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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vertebrae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forelimbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forelimbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Forelimbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forelimbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function_of_the_horns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_of_the_horns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Function of the horns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_of_the_horns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaw_function_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaw_function_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jaw function and diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaw_function_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_and_senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_and_senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Brain and senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_and_senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_paleoenvironment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_paleoenvironment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Age and paleoenvironment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_paleoenvironment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Carnotaurus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كارنوتوروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارنوتوروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কার্নোটরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্নোটরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Карнотавър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карнотавър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus_sastrei" title="Carnotaurus sastrei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carnotaurus sastrei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارنوتاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارنوتاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="카르노타우루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르노타우루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus_sastrei" title="Carnotaurus sastrei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carnotaurus sastrei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קרנוטאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרנוטאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Карнотавр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карнотавр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർനോടോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർനോടോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="カルノタウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルノタウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnotaur" title="Karnotaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karnotaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotauro" title="Carnotauro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carnotauro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Карнотавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карнотавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnotaver" title="Karnotaver – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karnotaver" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnotaurus" title="Karnotaurus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="คาร์โนทอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์โนทอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Карнотавр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карнотавр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carnotaurus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carnosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnosaurus">Carnosaurus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Carnotaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">72–69 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:195.63076923077px; width:2.0307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:195.63076923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeleton cast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg/240px-Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg/360px-Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg/480px-Carnotaurus_skeleton_LA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Mounted skeletal cast at <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County">Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Carnotaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurini">Carnotaurini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Carnotaurus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonaparte" title="José Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1985</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>C. sastrei</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Carnotaurus sastrei</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Bonaparte, 1985</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Carnotaurus</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">meat bull</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> period, probably sometime between 72 and 69 million years ago. The only <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> is <i><b>Carnotaurus sastrei</b></i>. Known from a single well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> from rocks of the <a href="/wiki/La_Colonia_Formation" title="La Colonia Formation">La Colonia Formation</a>. <i>Carnotaurus</i> is a derived member of the <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a>, a group of large theropods that occupied the large <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predatorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> in the southern landmasses of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. Within the Abelisauridae, the genus is often considered a member of the Brachyrostra, a clade of short-snouted forms restricted to South America. </p><p><i>Carnotaurus</i> was a lightly built, <a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</a> predator, measuring 7.5 to 8 m (24.6 to 26.2 ft) in length and weighing 1.3–2.1 metric tons (1.4–2.3 short tons; 1.3–2.1 long tons). As a theropod, <i>Carnotaurus</i> was highly specialized and distinctive. It had two thick <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a> above the eyes, a unique feature unseen in all other <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. <i>Carnotaurus</i> was further characterized by small, <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> forelimbs and long, slender hind limbs. The skeleton is preserved with extensive skin impressions, showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a> approximately 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers. </p><p>The distinctive horns and the muscular neck may have been used in fighting others of its species. According to separate studies, rivaling individuals may have combated each other with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of <i>Carnotaurus</i> remain unclear: some studies suggested the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropods</a>, while other studies found it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. Its brain cavity suggests an acute sense of smell, while hearing and sight were less well developed. <i>Carnotaurus</i> was probably well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DinosaursCalci.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal casts of Amargasaurus and Carnotaurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DinosaursCalci.JPG/220px-DinosaursCalci.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DinosaursCalci.JPG/330px-DinosaursCalci.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DinosaursCalci.JPG/440px-DinosaursCalci.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Casts of <i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i> and <i>Carnotaurus</i>, both discovered by the same 1984 expedition in Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_the_University_of_Pisa" title="Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa">Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The only skeleton (<a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia_Natural_Sciences_Argentine_Museum" title="Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Argentine Museum">MACN</a>-CH 894) was unearthed in 1984 by an expedition led by Argentinian paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonaparte" title="José Bonaparte">José Bonaparte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expedition also recovered the peculiar spiny <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-salgadobonaparte1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salgadobonaparte1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the eighth expedition within the project named "Jurassic and Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates of South America", which started in 1976 and was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salgadobonaparte1991_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salgadobonaparte1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeleton is well-preserved and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#articulated" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § articulated" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">articulated</span></a></dfn> (still connected together), with only the posterior two thirds of the tail, much of the lower leg, and the hind feet being destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeleton belonged to an adult individual, as indicated by the fused <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">sutures</a> in the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#braincase" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § braincase" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">braincase</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-carabajal2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carabajal2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found lying on its right side, showing a typical <a href="/wiki/Death_pose" class="mw-redirect" title="Death pose">death pose</a> with the neck bent back over the torso.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, it is preserved with extensive skin impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the significance of these impressions, a second expedition was started to reinvestigate the original excavation site, leading to the recovery of several additional skin patches.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull was deformed during fossilization, with the snout bones of the left side displaced forwards relative to the right side, the nasal bones pushed upwards, and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#premaxillae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § premaxillae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">premaxillae</span></a></dfn> pushed backwards onto the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#nasal_bones" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § nasal bones" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">nasal bones</span></a></dfn>. Deformation also exaggerated the upward curvature of the upper jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The snout was more strongly affected by deformation than the rear part of the skull, possibly due to the higher rigidity of the latter. In top or bottom view, the upper jaws were less U-shaped than the lower jaws, resulting in an apparent mismatch. This mismatch is the result of deformation acting from the sides, which affected the upper jaws but not the lower jaws, possibly due to the greater flexibility of the joints within the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the known material of <i>Carnotaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The skeleton was collected on a farm named "Pocho Sastre" near Bajada Moreno in the <a href="/wiki/Telsen_Department" title="Telsen Department">Telsen Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>, Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it was embedded in a large <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretion</a>, a very hard kind of rock, preparation was complicated and progressed slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1988PDW_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1988PDW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Bonaparte published a note presenting <i>Carnotaurus sastrei</i> as a new genus and species and briefly describing the skull and lower jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic name <i>Carnotaurus</i> is derived from the Latin carno [carnis] ("flesh") and taurus ("bull") and can be translated with "meat-eating bull", an allusion to the animal's bull-like horns.<sup id="cite_ref-yong_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yong-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> <i>sastrei</i> honors Angel Sastre, the owner of the ranch where the skeleton was found.<sup id="cite_ref-headden2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headden2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive description of the whole skeleton followed in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i>, <i>Carnotaurus</i> was the second member of the family Abelisauridae that was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1991_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years, it was by far the best-understood member of its family, and also the best-understood theropod from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glut1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 21st century that similar well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">abelisaurids</a> were described, including <i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i>, allowing scientists to re-evaluate certain aspects of the anatomy of <i>Carnotaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holotype skeleton is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Museum_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences">Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replicas can be seen in this and other museums around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-glut2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculptors Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas manufactured a life-sized sculpture of <i>Carnotaurus</i> that was previously on display at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County">Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</a>. This sculpture, ordered by the museum during the mid-1980s, is probably the first life restoration of a theropod showing accurate skin.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glut2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Size comparison of Carnotaurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png/220px-Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png/330px-Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png/440px-Carnotaurus_Size_Chart.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Scale diagram comparing <i>Carnotaurus</i> to a human</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Carnotaurus</i> was a large but lightly built predator.<sup id="cite_ref-candeiro2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candeiro2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only known individual was about 7.5–8 m (24.6–26.2 ft) in length,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G.S.Paul2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.S.Paul2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making <i>Carnotaurus</i> one of the largest abelisaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>J<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G.S.Paul2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.S.Paul2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i> and possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i>, which are highly incomplete, might have been similar or larger in size.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>M<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study found that only <i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i>, at 8.9 m (29.2 ft), was longer than <i>Carnotaurus</i>; it was estimated at 7.8 m (25.6 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mass is estimated to have been 1,350 kg (1.33 long tons; 1.49 short tons),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,500 kg (1.5 long tons; 1.7 short tons),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,000 kg (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons),<sup id="cite_ref-G.S.Paul2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.S.Paul2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,100 kg (2.1 long tons; 2.3 short tons),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,306–1,743 kg (1.285–1.715 long tons; 1.440–1.921 short tons)<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in separate studies that used different estimation methods. <i>Carnotaurus</i> was a highly specialized theropod, as seen especially in characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> and the forelimbs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>R<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and hind limbs, on the other hand, remained relatively conservative, resembling those of the more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i>. Both the pelvis and hind limb were long and slender. The left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#femur" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § femur" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">femur</span></a></dfn> (thigh bone) of the individual measures 103 cm in length, but shows an average diameter of only 11 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Side of skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carnotaurus_skull.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carnotaurus_skull.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Carnotaurus_skull.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Skull in multiple views, with details of the skin structures inferred, and the right frontal horn</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull, measuring 59.6 cm (23.5 in) in length, was proportionally shorter and deeper than in any other large carnivorous dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>U<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a> was moderately broad, not as tapering as seen in more basal theropods like <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, and the jaws were curved upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-sampson2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sampson2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent pair of horns protruded obliquely above the eyes. These horns, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone#In_dinosaurs" title="Frontal bone">frontal</a> bones,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>V<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were thick and cone-shaped, internally solid, somewhat vertically flattened in cross-section, and measured 15 cm (5.9 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-carabajal2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carabajal2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonaparte, in 1990, suggested that these horns would probably have formed the bony cores of much longer keratinous sheaths.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>W<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauricio Cerroni and colleagues, in 2020, agreed that the horns supported keratinous sheaths, but argued that these sheaths would not have been greatly longer than the bony cores.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other dinosaurs, the skull was perforated by six <a href="/wiki/Skull#Fenestrae" title="Skull">major skull openings</a> on each side. The frontmost of these openings, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#external_naris" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § external naris" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">external naris</span></a></dfn> (bony nostril), was subrectangular and directed sidewards and forwards, but was not sloping in side view as in some other ceratosaurs such as <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. This opening was formed by the nasal and premaxilla only, while in some related ceratosaurs the maxilla also contributed to this opening. Between the bony nostril and the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> (eye opening) was the <a href="/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra" title="Antorbital fenestra">antorbital fenestra</a>. In <i>Carnotaurus</i>, this opening was higher than long, while it was longer than high in related forms such as <i>Skorpiovenator</i> and <i>Majungasaurus</i>. The antorbital fenestra was bounded by a larger depression, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#antorbital_fossa" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § antorbital fossa" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">antorbital fossa</span></a></dfn>, which was formed by recessed parts of the maxilla in front and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#lacrimal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § lacrimal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">lacrimal</span></a></dfn> behind. As in all abelisaurids, this depression was small in <i>Carnotaurus</i>. The lower front corner of the antorbital fossa contained a smaller opening, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#promaxillary_fenestra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § promaxillary fenestra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">promaxillary fenestra</span></a></dfn>, which led into an air-filled cavity within the maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eye was situated in the upper part of the keyhole-shaped orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>X<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This upper part was proportionally small and subcircular, and separated from the lower part of the orbit by the forward-projecting <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#postorbital_bone" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § postorbital bone" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">postorbital bone</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was slightly rotated forward, probably permitting some degree of <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The keyhole-like shape of the orbit was possibly related to the marked skull shortening, and is also found in related short-snouted abelisaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in all abelisaurids, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#frontal_bone" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § frontal bone" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">frontal bone</span></a></dfn> (on the skull roof between the eyes) was excluded from the orbit. Behind the orbit were two openings, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#infratemporal_fenestra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § infratemporal fenestra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">infratemporal fenestra</span></a></dfn> on the side and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#supratemporal_fenestra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § supratemporal fenestra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">supratemporal fenestra</span></a></dfn> on the top of the skull. The infratemporal fenestra was tall, short, and kidney-shaped, while the supratemporal fenestra was short and square-shaped. Another opening, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#mandibular_fenestra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § mandibular fenestra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">mandibular fenestra</span></a></dfn>, was located in the lower jaw – in <i>Carnotaurus</i>, this opening was comparatively large.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg/260px-Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg/390px-Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg/520px-Carnotaurus_skull_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of reconstructed skull</figcaption></figure> <p>On each side of the upper jaws there were four <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillary</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> teeth,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaws</a> were equipped with fifteen <a href="/wiki/Dentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentary">dentary</a> teeth per side.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AA<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth had been described as being long and slender,<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1988PDW_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1988PDW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the very short teeth seen in other abelisaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-sampson2007_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sampson2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Cerroni and colleagues, in their 2020 description of the skull, stated that all <a href="/wiki/Tooth_eruption" title="Tooth eruption">erupted</a> teeth have been severely damaged during excavation and were later reconstructed with plaster (Bonaparte, in 1990, only noted that some lower jaw teeth had been fragmented).<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AB<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliable information on the shape of the teeth is therefore limited to replacement teeth and tooth roots that are still enclosed by the jaw, and can be studied using CT imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The replacement teeth had low, flattened <a href="/wiki/Tooth_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth crown">crowns</a>, were closely spaced, and inclined forwards at approximately 45°.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1990 description, Bonaparte noted that the lower jaw was shallow and weakly constructed, with the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dentary" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dentary" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dentary</span></a></dfn> (the foremost jaw bone) connected to the hindmost jaw bones by only two contact points; this contrasts to the robust-looking skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1988PDW_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1988PDW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AC<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cerroni and colleagues instead found multiple but loose connections between the dentary and the hindmost jaw bones. This articulation, therefore, was very flexible but not necessarily weak.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bottom margin of the dentary was convex, while it was straight in <i>Majungasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_(2022).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/220px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/330px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/440px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Life restoration">Life restoration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The lower jaw was found with <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bones</a>, in the position they would be in if the animal was alive. These slender bones, supporting the tongue musculature and several other muscles, are rarely found in dinosaurs because they are often <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> and not connected to other bones and therefore get lost easily.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AD<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hartman2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartman2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Carnotaurus</i>, three hyoid bones are preserved: a pair of curved, rod-like ceratobranchials that articulate with a single, trapezoidal element, the basihyal. <i>Carnotaurus</i> is the only known non-avian theropod from which a basihyal is known.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The back of the skull had well-developed, air-filled chambers surrounding the braincase, as in other abelisaurids. Two separate chamber systems were present, the paratympanic system, which was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> cavity, as well as chambers resulting from outgrowths of the <a href="/wiki/Air_sac" title="Air sac">air sacs</a> of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2019_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">autapomorphies</a> (distinguishing features) can be found in the skull, including the pair of horns and the very short and deep skull. The maxilla had excavations above the promaxillary fenestra, which would have been excavated by the antorbital air sinus (air passages in the snout). The nasolacrimal duct, which transported eye fluid, exited on the medial (inner) surface of the lacrimal through a canal of uncertain function. Other proposed autapomorphies include a deep and long, air-filled excavation in the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#quadrate" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § quadrate" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">quadrate</span></a></dfn> and an elongated depression on the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pterygoid" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pterygoid" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pterygoid</span></a></dfn> of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#palate" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § palate" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">palate</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrae">Vertebrae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vertebrae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three views of the caudal ribs on vertebrae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png/220px-Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png/330px-Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png/440px-Carnotaurus-tail-vertebra-caudal-ribs.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Sixth tail vertebra of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> in A) side, B) front and C) top views, with arrows indicating the highly modified caudal ribs</figcaption></figure> <p>The vertebral column consisted of ten <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical</a> (neck), twelve <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">dorsal</a>, six fused <a href="/wiki/Sacrum#Other_animals" title="Sacrum">sacral</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AE<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">caudal</a> (tail) vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neck was nearly straight, rather than having the S-curve seen in other theropods, and also unusually wide, especially towards its base.<sup id="cite_ref-mendez_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendez-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top of the neck's spinal column featured a double row of enlarged, upwardly directed bony processes called <a href="/wiki/Epipophyses" title="Epipophyses">epipophyses</a>, creating a smooth trough on the top of the neck vertebrae. These processes were the highest points of the spine, towering above the unusually low <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hartman2012_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartman2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epipophyses probably provided attachment areas for a markedly strong neck musculature.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AF<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar double row was also present in the tail, formed there by highly modified <a href="/wiki/Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">caudal ribs</a>, in front view protruding upwards in a V-shape, their inner sides creating a smooth, flat, top surface of the front tail vertebrae. The end of each caudal rib was furnished with a forward projecting hook-shaped expansion that connected to the caudal rib of the preceding vertebra.<sup id="cite_ref-hartman2012_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartman2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-personscurrie2011_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personscurrie2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forelimbs">Forelimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forelimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross-section of the tail muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg/123px-Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg/185px-Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg/246px-Forelimb_of_Carnotaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_manus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the hand bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carnotaurus_manus.svg/211px-Carnotaurus_manus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carnotaurus_manus.svg/317px-Carnotaurus_manus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carnotaurus_manus.svg/422px-Carnotaurus_manus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Forelimb bones (left) and hand bones as interpreted by Ruiz and colleagues (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-ruiz2011_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruiz2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The forelimbs were proportionally shorter than in any other large carnivorous dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AG<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forearm was only a quarter the size of the upper arm. There were no <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpalia</a> in the hand, so that the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpals</a> articulated directly with the forearm.<sup id="cite_ref-ruiz2011_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruiz2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hand showed four basic digits,<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though apparently only the middle two of these ended in finger bones, while the fourth consisted of a single splint-like metacarpal that may have represented an external 'spur'. The fingers themselves were fused and immobile, and may have lacked claws.<sup id="cite_ref-agnolin&chiarelli2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agnolin&chiarelli2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carnotaurus</i> differed from all other abelisaurids in having proportionally shorter and more robust forelimbs, and in having the fourth, splint-like metacarpal as the longest bone in the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-ruiz2011_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruiz2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study suggests that the arms were <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> in abelisaurids, because nerve fibers responsible for stimulus transmission were reduced to an extent seen in today's <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>, which also have vestigial forelimbs.<sup id="cite_ref-senter2010_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senter2010-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Carnotaurus</i> was the first theropod dinosaur discovered with a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> skin impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These impressions, found beneath the skeleton's right side, come from different body parts, including the lower jaw,<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the front of the neck, the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder girdle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AH<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest patch of skin corresponds to the anterior part of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AI<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the right side of the skull also was covered with large patches of skin—this was not recognized when the skull was prepared, and these patches were accidentally destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Surface_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface texture">surface texture</a> of several skull bones allows for inferences on their probable covering. A hummocky surface with grooves, pits, and small openings is found on the sides and front of the snout and indicates a scaly covering, possibly with flat scales as in today's crocodilians. The top of the snout was sculptured with numerous small holes and spikes – this texture can probably be correlated with a cornified pad (horny covering). Such a pad also occurred in <i>Majungasaurus</i> but was absent in <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i> and <i>Rugops</i>. A row of large scales did probably surround the eye, as indicated by a hummocky surface with longitudinal grooves on the lacrimal and postorbital bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AJ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carnotaurus_skin.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carnotaurus_skin.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carnotaurus_skin.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Skin impressions from the tail</figcaption></figure> <p>The skin was built up of a mosaic of polygonal, non-overlapping scales measuring approximately 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) in diameter. This mosaic was divided by thin, parallel grooves.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AK<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scalation was similar across different body parts with the exception of the head, which apparently showed a different, irregular pattern of scales.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AL<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glut2003_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger bump-like structures were distributed over the sides of the neck, back and tail in irregular rows. These bumps were 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) in diameter and up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in height and often showed a low midline ridge. They were set 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 in) apart from each other and became larger towards the animal's top. The bumps probably represent feature scales – clusters of condensed <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a> – similar to those seen on the soft frill running along the body midline in <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurid">hadrosaurid</a> ("duck-billed") dinosaurs. These structures did not contain bone.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AM<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-champione2020_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champione2020-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Czerkas (1997) suggested that these structures may have protected the animal's sides while fighting members of the same species (<a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecifics</a>) and other theropods, arguing that similar structures can be found on the neck of the modern <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguana</a> where they provide limited protection in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-czerkas1997_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czerkas1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent studies of the skin of <i>Carnotaurus</i> published in 2021 suggest that previous depictions of the scales on the body are inaccurate, and the larger feature scales were randomly distributed along the body, not distributed in discrete rows like in older artistic depictions and illustrations. There is also no sign of progressive size variation in feature scales along different areas along the body. The basement scales of <i>Carnotaurus</i> were by comparison highly variable, ranging in size from small and elongated, to large and polygonal, and from circular-to-lenticular in the thoracic, scapular, and tail regions, respectively. This scale differentiation may have been related to regulating body heat and shedding excess heat via thermoregulation due to its large body size and active lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_Los_Angeles_County_Museum_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>Mount in LA seen from above</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Carnotaurus</i> is one of the best-understood <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a>, a family of large theropods restricted to the ancient southern <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. Abelisaurids were the dominant predators in the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">carcharodontosaurids</a> and occupying the ecological niche filled by the <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">tyrannosaurids</a> in the northern continents.<sup id="cite_ref-candeiro2005_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candeiro2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several notable traits that evolved within this family, including shortening of the skull and arms as well as peculiarities in the cervical and caudal vertebrae, were more pronounced in <i>Carnotaurus</i> than in any other abelisaurid.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AN<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AO<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-personscurrie2011_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personscurrie2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though relationships within the Abelisauridae are debated, <i>Carnotaurus</i> is consistently shown to be one of the most <a href="/wiki/Derived_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived trait">derived</a> members of the family by cladistical analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AP<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its nearest relative might have been <i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-canaleetal2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canaleetal2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coria2002_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coria2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ezcurra2010_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezcurra2010-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sereno2004_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sereno2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tykoskirowe2004_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoskirowe2004-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilson2003_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 review, in contrast, suggested that <i>Carnotaurus</i> was not closely related to either genus, and instead proposed <i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i> as its <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AQ<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juan Canale and colleagues, in 2009, erected the new clade Brachyrostra to include <i>Carnotaurus</i> but not <i>Majungasaurus</i>; this classification has been followed by a number of studies since.<sup id="cite_ref-canaleetal2009_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canaleetal2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wang2017_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Carnotaurus</i> is eponymous for two subgroups of the Abelisauridae: the <a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnotaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurini">Carnotaurini</a>. Paleontologists do not universally accept these groups. The Carnotaurinae was defined to include all derived abelisaurids with the exclusion of <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i>, which is considered a basal member in most studies.<sup id="cite_ref-sereno_carnotaurinae_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sereno_carnotaurinae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2008 review suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i> was a derived abelisaurid instead.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AR<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnotaurini was proposed to name the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> formed by <i>Carnotaurus</i> and <i>Aucasaurus</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-coria2002_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coria2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only those paleontologists who consider <i>Aucasaurus</i> as the nearest relative of <i>Carnotaurus</i> use this group.<sup id="cite_ref-sereno_carnotaurini_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sereno_carnotaurini-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 study recovered Carnotaurini as a valid clade consisting of <i>Carnotaurus</i>, <i>Aucasaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_(dinosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niebla (dinosaur)">Niebla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pol2024_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol2024-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a cladogram published by Canale and colleagues in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-canaleetal2009_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canaleetal2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Majungasaurus_BW_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/80px-Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/120px-Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/160px-Majungasaurus_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="232" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurini">Carnotaurini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/80px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/120px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/160px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Carnotaurus</b></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_(2022).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/80px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/120px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png/160px-Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilokelesia_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg/80px-Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg/120px-Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg/160px-Ilokelesia_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg/80px-Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg/120px-Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg/160px-Skorpiovenator_bustingorryi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="725" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png/80px-Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png/120px-Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png/160px-Ekrixinatosaurus_novasi_by_Henrique_Paes.png 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="722" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_of_the_horns">Function of the horns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function of the horns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Carnotaurus head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carnotaurus_head.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carnotaurus_head.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carnotaurus_head.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of the head showing the soft tissues inferred from osteological morphology of the skull</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Carnotaurus</i> is the only known carnivorous bipedal animal with a pair of horns on the frontal bone.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these horns is not entirely clear. Several interpretations have revolved around use in fighting conspecifics or in killing prey, though a use in display for courtship or recognition of members of the same species is possible as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greg Paul (1988) proposed that the horns were butting weapons and that the small orbita would have minimized the possibility of hurting the eyes while fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1988PDW_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1988PDW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) suggested that <i>Carnotaurus</i> used its horns in a way similar to rams. They calculated that the neck musculature was strong enough to absorb the force of two individuals colliding with their heads frontally at a speed of 5.7 m/s each.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernando Novas (2009) interpreted several skeletal features as <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> for delivering blows with the head.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AS<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that the shortness of the skull might have made head movements quicker by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a>, while the muscular neck would have allowed strong head blows. He also noted an enhanced rigidity and strength of the spinal column that may have evolved to withstand shocks conducted by the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AT<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies suggest that rivaling <i>Carnotaurus</i> did not deliver rapid head blows, but pushed slowly against each other with the upper sides of their skulls.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chure1998_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chure1998-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazzetta and colleagues, in 2009, argued that the horns may have been a device for the distribution of compression forces without damage to the brain. This is supported by the flattened upper sides of the horns, the strongly fused bones of the top of the skull, and the inability of the skull to survive rapid head blows.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rafael Delcourt, in 2018, suggested that the horns could have been used either in slow headbutting and shoving, as seen in the modern <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">marine iguana</a>, or in blows to the opponent's neck and flanks, as seen in the modern <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter possibility had been previously proposed for the related <i>Majungasaurus</i> in a 2011 conference paper.<sup id="cite_ref-snively2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snively2011-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) propose that the horns might also have been used to injure or kill small prey. Though horn cores are blunt, they may have had a similar form to modern <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> horns if there was a <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinous</a> covering. However, this would be the only reported example of horns being used as hunting weapons in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaw_function_and_diet">Jaw function and diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jaw function and diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cast of skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg/170px-Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg/255px-Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg/340px-Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Skull cast, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Discovery_Museum" title="Dinosaur Discovery Museum">Dinosaur Discovery Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Analyses of the jaw structure of <i>Carnotaurus</i> by Mazzetta and colleagues, in 1998, 2004, and 2009, suggest that the animal was capable of quick bites, but not strong ones.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mazzettaetal2004_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzettaetal2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quick bites are more important than strong bites when <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_diet_and_feeding" title="Dinosaur diet and feeding">capturing small prey</a>, as shown by studies of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These researchers also noted a high degree of flexibility (<a href="/wiki/Cranial_kinesis" title="Cranial kinesis">kinesis</a>) within the skull and especially the lower jaw, somewhat similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>. Elasticity of the jaw would have allowed <i>Carnotaurus</i> to swallow small prey items whole. In addition, the front part of the lower jaw was hinged, and thus able to move up and down. When pressed downwards, the teeth would have projected forward, allowing <i>Carnotaurus</i> to spike small prey items; when the teeth were curved upwards, the now backward projecting teeth would have hindered the caught prey from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazzetta and colleagues also found that the skull was able to withstand forces that appear when tugging on large prey items.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carnotaurus</i> may therefore have fed mainly on relatively small prey, but also was able to hunt large dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Mazzetta and colleagues estimated a bite force of around 3,341 newtons.<sup id="cite_ref-GVMetal09_89-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVMetal09-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study estimating bite force for 33 different dinosaurs suggests that the bite force in <i>Carnotaurus</i> was around 3,392 newtons at the anterior portion of the jaws; slightly higher than the previous estimate. The posterior bite force at the back of the jaws meanwhile, was estimated at 7,172 newtons.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This interpretation was questioned by François Therrien and colleagues (2005), who found that the biting force of <i>Carnotaurus</i> was twice that of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a>, which may have the strongest bite of any living <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a>. These researchers also noted analogies with modern <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragons</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Flexural_strength" title="Flexural strength">flexural strength</a> of the lower jaw decreases towards the tip linearly, indicating that the jaws were not suited for high precision catching of small prey but for delivering slashing wounds to weaken big prey. As a consequence, according to this study, <i>Carnotaurus</i> must have mainly preyed upon large animals, possibly by ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-therrien2005_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therrien2005-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cerroni and colleagues, in 2020, argued that flexibility was restricted to the lower jaw, while the thickened skull roof and the ossification of several cranial joints suggest that the skull had no or only little kinesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bakker">Robert Bakker</a> (1998) found that <i>Carnotaurus</i> mainly fed upon very large prey, especially <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropods</a>. As he noted, several adaptations of the skull—the short snout, the relatively small teeth and the strong back of the skull (<a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a>)—had independently evolved in <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>. These features suggest that the upper jaw was used like a serrated club to inflict wounds; big sauropods would have been weakened by repeated attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-bakker1998_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker1998-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross-section of the tail muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png/184px-Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png/276px-Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png/368px-Carnotaurus_tail_cross_section.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cross section through the tail of <i>Carnotaurus</i>, showing the enlarged caudofemoralis muscle and the V-shaped caudal ribs</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png/150px-Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png/225px-Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png/300px-Robustly_modeled_tail_of_Carnotaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">3D reconstructions of the tail muscles, tail, and pelvic bones seen from the side and above</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Mazzetta and colleagues (1998, 1999) presumed that <i>Carnotaurus</i> was a swift runner, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">thigh bone</a> was adapted to withstand high <a href="/wiki/Bending_moment" title="Bending moment">bending moments</a> while running; The ability of an animal's leg to withstand those forces limits its top speed. The running adaptations of <i>Carnotaurus</i> would have been better than those of a human, although not nearly as good as those of an <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AU<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mazzetta1999_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzetta1999-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists calculate that Carnotaurus had a top speed of up to 48–56 km (30–35 mi) per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dinosaurs, the most important locomotor muscle was located in the tail. This muscle, called the <a href="/wiki/Caudofemoralis" title="Caudofemoralis">caudofemoralis</a>, attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_trochanter" title="Fourth trochanter">fourth trochanter</a>, a prominent ridge on the thigh bone, and pulls the thigh bone backwards when contracted. Scott Persons and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Currie" class="mw-redirect" title="Phil Currie">Phil Currie</a> (2011) argued that in the tail vertebrae of <i>Carnotaurus</i>, the caudal ribs did not protrude horizontally ("T-shaped"), but were angled against the vertical axis of the vertebrae, forming a "V". This would have provided additional space for a caudofemoralis muscle larger than in any other theropod—the muscle mass was calculated at 111 to 137 kilograms (245 to 302 lb) per leg. Therefore, <i>Carnotaurus</i> could have been one of the fastest large theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-personscurrie2011_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personscurrie2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the caudofemoralis muscle was enlarged, the <a href="/wiki/Epaxial_and_hypaxial_muscles" title="Epaxial and hypaxial muscles">epaxial muscles</a> situated above the caudal ribs would have been proportionally smaller. These muscles, called the <a href="/wiki/Longissimus" title="Longissimus">longissimus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinalis" title="Spinalis">spinalis</a> muscle, were responsible for tail movement and stability. To maintain tail stability in spite of reduction of these muscles, the caudal ribs bear forward projecting processes interlocking the vertebrae with each other and with the pelvis, stiffening the tail. As a consequence, the ability to make tight turns would have been diminished, because the hip and tail had to be turned simultaneously, unlike in other theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-personscurrie2011_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personscurrie2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_and_senses">Brain and senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brain and senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, in 2019, used a CT scan to study the endocranial cavity that contained the brain. The volume of the endocranial cavity was 168.8 cm<sup>3</sup>, although the brain would only have filled a fraction of this space. The authors used two different brain size estimates, assuming a brain size of 50% and 37% of the endocranial cavity, respectively. This results in a <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">reptile encephalization quotient</a> (a measure of intelligence) larger than that of the related <i>Majungasaurus</i> but smaller than in <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">tyrannosaurids</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, might have been smaller than in other abelisaurids, as indicated by a low dural expansion – a space on top of the forebrain in which the pineal gland is thought to have been located.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2019_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulbs</a>, which housed the sense of smell, were large, while the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">optic lobes</a>, which were responsible for sight, were relatively small. This indicates that the sense of smell might have been better developed than the sense of sight, while the opposite is the case in modern birds. The front end of the olfactory tracts and bulbs were curved downwards, a feature only shared by <i><a href="/wiki/Indosaurus" title="Indosaurus">Indosaurus</a></i>; in other abelisaurids, these structures were oriented horizontally. As hypothesized by Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, this downward-curvature, together with the large size of the bulbs, might indicate that <i>Carnotaurus</i> relied more on the sense of smell than other abelisaurids. The <a href="/wiki/Flocculus" title="Flocculus">flocculus</a>, a brain lobe thought to be correlated with gaze stabilization (coordination between eyes and body), was large in <i>Carnotaurus</i> and other South American abelisaurids. This could indicate that these forms frequently used quick movements of the head and body. Hearing might have been poorly developed in <i>Carnotaurus</i> and other abelisaurids, as indicated by the short <a href="/wiki/Lagena_(anatomy)" title="Lagena (anatomy)">lagena</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>. The hearing range was estimated to be below 3 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2019_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_and_paleoenvironment">Age and paleoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Age and paleoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/220px-Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/330px-Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/440px-Carnotaurus_sastrei_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><i>Carnotaurus</i> in environment</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, the rocks in which <i>Carnotaurus</i> was found were assigned to the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Barcino_Formation" title="Cerro Barcino Formation">Gorro Frigio Formation</a>, which was considered to be approximately 100 million years old (<a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> stage).<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AV<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, they were realized to pertain to the much younger <a href="/wiki/La_Colonia_Formation" title="La Colonia Formation">La Colonia Formation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1996_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating to the <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> stages (83.6 to 66 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novas, in a 2009 book, gave a narrower time span of 72 to 69.9 million years ago (lower <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> stage).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>AW<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carnotaurus</i> therefore was the latest South American abelisaurid known.<sup id="cite_ref-personscurrie2011_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personscurrie2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Late Cretaceous, South America was already isolated from both Africa and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-leloeuff1997_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leloeuff1997-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The La Colonia Formation is exposed over the southern slope of the <a href="/wiki/North_Patagonian_Massif" title="North Patagonian Massif">North Patagonian Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pascual2000_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pascual2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most vertebrate fossils, including <i>Carnotaurus</i>, come from the formation's middle section (called the <i>middle facies association</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pascual2000_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pascual2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part likely represents the deposits of an environment of <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pascual2000_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pascual2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods.<sup id="cite_ref-pascual2000_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pascual2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common vertebrates collected include <a href="/wiki/Ceratodontidae" title="Ceratodontidae">ceratodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, turtles, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>, crocodiles, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-sterli2011_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterli2011-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other dinosaurs include <i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken inakayali</a></i>, which is closely related to <i>Carnotaurus</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-pol2024_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol2024-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Saltasauroidea" title="Saltasauroidea">saltasauroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">titanosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Titanomachya" title="Titanomachya">Titanomachya gimenezi</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">ankylosaur</a>; and an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">hadrosauroid</a>, among others. Some of the snakes that have been found belong to the families <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a> and Madtsoidae, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alamitophis" title="Alamitophis">Alamitophis argentinus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-albino2000_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albino2000-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles are represented by at least five <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>, four from <a href="/wiki/Chelidae" title="Chelidae">Chelidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a>) and one from <a href="/wiki/Meiolaniidae" title="Meiolaniidae">Meiolaniidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gasparinifuente2000_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasparinifuente2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plesiosaurs include two <a href="/wiki/Elasmosauridae" title="Elasmosauridae">elasmosaurs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kawanectes" title="Kawanectes">Kawanectes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chubutinectes" title="Chubutinectes">Chubutinectes</a></i>) and a <a href="/wiki/Polycotylidae" title="Polycotylidae">polycotylid</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sulcusuchus" title="Sulcusuchus">Sulcusuchus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals are represented by <i><a href="/wiki/Reigitherium" title="Reigitherium">Reigitherium bunodontum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Coloniatherium" title="Coloniatherium">Coloniatherium cilinskii</a></i>, the former of which was considered the first record of a South American <a href="/wiki/Docodonta" title="Docodonta">docodont</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pascual2000_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pascual2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the possible <a href="/wiki/Gondwanatheria" title="Gondwanatheria">gondwanatherians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multituberculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculate">multituberculates</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Argentodites" title="Argentodites">Argentodites coloniensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ferugliotherium" title="Ferugliotherium">Ferugliotherium windhauseni</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kielanjaworowska2007_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kielanjaworowska2007-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of an <a href="/wiki/Enantiornithine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiornithine">enantiornithine</a> and, possibly, of a <a href="/wiki/Neornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neornithes">neornithine bird</a> have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-lawver2011_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawver2011-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/48px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/64px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ceratosaur_research" title="Timeline of ceratosaur research">Timeline of ceratosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 276 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 2 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 38 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 162 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-valieri2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valieri2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 162 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-valieri2010_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valieri2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 163 in Juárez Valieri et al. (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-valieri2010_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valieri2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 556 in Calvo et al. (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-calvoetal2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvoetal2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 30 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 187 in Mazzetta et al. (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 79 in Mazzetta et al. (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-mazzettaetal2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzettaetal2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 276 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 28–32 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 8 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 4–5 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 5 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Mazzetta et al. (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 255 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 6 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 191 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 257 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 1276 in Ruiz et al. (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-ruiz2011_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruiz2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 264–299 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 264–299 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 32 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 276–277 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 256–261 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 188–189 and 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 202 in Carrano and Sampson (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 259–261 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 260–261 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 186 and 190 in Mazzetta et al. (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-GVPaleobiology_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPaleobiology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 3 in Bonaparte (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-bonaparte1990_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonaparte1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 276 in Novas (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-novas2009_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cerroni2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cerroni2020_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCerroniCanaleNovas2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cerroni, M. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/The_skull_of_i_Carnotaurus_sastrei_i_Bonaparte_1985_revisited_insights_from_craniofacial_bones_palate_and_lower_jaw/12848981">"The skull of <i>Carnotaurus sastrei</i> Bonaparte 1985 revisited: insights from craniofacial bones, palate and lower jaw"</a>. <i>Historical Biology</i>. <b>33</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2444–</span>2485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2020.1802445">10.1080/08912963.2020.1802445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225374445">225374445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+skull+of+Carnotaurus+sastrei+Bonaparte+1985+revisited%3A+insights+from+craniofacial+bones%2C+palate+and+lower+jaw&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2444-%3C%2Fspan%3E2485&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2020.1802445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225374445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cerroni&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Canale%2C+J.+I.&rft.au=Novas%2C+F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fdataset%2FThe_skull_of_i_Carnotaurus_sastrei_i_Bonaparte_1985_revisited_insights_from_craniofacial_bones_palate_and_lower_jaw%2F12848981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnotaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-novas2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-novas2009_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovas2009" class="citation book cs1">Novas, Fernando E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS416.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+in+Science&rft.atitle=Carnotaurus+sastrei+Bonaparte%2C+the+horned%2C+lightly+built+carnosaur+from+the+Middle+Cretaceous+of+Patagonia&rft.volume=416&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.226819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132580445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+F.&rft.au=Novas%2C+Fernando+E.&rft.au=Coria%2C+Rodolfo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.org%2Fsite%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fcontrib_science%2FCS416.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnotaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonaparte1985-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte1985_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaparte1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonaparte" title="José Bonaparte">Bonaparte, José F.</a> (1985). 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"A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation of Patagonia, Argentina". <i>Annals of Carnegie Museum</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2992%2F007.080.0104">10.2992/007.080.0104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85015365">85015365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Carnegie+Museum&rft.atitle=A+New+Enantiornithine+Bird+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+La+Colonia+Formation+of+Patagonia%2C+Argentina&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2992%2F007.080.0104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85015365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lawver&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft.au=Debee%2C+Aj+M.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Julia+A.&rft.au=Rougier%2C+Guillermo+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnotaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta_HospitalecheO'GormanPanzeri2023" class="citation journal cs1">Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; O'Gorman, J. P.; Panzeri, K. M. (2023). "A new Cretaceous bird from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina)". <i>Cretaceous Research</i>. <b>150</b>. 105595. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CrRes.15005595A">2023CrRes.15005595A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2023.105595">10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259059084">259059084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+Cretaceous+bird+from+the+Maastrichtian+La+Colonia+Formation+%28Patagonia%2C+Argentina%29&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=105595&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259059084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2023.105595&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CrRes.15005595A&rft.aulast=Acosta+Hospitaleche&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=O%27Gorman%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Panzeri%2C+K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnotaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotaurus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carnotaurus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526041904/http://www.mdp.edu.ar/rectorado/secretarias/investigacion/nexos/16/16carnosaurio.htm">The bite of <i>Carnotaurus</i></a> at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mWCYzRbaCHs/T3R9p0CbcPI/AAAAAAAAICE/CDtOr0Z5vgY/s1600/carnotaurus.png">Skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theropoda301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrovenator" title="Erythrovenator">Erythrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neotheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotheropoda">Neotheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichosuchus" title="Dolichosuchus">Dolichosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gojirasaurus" title="Gojirasaurus">Gojirasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidus_praecisio" title="Lepidus praecisio">Lepidus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliensternus" title="Liliensternus">Liliensternus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notatesseraeraptor" title="Notatesseraeraptor">Notatesseraeraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcosaurus" title="Sarcosaurus">Sarcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaisaurus" title="Shuangbaisaurus">Shuangbaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachiraptor" title="Tachiraptor">Tachiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocipes" title="Velocipes">Velocipes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zupaysaurus" title="Zupaysaurus">Zupaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracoraptor" title="Dracoraptor">Dracoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pendraig" title="Pendraig">Pendraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus">Podokesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powellvenator" title="Powellvenator">Powellvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysidae">Coelophysidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camposaurus" title="Camposaurus">Camposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucianovenator" title="Lucianovenator">Lucianovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapnosaurus" title="Megapnosaurus">Megapnosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterospondylus" title="Pterospondylus">Pterospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious neotheropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teinurosaurus" title="Teinurosaurus">Teinurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halticosaurus" title="Halticosaurus">Halticosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis bauri"><img alt="Coelophysis bauri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2105" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli"><img alt="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/140px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/210px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/280px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Averostra343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Averostra301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dornraptor" title="Dornraptor">Dornraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berberosaurus" title="Berberosaurus">Berberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fosterovenator" title="Fosterovenator">Fosterovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubbulpuria" title="Jubbulpuria">Jubbulpuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lukousaurus" title="Lukousaurus">Lukousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltriovenator" title="Saltriovenator">Saltriovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betasuchus" title="Betasuchus">Betasuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lametasaurus" title="Lametasaurus">Lametasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimoides" title="Ornithomimoides">Ornithomimoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozraptor" title="Ozraptor">Ozraptor</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afromimus" title="Afromimus">Afromimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocheirus" title="Austrocheirus">Austrocheirus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berthasaura" title="Berthasaura">Berthasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsosuchus" title="Compsosuchus">Compsosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiyacursor" title="Kiyacursor">Kiyacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabueino" title="Ligabueino">Ligabueino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinostropheus" title="Spinostropheus">Spinostropheus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphrosaurinae">Elaphrosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huinculsaurus" title="Huinculsaurus">Huinculsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noasaurinae">Noasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laevisuchus" title="Laevisuchus">Laevisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masiakasaurus" title="Masiakasaurus">Masiakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noasaurus" title="Noasaurus">Noasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocisaurus" title="Velocisaurus">Velocisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chenanisaurus" title="Chenanisaurus">Chenanisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosauroides" title="Dryptosauroides">Dryptosauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosuchus" title="Indosuchus">Indosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kryptops" title="Kryptops">Kryptops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurupi_itaata" title="Kurupi itaata">Kurupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugops" title="Rugops">Rugops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrovenator" title="Spectrovenator">Spectrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarascosaurus" title="Tarascosaurus">Tarascosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tralkasaurus" title="Tralkasaurus">Tralkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenotarsosaurus" title="Xenotarsosaurus">Xenotarsosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcovenator" title="Arcovenator">Arcovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosaurus" title="Indosaurus">Indosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brachyrostra16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guemesia" title="Guemesia">Guemesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llukalkan" title="Llukalkan">Llukalkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_antiqua" title="Niebla antiqua">Niebla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanos_simonattoi" title="Thanos simonattoi">Thanos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caletodraco" title="Caletodraco">Caletodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carnotaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilmesaurus" title="Quilmesaurus">Quilmesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viavenator" title="Viavenator">Viavenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"><img alt="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/140px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/210px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/280px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limusaurus_runner_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limusaurus inextricabilis"><img alt="Limusaurus inextricabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasaurus narmadensis"><img alt="Rajasaurus narmadensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/140px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/210px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/280px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aucasaurus garridoi"><img alt="Aucasaurus garridoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetanurae343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamospondylus" title="Calamospondylus">Calamospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chienkosaurus" title="Chienkosaurus">Chienkosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilesaurus" title="Chilesaurus">Chilesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuandongocoelurus" title="Chuandongocoelurus">Chuandongocoelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruxicheiros" title="Cruxicheiros">Cruxicheiros</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijiangosaurus" title="Kaijiangosaurus">Kaijiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentavenator" title="Kayentavenator">Kayentavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravenator" title="Pandoravenator">Pandoravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szechuanosaurus" title="Szechuanosaurus">Szechuanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectaerovenator" title="Vectaerovenator">Vectaerovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Orionides" class="mw-redirect" title="Orionides">Orionides</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megalosauroidea307" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunyangosaurus" title="Yunyangosaurus">Yunyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condorraptor" title="Condorraptor">Condorraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshosaurus" title="Marshosaurus">Marshosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysaurus" title="Piatnitzkysaurus">Piatnitzkysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosauria">Megalosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptospondylus" title="Streptospondylus">Streptospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurinae">Megalosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriavenator" title="Duriavenator">Duriavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiehenvenator" title="Wiehenvenator">Wiehenvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrovenatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrovenatorinae">Afrovenatorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrovenator" title="Afrovenator">Afrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dubreuillosaurus" title="Dubreuillosaurus">Dubreuillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leshansaurus" title="Leshansaurus">Leshansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnosaurus" title="Magnosaurus">Magnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piveteausaurus" title="Piveteausaurus">Piveteausaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poekilopleuron" title="Poekilopleuron">Poekilopleuron</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostafrikasaurus" title="Ostafrikasaurus">Ostafrikasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx">Baryonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protathlitis" title="Protathlitis">Protathlitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojavenatrix" title="Riojavenatrix">Riojavenatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus" title="Suchosaurus">Suchosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxalaia" title="Oxalaia">Oxalaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamosaurus" title="Siamosaurus">Siamosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi"><img alt="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Torvosaurus tanneri"><img alt="Torvosaurus tanneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/210px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/280px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus"><img alt="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/140px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/210px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/280px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Avetheropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda304" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasosaurus" title="Gasosaurus">Gasosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltovenator" title="Asfaltovenator">Asfaltovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erectopus" title="Erectopus">Erectopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosauridae" title="Metriacanthosauridae">Metriacanthosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metriacanthosaurinae">Metriacanthosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpkarakush" title="Alpkarakush">Alpkarakush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurus" title="Metriacanthosaurus">Metriacanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shidaisaurus" title="Shidaisaurus">Shidaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamotyrannus" title="Siamotyrannus">Siamotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinraptor" title="Sinraptor">Sinraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauria">Allosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antrodemus" title="Antrodemus">Antrodemus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epanterias" title="Epanterias">Epanterias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosauria">Carcharodontosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Datanglong" title="Datanglong">Datanglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusovenator" title="Lusovenator">Lusovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamraptor" title="Siamraptor">Siamraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neovenatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neovenatoridae">Neovenatoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">Carcharodontosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocanthosaurus" title="Acrocanthosaurus">Acrocanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator">Concavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocarcharia" title="Eocarcharia">Eocarcharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelmayisaurus" title="Kelmayisaurus">Kelmayisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lajasvenator" title="Lajasvenator">Lajasvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroniops" title="Sauroniops">Sauroniops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaochilong" title="Shaochilong">Shaochilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameryraptor" title="Tameryraptor">Tameryraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurinae">Carcharodontosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giganotosaurini">Giganotosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurus" title="Giganotosaurus">Giganotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapusaurus" title="Mapusaurus">Mapusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meraxes" title="Meraxes">Meraxes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taurovenator" title="Taurovenator">Taurovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannotitan" title="Tyrannotitan">Tyrannotitan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoniraptor" title="Aoniraptor">Aoniraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuiraptor" title="Fukuiraptor">Fukuiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangvenator" title="Phuwiangvenator">Phuwiangvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapator" title="Rapator">Rapator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaraptoridae">Megaraptoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosteon" title="Aerosteon">Aerosteon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maip" title="Maip">Maip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaraptor" title="Megaraptor">Megaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murusraptor" title="Murusraptor">Murusraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkoraptor" title="Orkoraptor">Orkoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tratayenia" title="Tratayenia">Tratayenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis"><img alt="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/140px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/210px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/280px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="5602" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allosaurus fragilis"><img alt="Allosaurus fragilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/140px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/210px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/280px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neovenator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neovenator salerii"><img alt="Neovenator salerii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/140px-Neovenator.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/210px-Neovenator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/280px-Neovenator.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharodontosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus"><img alt="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/140px-Carcharodontosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/210px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/280px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australovenator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australovenator wintonensis"><img alt="Australovenator wintonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/140px-Australovenator.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/210px-Australovenator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/280px-Australovenator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coelurosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurosauria305" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratasaurus" title="Aratasaurus">Aratasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiamericana" title="Asiamericana">Asiamericana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicentenaria" title="Bicentenaria">Bicentenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardoestesia" title="Richardoestesia">Richardoestesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciurumimus" title="Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayuraptor" title="Vayuraptor">Vayuraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangovenator" title="Xinjiangovenator">Xinjiangovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuolong" title="Zuolong">Zuolong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannoraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannoraptora">Tyrannoraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tyrannosauroidea308" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chingkankousaurus" title="Chingkankousaurus">Chingkankousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coeluridae" title="Coeluridae">Coeluridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanycolagreus" title="Tanycolagreus">Tanycolagreus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kileskus" title="Kileskus">Kileskus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinotyrannus" title="Sinotyrannus">Sinotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pantyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyrannosauria">Pantyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectrosaurus" title="Alectrosaurus">Alectrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagaraatan" title="Bagaraatan">Bagaraatan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinbeisaurus" title="Jinbeisaurus">Jinbeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juratyrant" title="Juratyrant">Juratyrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_intrepidus" title="Moros intrepidus">Moros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santanaraptor" title="Santanaraptor">Santanaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suskityrannus" title="Suskityrannus">Suskityrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timimus" title="Timimus">Timimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timurlengia" title="Timurlengia">Timurlengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongguanlong" title="Xiongguanlong">Xiongguanlong</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutyrannosauria">Eutyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachiosaurus" title="Appalachiosaurus">Appalachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurinae" title="Albertosaurinae">Albertosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurinae" title="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatyrannus" title="Asiatyrannus">Asiatyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanuqsaurus" title="Nanuqsaurus">Nanuqsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alioramini" title="Alioramini">Alioramini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alioramus" title="Alioramus">Alioramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianzhousaurus" title="Qianzhousaurus">Qianzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurini" title="Daspletosaurini">Daspletosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurus" title="Daspletosaurus">Daspletosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanatotheristes" title="Thanatotheristes">Thanatotheristes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneini" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratophoneini">Teratophoneini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamoterror" title="Dynamoterror">Dynamoterror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lythronax" title="Lythronax">Lythronax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbosaurus" title="Tarbosaurus">Tarbosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtyrannus" title="Zhuchengtyrannus">Zhuchengtyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_coelurosaurs20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious coelurosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliosuchus" title="Iliosuchus">Iliosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakuru" title="Kakuru">Kakuru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrolosaurus" title="Phaedrolosaurus">Phaedrolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanyangosaurus" title="Shanyangosaurus">Shanyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuolong_salleei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuolong salleei"><img alt="Zuolong salleei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/140px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/210px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/280px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stokesosaurus clevelandi"><img alt="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/140px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/210px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/280px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alioramus remotus"><img alt="Alioramus remotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/140px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/210px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/280px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbosaurus bataar"><img alt="Tarbosaurus bataar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/140px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/210px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/280px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptoromorpha343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha309" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neocoelurosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocoelurosauria">Neocoelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beipiaognathus" title="Beipiaognathus">Beipiaognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiagnathus" title="Huaxiagnathus">Huaxiagnathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scipionyx" title="Scipionyx">Scipionyx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunmenglong" title="Xunmenglong">Xunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropterygidae" title="Sinosauropterygidae">Sinosauropterygidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huadanosaurus" title="Huadanosaurus">Huadanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiagnathus" title="Huaxiagnathus">Huaxiagnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansaurus" title="Arkansaurus">Arkansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamosaurus" title="Calamosaurus">Calamosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexing" title="Hexing">Hexing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnareemimus" title="Kinnareemimus">Kinnareemimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nedcolbertia" title="Nedcolbertia">Nedcolbertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecocoelurus" title="Thecocoelurus">Thecocoelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdoraptor" title="Valdoraptor">Valdoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrocheiriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocheiriformes">Macrocheiriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecanimimus" title="Pelecanimimus">Pelecanimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhousaurus" title="Shenzhousaurus">Shenzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deinocheiridae" title="Deinocheiridae">Deinocheiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beishanlong" title="Beishanlong">Beishanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinocheirus" title="Deinocheirus">Deinocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garudimimus" title="Garudimimus">Garudimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraxenisaurus" title="Paraxenisaurus">Paraxenisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannomimus" title="Tyrannomimus">Tyrannomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimidae" title="Ornithomimidae">Ornithomimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anserimimus" title="Anserimimus">Anserimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithomimus" title="Archaeornithomimus">Archaeornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Coelosaurus%22_antiquus" title=""Coelosaurus" antiquus">"Coelosaurus"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromiceiomimus" title="Dromiceiomimus">Dromiceiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharacursor" title="Dzharacursor">Dzharacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallimimus" title="Gallimimus">Gallimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexidracon" title="Mexidracon">Mexidracon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiupalong" title="Qiupalong">Qiupalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rativates" title="Rativates">Rativates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinornithomimus" title="Sinornithomimus">Sinornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tototlmimus" title="Tototlmimus">Tototlmimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinosauropteryx_color_(without_scale_bar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinosauropteryx prima"><img alt="Sinosauropteryx prima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/140px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/210px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/280px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinocheirus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deinocheirus mirificus"><img alt="Deinocheirus mirificus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/130px-Deinocheirus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/195px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/260px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiupalong_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qiupalong henanensis"><img alt="Qiupalong henanensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/130px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/195px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/260px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1017" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1017" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Carnotaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18510948" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q18510948">Q18510948</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4532780">4532780</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4822830">4822830</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4129819">4129819</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54533">54533</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18510948#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata603" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18510948#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata603" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18510948#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/847696/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96009301">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007566268805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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