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letters</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: letters"> <meta name="keywords" content="letters"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="letters"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 114</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: letters</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> Historical Analysis of the First Lady of the Silent Screen: Exploring Parallels between Media Portrayals and Fan Letters to Film Star Lillian Gish</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annette%20Davies">Annette Davies </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines a collection of four fan letters written by two fans to the early film star, Lillian Gish. The letters were sent to Gish between 1929 and 1962 and were later archived at the New York Library of Performing Arts in Manhattan, New York. This paper also analyzes the media's portrayal of Gish during the time period of these written letters in order to identify parallels between the portrayal of Gish in the media and the perception of Gish by her fans, which is espoused in these fan letters. The media analyzed includes newspapers, fan magazines, Paine's 1932 biography Life and Lillian Gish, a film publicity poster for Gish's film Intolerance, and the film roles performed by Gish. Several parallels are found and assessed using the four processes of audience involvement with a media persona-transportation, parasocial interaction, identification, and worship. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=celebrity" title="celebrity">celebrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congruency" title=" congruency"> congruency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fan" title=" fan"> fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persona" title=" persona"> persona</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129902/historical-analysis-of-the-first-lady-of-the-silent-screen-exploring-parallels-between-media-portrayals-and-fan-letters-to-film-star-lillian-gish" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Analysis of Perception of Cicero's Personality Today and in Antiquity Based on Cicero's Letters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marketa%20Slazanska">Marketa Slazanska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cicero is generally perceived as one of the most gifted authors of all the antiquity, which has brought him a great popularity. Even the orator himself was eager to be seen as a man of fine taste for culture and especially literature, which was in his days represented by the interest in everything of a Greek origin. It might, therefore, lead to an assumption that literature was a key interest in his life, too. However, a confirmation of this assumption cannot be found in his letters, which are believed to offer Cicero's most personal statements. Reading his letters thoroughly and comparing them to the respective historical background, it may be found out that the author has mentioned literature mainly in a specific context of his political career losing importance. To analyze the letters have been used in the original Latin version as well as several translations and a large historical and literary background. The object of this paper is to specify, whether Cicero regarded himself more as an author and orator, or as a politician, and how did his correspondents regard him. The respective findings could be useful for better understanding of author's life and work and they may help his readers to see his books from a different, and perhaps more accurate, point of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiquity" title="antiquity">antiquity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politician" title=" politician"> politician</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literature" title=" literature"> literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters" title=" letters"> letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cicero" title=" Cicero"> Cicero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oratory" title=" oratory"> oratory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92390/analysis-of-perception-of-ciceros-personality-today-and-in-antiquity-based-on-ciceros-letters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Acoustic Characteristics of Ḫijaiyaḫ Letters Pronunciation by Indonesian Native Speaker</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romi%20Hardiyansyah">Romi Hardiyansyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raden%20Sugeng%20Joko%20Sarwono"> Raden Sugeng Joko Sarwono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agus%20Samsi"> Agus Samsi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesian people have a mother language but not Arabic. Meanwhile, they must be able to pronounce the Arabic because Islam is the biggest religion in Indonesia. Arabic is composed by ḫijaiyaḫ letters which has its own pronunciation. Sound production process in humans can be divided into three physiological processes, namely: the formation of airflow from the lungs, the change in airflow from the lungs into the sound, and articulation (the modulation/sound setting into a specific sound). Ḫijaiyaḫ letters has its own articulation, some of which seem strange for most people in Indonesia. Those letters come out from the middle and upper throat so that the letters has its own acoustic characteristics. Acoustic characteristics of voice can be observed by source-filter approach that has parameters: pitch, formant, and formant bandwidth. Pitch is the basic tone in every human being. Formant is the resonance frequency of the human voice. Formant bandwidth is the time-width of a formant. After recording the sound from 21 subjects, data is processed by software Praat version 5.3.39. The analysis showed that each pronunciation, syakal (vowel changer), and the place of discharge letters has the same timbre which are determined by third and fourth formant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E1%B8%ABijaiya%E1%B8%AB" title="ḫijaiyaḫ">ḫijaiyaḫ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=articulation" title=" articulation"> articulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitch" title=" pitch"> pitch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formant" title=" formant"> formant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formant%20bandwidth" title=" formant bandwidth"> formant bandwidth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timbre" title=" timbre"> timbre</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36324/acoustic-characteristics-of-ijaiya-letters-pronunciation-by-indonesian-native-speaker" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> A Self Beheld the Eyes of the Other: Reflections on Montesquieu's Persian Letters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Majid%20Alavi%20Shooshtari">Seyed Majid Alavi Shooshtari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a multi-layered prose piece of artistry and craftsmanship Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu’s Persian Letters (1721) is a satirical work which records the experiences of two Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, traveling through France in the early eighteenth century. Montesquieu creates Persian Letters as a critique of the French society, a critical explanation of what was considered to be 'the Orient' in the period, and an invaluable historical document which illustrates the ways Europe and the East understood each other in the first half of the eighteenth century. However, Persian Letters is considered today, in part, an Orientalist text because of it presenting the culture of the East using stereotypical images. Although, when Montesquieu published Persian Letters, the term Orientalist was a harmless word for people who studied or took an interest in it, the ways in which this Western intellectual author exerts his critique of French social and political life through the eyes of Persian protagonists by placing the example of the Orient (the Other) at the service of an ongoing Eighteen century discourse does raise some Eastern eyebrows. The fact that Persian side of the novel is considered by some critics as a fanciful decor, and the letters sent home are seen as literary props, yet these Eastern men intelligently question the rationality of religious, state, military and cultural practices and uncover much of the absurdity, irrationality or frivolity of European life. By drawing on the insight that Montesquieu’s text problematizes the assumption that orientalism monolithically constructs the Orient as the Other, the present paper aims to examine how the innocent gaze of two Eastern travelers mirrors the ways Europe’s identity defines its-Self. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=montesquieu" title="montesquieu">montesquieu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persian%20letters" title=" persian letters"> persian letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%98the%20orint%E2%80%99" title=" ‘the orint’"> ‘the orint’</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity%20politics" title=" identity politics"> identity politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self" title=" self"> self</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20other" title=" the other"> the other</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149100/a-self-beheld-the-eyes-of-the-other-reflections-on-montesquieus-persian-letters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> On the Interface of the Phonemes and the Orthography of KāNà</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akat%20Sordum%20Owen">Akat Sordum Owen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the interface between the phonemes and the orthography of Kānà, an endangered language spoken in Khānà and Tàì Local Government Areas of Rivers State of Nigeria. Kānà is one of the four languages (others being Gòkānà, Bāān Ògóì and Ẹ́lẹ́mẹ́) of Ogonoid (i.e. Ogoni group of languages) located in the Cross River branch of Benue-Congo phylum. A good number of scholars, including Ikoro (1996) and Vobnu (2001) agree on the phonemes inventory of the language but differ on the choice of the letters of the orthography. Whereas many scholars on the language accept that the language is alphabetic and satisfactory with respect to the use of Latin (English) alphabetic orthography with emphasis on phoneme-grapheme relation, some other scholars tend to uphold that the complex consonants in the phonemic chart should be treated as a consonant cluster in the alphabet. This paper argues that consonant clusters occur at syntactic (and morphological) levels with regard to certain items in order to produce desired pronunciations and spellings. Each consonant in a cluster is identical and can be used with other letters to produce a different word. The data was obtained from scholarly writings on the language, by interviews and our intuition as a native speaker of the language. It is believed that this study will trigger further research into the orthography of Kānà and other tonal languages, such as Igbo and Yoruba having similar features in order to reanalyze the number of letters in the alphabets of those languages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KANA" title="KANA">KANA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonemes" title=" phonemes"> phonemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthography" title=" orthography"> orthography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters" title=" letters"> letters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192460/on-the-interface-of-the-phonemes-and-the-orthography-of-kana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> 'Freud and Jung: Dissenting Friends'; An Analysis of the Foundations of the Psychoanalytical Theory in Theirs Letters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laurence%20Doremus">Laurence Doremus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Freud as the builder of psychoanalysis as a discipline had created the science with Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), a psychiatry specialist from Zurich who was very important in the Freudian theory. The knowledge about the foundation of psychoanalysis is often focused on the influence of the works from Breuer or Charcot in the Freudian praxis, at least at the beginning of his career, and Jung's influence is often under-estimated. The paper focuses on the importance of the Jungian contributions in Freud's theories at the beginning of the creation of the discipline in the 1910s. We often meet Jungian schools on the first hand and Freudian schools, on the other hand in the academic field, but the Freudian field has to admit the importance of the Jungian theories in Freudian science. And also, the dialectical energy which appears in the letters exchanged between both of the fathers of psychoanalysis is important to understand the foundations of Freud Theory. That's why the paper will analyze in detail the correspondence between them in an epistemological and historical approach. Effectively the letters were translated and published (in French but also in English and other languages) lately in history and are still not well knew by the researchers in the psychoanalytical field. We well explain how Freud was helped by Jung despite his desire to build the theory. We analyze how the second topic named 'unconscious, preconscious, and conscious', is the result of the first topic that Jung built with Freud. The paper is a contribution to the knowledge we should have about the intense friendship between the two protagonists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carl%20Gustav%20Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correspondence" title=" correspondence"> correspondence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freud%27s%20letters" title=" Freud's letters"> Freud's letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychoanalytic%20theory" title=" psychoanalytic theory "> psychoanalytic theory </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126943/freud-and-jung-dissenting-friends-an-analysis-of-the-foundations-of-the-psychoanalytical-theory-in-theirs-letters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Teacher Education in a Bilingual Perspective: Brazilian Sign Language and Portuguese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neuma%20Chaveiro">Neuma Chaveiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliana%20Guimar%C3%A3es%20Faria"> Juliana Guimarães Faria</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The thematic that guides this study is teacher training for the teaching of sign language in a perspective of bilingual education – specifically aimed at Brazilian public schools that offer inclusive education, and that have, among its students, deaf children who use Brazilian Sign Language as a means of communication and expression. In the Teacher Training Course for Letters/Libras at the Universidade Federal de Goiás/UFG, we developed a bilingual education project for the deaf, linked to PIBID (Institutional Scholarship for Teaching Initiation Program), funded by the Brazilian Federal Government through CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel). Goals: to provide the education of higher education teachers to work in public schools in basic education and to insert students from the UFG’s Letters/Libras course in the school’s daily life, giving them the opportunity for the creation and participation in methodological experiences and of teaching practices in order to overcome the problems identified in the teaching-learning process of deaf students, in a bilingual perspective, associating Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) and Portuguese. Methodology: qualitative approach and research-action, prioritizing action – reflection – action of the people involved. The Letters-Libras PIBID of the College of Letters/UFG, in this qualitative context, is guided by the assumptions of investigation-action to contribute to the education of the Libras teacher. Results: production of studies and researches in the area of education, professionalization and teaching practice for the degree holder in Letters: Libras; b) studies, research and training in bilingual education; c) clarification and discussion of the myths that permeate the reality of users of sign languages; d) involving students in the development of didactic materials for bilingual education. Conclusion: the PIBID Project Letters/Libras allows, both to the basic education school and to the teachers in training for the teaching of Libras, an integrated and collective work partnership, with discussions and changes in relation to bilingual education for the deaf and the teaching of Libras. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deaf" title="deaf">deaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sign%20language" title=" sign language"> sign language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20training" title=" teacher training"> teacher training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educacion" title=" educacion"> educacion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69721/teacher-education-in-a-bilingual-perspective-brazilian-sign-language-and-portuguese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> Discourse Functions of Rhetorical Devices in Selected Roman Catholic Bishops' Pastoral Letters in the Ecclesiastical Province of Onitsha, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virginia%20Chika%20Okafor">Virginia Chika Okafor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The pastoral letter, an open letter addressed by a bishop to members of his diocese for the purpose of promoting faith and good Christian living, constitutes a persuasive religious discourse characterized by numerous rhetorical devices. Previous studies on Christian religious language have concentrated mainly on sermons, liturgy, prayers, theology, scriptures, hymns, and songs to the exclusion of the persuasive power of pastoral letters. This study, therefore, examined major rhetorical devices in selected Roman Catholic bishops’ Lenten pastoral letters in the Ecclesiastical Province of Onitsha, with a view to determining their persuasive discourse functions. Aristotelian Rhetoric was adopted as the framework because of its emphasis on persuasion through three main rhetorical appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. Data were drawn from 10 pastoral letters of five Roman Catholic bishops in five dioceses (two letters from each) out of the seven in the Ecclesiastical of Onitsha. The five dioceses (Onitsha arch-diocese, Nnewi, Awka, Enugu, and Awgu dioceses) were chosen because pastoral letters are regularly published there. The 10 pastoral letters were published between 2000 and 2010 and range between 20 and 104 pages. They were selected, through purposive sampling, based on consistency in the publication and rhetorical content. Data were subjected to discourse analysis. Three categories of rhetorical devices were identified: those relating to logos (logical devices), those relating to pathos (pathetical devices), and those relating to ethos (ethical devices). Major logical devices deployed were: testimonial reference functioning as authority to validate messages; logical arguments appealing to the rationality of the audience; nominalization and passivation objectifying the validity of ideas; and modals of obligation/necessity appealing to the audience’s sense of responsibility and moral duty. Prominent among the pathetical devices deployed were: use of Igbo language to express solidarity with the audience; inclusive pronoun (we) to create a feeling of belonging, collectivism and oneness with them; prayers to inspire them; and positive emotion-laden words to refer to the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) to keep the audience emotionally attached to it. Finally, major ethical devices deployed were: use of first-person singular pronoun (I) and imperatives to invoke the authority of the bishops’ office; Latinisms to show learnedness; greetings and appreciation to express goodwill; and exemplary Biblical characters as models of faith, repentance, and love. The rhetorical devices were used in relation to the bishops’ messages of faith, repentance, love and loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholic bishops’ pastoral letters in the Ecclesiastical Province of Onitsha are thus characterized by logos-, pathos-, and ethos-related rhetorical devices designed to persuade the audience to live according to the bishops’ messages of faith, love, repentance, and loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. The rhetorical devices, therefore, establish the pastoral letters as a significant form of persuasive religious discourse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecclesiastical%20province%20of%20Onitsha" title="ecclesiastical province of Onitsha">ecclesiastical province of Onitsha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pastoral%20letters" title=" pastoral letters"> pastoral letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persuasive%20discourse%20functions" title=" persuasive discourse functions"> persuasive discourse functions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhetorical%20devices" title=" rhetorical devices"> rhetorical devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roman%20Catholic%20bishops" title=" Roman Catholic bishops"> Roman Catholic bishops</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32888/discourse-functions-of-rhetorical-devices-in-selected-roman-catholic-bishops-pastoral-letters-in-the-ecclesiastical-province-of-onitsha-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">106</span> Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Motivation Letters to Model Turnover in Non-Governmental Organization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Porshnev">A. Porshnev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zaporozhtchuk"> A. Zaporozhtchuk </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motivation regarded as a key factor of labor turnover, is especially important for volunteers working on an altruistic basis in NGO. Despite the motivational letter, candidate selection depends on the impression of the selection committee, which can be subject to human bias. We expect that structured and unstructured information provided in motivation letters could be used to improve candidate selection procedures. In our paper, we perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2280 motivation letters, create logistic regression, and build a decision tree to improve selection procedures. Our analysis showed that motivation factors are significant and enable human resources department to forecast labor turnover and provide extra information to demographic, professional and timing questions. In spite of the average level of accuracy the model demonstrates the selection procedures of company of under consideration can be improved. We also discuss interrelation between answers to open and closed motivation questions, recommend changes in motivational letter templates to ensure more relevant information about applicants and further steps to create more accurate model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title="decision trees">decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression" title=" logistic regression"> logistic regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model" title=" model"> model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivational%20letter" title=" motivational letter"> motivational letter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-governmental%20organization" title=" non-governmental organization"> non-governmental organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retention" title=" retention"> retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turnover" title=" turnover"> turnover</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84283/qualitative-and-quantitative-analysis-of-motivation-letters-to-model-turnover-in-non-governmental-organization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">105</span> Writing the Roaming Female Self: Identity and Romantic Selfhood in Mary Wollstonecraft’s Letters Written during a Short Stay in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway (1796) </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalyani%20Gandhi">Kalyani Gandhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The eighteenth century in Britain saw a great burst of activity in writing (letters, journals, newspapers, essays); often these modes of writing had a public-spirited bent in-step with the prevailing intellectual atmosphere. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the leading intellectuals of that period who utilized letter writing to convey her thoughts on the exciting political developments of the late eighteenth century. Fusing together her anxieties and concerns about humanity in general and herself in particular, Wollstonecraft’s views of the world around her are filtered through the lens of her subjectivity. Thus, Wollstonecraft’s letters covered a wide range of topics on both the personal and political level (for the two are often entwined in Wollstonecraft’s characteristic style of analysis) such as sentiment, gender, nature, peasantry, the class system, the legal system, political duties and rights of both rulers and subjects, death, immortality, religion, family and education. Therefore, this paper intends to examine the manner in which Wollstonecraft utilizes letter-writing to constitute and develop Romantic self-hood, understand the world around her and illustrate her ideas on the political and social happenings in Europe. The primary text analyzed will be Mary Wollstonecraft's Letters Written During a Short Stay in Sweden, Denmark and Norway (1796) and the analysis of this text will be supplemented by researching 18th-century British letter writing culture, with a special emphasis on the epistolary habits of women. Within this larger framework, this paper intends to examine the manner in which this hybrid of travel and epistolary writing aided Mary Wollstonecraft's expression on Romantic selfhood and how it was complicated by ideas of gender. This paper reveals Wollstonecraft's text to be wrought with anxiety about the world around her and within her; thus, the personal-public nature of the epistolary format particularly suits her characteristic point of view that looks within and without. That is to say, Wollstonecraft’s anxieties about gender and self, are as much about the women she sees in the world around her as much as they are about her young daughter and herself. Wollstonecraft constantly explores and examines this anxiety within the different but interconnected realms of politics, economics, history and society. In fact, it is her complex technique of entwining these aforementioned concerns with a closer look at interpersonal relationships among men and women (she often mentions specific anecdotes and instances) that make Wollstonecraft's Letters so engaging and insightful. Thus, Wollstonecraft’s Letters is an exemplar of British Romantic writing due to the manner in which it explores the bond between the individual and society. Mary Wollstonecraft's nuances this exploration by incorporating her concerns about women and the playing out of gender in society. Thus, Wollstonecraft’s Letters is an invaluable contribution to the field of British Romanticism, particularly as it offers crucial insight on female Romantic writing that can broaden and enrich the current academic understanding of the field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=British%20romanticism" title="British romanticism">British romanticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters" title=" letters"> letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminism" title=" feminism"> feminism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20writing" title=" travel writing"> travel writing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97381/writing-the-roaming-female-self-identity-and-romantic-selfhood-in-mary-wollstonecrafts-letters-written-during-a-short-stay-in-sweden-denmark-and-norway-1796" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Evaluating Alternative Structures for Prefix Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feras%20Hanandeh">Feras Hanandeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izzat%20Alsmadi"> Izzat Alsmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20M.%20Kwafha"> Muhammad M. Kwafha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prefix trees or tries are data structures that are used to store data or index of data. The goal is to be able to store and retrieve data by executing queries in quick and reliable manners. In principle, the structure of the trie depends on having letters in nodes at the different levels to point to the actual words in the leafs. However, the exact structure of the trie may vary based on several aspects. In this paper, we evaluated different structures for building tries. Using datasets of words of different sizes, we evaluated the different forms of trie structures. Results showed that some characteristics may impact significantly, positively or negatively, the size and the performance of the trie. We investigated different forms and structures for the trie. Results showed that using an array of pointers in each level to represent the different alphabet letters is the best choice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20structures" title="data structures">data structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indexing" title=" indexing"> indexing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree%20structure" title=" tree structure"> tree structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trie" title=" trie"> trie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title=" information retrieval"> information retrieval</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12226/evaluating-alternative-structures-for-prefix-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12226.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Influence of Tactile Symbol Size on Its Perceptibility in Consideration of Effect of Aging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Nishimura">T. Nishimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Doi"> K. Doi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Fujimoto"> H. Fujimoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wada"> T. Wada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We conducted perception experiments on tactile symbols to elucidate the impact of the size of these letters on the level of perceptibility. This study was based on the accessible design perspective and aimed at expanding the availability of tactile symbols for the visually impaired who are unable to read Braille characters. In particular, this study targeted people with acquired visual impairments as users of the tactile symbols. The subjects (young and elderly individuals) in this study had normal vision. They were asked to participate in the experiments to identify tactile symbols while unable to see their hand during the experiments. This study investigated the relation between the size and perceptibility of tactile symbols based on an examination using test pieces of these letters in different sizes. The results revealed that the error rates for both young and elderly subjects converged to almost 0% when 12 mm size tactile symbols were used. The findings also showed that the error rate was low and subjects could identify the symbols in 5 s when 16 mm size tactile symbols were introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessible%20design" title="accessible design">accessible design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20sense" title=" tactile sense"> tactile sense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20symbols" title=" tactile symbols"> tactile symbols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatic" title=" bioinformatic"> bioinformatic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13010/influence-of-tactile-symbol-size-on-its-perceptibility-in-consideration-of-effect-of-aging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> The Art of Contemporary Arabic Calligraphy in Oman: Salman Alhajri as an Example </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Amur%20Alhajri">Salman Amur Alhajri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: This paper explores the art of contemporary Arabic calligraphy in Oman. It explains the aesthetic features of Arabic calligraphy as a unique icon of Islamic art. This paper also explores the profile of one Omani artist, Salman Alhajri, as an example of Omani artists who have developed unique styles in this art stream. Methodology and approach: The paper is based on a theoretical study using a descriptive and case-study approach. Omani artists are fascinated by the art forms of Arabic calligraphy, which combine both spiritual meaning and aesthetic beauty. Artist Salman Alhajri is an example of a contemporary Arabic artist who uses Arabic calligraphy as the main theme in his art. Dr. Alhajri is trying to introduce the beauty of Arabic letters from a new aesthetic point of view. He also aims to create unusual visual effects that viewers can easily interact with. Even though words and phrases appear in Alhajri’s artwork, they are not conveying direct meanings: viewers can create their own meaning or expressions from them by appreciating the compositions of the artwork. Results: Arabic writing is directly related to the identity of Omani artists and their cultural background. This paper shows how the beauty of Arabic letters comes from its indefinite possibilities in designing calligraphic expressions, even within a single word, because letters can be stretched and transformed in various ways to create different compositions. Omani artists are interested in employing new media applications in this kind of practice to find new techniques for creating artwork based on Arabic writing. It is really important for all Omani artists to practice this art style because Arabic calligraphy and its flexibility introduce infinite possibilities that involve further exploration and investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contemporary%20Arabic%20calligraphy" title=" contemporary Arabic calligraphy"> contemporary Arabic calligraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20techniques" title=" new techniques"> new techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omani%20artist" title=" Omani artist"> Omani artist</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23092/the-art-of-contemporary-arabic-calligraphy-in-oman-salman-alhajri-as-an-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Keyloggers Prevention with Time-Sensitive Obfuscation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Wei%20Hung">Chien-Wei Hung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fu-Hau%20Hsu"> Fu-Hau Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuan-Sheng%20Wang"> Chuan-Sheng Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Hao%20Lee"> Chia-Hao Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the abuse of keyloggers is one of the most widespread approaches to steal sensitive information. In this paper, we propose an On-Screen Prompts Approach to Keyloggers (OSPAK) and its analysis, which is installed in public computers. OSPAK utilizes a canvas to cue users when their keystrokes are going to be logged or ignored by OSPAK. This approach can protect computers against recoding sensitive inputs, which obfuscates keyloggers with letters inserted among users' keystrokes. It adds a canvas below each password field in a webpage and consists of three parts: two background areas, a hit area and a moving foreground object. Letters at different valid time intervals are combined in accordance with their time interval orders, and valid time intervals are interleaved with invalid time intervals. It utilizes animation to visualize valid time intervals and invalid time intervals, which can be integrated in a webpage as a browser extension. We have tested it against a series of known keyloggers and also performed a study with 95 users to evaluate how easily the tool is used. Experimental results made by volunteers show that OSPAK is a simple approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title="authentication">authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20security" title=" computer security"> computer security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keylogger" title=" keylogger"> keylogger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title=" privacy"> privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20leakage" title=" information leakage"> information leakage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125947/keyloggers-prevention-with-time-sensitive-obfuscation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> An Analytic Comparison between Arabic and English Prosodies: Poetical Feet and Meters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamil%20Jafari">Jamil Jafari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharafat%20Karimi"> Sharafat Karimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Arabic Language has a complicated system of prosody invented by the great grammarian Khalil Ibn Ahmad Farahidi. He could extract 15 meters out of his innovative five circles, which were used in Arabic poetry of the 7th and 8th centuries. Then after a while, his student Akhfash added or compensated another meter to his tutor's meters, so overall, we now have 16 different meters in Arabic poetry. These meters have been formed by various combinations of 8 different feet and each foot is combined of rudimentary units called Sabab and Wated which are combinations of movement (/) and silent (ʘ) letters. On the other hand in English, we are dealing with another system of metrical prosody. In this language, feet are consisted of stressed and unstressed syllables and are of six types: iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, spondee, and pyrrhic. Using the descriptive-analytic method, in this research we aim at making a comparison between Arabic and English systems of metrical prosody to investigate their similarities and differences. The results show that both of them are quantitative and both of them rely on syllables in afoot. But unlike Arabic, English is utilizing another rhyme system and the number of feet in a line differs from Arabic; also, its feet are combined of stressed and unstressed syllables, while those of Arabic is a combination of movement and silent letters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20prosody" title=" English prosody"> English prosody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot" title=" foot"> foot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meter" title=" meter"> meter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poetry" title=" poetry"> poetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109020/an-analytic-comparison-between-arabic-and-english-prosodies-poetical-feet-and-meters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Integrating Qualitative and Behavioural Insights to Increase the Take-Up of an Education Savings Program for Low Income Canadians</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathieu%20Audet">Mathieu Audet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20Soliman"> Monica Soliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emilie%20Eve%20Gravel"> Emilie Eve Gravel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20Friesdorf"> Rebecca Friesdorf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access to higher education is critical for reducing social inequalities. The Canada Learning Bond (CLB) is a government savings incentive aimed at increasing higher education access for children of low income families by providing money toward a Registered Education Savings Plan. To better understand the educational and financial decision-making of low income families, Employment Social Development Canada conducted qualitative fieldwork with eligible parents and children, teachers, and community organizations promoting the Bond. Insights from this fieldwork were then used to develop letters to better target the needs and experiences of eligible families. In the present study, we conducted a randomized controlled trial with children ages 12 to 13, the oldest cohort of eligible children, to test the effectiveness of the new letters. Parents or caregivers of 150,088 eligible children were assigned to one of five letter conditions promoting the Bond or to a control condition that did not receive a letter. The letter conditions were: (a) the standard letter from past outreach, (b) a letter presenting the exact amount the child was eligible to receive, enhancing the salience of benefits, (c) a letter with a social norm, (d) a letter with an image emphasizing the feasibility of higher education by presenting the diversity of options (i.e., college, trade schools, apprenticeships) – many participants interviewed viewed that university was unfeasible, and (e) a letter minimizing references to 'saving' (i.e., not framing the Bond explicitly as a savings incentive) – a concept that did not resonate with low income families who felt they could not afford to save. The exact amount was also presented in letters (c) through (e). The letter minimizing references to 'saving' and presenting the exact amount had the highest net take-up rate at 6.6%, compared to 3.5% for the standard letter group. Furthermore, this trial’s BI-informed letters showed the largest impact on take-up so far, with a net take-up of 5.7% compared to 3.0% and 3.9% in the first two trials. This research highlights the value of mixed-method approaches combining qualitative and behavioural insights methods for developing context-sensitive interventions for social programs. By gaining a deeper understanding of the needs and experiences of program users through qualitative fieldwork, and then integrating these insights into behaviourally informed communications, we were able to increase take-up of an education savings program, which may ultimately improve access to higher education in children of low income families. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20higher%20education" title="access to higher education">access to higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20insights" title=" behavioral insights"> behavioral insights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government" title=" government"> government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-methods" title=" mixed-methods"> mixed-methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20programs" title=" social programs"> social programs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102288/integrating-qualitative-and-behavioural-insights-to-increase-the-take-up-of-an-education-savings-program-for-low-income-canadians" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> An Investigation of the Effects of Word Length on Amblyopic Eye Movement during Reading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahya%20Maeni">Yahya Maeni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well established that amblyopic patients have a reduced reading performance and oculomotor deficits. Word length has a significant impact on reading performance and eye movement behaviour during reading. As there no previous attempts to assess whether amblyopic eyes would be affected by word length while reading. This study aims to assess the effect of word length on amblyopic eye movement behaviour during reading including fixation duration, number of fixation and gaze duration. 21 adults with amblyopia and 21 age-matched controls participated in the study (age ± SD) (23.80 ± 4.66) for amblyopes and (24.20 ± 3.58) for Controls. Eye movement was recorded during reading binocularly using Eyelink 1000. Study was designed as 2 x 2 (amblyopia vs. control) x 2 lengths (4 letters, and 8 letters). Compared to controls, the amblyopic participants report significant longer duration of fixation, higher number of fixation and longer gaze duration for short words with far higher significant difference for long words. It could be concluded that eye movement in amblyopia during reading might be accounted for by the length of a word within a text and this could possible explanation of reduced reading performance among amblyopes. By understanding the effect of word length on amblyopia will shed light on reading deficits in amblyopia and help to determine the reading needs of amplyopes in educational and clinical settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amblyopia" title="amblyopia">amblyopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20movement" title=" eye movement"> eye movement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading" title=" reading"> reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixation" title=" fixation"> fixation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124031/an-investigation-of-the-effects-of-word-length-on-amblyopic-eye-movement-during-reading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Traveling Abroad and the Construction of British Identity and Culture in Selected Women Writers: Lady Elizabeth Craven's A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople (1789) and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's Embassy Letters (1716-1718)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raja%20Al-Khalili">Raja Al-Khalili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traveling abroad for British citizens in the eighteenth century was usually performed for two reasons. The first major form was for administering the expanding realm of the British Empire and its need for officials in governing the natives and facilitating the work of business companies. The other form of travel was for pleasure and involved a manifestation of wealth. This form of travel was a prelude for the modern industry of tourism and usually involved a tour of Europe and the Mediterranean. In both forms of travel the British encountered a myriad of cultures. Travel had fostered a sense of pride and confirmed an ethnocentric view of British superiority, but it also brought a critical self-examination of belonging to a colonial empire that thrives on the weaknesses of other nations. Women writers in particular have sought in the travels a kind of self-exploration of the nature of social patriarchy in a diversity of cultures. Both Lady Elizabeth Craven in A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople (1789) and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in Embassy Letters (1716-1718) have observed the culture of the Ottomans and then pursued to reflect on the social role of women in England. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20writing" title="travel writing">travel writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeth%20Craven" title=" Elizabeth Craven"> Elizabeth Craven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lady%20Mary%20Wortley" title=" Lady Mary Wortley"> Lady Mary Wortley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patriarchy" title=" patriarchy"> patriarchy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62182/traveling-abroad-and-the-construction-of-british-identity-and-culture-in-selected-women-writers-lady-elizabeth-cravens-a-journey-through-the-crimea-to-constantinople-1789-and-lady-mary-wortley-montagus-embassy-letters-1716-1718" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> The Political Haunting of “Martyrdom” in the Palestinian Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mai%20Awad">Mai Awad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to focus on the phenomenon of martyrdom—particularly its performative aspect—and how social and popular cultural representations address the multiple meanings of the loaded image of a Palestinian martyr. This focus will help us to explore the possible reasons that might push Palestinians to consider pursuing “martyrdom” or suicide operations. Tracing what happened in the past and what is currently happening (that is, haunting) will aid in theorizing how the act/practice of “martyrdom” is produced. It is believed that there are social and political forces, particularly in a colonial society like Palestine, that influence the subject and its experience. But what is unique about this paper is its attempt to disclose the invisible, hidden narratives and complexities of Palestinian life that we do not see. By giving “martyrs” a chance to speak and express their own narratives—since “martyrs” usually leave written letters for their families, which are published after their death—this study must broaden the whole picture and discuss what is missing. The analytic method to be used: For the methodology, the paper recruits discourse analysis as a method for tracing the emergence, circulation, and productivity of the martyrdom discourse across a range of social practices in Palestinians’ everyday life after the Nakba. The paper analyzes the letters that “martyrs” left to their families, relatives, and the Palestinian community after their death. By letting “martyrs” speak for themselves and hearing their unique discourses, the research would suggest that more explanation is needed to describe the “martyr” identity. Hence, it is not possible to study the “martyr” identity in Palestine without understanding the colonial context that governs it and shapes their subjective experience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=martyrdom" title="martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palestine" title=" palestine"> palestine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haunting" title=" haunting"> haunting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nakba%201948" title=" nakba 1948"> nakba 1948</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159723/the-political-haunting-of-martyrdom-in-the-palestinian-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Geometry, the language of Manifestation of Tabriz School’s Mystical Thoughts in Architecture (Case Study: Dome of Soltanieh)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lida%20Balilan">Lida Balilan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dariush%20Sattarzadeh"> Dariush Sattarzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Koorepaz"> Rana Koorepaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Ilkhanid era, the mystical school of Tabriz manifested itself as an art school in various aspects, including miniatures, architecture, urban planning and design, simultaneously with the expansion of the many sciences of its time. In this era, mysticism, both in form and in poetry and prose, as well as in works of art reached its peak. Mysticism, as an inner belief and thought, brought the audience to the artistic and aesthetical view using allegorical and symbolic expression of the religion and had a direct impact on the formation of the intellectual and cultural layers of the society. At the same time, Mystic school of Tabriz could create a symbolic and allegorical language to create magnificent works of architecture with the expansion of science in various fields and using various sciences such as mathematics, geometry, science of numbers and by Abjad letters. In this era, geometry is the middle link between mysticism and architecture and it is divided into two categories, including intellectual and sensory geometry and based on its function. Soltaniyeh dome is one of the prominent buildings of the Tabriz school with the shrine land use. In this article, information is collected using a historical-interpretive method and the results are analyzed using an analytical-comparative method. The results of the study suggest that the designers and builders of the Soltaniyeh dome have used shapes, colors, numbers, letters and words in the form of motifs, geometric patterns as well as lines and writings in levels and layers ranging from plans to decorations and arrays for architectural symbolization and encryption to express and transmit mystical ideas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometry" title="geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tabriz%20school" title=" Tabriz school"> Tabriz school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mystical%20thoughts" title=" mystical thoughts"> mystical thoughts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dome%20of%20Soltaniyeh" title=" dome of Soltaniyeh"> dome of Soltaniyeh</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161320/geometry-the-language-of-manifestation-of-tabriz-schools-mystical-thoughts-in-architecture-case-study-dome-of-soltanieh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> A Qualitative Assessment of the Internal Communication of the College of Comunication: Basis for a Strategic Communication Plan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edna%20T.%20Bernabe">Edna T. Bernabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joshua%20Bilolo"> Joshua Bilolo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheila%20Mae%20Artillero"> Sheila Mae Artillero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catlicia%20Joy%20Caseda"> Catlicia Joy Caseda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liezel%20Once"> Liezel Once</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Donne%20Ynah%20Grace%20Quirante"> Donne Ynah Grace Quirante</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Internal communication is significant for an organization to function to its full extent. A strategic communication plan builds an organization’s structure and makes it more systematic. Information is a vital part of communication inside the organization as this lays every possible outcome—be it positive or negative. It is, therefore, imperative to assess the communication structure of a particular organization to secure a better and harmonious communication environment in any organization. Thus, this research was intended to identify the internal communication channels used in Polytechnic University of the Philippines-College of Communication (PUP-COC) as an organization, to identify the flow of information specifically in downward, upward, and horizontal communication, to assess the accuracy, consistency, and timeliness of its internal communication channels; and to come up with a proposed strategic communication plan of information dissemination to improve the existing communication flow in the college. The researchers formulated a framework from Input-Throughout-Output-Feedback-Goal of General System Theory and gathered data to assess the PUP-COC’s internal communication. The communication model links the objectives of the study to know the internal organization of the college. The qualitative approach and case study as the tradition of inquiry were used to gather deeper understanding of the internal organizational communication in PUP-COC, using Interview, as the primary methods for the study. This was supported with a quantitative data which were gathered through survey from the students of the college. The researchers interviewed 17 participants: the College dean, the 4 chairpersons of the college departments, the 11 faculty members and staff, and the acting Student Council president. An interview guide and a standardized questionnaire were formulated as instruments to generate the data. After a thorough analysis of the study, it was found out that two-way communication flow exists in PUP-COC. The type of communication channel the internal stakeholders use varies as to whom a particular person is communicating with. The members of the PUP-COC community also use different types of communication channels depending on the flow of communication being used. Moreover, the most common types of internal communication are the letters and memoranda for downward communication, while letters, text messages, and interpersonal communication are often used in upward communication. Various forms of social media have been found out to be of use in horizontal communication. Accuracy, consistency, and timeliness play a significant role in information dissemination within the college. However, some problems have also been found out in the communication system. The most common problem are the delay in the dissemination of memoranda and letters and the uneven distribution of information and instruction to faculty, staff, and students. This has led the researchers to formulate a strategic communication plan which aims to propose strategies that will solve the communication problems that are being experienced by the internal stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20plan" title="communication plan">communication plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downward%20communication" title=" downward communication"> downward communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20communication" title=" internal communication"> internal communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upward%20communication" title=" upward communication "> upward communication </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48001/a-qualitative-assessment-of-the-internal-communication-of-the-college-of-comunication-basis-for-a-strategic-communication-plan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Development and Acceptance of a Proposed Module for Enhancing the Reading and Writing Skills in Baybayin: The Traditional Writing System in the Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Venus%20G.%20Solares">Maria Venus G. Solares</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ancient Filipinos had their own spelling or alphabet that differed from the modern Roman alphabet brought by the Spaniards. It consists of seventeen letters, three vowels, and fourteen consonants and is called Baybayin. The word Baybayin is a Tagalog word that refers to all the letters used in writing a language, an alphabet; however, it is also a syllable. The House Bill 4395, first proposed by Rep. Leopoldo Bataoil of the second district of Pangasinan in 2011, which later became House Bill 1022 of what he called The Declaration of the Baybayin as the National Writing System of the Philippines, prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the topic. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess the proposed module for enhancing the reading and writing skills in Baybayin of the students. The researchers wanted to ensure the acceptability of the Baybayin using the proposed module and meet the needs of students in developing their ability to read and write Baybayin through the module. The researchers used quasi-experimental research in this study. The data was collected through the initial and final analysis of the students of Adamson University's ABM 1102 using convenient sampling techniques. Based on statistical analysis of data using weighted mean, standard deviation, and paired t-tests, the proposed module helped improve the students' literacy skills, and the response exercises in the proposed module changed the acceptability of the Baybayin in their minds. The study showed that there was an important difference in the scores of students before and after the use of the module. The student's response to the assessment of their reading and writing skills on Baybayin was highly acceptable. This study will help develop the reading and writing skills of the students in Baybayin and teach Baybayin in response to the revival of a part of Philippine culture that has been long forgotten. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proposed%20module" title=" proposed module"> proposed module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skill" title=" skill"> skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceptability" title=" acceptability"> acceptability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175711/development-and-acceptance-of-a-proposed-module-for-enhancing-the-reading-and-writing-skills-in-baybayin-the-traditional-writing-system-in-the-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Musical Notation Reading versus Alphabet Reading-Comparison and Implications for Teaching Music Reading to Students with Dyslexia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ora%20Geiger">Ora Geiger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reading is a cognitive process of deciphering visual signs to produce meaning. During the reading process, written information of symbols and signs is received in the person’s eye and processed in the brain. This definition is relevant to both the reading of letters and the reading of musical notation. But while the letters of the alphabet are signs determined arbitrarily, notes are recorded systematically on a staff, with the location of each note on the staff indicating its relative pitch. In this paper, the researcher specifies the characteristics of alphabet reading in comparison to musical notation reading, and discusses the question whether a person diagnosed with dyslexia will necessarily have difficulty in reading musical notes. Dyslexia is a learning disorder that makes it difficult to acquire alphabet-reading skills due to difficulties expressed in the identification of letters, spelling, and other language deciphering skills. In order to read, one must be able to connect a symbol with a sound and to join the sounds into words. A person who has dyslexia finds it difficult to translate a graphic symbol into the sound that it represents. When teaching reading to children diagnosed with dyslexia, the multi-sensory approach, supporting the activation and involvement of most of the senses in the learning process, has been found to be particularly effective. According to this approach, when most senses participate in the reading learning process, it becomes more effective. During years of experience, the researcher, who is a music specialist, has been following the music reading learning process of elementary school age students, some of them diagnosed with Dyslexia, while studying to play soprano (descant) recorder. She argues that learning music reading while studying to play a musical instrument is a multi-sensory experience by its nature. The senses involved are: sight, hearing, touch, and the kinesthetic sense (motion), which provides the brain with information on the relative positions of the body. In this way, the learner experiences simultaneously visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic impressions. The researcher concludes that there should be no contra-indication for teaching standard music reading to children with dyslexia if an appropriate process is offered. This conclusion is based on two main characteristics of music reading: (1) musical notation system is a systematic, logical, relative set of symbols written on a staff; and (2) music reading learning connected with playing a musical instrument is by its nature a multi-sensory activity since it combines sight, hearing, touch, and movement. This paper describes music reading teaching procedures and provides unique teaching methods that have been found to be effective for students who were diagnosed with Dyslexia. It provides theoretical explanations in addition to guidelines for music education practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alphabet%20reading" title="alphabet reading">alphabet reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dyslexia" title=" dyslexia"> dyslexia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multisensory%20teaching%20method" title=" multisensory teaching method"> multisensory teaching method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20reading" title=" music reading"> music reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recorder%20playing" title=" recorder playing"> recorder playing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32691/musical-notation-reading-versus-alphabet-reading-comparison-and-implications-for-teaching-music-reading-to-students-with-dyslexia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Alphabet Recognition Using Pixel Probability Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaidehi%20Murarka">Vaidehi Murarka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sneha%20Mehta"> Sneha Mehta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dishant%20Upadhyay"> Dishant Upadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our project topic is “Alphabet Recognition using pixel probability distribution”. The project uses techniques of Image Processing and Machine Learning in Computer Vision. Alphabet recognition is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files etc. Alphabet Recognition based OCR application is sometimes used in signature recognition which is used in bank and other high security buildings. One of the popular mobile applications includes reading a visiting card and directly storing it to the contacts. OCR's are known to be used in radar systems for reading speeders license plates and lots of other things. The implementation of our project has been done using Visual Studio and Open CV (Open Source Computer Vision). Our algorithm is based on Neural Networks (machine learning). The project was implemented in three modules: (1) Training: This module aims “Database Generation”. Database was generated using two methods: (a) Run-time generation included database generation at compilation time using inbuilt fonts of OpenCV library. Human intervention is not necessary for generating this database. (b) Contour–detection: ‘jpeg’ template containing different fonts of an alphabet is converted to the weighted matrix using specialized functions (contour detection and blob detection) of OpenCV. The main advantage of this type of database generation is that the algorithm becomes self-learning and the final database requires little memory to be stored (119kb precisely). (2) Preprocessing: Input image is pre-processed using image processing concepts such as adaptive thresholding, binarizing, dilating etc. and is made ready for segmentation. “Segmentation” includes extraction of lines, words, and letters from the processed text image. (3) Testing and prediction: The extracted letters are classified and predicted using the neural networks algorithm. The algorithm recognizes an alphabet based on certain mathematical parameters calculated using the database and weight matrix of the segmented image. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contour-detection" title="contour-detection">contour-detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-processing" title=" pre-processing"> pre-processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition%20coefficient" title=" recognition coefficient"> recognition coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=runtime-template%20generation" title=" runtime-template generation"> runtime-template generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight%20matrix" title=" weight matrix "> weight matrix </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12115/alphabet-recognition-using-pixel-probability-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> OCR/ICR Text Recognition Using ABBYY FineReader as an Example Text</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Bagirzade">A. R. Bagirzade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sh.%20Najafova"> A. Sh. Najafova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Yessirkepova"> S. M. Yessirkepova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20S.%20Albert"> E. S. Albert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article describes a text recognition method based on Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The features of the OCR method were examined using the ABBYY FineReader program. It describes automatic text recognition in images. OCR is necessary because optical input devices can only transmit raster graphics as a result. Text recognition describes the task of recognizing letters shown as such, to identify and assign them an assigned numerical value in accordance with the usual text encoding (ASCII, Unicode). The peculiarity of this study conducted by the authors using the example of the ABBYY FineReader, was confirmed and shown in practice, the improvement of digital text recognition platforms developed by Electronic Publication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABBYY%20FineReader%20system" title="ABBYY FineReader system">ABBYY FineReader system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm%20symbol%20recognition" title=" algorithm symbol recognition"> algorithm symbol recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR%2FICR%20techniques" title=" OCR/ICR techniques"> OCR/ICR techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition%20technologies" title=" recognition technologies"> recognition technologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130255/ocricr-text-recognition-using-abbyy-finereader-as-an-example-text" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Pauline ‘Pistis Christou’ in Coptic Sources: Re-Examining Outdated Conclusions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beniamin%20Zakhary">Beniamin Zakhary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Pistis Christou in the Pauline letters has sparked a scholarly discussion in the past few decades. Although some have suggested exploring ancient translations for clues regarding the phrase's reception, prior scholarship has been very sparse regarding the translation and interpretation of the Pistis Christou within Coptic sources. Some have hastily remarked that the Coptic translation is inconclusive when it comes to the phrase of interest. This paper challenges that position, extracting clear conclusions by positioning the Coptic translation in the proper liturgical context, looking at both the Sahidic and Bohairic traditions. In using the Pauline Pistis Christou, Coptic sources suggest a definition of Faith as the domain that belongs to Christ (God), in which the faithful reside and participate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biblical%20studies" title="biblical studies">biblical studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coptic%20studies" title=" Coptic studies"> Coptic studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20faith" title=" Christian faith"> Christian faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pauline%20theology" title=" Pauline theology"> Pauline theology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165205/pauline-pistis-christou-in-coptic-sources-re-examining-outdated-conclusions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165205.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Construction and Analysis of Samurai Sudoku</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Danbaba">A. Danbaba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Samurai Sudoku consists of five Sudoku square designs each having nine treatments in each row (column or sub-block) only once such the five Sudoku designs overlaps. Two or more Samurai designs can be joint together to give an extended Samurai design. In addition, two Samurai designs, each containing five Sudoku square designs, are mutually orthogonal (Graeco). If we superimpose two Samurai designs and obtained a pair of Latin and Greek letters in each row (column or sub-block) of the five Sudoku designs only once, then we have Graeco Samurai design. In this paper, simple method of constructing Samurai designs and mutually orthogonal Samurai design are proposed. In addition, linear models and methods of data analysis for the designs are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=samurai%20design" title="samurai design">samurai design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graeco%20samurai%20design" title=" graeco samurai design"> graeco samurai design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sudoku%20design" title=" sudoku design"> sudoku design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=row%20or%20column%20swap" title=" row or column swap"> row or column swap</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47205/construction-and-analysis-of-samurai-sudoku" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47205.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Economic Decision Making under Cognitive Load: The Role of Numeracy and Financial Literacy </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%C3%A2nia%20Costa">Vânia Costa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuno%20De%20S%C3%A1%20Teixeira"> Nuno De Sá Teixeira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20C.%20Santos"> Ana C. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20Santos"> Eduardo Santos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Financial literacy and numeracy have been regarded as paramount for rational household decision making in the increasing complexity of financial markets. However, financial decisions are often made under sub-optimal circumstances, including cognitive overload. The present study aims to clarify how financial literacy and numeracy, taken as relevant expert knowledge for financial decision-making, modulate possible effects of cognitive load. Participants were required to perform a choice between a sure loss or a gambling pertaining a financial investment, either with or without a competing memory task. Two experiments were conducted varying only the content of the competing task. In the first, the financial choice task was made while maintaining on working memory a list of five random letters. In the second, cognitive load was based upon the retention of six random digits. In both experiments, one of the items in the list had to be recalled given its serial position. Outcomes of the first experiment revealed no significant main effect or interactions involving cognitive load manipulation and numeracy and financial literacy skills, strongly suggesting that retaining a list of random letters did not interfere with the cognitive abilities required for financial decision making. Conversely, and in the second experiment, a significant interaction between the competing mnesic task and level of financial literacy (but not numeracy) was found for the frequency of choice of a gambling option. Overall, and in the control condition, both participants with high financial literacy and high numeracy were more prone to choose the gambling option. However, and when under cognitive load, participants with high financial literacy were as likely as their illiterate counterparts to choose the gambling option. This outcome is interpreted as evidence that financial literacy prevents intuitive risk-aversion reasoning only under highly favourable conditions, as is the case when no other task is competing for cognitive resources. In contrast, participants with higher levels of numeracy were consistently more prone to choose the gambling option in both experimental conditions. These results are discussed in the light of the opposition between classical dual-process theories and fuzzy-trace theories for intuitive decision making, suggesting that while some instances of expertise (as numeracy) are prone to support easily accessible gist representations, other expert skills (as financial literacy) depend upon deliberative processes. It is furthermore suggested that this dissociation between types of expert knowledge might depend on the degree to which they are generalizable across disparate settings. Finally, applied implications of the present study are discussed with a focus on how it informs financial regulators and the importance and limits of promoting financial literacy and general numeracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title="decision making">decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20load" title=" cognitive load"> cognitive load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20literacy" title=" financial literacy"> financial literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numeracy" title=" numeracy"> numeracy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97270/economic-decision-making-under-cognitive-load-the-role-of-numeracy-and-financial-literacy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Arabic Character Recognition Using Regression Curves with the Expectation Maximization Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20A.%20AlShaher">Abdullah A. AlShaher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we demonstrate how regression curves can be used to recognize 2D non-rigid handwritten shapes. Each shape is represented by a set of non-overlapping uniformly distributed landmarks. The underlying models utilize 2<sup>nd</sup> order of polynomials to model shapes within a training set. To estimate the regression models, we need to extract the required coefficients which describe the variations for a set of shape class. Hence, a least square method is used to estimate such modes. We then proceed by training these coefficients using the apparatus Expectation Maximization algorithm. Recognition is carried out by finding the least error landmarks displacement with respect to the model curves. Handwritten isolated Arabic characters are used to evaluate our approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character%20recognition" title="character recognition">character recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20curves" title=" regression curves"> regression curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handwritten%20Arabic%20letters" title=" handwritten Arabic letters"> handwritten Arabic letters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectation%20maximization%20algorithm" title=" expectation maximization algorithm"> expectation maximization algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101427/arabic-character-recognition-using-regression-curves-with-the-expectation-maximization-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Discovery of the Piano Extended Techniques by Focusing on Symbols That George Crumb Used in Makrokosmos Volumes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parham%20Bakhtiari">Parham Bakhtiari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> George Crumb's Makrokosmos Volumes are considered significant pieces in twentieth-century piano music and showcase the extensive use of different tones and extended techniques on the piano. Crumb's works are known for making references, particularly to music from previous eras which the visual, aural, and numerical characteristics are symbolic in nature. Crumb created a list of symbols and shortened letters to clarify his unique directions to those who performed his compositions. The pianists who prepare to play Makrokosmos must dedicate time to study and analyze Crumb's markings diligently to accurately capture the composer's wishes. The aim of this paper is to provide a collection for pianists looking to perform George Crumb's compositions known as Makrokosmos Volumes. The research traits of unconventional playing techniques and discussions on the music explored by the composer are being described. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title="music">music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piano" title=" piano"> piano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Crumb" title=" Crumb"> Crumb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makrokosmos" title=" Makrokosmos"> Makrokosmos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186687/discovery-of-the-piano-extended-techniques-by-focusing-on-symbols-that-george-crumb-used-in-makrokosmos-volumes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letters&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div 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