speech]] among the French indicating something that was hard to understand. In the 19th century, with the increasing interest in [[occult]]ism among the British following the publication of [[Francis Barrett (occultist)|Francis Barrett]]'s ''[[The Magus (Barrett book)|The Magus]]'' (1801), the term entered English in reference to books of magic.{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=1}} ==History== ===Ancient period=== [[File:Papyrus magique - charme d'amour - BNUS inv 1167.jpg|thumb|right|Page from the [[Greek Magical Papyri]], a grimoire of antiquity.]] The earliest known written magical incantations come from ancient [[Mesopotamia]] (modern [[Iraq]]), where they have been found inscribed on [[cuneiform]] clay tablets that [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] excavated from the city of [[Uruk]] and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BC.<ref>Davies (2009:8)</ref> The [[ancient Egypt]]ians also employed magical incantations, which have been found inscribed on amulets and other items. The Egyptian magical system, known as [[heka (god)|heka]], was greatly altered and expanded after the [[Macedonians (ancient)|Macedonians]], led by [[Alexander the Great]], invaded Egypt in 332 BC.<ref name="Davies 2009:8-9">Davies (2009:8–9)</ref> Under the next three centuries of [[Hellenistic Egypt]], the [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] writing system evolved, and the [[Library of Alexandria]] was opened. This likely had an influence upon books of magic, with the trend on known incantations switching from simple health and protection charms to more specific things, such as financial success and sexual fulfillment.<ref name="Davies 2009:8-9"/> Around this time the legendary figure of [[Hermes Trismegistus]] developed as a conflation of the Egyptian god [[Thoth]] and the Greek [[Hermes]]; this figure was associated with writing and magic and, therefore, of books on magic.<ref name="Davies 2009:10">Davies (2009:10)</ref> The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] believed that books on magic were invented by the [[History of Iran#Classical antiquity|Persians]]. The 1st-century AD writer [[Pliny the Elder]] stated that magic had been first discovered by the ancient philosopher [[Zoroaster]] around the year 647 BC but that it was only written down in the 5th century BC by the magician [[Osthanes]]. His claims are not, however, supported by modern historians.<ref name="Davies 2009:7">Davies (2009:7)</ref> The ancient [[Hebrews|Jewish]] people were often viewed as being knowledgeable in magic, which, according to legend, they had learned from [[Moses]], who had learned it in Egypt. Among many ancient writers, Moses was seen as an Egyptian rather than a Jew. Two manuscripts likely dating to the 4th century, both of which purport to be the legendary eighth Book of Moses (the first five being the initial books in the Biblical [[Old Testament]]), present him as a [[polytheism|polytheist]] who explained how to conjure gods and subdue demons.<ref name="Davies 2009:10"/> Meanwhile, there is definite evidence of grimoires being used by certain—particularly [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]]—sects of [[early Christianity]]. In the ''[[Book of Enoch]]'' found within the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], for instance, there is information on [[astrology]] and [[Angels in Judaism|the angels]]. In possible connection with the ''Book of Enoch'', the idea of [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] and his great-grandson [[Noah]] having some involvement with books of magic given to them by angels continued through to the medieval period.<ref name="Davies 2009:7"/> {{Quote box|width=246px|quote="Many of those [in [[Ephesus]]] who believed [in Christianity] now came and openly confessed their evil deeds. A number who had practised sorcery brought their scrolls together and burned them publicly. When they calculated the value of the scrolls, the total came to fifty thousand drachmas. In this way the word of the Lord spread widely and grew in power."|source=[[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 19, {{Circa|1st century}}}} Israelite King [[Solomon]] was a Biblical figure associated with magic and sorcery in the ancient world. The 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian [[Josephus]] mentioned a book circulating under the name of Solomon that contained incantations for summoning demons and described how a Jew called Eleazar used it to [[Exorcism in Judaism|cure cases of possession]]. The book may have been the ''[[Testament of Solomon]]'' but was more probably a different work.<ref name=butler>{{cite book |last=Butler |first=E. M.|author-link=Eliza Marian Butler |title=Ritual Magic |year=1979 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |isbn=0-521-29553-X |edition=Reprint |chapter=The Solomonic Cycle}}</ref> The [[pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphic]] ''Testament of Solomon'' is one of the oldest magical texts. It is a Greek manuscript attributed to Solomon and was likely written in either [[Babylonia]] or Egypt sometime in the first five centuries AD; over 1,000 years after Solomon's death. The work tells of the building of [[Temple in Jerusalem|The Temple]] and relates that construction was hampered by demons until the [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] gave the King a magical ring. The ring, engraved with the [[Seal of Solomon]], had the power to bind demons from doing harm. Solomon used it to lock demons in jars and commanded others to do his bidding, although eventually, according to the ''Testament'', he was tempted into worshiping "false gods", such as [[Moloch]], [[Baal]], and [[Rapha (god)|Rapha]]. Subsequently, after losing favour with God, King Solomon wrote the work as a warning and a guide to the reader.<ref>Davies (2009:12–13)</ref> When Christianity became the dominant faith of the [[Roman Empire]], the early Church frowned upon the propagation of books on magic, connecting it with [[paganism]], and [[Book burning|burned books]] of magic. The [[New Testament]] records that after the unsuccessful [[exorcism]] by the seven sons of [[Sceva]] became known, many converts decided to [[Book burning at Ephesus|burn their own magic and pagan books]] in the city of [[Ephesus]]; this advice was adopted on a large scale after the Christian ascent to power.<ref>Davies (2009:18–20)</ref> ===Medieval period=== In the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]], the production of grimoires continued in [[Christendom]], as well as amongst Jews and the followers of the newly founded [[Islam]]ic faith. As the historian Owen Davies noted, "while the [Christian] Church was ultimately successful in defeating pagan worship it never managed to demarcate clearly and maintain a line of practice between religious devotion and magic."<ref>Davies (2009:21–22)</ref> The use of such books on magic continued. In Christianised Europe, the Church divided books of magic into two kinds: those that dealt with "[[natural magic]]" and those that dealt in "demonic magic".<ref name="Davies 2009:22">Davies (2009:22)</ref> The former was acceptable because it was viewed as merely taking note of the powers in nature that were created by God; for instance, the [[Anglo-Saxon]] leechbooks, which contained simple spells for medicinal purposes, were tolerated. Demonic magic was not acceptable, because it was believed that such magic did not come from God, but from the [[Devil]] and his demons. These grimoires dealt in such topics as [[necromancy]], [[divination]] and [[demonology]].<ref name="Davies 2009:22"/> Despite this, "there is ample evidence that the mediaeval clergy were the main practitioners of magic and therefore the owners, transcribers, and circulators of grimoires,"<ref>Davies (2009:36)</ref> while several grimoires were attributed to [[Popes]].<ref>Davies (2009:34–35)</ref> [[File:Sefer raziel segulot.png|thumb|250px|An excerpt from ''[[Sefer Raziel HaMalakh]]'', featuring magical [[Sigil (magic)|sigils]] (or סגולות, ''seguloth'', in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]).]] One such Arabic grimoire devoted to astral magic, the 10th-century ''Ghâyat al-Hakîm'', was later translated into Latin and circulated in Europe during the 13th century under the name of the ''[[Picatrix]]''.<ref>Davies (2009:25–26)</ref> However, not all such grimoires of this era were based upon Arabic sources. The 13th-century [[The Sworn Book of Honorius|''Sworn Book of Honorius'']], for instance, was (like the ancient ''Testament of Solomon'' before it) largely based on the supposed teachings of the Biblical king Solomon and included ideas such as prayers and a [[ritual circle]], with the [[mysticism|mystical]] purpose of having visions of God, [[Hell]], and [[Purgatory]] and gaining much wisdom and knowledge as a result. Another was the Hebrew ''[[Sefer Raziel Ha-Malakh]]'', translated in Europe as the ''Liber Razielis Archangeli''.<ref>Davies (2009:34)</ref> A later book also claiming to have been written by Solomon was originally written in Greek during the 15th century, where it was known as the ''[[Magical Treatise of Solomon]]'' or the ''Little Key of the Whole Art of Hygromancy, Found by Several Craftsmen and by the Holy Prophet Solomon''. In the 16th century, this work had been translated into Latin and Italian, being renamed the ''Clavicula Salomonis'', or the ''[[Key of Solomon]]''.<ref>Davies (2009:15)</ref> In Christendom during the medieval age, grimoires were written that were attributed to other ancient figures, thereby supposedly giving them a sense of authenticity because of their antiquity. The German abbot and occultist [[Trithemius]] (1462–1516) supposedly had a ''Book of Simon the Magician'', based upon the New Testament figure of [[Simon Magus]].<ref>Davies (2009:16–17)</ref> Similarly, it was commonly believed by medieval people that other ancient figures, such as the poet [[Virgil]], astronomer [[Ptolemy]], and philosopher [[Aristotle]], had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.<ref>Davies (2009:24)</ref> However, there were those who did not believe this; for instance, the [[Franciscan]] [[friar]] [[Roger Bacon]] (c.&nbsp;1214–94) stated that books falsely claiming to be by ancient authors "ought to be prohibited by law."<ref>Davies (2009:37)</ref> ===Early modern period=== As the [[early modern period]] commenced in the late 15th century, many changes began to shock Europe that would have an effect on the production of grimoires. Historian Owen Davies classed the most important of these as the [[Protestant Reformation]], and subsequent Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]]; [[Witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe|The Witch-hunts]], and the [[The Printing Revolution|advent of printing]]. The [[Renaissance]] saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Medieval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in [[Hermeticism]] among occultists and [[ceremonial magic]]ians in Europe, largely fueled by the 1471 translation of the ancient ''Corpus hermeticum'' into Latin by [[Marsilio Ficino]] (1433–99). Alongside this, there was a rise in interest in the [[Jewish mysticism]] known as the [[Kabbalah]], which was spread across the continent by [[Pico della Mirandola]] and [[Johannes Reuchlin]].<ref>Davies (2009:46)</ref> The most important magician of the Renaissance was [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]] (1486–1535), who widely studied occult topics and earlier grimoires and eventually published his own, the ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]'', in 1533.<ref>Davies (2009:47–48)</ref> A similar figure was the Swiss magician known as [[Paracelsus]] (1493–1541), who published ''[[Of the Supreme Mysteries of Nature]]'', in which he emphasised the distinction between good and bad magic.<ref>Davies (2009:48)</ref> A third such individual was [[Johann Georg Faust]], upon whom several pieces of later literature were written, such as [[Christopher Marlow]]e's ''[[Doctor Faustus (play)|Doctor Faustus]]'', that portrayed him as consulting with demons.<ref>Davies (2009:49–50)</ref> The idea of demonology had remained strong in the Renaissance, and several demonological grimoires were published, including ''The Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy'', which falsely claimed to having been authored by Cornelius Agrippa,<ref>Davies (2009:51–52)</ref> and the ''[[Pseudomonarchia Daemonum]]'', which listed 69 demons. To counter this, the Roman Catholic Church authorised the production of many works of exorcism, the rituals of which were often very similar to those of demonic conjuration.<ref>Davies (2009:59–60)</ref> Alongside these demonological works, grimoires on natural magic continued to be produced, including ''[[Magia Naturalis]]'', written by [[Giambattista Della Porta]] (1535–1615).<ref>Davies (2009:57)</ref> [[Iceland]] held magical traditions in regional work as well, most remarkably the [[Galdrabók]], where numerous symbols of mystic origin are dedicated to the practitioner. These pieces give a perfect fusion of [[Germanic pagan]] and Christian influence, seeking splendid help from the [[Norse gods]] and referring to the titles of demons.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Flowers |author-link=Stephen Flowers |title=The Galdrabók: An Icelandic Grimoire |url=https://archive.org/details/GaldrabokAnIcelandicGrimoire1/mode/2up |publisher=Rûna-Raven Press |date=1995}}</ref> [[File:Pentagram and human body (Agrippa).jpg|thumb|A man inscribed in a [[pentagram]], from [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]]'s ''De Occulta Philosophia'' (Eng., ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]''). The signs on the perimeter are [[Astrology|astrological]].]] The advent of printing in Europe meant that books could be mass-produced for the first time and could reach an ever-growing literate audience. Among the earliest books to be printed were magical texts. The ''nóminas'' were one example, consisting of prayers to the saints used as talismans.<ref>Davies (2009:45)</ref> It was particularly in Protestant countries, such as Switzerland and the German states, which were not under the domination of the Roman Catholic Church, where such grimoires were published. Despite the advent of print, however, handwritten grimoires remained highly valued, as they were believed to contain inherent magical powers, and they continued to be produced.<ref>Davies (2009:53–54)</ref> With increasing availability, people lower down the social scale and women began to have access to books on magic; this was often incorporated into the popular folk magic of the average people and, in particular, that of the [[cunning folk]], who were professionally involved in folk magic.<ref>Davies (2009:66–67)</ref> These works left Europe and were imported to the parts of Latin America controlled by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] empires and the parts of North America controlled by the [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] empires.<ref>Davies (2009:84–90)</ref> Throughout this period, the [[Inquisition]], a Roman Catholic organisation, had organised the mass suppression of peoples and beliefs that they considered [[heresy|heretical]]. In many cases, grimoires were found in the heretics' possessions and destroyed.<ref>Davies (2009:54–55)</ref> In 1599, the church published the ''Indexes of Prohibited Books'', in which many grimoires were listed as forbidden, including several mediaeval ones, such as the ''Key of Solomon'', which were still popular.<ref>Davies (2009:74)</ref> In Christendom, there also began to develop a widespread fear of [[witchcraft]], which was [[Theistic Satanism#Historical mentions of Satanism|believed to be Satanic]] in nature. The subsequent hysteria, known as [[European witch-hunts|The Witch-hunts]], caused the death of around 40,000 people, most of whom were women.<ref name="Patrick 2007 p. 802">{{cite book | last=Patrick | first=J. | title=Renaissance and Reformation | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-7614-7650-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JDOVMDi8d4C&pg=PA802 | access-date=7 May 2017 | page=802}}</ref> Sometimes, those found with grimoires—particularly demonological ones—were prosecuted and dealt with as witches but, in most cases, those accused had no access to such books. Iceland—which had a relatively high literacy rate—proved an exception to this, with a third of the 134 witch trials held involving people who had owned grimoires.<ref>Davies (2009:70–73)</ref> By the end of the Early Modern period, and the beginning of [[the Enlightenment]], many European governments brought in laws prohibiting many superstitious beliefs in an attempt to bring an end to the Witch Hunts; this would invariably affect the release of grimoires. Meanwhile, Hermeticism and the Kabbalah would influence the creation of a mystical philosophy known as [[Rosicrucianism]], which first appeared in the early 17th century, when two pamphlets detailing the existence of the mysterious Rosicrucian group were published in Germany. These claimed that Rosicrucianism had originated with a Medieval figure known as [[Christian Rosenkreuz]], who had founded the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross; however, there was no evidence for the existence of Rosenkreuz or the Brotherhood.<ref>Davies (2009:47)</ref> ===18th and 19th centuries=== The 18th century saw the rise of [[Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]], a movement devoted to science and [[rationalism]], predominantly amongst the ruling classes. However, amongst much of Europe, belief in magic and witchcraft persisted,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hsia|first=R. Po-chia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB8z7JC2c6EC&q=However%2C+amongst+much+of+Europe%2C+belief+in+magic+and+witchcraft+persisted%2C&pg=PA452|title=A Companion to the Reformation World|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7865-5|language=en}}</ref> as did the witch trials in certain{{which|date=August 2012}} areas. Governments tried to crack down on magicians and [[fortune tellers]], particularly in France, where the police viewed them as social pests who took money from the gullible, often in a search for treasure. In doing so, they confiscated many grimoires.<ref>Davies (2007:95–96)</ref> Beginning in the 17th century, a new, ephemeral form of printed literature developed in France; the ''[[Bibliothèque bleue]]''. Many grimoires published through this circulated among a growing percentage{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} of the populace; in particular, the ''[[Grand Albert]]'', the ''[[Petit Albert]]'' (1782), the [[The Grimoire of Pope Honorius|''Grimoire du Pape Honorius'']], and the ''[[Grimoire of Pope Leo|Enchiridion Leonis Papae]]''. The ''Petit Albert'' contained a wide variety of magic; for instance, dealing in simple charms for ailments, along with more complex things, such as the instructions for making a [[Hand of Glory]].<ref>Davies (2007:98–101)</ref> In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, following the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, a hugely influential grimoire was published under the title of the ''[[Grand Grimoire]]'', which was considered particularly powerful, because it involved conjuring and making a pact with the devil's chief minister, [[Lucifuge Rofocale|Lucifugé Rofocale]], to gain wealth from him. A new version of this grimoire was later published under the title of the ''Dragon rouge'' and was available for sale in many Parisian bookstores.<ref>Davies (2007:101–104)</ref> Similar books published in France at this time included the ''[[Black Pullet]]'' and the ''[[Grimoirium Verum]]''. The ''Black Pullet'', probably authored in late-18th-century Rome or France, differs from the typical grimoires in that it does not claim to be a manuscript from antiquity, but told by a man who was a member of [[Napoleon]]'s armed expeditionary forces in Egypt.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy |author=Guiley, Rosemary Ellen |title=grimoire |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] | year=2006 |isbn= 1-4381-3000-7|author-link=Rosemary Ellen Guiley }}</ref> The widespread availability of printed grimoires in France—despite the opposition of both the rationalists and the church—soon{{when|date=August 2012}} spread to neighbouring countries, such as Spain and Germany. In Switzerland, [[Geneva]] was commonly associated with the occult at the time, particularly by Catholics, because it had been a stronghold of Protestantism. Many of those interested in the esoteric traveled from Roman Catholic nations to Switzerland to purchase grimoires or to study with occultists.<ref>Davies (2007:109–110)</ref> Soon, grimoires appeared that involved [[Saint#Christianity|Catholic saints]]; one example that appeared during the 19th century, and became relatively popular—particularly in Spain—was the ''Libro de San Cipriano'', or ''The Book of St. Ciprian'', which falsely claimed to date from c.&nbsp;1000. As with most grimoires of this period, it dealt with (among other things) how to discover treasure.<ref>Davies (2007:114–115)</ref> [[File:Sixthandseventhbooks frontpiece 1880.png|thumb|The title page of the 1880 New York edition of ''The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses''.]] In Germany, with the increased interest in [[folklore]] during the 19th century, many historians took an interest in magic and in grimoires. Several published extracts of such grimoires in their own books on the history of magic, thereby helping to further propagate them. Perhaps the most notable of these was the Protestant [[pastor]] Georg Conrad Horst (1779–1832) who, from 1821 to 1826, published a six-volume collection of magical texts in which he studied grimoires as a peculiarity of the Medieval mindset.<ref>Davies (2007:121–122)</ref> Another scholar of the time interested in grimoires, the antiquarian bookseller Johann Scheible first published the ''[[Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses]]''; two influential magical texts that claimed to have been written by the ancient Jewish figure Moses.<ref>Davies (2007:123)</ref> ''The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses'' were among the works which later spread to the countries of [[Scandinavia]], where—in [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]—grimoires were known as [[Cyprianus|black books]] and were commonly found among members of the army.<ref>Davies (2007:134–136)</ref> In Britain, new grimoires continued to be produced throughout the 18th century, such as [[Ebenezer Sibly]]'s ''A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology''. In the last decades of that century, London experienced a revival of interest in the occult which was further propagated by [[Francis Barrett (occultist)|Francis Barrett]]'s publication of ''[[The Magus (Barrett book)|The Magus]]'' in 1801. ''The Magus'' contained many things taken from older grimoires—particularly those of Cornelius Agrippa—and, while not achieving initial popularity upon release, it gradually became an influential text.<ref>Davies (2007:123–124)</ref> One of Barrett's pupils, John Parkin, created his own handwritten grimoire ''The Grand Oracle of Heaven, or, The Art of Divine Magic'', although it was never published, largely because Britain [[Napoleonic wars|was at war with France]], and grimoires were commonly associated with the French. The only writer to publish British grimoires widely in the early 19th century was [[Robert Cross Smith]], who released ''The Philosophical Merlin'' (1822) and ''The Astrologer of the Nineteenth Century'' (1825), but neither sold well.<ref>Davies (2007:135–137)</ref> In the late 19th century, several of these texts (including ''[[The Book of Abramelin]]'' and the ''Key of Solomon'') were reclaimed by para-[[Masonic]] magical organisations, such as the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]] and [[Ordo Templi Orientis]]. ===20th and 21st centuries=== ''[[The Secret Grimoire of Turiel]]'' claims to have been written in the 16th century, but no copy older than 1927 has been produced.<ref>{{cite book |last= Malchus |first= Marius |title= The Secret Grimoire of Turiel |publisher= Theophania Publishing |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-1-926842-80-6}}</ref> A modern grimoire, the ''[[Simon Necronomicon]]'', takes its name from a fictional book of magic in the stories of [[H. P. Lovecraft]] which was inspired by [[Babylonian mythology]] and the ''[[Ars Goetia]]''—one of the five books that make up [[The Lesser Key of Solomon|''The'' ''Lesser Key of Solomon'']]—concerning the summoning of demons. ''[[Azoetia|The Azoëtia]]'' of [[Andrew D. Chumbley]] has been described by Gavin Semple as a modern grimoire.<ref>Semple, Gavin (1994) 'The Azoëtia – reviewed by Gavin Semple', ''Starfire'' Vol. I, No. 2, 1994, p. 194.</ref> The [[neopagan]] religion of [[Wicca]] publicly appeared in the 1940s, and [[Gerald Gardner]] introduced the ''[[Book of Shadows]]'' as a Wiccan grimoire.<ref name=guardian>{{cite journal |title= Owen Davies's top 10 grimoires |journal= [[The Guardian]] |date= 4 April 2008|last= Davies |first= Owen |author-link= Owen Davies (historian) |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/08/history |access-date= 8 April 2009 }}</ref> The term grimoire commonly serves as an alternative name for a spell book or tome of magical knowledge in [[fantasy fiction]] and [[role-playing games]]. The most famous fictional grimoire is the ''[[Necronomicon]]'', a creation of [[H.&nbsp;P. Lovecraft]].<ref name=guardian /> ==See also== * [[Table of magical correspondences]], a type of reference work used in [[ceremonial magic]] * [[Cyprianus]], a name for Scandinavian grimoires * [[Codex]] * [[Key of Solomon]] * [[Lesser Key of Solomon]] * [[Manuscript]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|title=Grimoires: A History of Magic Books|last=Davies|first=Owen|author-link=Owen Davies (historian)|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press USA|isbn=9780199204519|oclc=244766270}} ==External links== * {{wiktionary-inline}} * {{commons category-inline}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/ Internet Sacred Text Archives: Grimoires] * [http://www.hermetics.org/library/Library_Grimoires.html Digitized Grimoires] * {{cite book|author1=Reidar Thoralf Christiansen|author2=Pat Shaw Iversen|title=Folktales of Norway|url=https://archive.org/details/folktalesofnorwa0000unse|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10510-9|page=32ff}} * [http://www.ststlocations.com/Archives/Scandinavian/Folklore/ Scandinavian folklore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321064453/http://www.ststlocations.com/Archives/Scandinavian/Folklore/ |date=21 March 2007}} {{Books}} {{Fantasy fiction}} {{Witchcraft}} [[Category:Grimoires| ]] [[Category:Fiction about magic]] [[Category:Magic (supernatural)]] [[Category:Magic items]] [[Category:Non-fiction genres]] [[Category:Religious objects]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:About" title="Template:About">Template:About</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:About&action=edit" title="Template:About">view source</a>) (template editor 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