CINXE.COM

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'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': academicsOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Academics</span></p> <p class="description"> Six departments offer BSE degrees; one also offers A.B </p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="academicsOpen" @click.outside="academicsOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="academicsOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/concentrations"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Academics Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/abet-accreditation"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>ABET Accreditation</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/certificate-programs"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Certificate programs</span></p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <p class="nav-items-group-title">For current students</p> <div x-data="{ advisingOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="advisingOpen = !advisingOpen" @keydown.enter="advisingOpen = !advisingOpen" :aria-expanded="advisingOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': advisingOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Advising</span></p> <p class="description">We are here to help</p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="advisingOpen" @click.outside="advisingOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="advisingOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/undergraduate-affairs-office" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Advising Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/first-year-advising" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>First-Year Advising</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/first-year-advising/degree-requirements" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Degree Requirements</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/first-year-advising/first-year-faq" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Q and A About the First Year in Engineering</span > </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/sophomore-senior-advising" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Sophomore-Senior Advising</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/sophomore-senior-advising/rising-sophomore-faq" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Rising Sophomore FAQ</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/sophomore-senior-advising/senior-thesis-independent-work-funding" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Senior Thesis/Independent Work Funding</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/sophomore-senior-advising/summer-course-information" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Summer Course Information</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item fourth-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/sophomore-senior-advising/study-abroad" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Study Abroad</span></p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div x-data="{ careersOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="careersOpen = !careersOpen" @keydown.enter="careersOpen = !careersOpen" :aria-expanded="careersOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': careersOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Careers</span></p> <p class="description"> What do engineering students go on to do? </p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="careersOpen" @click.outside="careersOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="careersOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/careers/" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Careers Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/careers/science-and-technology-fair" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Science and Technology Job Fair</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/student-organizations"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Student Organizations</span></p> <p class="description"> Sixteen groups create community around special interests </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/undergraduate-studies/social-life"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Social Life</span></p> <p class="description"> Life outside the EQuad is key to your growth </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="nav-item first-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="gradOpen = !gradOpen" @keydown.enter="gradOpen = !gradOpen" :aria-expanded="gradOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': gradOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Graduate</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="gradOpen" @click.outside="gradOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="gradOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="column"> <p class="nav-items-group-title">General information</p> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/prospective-students"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Overview</span></p> <p class="description"> Learn to push the boundaries of your field and lead projects </p> </div> </a> </div> <div x-data="{ pathwaysOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="pathwaysOpen = !pathwaysOpen" @keydown.enter="pathwaysOpen = !pathwaysOpen" :aria-expanded="pathwaysOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': pathwaysOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Academic Pathways</span></p> <p class="description"> Meet faculty and grad students, learn about applying </p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="pathwaysOpen" @click.outside="pathwaysOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="pathwaysOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/academic-pathways/prospective-graduate-students" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Pathways to Graduate School for Rising College Seniors</span > </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/academic-pathways/prospective-faculty" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Princeton Pathway into the Academy Program</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/degrees-and-research"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Degrees and Research</span></p> <p class="description"> Doctoral programs in six departments cover 40 specialties </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/princeton-engineers"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Princeton Engineers</span></p> <p class="description"> Profiles of current graduate students </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/funding"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Funding</span></p> <p class="description"> Every Ph.D. student receives full funding </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <p class="nav-items-group-title">For prospective students</p> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/student-organizations"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Student Organizations</span></p> <p class="description"> Several groups cater specifically to engineering grad students </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/social-life"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Social Life</span></p> <p class="description"> An array of opportunities, plus proximity to NYC, Philly </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/careers"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Careers</span></p> <p class="description">Many paths beyond grad school</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/faq"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>FAQ</span></p> <p class="description">Your questions answered</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/graduate-studies/resources-for-current-students"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Resources for Current Students</span> </p> <p class="description"> Programs to support your academic goals </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="nav-item first-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="deptOpen = !deptOpen" @keydown.enter="deptOpen = !deptOpen" :aria-expanded="deptOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': deptOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Departments</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="deptOpen" @click.outside="deptOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="deptOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="column"> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/chemical-and-biological-engineering"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Chemical and Biological Engineering</span> </p> <p class="description"> Advancing human health, energy, materials science, and industrial processes </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/civil-and-environmental-engineering"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Civil and Environmental Engineering</span> </p> <p class="description"> Fundamental insights into the built and natural environments, and interactions between the two </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/computer-science"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Computer Science</span></p> <p class="description"> Leading the field through foundational theory, applications, and societal impact </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/electrical-computer-engineering"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Electrical and Computer Engineering</span> </p> <p class="description"> Improving human health, energy systems, computing and communications, and security </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/mechanical-and-aerospace-engineering"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering</span> </p> <p class="description"> Solving problems in energy, combustion, fluids, lasers, materials science, robotics and control systems, and nuclear security </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/departments/operations-research-and-financial-engineering" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Operations Research and Financial Engineering</span> </p> <p class="description"> Developing mathematical and computational tools for making decisions under uncertainty </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="nav-item first-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="centersOpen = !centersOpen" @keydown.enter="centersOpen = !centersOpen" :aria-expanded="centersOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': centersOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Centers & Initiatives</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="centersOpen" @click.outside="centersOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="centersOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="column"> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/aiprinceton"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>AI at Princeton</span></p> <p class="description"> Nimble, high-intensity research teams across engineering, science, social science, and humanities </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/acee"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment</span > </p> <p class="description"> Decarbonizing the world while increasing energy access worldwide </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/citp"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Center for Information Technology Policy</span> </p> <p class="description"> Promoting informed discussion of digital technologies and their role in society </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/center-decentralization-power-through-blockchain-technology-decenter" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>DeCenter</span></p> <p class="description"> Exploring a wide range of decentralized technologies and their implications for society </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/keller-center"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> Keller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education</span > </p> <p class="description"> Enabling students and faculty across Princeton to realize their aspirations for addressing societal challenges </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/omenn-darling-bioengineering-institute"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute</span> </p> <p class="description"> Interdisciplinary research on cellular, device and computational bioengineering </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="column"> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/metropolis-initiative"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Metropolis Initiative</span></p> <p class="description"> Innovations to make cities more sustainable, resilient, and equitable </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/nextg"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>NextG</span></p> <p class="description"> Creating the intelligent networks of the future </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/pmi"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Princeton Materials Institute</span></p> <p class="description"> Multidisciplinary research driving advances in materials science and photonics </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/princeton-quantum-initiative"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Princeton Quantum Initiative</span></p> <p class="description"> Taking a ‘full-stack’ approach to advancing quantum information science </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/centers/robotics-center"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Princeton Robotics</span></p> <p class="description"> Advancing innovative, safe, and ethical use of robotic systems </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="nav-item first-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="moreOpen = !moreOpen" @keydown.enter="moreOpen = !moreOpen" :aria-expanded="moreOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': moreOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>More</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="moreOpen" @click.outside="moreOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="moreOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="column"> <p class="nav-items-group-title">Resources</p> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a href="/resources"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Resources</span></p> <p class="description"> Tools and policies for faculty and staff </p> </div> </a> </div> <div x-data="{ policyOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="policyOpen = !policyOpen" @keydown.enter="policyOpen = !policyOpen" :aria-expanded="policyOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': policyOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Policies and Procedures</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="policyOpen" @click.outside="policyOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="policyOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Policy Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/poster-policy"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Poster Policy</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/resource-recovery" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Resource Recovery Program</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/gas-cylinders"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Gas Cylinders</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/lab-coats"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Lab Coats</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/machine-shop"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Machine Shop Request Form</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/mailroom-shipping-receiving" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Mailroom, Shipping and Receiving</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/nitrogen-policy"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Nitrogen Policy</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/pet-policy"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Pet Policy and Guidelines</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/stockroom"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Stockroom</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/policies-and-procedures/seas-vehicles"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Vehicle Reservations</span></p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div x-data="{ safetyOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="safetyOpen = !safetyOpen" @keydown.enter="safetyOpen = !safetyOpen" :aria-expanded="safetyOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': safetyOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Safety</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="safetyOpen" @click.outside="safetyOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="safetyOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/general-safety"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/roles-and-responsibilities"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Roles and Responsibilities</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/emergency-response"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Emergency Response</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/illness-injury-reporting"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Illness and Injury Reporting</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/general-safety"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>General Safety</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/dale-grieb-safety-award" ><div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Dale Grieb Safety Award</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/safety/safety-handbook"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Safety Handbook</span></p> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div x-data="{ fundingOpen: false}" x-cloak> <div class="nav-item second-tier"> <a tabindex="0" role="button" @click="fundingOpen = !fundingOpen" @keydown.enter="fundingOpen = !fundingOpen" :aria-expanded="fundingOpen ? 'true' : 'false'" :class="{ 'is-active': fundingOpen }" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Funding</span></p> </div> <i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> <section x-show="fundingOpen" @click.outside="fundingOpen = false" @keydown.enter.outside="fundingOpen = false" x-transition > <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/funding/"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Funding Overview</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/funding/funding-guide-engineering-faculty" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Funding Guide for Engineering Faculty</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/funding/innovation-grants"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Innovation Grants</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/funding/seed-grants"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Seed Grants</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/resources/funding/william-pierson-field-fund-visiting-lecturers" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> William Pierson Field Fund for Visiting Lecturers</span > </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/funding/travel-funds"> <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"><span>Travel funds</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSefr0g-gDTaZMq3yJHEOmCg9WiOKZxioUE9EeYlfSKQhRfnmQ/viewform" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span>Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives</span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nav-item third-tier"> <a href="/funding/william-r-kenan-jr-visiting-professorship-for-distinguished-teaching" > <div class="name-and-description"> <p class="name"> <span> William R. 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three researchers watch in background." style="object-position:50% 65%" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PTBrunLab_101724_0030-1920x1200-1.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PTBrunLab_101724_0030-1920x1200-1-300x188.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PTBrunLab_101724_0030-1920x1200-1-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PTBrunLab_101724_0030-1920x1200-1-768x480.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PTBrunLab_101724_0030-1920x1200-1-1536x960.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> The robots have no internal controls. Guidance depends on a flexible tether. Photos by Sameer A. Khan/Fotobuddy</figcaption></figure> <header class="wp-block-group news__header is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h1 class="news__title wp-block-post-title">For these little robots, two heads are better than one</h1> <div class="wp-block-group news__meta"> <div class="byline is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <p><span>By</span></p> <div class="is-acf-field author wp-block-mfb-meta-field-block"><div class="value">John Sullivan</div></div> <p><span>on</span></p> <div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-10-31T13:01:16-04:00">October 31, 2024</time></div> </div> <div id="social-bar"></div> </div> </header> <div class="wp-block-group news__content is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow"> <p class="lede"> Left alone, the toy robots will skitter mindlessly across a tabletop and amuse small children and cats. But when engineers at Princeton paired the small toys with a flexible tether, the bots developed remarkable abilities. They explored enclosed spaces, solved mazes with ease, and even rounded up loose objects into patterns. </p> <p>“We wanted to take brainless agents and initiate complex behaviors,” said <a href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/faculty/pierre-thomas-brun">Pierre-Thomas Brun</a>, an associate professor of chemical and biological engineering and the research team leader.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-1024x576.jpg" alt="Three researchers position small robots on a table" class="wp-image-17164" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0021-scaled.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">From left, researchers Tom Marzin, Yuchen Xi, and Pierre-Thomas Brun in Brun’s lab.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2410654121">an article</a> published Oct. 29 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers said that connecting the robots with a flexible polymer tether enabled the two-inch-long machines to exhibit morphological computation — a phenomenon in which physical characteristics, rather than digital calculation, can be harnessed to solve complex problems.</p> <p>The findings have implications beyond interesting uses for robotic toys. Scientists are pursuing ways to control swarms of robots for everything from surveillance systems to space exploration. In many cases, researchers organize swarms by teaching each robot to respond to simple cues from its neighbors like a fish swimming in a school. Brun’s team wanted to explore whether it was possible to exert control over groups of robots that lack any computing power and that only respond to physical input.</p> <p>The toy bots that his team used are a type of small robot called bristlebots. They feature tiny, flexible legs and a vibrating internal motor that drives their insectile motion. The bots lack any type of computer control and rely on mechanical friction to direct them. Widely sold as a toy, bristlebots have found a use in scientific experiments in which they stand in for gas particles and bacteria.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-1024x576.jpg" alt="Two small rectangular robots connected by a flexible tether" class="wp-image-17165" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/16X9-for-web-PTBrunLab_101724_0025-scaled.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The robots have no internal controls. Guidance depends on a flexible tether.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brun’s team wanted to know if it would be possible to create complex behavior without using lights or other outside instructions. They planned to leverage mechanical intelligence in which physical systems solve problems in the same way a hand grasps a ball.</p> <p>The key was a flexible tether, which the researchers created with a 3D printer. They experimented with rigid tethers and others of varying flexibility. Using cameras to track the bots, the researchers created mathematical models that predicted the paired bots’ behavior based on variables including the bots’ force and the tether’s length and flexibility.</p> <p>In each setup, the researchers attached a tether to the front edge of each rectangular microbot. With the most rigid tether, basically a stiff polyester beam, the bots pushed against each other, and the pair barely moved. But as the researchers increased the polyester’s flexibility, the tethers began to buckle as the bots pushed. Eventually, the tethers buckled into a U-shaped curve, allowing the bots to push quickly forward toward the bend in the U — like two swimmers pushing each end of a noodle-shaped float. The tether connecting the bots controlled the pair’s direction by preventing either from skittering in a random direction. (This control decreases when the force delivered by the bots passes a threshold exceeding the tether’s resistance to buckling.) The researchers calculated the angle that allowed the bots to move forward in a controlled direction with the greatest speed.</p> <p>Having learned to control the paired bots’ direction, the researchers moved on to obstacles. They found that when running into a wall, the U-shaped tether flattens and causes one of the paired bots to scoot along the wall. Eventually, the curve in the tether reappears but pointing in a different direction. This leads the pair of bots to navigate away from the wall. The behavior allows the bot pair to explore a confined space. It is also key to the pair’s ability to navigate mazes.</p> <p>Besides this, the researchers examined the bots’ ability to squeeze through openings. They also developed ways to use the bots to gather loose objects on a tabletop into separate groups.</p> <p>The project began as Richard B. Huang’s senior thesis project. Huang, who graduated in 2023 with a degree in chemical and biological engineering, said he started working with Brun investigating the behavior of single robots connected to an elastic beam. One day, he connected two robots with a tether and “turned on the recorder to see what would happen.”</p> <p>“I let it go, and it moved around the walls of the experimental setup,” said Huang, now a doctoral student in chemical engineering at M.I.T. “I thought that was really interesting. And that’s when things started getting really exciting.”</p> <p>Brun said the team plans to keep working on the tether system. He said they would like to explore other behaviors and arrangements with larger numbers of tethered bots. Another possibility is applying the work to drones moving in three dimensions.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>The article, <em>Emergent behaviors of buckling-driven elasto-active structures</em>, was published Oct. 29 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. Besides Brun and Huang, authors include Yuchen Xi, a graduate student in chemical and biological engineering at Princeton; Tom Marzin, a post-doctoral researcher at Princeton; and Trevor Jones, a former doctoral student in Brun’s lab who is now an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Support for the project was provided in part by the National Science Foundation.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <section class="seas-section news-section not-prose" id="related-news"> <div class="seas-section__content"> <header class="seas-section__header"> <h2 class="seas-section__title"><a name="news" class="page-anchor"></a>Related News</h2> </header> <div class="cards news-cards"> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2022/06/10/episode-6-dance-me-end" aria-label="Episode 6: Dance Me to the End"></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Episode 6: Dance Me to the End. "Composers & Computers" logo. The ampersand is a treble clef. There is a sound wave illustration" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image.png 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-300x169.png 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-1024x576.png 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-768x432.png 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-1536x864.png 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-800x450.png 800w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Episode-6_-Featured-Image-1568x882.png 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </p> <div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Episode 6: Dance Me to the End</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2024/05/16/meet-spot-bot-course-explores-learning-live-robots" aria-label="Meet SPOT the 'bot: Course explores learning to live with robots"></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="1066" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Vivian Chen holds large QR code as Vasumathi Venkat, Aaron Serianni, and Alex Glaser look on, and the robot dog faces the QR code." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-scaled.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-300x200.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-768x512.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/robot-qr-code_cc-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> SPOT, a Boston Dynamics robot, performs tasks in response to QR codes. Vivian Chen ’25 holds the code, while Vasumathi Venkat ’25, Aaron Serianni ’25 and Prof. Alexander Glaser observe. Photo by Aaron Nathans</figcaption><div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Meet SPOT the 'bot: Course explores learning to live with robots</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2022/07/06/radhika-nagpal-joins-faculty-expanding-research-robotics-and-collective-intelligence" aria-label="Radhika Nagpal joins the faculty, expanding research in robotics and collective intelligence"></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-scaled.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-800x450.jpg 800w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Nagpal-final-DKC-2022_16X9-1568x882.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> Radhika Nagpal. Photo by David Kelly Crow</figcaption><div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Radhika Nagpal joins the faculty, expanding research in robotics and collective intelligence</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2023/11/28/how-do-you-make-robot-smarter-program-it-know-what-it-doesnt-know" aria-label="How do you make a robot smarter? Program it to know what it doesn’t know."></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Photo of a robot with a camera "face" looking at a kitchen counter with two plastic water bottles and an apple." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-scaled.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-800x450.jpg 800w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/metabot_bottles_16X9-1568x882.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> Engineers at Princeton University and Google have come up with a new way to teach robots to know when they don’t know and ask for clarification from a human. Photo by the researchers</figcaption><div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">How do you make a robot smarter? Program it to know what it doesn’t know.</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2022/01/25/picking-trash-robots-pick-new-approaches-work" aria-label="In picking up trash, robots pick up new approaches to work"></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="899" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-scaled.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Rusinkiewicz-IMG_8459-16x9-1-1568x882.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> Photo of experimental setup by graduate student Jimmy Wu.</figcaption><div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">In picking up trash, robots pick up new approaches to work</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article> <article class="card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2023/06/26/innovation-funds-support-research-robotics-machine-learning-climate-resilience-and-more" aria-label="Innovation funds support research in robotics, machine learning, climate resilience and more"></a></p> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Foam board with a pinned grasshopper specimen, with wings extended, and four rows with different colors and shapes of synthetic wings under investigation for flying robots." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-scaled.jpg 1600w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-800x450.jpg 800w, https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/RoboticsLab_060623_0091_16X9-1568x882.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="featured-image-caption"> <i class="fa fa-camera" aria-hidden="true"></i> A team led by Pierre-Thomas Brun and Aimy Wissa is studying the structures and capabilities of grasshopper wings and flying fish fins. An innovation grant will allow the researchers to test different types of foldable wings and model their performance. Photos by Tori Repp/Fotobuddy</figcaption><div class="card-border" ></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Innovation funds support research in robotics, machine learning, climate resilience and more</h3> </p></div> </p></div> </article></div> </p></div> </section> <p></p> <div class="is-acf-field wp-block-mfb-meta-field-block"><div class="value"> <section class="seas-section faculty-section"> <div class="seas-section__content"> <header class="seas-section__header"> <h2 class="seas-section__title">Related Faculty</h2> </header> <div class="cards faculty-cards"> <article class="card faculty-card"><a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/faculty/pierre-thomas-brun" aria-label="Pierre-Thomas Brun"></a> <figure class="card__figure"><img width="500" height="500" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/pierre-thomas_brun.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" /><div class="card-border"></div></figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Pierre-Thomas Brun</h3> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> <div class="is-acf-field wp-block-mfb-meta-field-block"><div class="value"> <section class="seas-section department-center-section"> <div class="seas-section__content"> <header class="seas-section__header"> <h2 class="seas-section__title">Related Departments</h2> </header> <div class="cards department-center-cards"> <article class="department-center-card card"> <a class="card__link" href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/departments/chemical-and-biological-engineering" aria-label="Chemical and Biological Engineering"></a> <figure class="card__figure"> <img width="1200" height="675" src="https://engineering.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/chemical-and-biological-engineering-2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Professor and student work together in lab setting." loading="lazy" /> <div class="card-border"></div> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__info"> <h3 class="card__title">Chemical and Biological Engineering</h3> <p class="card__description">Advancing human health, energy, materials science, and industrial processes</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> </main> <footer class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group engineering-site-footer is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group engineering-site-footer__content is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group logos-and-address"> <h3 class="engineering-logo is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <a href="/">School of Engineering & Applied Science</a> </h3> <div class="wp-block-group engineering-address is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <address> <p>School of Engineering and Applied Science</p> <p>Princeton, New Jersey 08544</p> </address> </div> <div class="wp-block-group engineering-newsletter is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div id="mc_embed_shell" style="width: 100%"> <link href="//cdn-images.mailchimp.com/embedcode/classic-061523.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="https://princeton.us15.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=815013b76bec0c1d6fae893ba&id=329ebd13b8&f_id=00479be0f0" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" > <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <h2>Engineering Newsletter Signup</h2> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="email address (required)" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" required="" value="" /> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display: none" ></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display: none" ></div> </div> <div aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; 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