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id="toc-Origin_of_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_cryptonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_cryptonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin of cryptonym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_cryptonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims_and_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims_and_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aims and leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims_and_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_of_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_of_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Scale of project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_of_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other related projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments_on_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_on_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Experiments on Americans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Experiments_on_Americans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Experiments on Americans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Experiments_on_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>LSD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hypnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments_on_Canadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_on_Canadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Experiments on Canadians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Experiments_on_Canadians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Experiments on Canadians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Experiments_on_Canadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivation_and_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_and_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Motivation and assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_and_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments_on_Danes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_on_Danes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Experiments on Danes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiments_on_Danes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_detention_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_detention_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secret detention camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_detention_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revelation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1994_U.S._General_Accounting_Office_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_U.S._General_Accounting_Office_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1994 U.S. General Accounting Office report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_U.S._General_Accounting_Office_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues_involving_informed_consent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues_involving_informed_consent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legal issues involving informed consent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues_involving_informed_consent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">MKUltra: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projek_MKUltra" title="Projek MKUltra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Projek MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A5%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مشروع إم كي ألترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع إم كي ألترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra_layih%C9%99si" title="MKUltra layihəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MKUltra layihəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra_K%C3%A8-%C5%8De" title="MKUltra Kè-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="MKUltra Kè-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A-%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%90" title="МК-УЛТРА – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="МК-УЛТРА" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra" title="MKUltra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%9A_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%C4%95" title="«МК Ультра» проекчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="«МК Ультра» проекчĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_MKULTRA" title="Projekt MKULTRA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Projekt MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_MKUltra" title="Projekt MKUltra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Projekt MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA" title="MKULTRA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_MKUltra" title="Projekt MKUltra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Projekt MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_MKUltra" title="Πρόγραμμα MKUltra – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecto_MK_Ultra" title="Proyecto MK Ultra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyecto MK Ultra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKUltra" title="Project MKUltra – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Project MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_Ultra_proiektua" title="MK Ultra proiektua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MK Ultra proiektua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پروژه ام‌کی‌اولترا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژه ام‌کی‌اولترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet_MK-Ultra" title="Projet MK-Ultra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projet MK-Ultra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="MK울트라 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MK울트라 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%BF-%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="ՄԿ-Ուլտրա նախագիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԿ-Ուլտրա նախագիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA" title="MKULTRA – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyek_MKUltra" title="Proyek MKUltra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyek MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto_MKULTRA" title="Progetto MKULTRA – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progetto MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98_MKUltra" title="פרויקט MKUltra – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרויקט MKUltra" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%9A-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="«МК-Ультра» долбоору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="«МК-Ультра» долбоору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_MKULTRA" title="Operacija MKULTRA – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Operacija MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projek_MKUltra" title="Projek MKUltra – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Projek MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-ULTRA" title="MK-ULTRA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MK-ULTRA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="MKウルトラ計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MKウルトラ計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA" title="MKULTRA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra" title="MKUltra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_MKULTRA" title="Projeto MKULTRA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeto MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiectul_MKUltra" title="Proiectul MKUltra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proiectul MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="МК-Ультра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="МК-Ультра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_MKULTRA" title="Projekt MKULTRA – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Projekt MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BC-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%98_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пројекат Ем-Кеј ултра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пројекат Ем-Кеј ултра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_MKULTRA" title="Projekt MKULTRA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Projekt MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekti_MK-Ultra" title="Projekti MK-Ultra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Projekti MK-Ultra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKUltra" title="Project MKUltra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Project MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="โครงการเอ็มเคอัลทรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงการเอ็มเคอัลทรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra" title="MKUltra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_MKULTRA" title="Проєкт MKULTRA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проєкт MKULTRA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra" title="MKUltra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MKUltra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="MKUltra计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MKUltra计划" data-language-autonym="中文" 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See [[CIA cryptonym#Format of cryptonyms]] and [[CIA cryptonym#Digraphs]].}} was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> [[Unethical human experimentation in the United States|human experimentation]] program designed and undertaken by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through [[brainwashing]] and [[psychological torture]].<ref name="USCongress1977">{{cite book |author1=United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |title=Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEqhqtrF3XEC&pg=PA70 |quote=Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/09/one-shocking-cia-programs-time-project-mkultra/ |title=One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra |date=2013-09-23 |language=en-US |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra |title=MK-Ultra |date=2018-08-21 |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=2019-01-02 |quote=Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didn't become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> CIA activities within the U.S. and around the world.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= The CIA as Organized Crime: How <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> Operations Corrupt America and the World |last=Valentine |first=Douglas| publisher=Clarity Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0997287011 |quote=As Vietnam was winding down, the CIA was beset by Congressional investigations that revealed some of the criminal activities it was involved in, like MKULTRA.}}</ref> It began in 1953 and was halted in 1973. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'"] (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, and [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], in addition to other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0522853339|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1429900683|page=29}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Project MKUltra''' (or '''MK-Ultra'''){{efn |"MK" was an arbitrary symbol for the [[CIA's Technical Services Division]]. See [[CIA cryptonym#Format of cryptonyms]] and [[CIA cryptonym#Digraphs]].}} was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal</ins> [[Unethical human experimentation in the United States|human experimentation]] program designed and undertaken by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through [[brainwashing]] and [[psychological torture]].<ref name="USCongress1977">{{cite book |author1=United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |title=Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEqhqtrF3XEC&pg=PA70 |quote=Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/09/one-shocking-cia-programs-time-project-mkultra/ |title=One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra |date=2013-09-23 |language=en-US |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra |title=MK-Ultra |date=2018-08-21 |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=2019-01-02 |quote=Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didn't become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal</ins> CIA activities within the U.S. and around the world.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= The CIA as Organized Crime: How <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Illegal</ins> Operations Corrupt America and the World |last=Valentine |first=Douglas| publisher=Clarity Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0997287011 |quote=As Vietnam was winding down, the CIA was beset by Congressional investigations that revealed some of the criminal activities it was involved in, like MKULTRA.}}</ref> It began in 1953 and was halted in 1973. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of [[psychoactive drug]]s (especially [[LSD]]) and other chemicals, [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshocks]],<ref name="npr.org">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, [https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'"] (On-air interview with journalist [[Stephen Kinzer]])</ref> [[hypnosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0|title=Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe|date=1977-08-27|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2017|title=Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources|date=1977-09-21|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> [[sensory deprivation]], isolation, and [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[sexual abuse]], in addition to other forms of [[torture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond|last=Otterman|first=Michael|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0522853339|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the [[Cold War]] to the War on Terror|last=McCoy|first=Alfred|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1429900683|page=29}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, [[Project Bluebird]] and [[Project Artichoke]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174839/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-date=August 21, 2019|title=FOIA &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124131543/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-date=January 24, 2017|title=PROJECT BLUEBIRD &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> It was organized through the CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] and coordinated with the [[United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713145805/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|title=Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014|archive-date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> The program engaged in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> activities,<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |title=Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals |access-date=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331150116/http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 }}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, [[Project Bluebird]] and [[Project Artichoke]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174839/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/search/site/artichoke|archive-date=August 21, 2019|title=FOIA &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124131543/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83-01042r000800010003-1|archive-date=January 24, 2017|title=PROJECT BLUEBIRD &#124; CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> It was organized through the CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] and coordinated with the [[United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713145805/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet4/trnsct04.txt|title=Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014|archive-date=July 13, 2013}}</ref> The program engaged in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal</ins> activities,<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |title=Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals |access-date=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331150116/http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 }}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicintelligence.net/ssci-mkultra-1977/|title=U.S. Senate Report on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977 |website=publicintelligence.net – Public Intelligence|date=July 27, 2012 }}</ref> including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331071200/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31 |url-status=live|title=Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |via=The New York Times|date=August 8, 1977|access-date=2010-04-18}}</ref>{{rp|page=74}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ | title = Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book | editor-last = Richelson | editor-first = JT | access-date = 2009-06-12 | date = 2001-09-10 | publisher = [[George Washington University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html | title = Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals | work = Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report | access-date = 2005-08-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070430101158/http://hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html | archive-date = 2007-04-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[United States Congress]] | title = The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence | work = [[Church Committee]] report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 1976 | url = http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/html/ChurchB1_0200b.htm | page = 392}}</ref> Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABC7 |title=U.S. vets say there were human guinea pigs {{!}} ABC7 San Francisco {{!}} abc7news.com |url=https://abc7news.com/archive/6592388/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}</ref> MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military,<ref>Horrock, Nicholas M. (August 4, 1977). "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now". ''New York Times''. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021.</ref> including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite news|last=Horrock|first=Nicholas M.|date=4 Aug 1977|title=80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/04/archives/80-institutions-used-in-cia-mind-studies-admiral-turner-tells.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330005628/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/04/archives/80-institutions-used-in-cia-mind-studies-admiral-turner-tells.html|archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> The CIA operated using [[front organization]]s, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement.<ref name="nytimes.com" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicintelligence.net/ssci-mkultra-1977/|title=U.S. Senate Report on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977 |website=publicintelligence.net – Public Intelligence|date=July 27, 2012 }}</ref> including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331071200/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31 |url-status=live|title=Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |via=The New York Times|date=August 8, 1977|access-date=2010-04-18}}</ref>{{rp|page=74}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ | title = Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book | editor-last = Richelson | editor-first = JT | access-date = 2009-06-12 | date = 2001-09-10 | publisher = [[George Washington University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html | title = Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals | work = Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report | access-date = 2005-08-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070430101158/http://hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html | archive-date = 2007-04-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[United States Congress]] | title = The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence | work = [[Church Committee]] report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 1976 | url = http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/html/ChurchB1_0200b.htm | page = 392}}</ref> Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABC7 |title=U.S. vets say there were human guinea pigs {{!}} ABC7 San Francisco {{!}} abc7news.com |url=https://abc7news.com/archive/6592388/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}</ref> MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military,<ref>Horrock, Nicholas M. (August 4, 1977). "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now". ''New York Times''. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021.</ref> including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite news|last=Horrock|first=Nicholas M.|date=4 Aug 1977|title=80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/04/archives/80-institutions-used-in-cia-mind-studies-admiral-turner-tells.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330005628/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/04/archives/80-institutions-used-in-cia-mind-studies-admiral-turner-tells.html|archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> The CIA operated using [[front organization]]s, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement.<ref name="nytimes.com" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1973, amid a government-wide panic caused by [[Watergate]], CIA Director [[Richard Helms]] ordered all MKUltra files destroyed.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news |title=Mind Control: My Mother, the CIA and LSD |author=Elizabeth Nickson |newspaper=The Observer |date=October 16, 1994 }}</ref> Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKUltra impossible. A cache of some 20,000 documents survived Helms's purge, as they had been incorrectly stored in a financial records building and were discovered following a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]] request in 1977. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.<ref name="nytimes.com"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1973, amid a government-wide panic caused by [[Watergate]], CIA Director [[Richard Helms]] ordered all MKUltra files destroyed.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news |title=Mind Control: My Mother, the CIA and LSD |author=Elizabeth Nickson |newspaper=The Observer |date=October 16, 1994 }}</ref> Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKUltra impossible. A cache of some 20,000 documents survived Helms's purge, as they had been incorrectly stored in a financial records building and were discovered following a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]] request in 1977. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.<ref name="nytimes.com"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In December 1974, ''[[The New York Times]]'' alleged that the CIA had conducted <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/22/archives/huge-cia-operation-reported-in-u-s-against-antiwar-forces-other.html|title=Huge C.i.a. Operation Reported in U.s. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years|last=Hersh|first=Seymour M.|date=1974-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That report prompted investigations by the [[United States Congress]], in the form of the [[Church Committee]], and by a commission known as the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]] that looked into the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal</del> domestic activities of the CIA, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and intelligence-related agencies of the military.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In December 1974, ''[[The New York Times]]'' alleged that the CIA had conducted <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal</ins> domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/22/archives/huge-cia-operation-reported-in-u-s-against-antiwar-forces-other.html|title=Huge C.i.a. Operation Reported in U.s. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years|last=Hersh|first=Seymour M.|date=1974-12-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That report prompted investigations by the [[United States Congress]], in the form of the [[Church Committee]], and by a commission known as the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]] that looked into the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal</ins> domestic activities of the CIA, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and intelligence-related agencies of the military.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential [[United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]] report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of [[psychoactive drug]]s such as LSD and [[mescaline]] and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject, [[Frank Olson]], had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973.<ref name="parascope.com"></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential [[United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]] report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of [[psychoactive drug]]s such as LSD and [[mescaline]] and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject, [[Frank Olson]], had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973.<ref name="parascope.com"></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 180:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 180:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1987, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case: ''[[United States v. Stanley]]''.<ref>''[[United States v. Stanley]]'', {{ussc|483|669|1987}}</ref> The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice [[William J. Brennan, Jr.|William Brennan]] argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of [[United States Bill of Rights|constitutional rights]]:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1987, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case: ''[[United States v. Stanley]]''.<ref>''[[United States v. Stanley]]'', {{ussc|483|669|1987}}</ref> The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice [[William J. Brennan, Jr.|William Brennan]] argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of [[United States Bill of Rights|constitutional rights]]:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><blockquote>The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acceptable</del>. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects.... [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.</blockquote></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><blockquote>The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unacceptable</ins>. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects.... [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.</blockquote></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], writing a separate dissent, stated:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], writing a separate dissent, stated:</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 21:27, 14 December 2022</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">CIA program involving illegal experimentation on human subjects (1953–73)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MKULTRA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MKULTRA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MKULTRA (disambiguation)">MKULTRA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments" title="Edgewood Arsenal human experiments">Edgewood Arsenal human experiments</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg/220px-DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg/330px-DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg/440px-DeclassifiedMKULTRA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Declassified MKUltra documents</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Project MKUltra</b> (or <b>MK-Ultra</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an illegal <a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">human experimentation</a> program designed and undertaken by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_torture" title="Psychological torture">psychological torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USCongress1977_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCongress1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began in 1953 and was halted in 1973. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>) and other chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroshocks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a>, isolation, and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, in addition to other forms of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, <a href="/wiki/Project_Bluebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Bluebird">Project Bluebird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_Artichoke" title="Project Artichoke">Project Artichoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was organized through the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Intelligence" title="Office of Scientific Intelligence">Office of Scientific Intelligence</a> and coordinated with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Biological_Warfare_Laboratories" title="United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories">United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program engaged in illegal activities,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA operated using <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organizations</a>, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MKUltra was first brought to public attention in 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_activities_within_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States">United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States</a> (also known as the Rockefeller Commission). Investigative efforts were hampered by CIA Director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a>'s order that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the small number of documents that survived Helms's order.<sup id="cite_ref-Cia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mk1977_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk1977-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some surviving information about MKUltra was declassified in July 2001. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg/220px-Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg/330px-Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Mkultra-lsd-doc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a> approved of an MKUltra sub-project on LSD in this June 9, 1953, letter.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_project">Origin of project</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, the CIA project "was a continuation of the work begun in WWII-era <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese</a> facilities and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> on subduing and controlling human minds". Kinzer writes that MKUltra's use of <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a> on unwitting subjects was a practice that Nazi doctors had begun in the camps at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>. Kinzer gives evidence of the continuation of a Nazi agenda, citing the CIA's secret recruitment of Nazi torturers and <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisectionists</a> to continue experimenting on thousands of subjects, and Nazis were brought to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, to instruct CIA officers on the lethal uses of <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> gas.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union also contributed greatly to the motivation for this project; according to CIA director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, fear of "Soviet brain perversion techniques" was palpable. The CIA wanted to verse itself in this type of "mind control" to be able to recognize and use it in case of a conflict with the USSR. Fear of the enemy ran rampant among Americans, especially upon the sharp increase in PTSD in Korean POWs. The damage incurred on these survivors was so severe that mind control was thought to be the culprit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_cryptonym">Origin of cryptonym</h3></div> <p>The project's <a href="/wiki/CIA_cryptonym" title="CIA cryptonym">CIA cryptonym</a> is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <i>MK</i>, indicating the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Services_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Services Staff">Technical Services Staff</a> (TSS),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the word <a href="/wiki/Ultra" class="mw-disambig" title="Ultra">Ultra</a> which formerly designated the most secret classification of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> intelligence. Other related cryptonyms include <a href="/wiki/Project_MKNAOMI" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKNAOMI">Project MKNAOMI</a> and Project MKDELTA. MKDELTA was established to oversee the use of MKUltra materials abroad. According to the Church Committee, "such materials were used on a number of occasions".<sup id="cite_ref-churchdelta_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churchdelta-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims_and_leadership">Aims and leadership</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Sidney_Gottlieb,_Sept._21,_1977.Credit_AP.jpg" class="new" title="File:Sidney Gottlieb, Sept. 21, 1977.Credit AP.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="130">File:Sidney Gottlieb, Sept. 21, 1977.Credit AP.jpg</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a>, Sept. 21, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>The project was headed by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a> but began on the order of CIA director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> on April 13, 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its aim was to develop mind-controlling drugs for use against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> in response to alleged <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> use of mind control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives, and was interested in manipulating foreign leaders with such techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-churchdelta_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churchdelta-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devising several schemes to drug <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. It often conducted experiments without the subjects' knowledge or consent.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, academic researchers were funded through grants from CIA front organizations but were unaware that the CIA was using their work for these purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project attempted to produce a perfect <a href="/wiki/Truth_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth drug">truth drug</a> for interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and to explore other possibilities of mind control. Subproject 54 was the Navy's top-secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which was supposed to use sub-aural frequency blasts to erase memory; the program was never carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973 by order of CIA director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a>, so it has been difficult for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 funded research subprojects sponsored by MKUltra and related CIA programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Supremecourt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supremecourt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project began during a period of what English journalist <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Cornwell" title="Rupert Cornwell">Rupert Cornwell</a> described as "paranoia" at the CIA, when the U.S. had lost its nuclear monopoly and <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">fear of communism</a> was at its height.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CIA counter-intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton" title="James Jesus Angleton">James Jesus Angleton</a> believed that a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> had penetrated the organization at the highest levels.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency poured millions of dollars into studies examining ways to influence and control the mind and to enhance its ability to extract information from resistant subjects during interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-question-torture_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-question-torture-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shock-doctrine_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shock-doctrine-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians assert that one goal of MKUltra and related CIA projects was to create a <a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate" title="The Manchurian Candidate"><i>Manchurian Candidate</i></a>-style subject.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred W. McCoy</a> has claimed that the CIA attempted to focus media attention on these sorts of "ridiculous" programs so that the public would not look at the research's primary goal, which was effective methods of interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-question-torture_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-question-torture-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_of_project">Scale of project</h3></div> <p>One 1955 MKUltra document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort. It refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-arts.rpi.edu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arts.rpi.edu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.</li> <li>Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.</li> <li>Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.</li> <li>Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.</li> <li>Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so they may be used for malingering, etc.</li> <li>Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.</li> <li>Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture, and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".</li> <li>Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.</li> <li>Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use.</li> <li>Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.</li> <li>Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.</li> <li>Substances which alter personality structure in such a way the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.</li> <li>A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.</li> <li>Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.</li> <li>Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.</li> <li>A knockout pill which can be surreptitiously administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.</li> <li>A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a person to perform physical activity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3></div> <p>The 1976 <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> report found that, in the MKDELTA program, "Drugs were used primarily as an aid to interrogations, but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting or disabling purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheflin1978_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheflin1978-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1989_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_projects">Other related projects</h3></div> <p>In 1964, MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of the MKULTRA program. The MKSEARCH program was divided into two projects dubbed <a href="/wiki/MKOFTEN" title="MKOFTEN">MKOFTEN</a> and <a href="/wiki/MKCHICKWIT" title="MKCHICKWIT">MKCHICKWIT</a>. Funding for MKSEARCH commenced in 1965, and ended in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-1977Senate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1977Senate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was a joint project between the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Chemical_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Chemical Corps">U.S. Army Chemical Corps</a> and the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_and_Development_(CIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research and Development (CIA)">Office of Research and Development</a> to find new offensive-use agents, with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">incapacitating agents</a>. Its purpose was to develop, test, and evaluate capabilities in the covert use of biological, chemical, and radioactive material systems and techniques of producing predictable human behavioral and/or physiological changes in support of highly sensitive operational requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-1977Senate_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1977Senate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1971 over 26,000 potential agents had been acquired for future screening.<sup id="cite_ref-LeeShlain2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeShlain2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA was interested in <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration#Physiology_and_control" title="Bird migration">bird migration</a> patterns for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> (CBW) research; subproject 139 designated "Bird Disease Studies" at <a href="/wiki/Penn_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State">Penn State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MKOFTEN was to deal with testing and toxicological transmissivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately, humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1977Senate_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1977Senate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MKCHICKWIT was concerned with acquiring information on new drug developments in Europe and Asia, and with acquiring samples.<sup id="cite_ref-1977Senate_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1977Senate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiments_on_Americans">Experiments on Americans</h2></div> <p>CIA documents suggest that they investigated "chemical, biological, and radiological" methods of mind control as part of MKUltra.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spent an estimated $10 million or more, roughly $87.5 million adjusted for inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LSD">LSD</h3></div> <p>Early CIA efforts focused on <a href="/wiki/LSD-25" class="mw-redirect" title="LSD-25">LSD-25</a>, which later came to dominate many of MKUltra's programs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA wanted to know if they could make Soviet spies defect against their will and whether the Soviets could do the same to the CIA's own operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents obtained from the CIA by <a href="/wiki/John_D._Marks" title="John D. Marks">John D. Marks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of information in the United States">Freedom of Information</a> in 1976 showed that, in 1953, the CIA considered purchasing 10 kilograms of LSD, enough for 100 million doses. The proposed purchase aimed to stop other countries from controlling the supply. The documents showed that the CIA purchased some quantities of LSD from <a href="/wiki/Sandoz_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandoz Laboratories">Sandoz Laboratories</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Project MKUltra got underway in April 1953, experiments included administering LSD to mental patients, prisoners, drug addicts, and prostitutes – "people who could not fight back," as one agency officer put it.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, they administered LSD to a mental patient in Kentucky for 174 days.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also administered LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, and members of the general public to study their reactions. The aim was to find drugs that would bring out deep confessions or wipe a subject's mind clean and program them as "a robot agent."<sup id="cite_ref-rappoport_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappoport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military personnel who received the mind-altering drugs were also threatened with court-martials if they told anyone about the experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LSD and other drugs were often administered without the subject's knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a>, a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Code" title="Nuremberg Code">Nuremberg Code</a> the U.S. had agreed to follow after World War II. Many veterans who were subjected to experimentation are now seeking legal and monetary reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Midnight_Climax" title="Operation Midnight Climax">Operation Midnight Climax</a>, the CIA set up several <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> within agency safehouses in San Francisco to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped with <a href="/wiki/One-way_mirror" title="One-way mirror">one-way mirrors</a>, and the sessions were filmed for later viewing and study.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other experiments where people were given LSD without their knowledge, they were interrogated under bright lights with doctors in the background taking notes. They told subjects they would extend their "trips" if they refused to reveal their secrets. The people under this interrogation were CIA employees, U.S. military personnel, and agents suspected of working for the other side in the Cold War. Long-term debilitation and several deaths resulted from this.<sup id="cite_ref-rappoport_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappoport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> addicts were bribed into taking LSD with offers of more heroin.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the invitation of Stanford psychology graduate student Vik Lovell, an acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Alpert">Richard Alpert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> volunteered to take part in what turned out to be a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-financed study under the aegis of MKUltra,<sup id="cite_ref-Szalavitz_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szalavitz-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a> Veterans' Hospital<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked as a night aide.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project studied the effects of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives,_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants">psychoactive drugs</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-methyltryptamine">AMT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> on people.<sup id="cite_ref-oregonianobit_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oregonianobit-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office of Security used LSD in interrogations, but <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a>, the chemist who directed MKUltra, had other ideas: he thought it could be used in covert operations. Since its effects were temporary, he believed it could be given to high-ranking officials and in this way affect the course of important meetings, speeches, etc. Since he realized there was a difference in testing the drug in a laboratory and using it in clandestine operations, he initiated a series of experiments where LSD was given to people in "normal" settings without warning. At first, everyone in Technical Services tried it; a typical experiment involved two people in a room where they observed each other for hours and took notes. As the experimentation progressed, a point arrived where outsiders were drugged with no explanation whatsoever and surprise acid trips became something of an occupational hazard among CIA operatives. Adverse reactions often occurred, such as an operative who received the drug in his morning coffee, became psychotic and ran across Washington, seeing a monster in every car passing him. The experiments continued even after <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a>, an army chemist who had never taken LSD, was covertly dosed by his CIA supervisor and nine days later plunged to his death from the window of a 13th-story New York City hotel room, supposedly as a result of deep depression induced by the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, Olson had approached his superiors some time earlier, doubting the morality of the project, and asked to resign from the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in these cases they appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, seven volunteers in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> were given LSD for seventy-seven consecutive days.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MKUltra's researchers later dismissed LSD as too unpredictable in its results.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They gave up on the notion that LSD was "the secret that was going to unlock the universe," but it still had a place in the cloak-and-dagger arsenal. However, by 1962 the CIA and the army developed a series of super-hallucinogens such as the highly touted <a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a>, which was thought to hold greater promise as a mind control weapon. This resulted in the withdrawal of support by many academics and private researchers, and LSD research became less of a priority altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</h3></div> <p>Another technique investigated was the <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> administration of a <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a> into one arm and an <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> into the other.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barbiturates were released into the person first, and as soon as the person began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. Other experiments involved <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a> (used under code name MKSEARCH), <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium pentothal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</h3></div> <p>Declassified MKUltra documents indicate they studied <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a> in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included creating "hypnotically induced anxieties", "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter", studying hypnosis and <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects", and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They conducted experiments with drug-induced hypnosis and with <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde amnesia</a> while under the influence of such drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiments_on_Canadians">Experiments on Canadians</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg/170px-Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg/255px-Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg/340px-Donald_Ewen_Cameron_canmedaj01237-0046-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Donald Ewen Cameron <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>The CIA exported experiments to Canada when they recruited British psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ewen_Cameron" title="Donald Ewen Cameron">Donald Ewen Cameron</a>, creator of the "<a href="/wiki/Psychic_driving" title="Psychic driving">psychic driving</a>" concept, which the CIA found interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He commuted from <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> every week to work at the <a href="/wiki/Allan_Memorial_Institute" title="Allan Memorial Institute">Allan Memorial Institute</a> of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 (US$579,480 in 2021, adjusted for inflation) to carry out MKUltra experiments there, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_experiments" title="Montreal experiments">Montreal experiments</a>. These research funds were sent to Cameron by a CIA front organization, the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, and as shown in internal CIA documents, Cameron did not know the money came from the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks1979_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks1979-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 141–142">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchformanchur00john/page/141">141–142</a> </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced comas for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a> of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were often carried out on patients who entered the institute for common problems such as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a>, many of whom suffered permanent effects from his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks1979_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks1979-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 140–150">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchformanchur00john/page/140">140–150</a> </span></sup> His treatments resulted in victims' <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a>, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents and thinking their interrogators were their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this era, Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a> as well as president of both the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Psychiatric_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Psychiatric Association (page does not exist)">Canadian Psychiatric Association</a>. Cameron was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_medical_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg medical tribunal">Nuremberg medical tribunal</a> in 1946–1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks1979_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks1979-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 141">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchformanchur00john/page/141">141</a> </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivation_and_assessments">Motivation and assessments</h3></div> <p>His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/William_Sargant" title="William Sargant">William Sargant</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a>, London, and <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Hospital,_Sutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Hospital, Sutton">Belmont Hospital, Sutton</a>, who was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> and who experimented on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, several of Cameron's former patients sued the CIA for damages, which the Canadian news program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fifth Estate (TV series)">The Fifth Estate</a></i> documented.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their experiences and lawsuit were adapted in the 1998 television miniseries <a href="/wiki/The_Sleep_Room_(1998_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sleep Room (1998 film)"><i>The Sleep Room</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sleep_Room_at_IMDB_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sleep_Room_at_IMDB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> argues in her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shock_Doctrine" title="The Shock Doctrine">The Shock Doctrine</a></i> that Cameron's research and his contribution to the MKUltra project was not about mind control and brainwashing, but about designing "a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources'. In other words, torture."<sup id="cite_ref-Shock_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shock-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred W. McCoy</a> writes, "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Dr. Cameron's experiments, building upon <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a>'s earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method",<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2006_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2006-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to first creating a state of <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a> in the subject, and then creating a situation of "self-inflicted" discomfort in which the disoriented subject can alleviate pain by capitulating.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2006_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2006-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiments_on_Danes">Experiments on Danes</h2></div> <p>Unlike the US and Canada, Denmark had a centralized population register, allowing participants to be tracked over the course of several years. U.S. psychologist Zarnoff Mednick teamed up with Danish professor Fini Schulsinger to study schizophrenia progression in Danish orphans. The project grew out of QKHilltop and was later absorbed into MKUltra. In 1977, Schulsinger completed his doctoral dissertation on the project, but as MKUltra had been officially declared in the U.S. to have been discontinued with records destroyed, Schulsinger's thesis became a state secret. The children were required to undergo frequent and harsh mental health assessments for which there was no informed consent. In December 2021, radio documentarian Per Wennick discovered 36 boxes of MKUltra records stored at a psychiatric center in a Copenhagen suburb, but when he asked for access, the center shredded the records, in violation of Danish law.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. A single article in a little-known magazine by a writer for fringe outlets like The Grayzone and MintPress News, both of which are deprecated on the English Wikipedia (August 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secret_detention_camps">Secret detention camps</h2></div> <p>In areas under American control in the early 1950s in Europe and East Asia, mostly Japan, Germany and the Philippines, the CIA created secret detention centers so that the U.S. could avoid criminal prosecution. The CIA captured people suspected of being enemy agents and other people it deemed "expendable" to undertake various types of torture and human experimentation on them. The prisoners were interrogated while being administered psychoactive drugs, electroshocked and subjected to extremes of temperature, sensory isolation and the like to develop a better understanding of how to destroy and to control human minds.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revelation">Revelation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FrankChurch.jpg/170px-FrankChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FrankChurch.jpg/255px-FrankChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/FrankChurch.jpg/340px-FrankChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a> headed the Church Committee, an investigation into the practices of the U.S. intelligence agencies.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1973, amid a government-wide panic caused by <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a>, CIA Director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a> ordered all MKUltra files destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKUltra impossible. A cache of some 20,000 documents survived Helms's purge, as they had been incorrectly stored in a financial records building and were discovered following a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">FOIA</a> request in 1977. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1974, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> alleged that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That report prompted investigations by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, and by a commission known as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_activities_within_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> that looked into the illegal domestic activities of the CIA, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and intelligence-related agencies of the military. </p><p>In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States" title="United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a> such as LSD and <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a> and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a>, had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-parascope.com_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parascope.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it contained little detail. Sidney Gottlieb, who had retired from the CIA two years previously and had headed MKUltra, was interviewed by the committee but claimed to have very little recollection of the activities of MKUltra.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a>, concluded that "prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects." The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments." </p><p>Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-220px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-330px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf/page1-440px-ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>1977 United States Senate report on MKUltra</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1977, during a hearing held by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, to look further into MKUltra, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a>, then Director of Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a set of records, consisting of about 20,000 pages,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had survived the 1973 destruction orders because they had been incorrectly stored at a records center not usually used for such documents.<sup id="cite_ref-parascope.com_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parascope.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These files dealt with the financing of MKUltra projects and contained few project details, but much more was learned from them than from the Inspector General's 1963 report. </p><p>On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> said: </p> <blockquote><p>The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a> to "unwitting subjects in social situations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At least one death, the result of the alleged <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a>, was attributed to Olson's being subjected, without his knowledge, to such experimentation nine days before his death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The CIA itself subsequently acknowledged that these tests had little scientific rationale. The officers conducting the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> news show, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fifth Estate (TV)">The Fifth Estate</a></i>. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Cameron's efforts, but also that the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims. Cameron died on September 8, 1967, after suffering a heart attack while he and his son were mountain climbing. None of Cameron's personal records of his involvement with MKUltra survived because his family destroyed them after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_U.S._General_Accounting_Office_report">1994 U.S. General Accounting Office report</h3></div> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="General Accounting Office">General Accounting Office</a> issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, Department of Defense and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. </p><p>The quote from the study:<sup id="cite_ref-many_other_unofficial_sites_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many_other_unofficial_sites-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested <a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">quinuclidinyl benzilate</a>, a hallucinogen code-named <a href="/wiki/3-quinuclidinyl_benzilate" class="mw-redirect" title="3-quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a>. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <p>Given the CIA's purposeful destruction of most records, its failure to follow informed consent protocols with thousands of participants, the uncontrolled nature of the experiments, and the lack of follow-up data, the full impact of MKUltra experiments, including deaths, may never be known.<sup id="cite_ref-Supremecourt_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supremecourt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arts.rpi.edu_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arts.rpi.edu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-many_other_unofficial_sites_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many_other_unofficial_sites-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-albarelli_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albarelli-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several known deaths have been associated with Project MKUltra, most notably that of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a>. Olson, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> biochemist and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a> researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in November 1953, as part of a CIA experiment, and died by suicide by jumping out of a 13th-story window a week later. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson claimed to have been asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson fell to his death. In 1953, Olson's death was described as a suicide that had occurred during a severe psychotic episode. The CIA's own internal investigation concluded that the head of MKUltra, CIA chemist <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a>, had conducted the LSD experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account Olson's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might have been exacerbated by the LSD.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Olson family disputes the official version of events. They maintain that Frank Olson was murdered because, especially in the aftermath of his LSD experience, he had become a security risk who might divulge state secrets associated with highly classified CIA programs, about many of which he had direct personal knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days before his death, Frank Olson quit his position as acting chief of the Special Operations Division at Detrick, Maryland (later Fort Detrick) because of a severe moral crisis concerning the nature of his biological weapons research. Among Olson's concerns were the development of assassination materials used by the CIA, the CIA's use of biological warfare materials in covert operations, experimentation with biological weapons in populated areas, collaboration with former <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi scientists</a> under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>, LSD mind-control research, and the use of psychoactive drugs during "terminal" interrogations under a program code-named <a href="/wiki/Project_ARTICHOKE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project ARTICHOKE">Project ARTICHOKE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later forensic evidence conflicted with the official version of events; when Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, cranial injuries indicated that Olson had been knocked unconscious before he exited the window.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medical examiner termed Olson's death a "homicide".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Olson's family received a $750,000 settlement from the U.S. government and formal apologies from President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and CIA Director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>, though their apologies were limited to informed consent issues concerning Olson's ingestion of LSD.<sup id="cite_ref-albarelli_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albarelli-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 November 2012, the Olson family filed suit against the U.S. federal government for the wrongful death of Frank Olson.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was dismissed in July 2013, due in part to the 1976 settlement between the family and government.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decision dismissing the suit, <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Judge">U.S. District Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Boasberg" title="James Boasberg">James Boasberg</a> wrote, "While the court must limit its analysis to the four corners of the complaint, the skeptical reader may wish to know that the public record supports many of the allegations [in the family's suit], farfetched as they may sound."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 book by H. P. Albarelli Jr. alleged that the <a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a> was part of MKDELTA, that Olson was involved in that event, and that he was eventually murdered by the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2010_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC2010_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC2010-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, academic sources attribute the incident to <a href="/wiki/Ergot_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergot poisoning">ergot poisoning</a> through a local bakery.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finger2001_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finger2001-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PommervilleAlcamo2012_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PommervilleAlcamo2012-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues_involving_informed_consent">Legal issues involving informed consent</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/MKUltra" title="Special:EditPage/MKUltra">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MKUltra%22">"MKUltra"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MKUltra%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MKUltra%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MKUltra%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MKUltra%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MKUltra%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The revelations about the CIA and the army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting experiments without informed consent. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several plaintiffs did receive compensation through court order, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $750,000 by a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a> met with Olson's family to apologize publicly. </p><p>Previously, the CIA and the army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. One subject of army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under the <a href="/wiki/Feres_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feres doctrine">Feres doctrine</a>. </p><p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case: <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan, Jr.">William Brennan</a> argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">constitutional rights</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects.... [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.</p></blockquote> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, writing a separate dissent, stated: </p> <blockquote><p>No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential ... to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators.</p></blockquote> <p>In another lawsuit, Wayne Ritchie, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marshal">United States Marshal</a>, after hearing about the project's existence in 1990, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party which resulted in his attempting to commit a robbery at a bar and his subsequent arrest. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Hall_Patel" title="Marilyn Hall Patel">Marilyn Hall Patel</a> found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKUltra or that LSD caused his robbery attempt and dismissed the case in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <p><b>Experimenters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander_Abramson" title="Harold Alexander Abramson">Harold Alexander Abramson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ewen_Cameron" title="Donald Ewen Cameron">Donald Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Isbell" title="Harris Isbell">Harris Isbell</a><sup id="cite_ref-mk1977_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk1977-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Theodore_Orne" title="Martin Theodore Orne">Martin Theodore Orne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">Louis Jolyon West</a></li></ul> <p><b>Documented subjects</b> </p> <ul><li>American poet <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> first took LSD in an experiment on <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s campus where he could listen to records of his choice (he chose a <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> reading, a Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>). He said the experience resulted in "a slight paranoia that hung on all my acid experiences through the mid-1960s until I learned from meditation how to disperse that."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became an outspoken advocate for psychedelics in the 1960s and, after hearing suspicions that the experiment was CIA-funded, wrote, "Am I, Allen Ginsberg, the product of one of the CIA's lamentable, ill-advised, or triumphantly successful experiments in mind control?"<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)">One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest</a></i>, is said to have volunteered for MKUltra experiments involving LSD and other psychedelic drugs at the Veterans Administration Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a> while he was a student at nearby Stanford University. Kesey's experiences while under the influence of LSD inspired him to promote the drug outside the context of the MKUltra experiments, which influenced the early development of <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oregonianobit_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oregonianobit-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(lyricist)" title="Robert Hunter (lyricist)">Robert Hunter</a> was an American lyricist, singer-songwriter, translator, and poet, best known for his association with <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>. Along with Ken Kesey, Hunter was said to be an early volunteer MKUltra test subject at Stanford University. Stanford test subjects were paid to take <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, then report on their experiences. These experiences were creatively formative for Hunter: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morning creep-very-softly mist ... and then sort of cascade tinkley-bell-like (must I take you by the hand, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding bells ... By my faith if this be insanity, then for the love of God permit me to remain insane.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li></ul> <p><b>Alleged subjects</b> </p> <ul><li>Boston mobster <a href="/wiki/Whitey_Bulger" title="Whitey Bulger">James "Whitey" Bulger</a> alleged he had been subjected to weekly injections of LSD and subsequent testing while in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Atlanta">prison in Atlanta</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Brutal_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brutal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a>, an American domestic terrorist known as the Unabomber, was said to be a subject of a voluntary psychological study alleged by some sources to have been a part of MKUltra.<sup id="cite_ref-mindwars_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindwars-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-mkultra_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mkultra-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNABOM_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNABOM-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sophomore at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment", led by Harvard psychologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Murray" title="Henry Murray">Henry Murray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moreno_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreno-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Teeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Teeter">Lawrence Teeter</a>, the attorney for <a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a>, believed that Sirhan was "operating under MK-ULTRA mind control techniques" when he assassinated <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a>, leader of the Heavens Gate Cult, is reputed to have been an MKUltra subject while in the Army in the 1950s, and is mentioned as such by Dr. West in recorded video.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> has been tied to MKULTRA by author Tom O'Neil, beginning with his time in prison, when Manson took part in drug-induced psychological experiments run by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This continued through his ongoing connection to the CIA's Free Medical Clinic in San Francisco once out of prison in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>After retiring in 1972, Gottlieb dismissed his entire effort for the CIA's MKUltra program as useless.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA insists that MKUltra-type experiments have been abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>MKUltra plays a part in many <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> due to its nature and the destruction of most records.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li>The seventh track on <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a>'s 2009 album <a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(album)" title="The Resistance (album)">The Resistance</a> is titled MK Ultra.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <ul><li>The 1998 <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a> miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleep_Room_(1998_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sleep Room (1998 film)">The Sleep Room</a></i> dramatizes brainwashing experiments funded by MKUltra that were performed on Canadian mental patients in the 1950s and 60s, and their subsequent efforts to sue the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sleep_Room_at_IMDB_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sleep_Room_at_IMDB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In season 2, episode 19 of <i><a href="/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)" title="Bones (TV series)">Bones</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Bones_(season_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bones (season 2)">Spaceman in a Crater</a>", Jack Hodgins mentions that <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a> was an unwitting participant and committed suicide, but that an exhumation 45 years later proved he was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(miniseries)" title="Wormwood (miniseries)">Wormwood</a></i> is a 2017 American six-part <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> and released on <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>. The series is based on the life of the scientist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Olson" title="Frank Olson">Frank Olson</a> and his involvement in Project MKUltra.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stranger_Things" title="Stranger Things">Stranger Things</a></i> contains several fictional characters related to the MKUltra project, such as <a href="/wiki/Eleven_(Stranger_Things)" title="Eleven (Stranger Things)">Eleven</a>, Kali, and Henry Creel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_Cold_War" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War">Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War</a></i> feature characters subjected to the MKUltra Program, primarily Alex Mason and Bell.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlast" title="Outlast">Outlast</a></i> story inspired by the MKUltra files. The story is set in a mental asylum containing many variants that had been tested on and one of the MKUltra files can be found in-game.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_States" title="CIA activities in the United States">CIA activities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>International</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">Human radiation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations by the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> (Japan)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Operations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Intelligence_Agency_operations" title="Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations">Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKCHICKWIT" title="MKCHICKWIT">MKCHICKWIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKOFTEN" title="MKOFTEN">MKOFTEN</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Blauer" title="Harold Blauer">Harold Blauer</a> – a man who died within project MK-Ultra as a result of a 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine injection.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"MK" was an arbitrary symbol for the <a href="/wiki/CIA%27s_Technical_Services_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA's Technical Services Division">CIA's Technical Services Division</a>. See <a href="/wiki/CIA_cryptonym#Format_of_cryptonyms" title="CIA cryptonym">CIA cryptonym#Format of cryptonyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_cryptonym#Digraphs" title="CIA cryptonym">CIA cryptonym#Digraphs</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USCongress1977-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCongress1977_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence1977" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEqhqtrF3XEC&pg=PA70"><i>Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 70. <q>Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+MKUProject+MKULTRA%2C+the+CIA%27s+Program+of+Research+in+Behavioral+Modification&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.au=United+States+Congress+Senate+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEqhqtrF3XEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/09/one-shocking-cia-programs-time-project-mkultra/">"One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra"</a>. September 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+of+the+Most+Shocking+CIA+Programs+of+All+Time%3A+Project+MKUltra&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayifoundout.com%2Findex.php%2F2013%2F09%2Fone-shocking-cia-programs-time-project-mkultra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra">"MK-Ultra"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. A&E Television Networks. August 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didn't become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread illegal CIA activities within the U.S. and around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=MK-Ultra&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-government%2Fhistory-of-mk-ultra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2016" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Douglas (2016). <i>The CIA as Organized Crime: How Illegal Operations Corrupt America and the World</i>. Clarity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0997287011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0997287011"><bdi>978-0997287011</bdi></a>. <q>As Vietnam was winding down, the CIA was beset by Congressional investigations that revealed some of the criminal activities it was involved in, like MKULTRA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+as+Organized+Crime%3A+How+Illegal+Operations+Corrupt+America+and+the+World&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0997287011&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief">"The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'"</a> (On-air interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0">"Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe"</a>. August 27, 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialogue+Sought+With+Professor+In+CIA+Probe&rft.date=1977-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocument%2Fcia-rdp88-01315r000400250013-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133733/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf">"Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 21, 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP99-00498R000300020007-3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Information About Funding and Operations Disclosed by Documents and Interviews Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. August 2, 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Several prominent medical research institutions and Government hospitals in the United States and Canada were involved in a secret, 25-year, $25-million effort by the Central Intelligence Agency to learn how to control the human mind. ... Dr. <a href="/wiki/Harris_Isbell" title="Harris Isbell">Harris Isbell</a>, who conducted the research between 1952 and 1963, kept up a secret correspondence with the C.I.A.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Private+Institutions+Used+In+C.I.A+Effort+To+Control+Behavior.+25-Year%2C+%2425+Million+Program.+New+Information+About+Funding+and+Operations+Disclosed+by+Documents+and+Interviews+Private+Institutions+Used+in+C.I.A.+Plan&rft.date=1977-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9902EED9113FE334BC4A53DFBE66838C669EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNofil" class="citation web cs1">Nofil, Brianna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/mkultra-operation-midnight-climax-cia-lsd-experiments">"The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. History.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+CIA%27s+Appalling+Human+Experiments+With+Mind+Control&rft.aulast=Nofil&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fmkultra-operation-midnight-climax-cia-lsd-experiments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-churchdelta-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-churchdelta_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-churchdelta_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Church Committee; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/html/ChurchB1_0200a.htm">p. 391</a> "A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the use of MKUltra materials abroad. Such materials were used on a number of occasions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1991" class="citation book cs1">Marks, John (1991). <i>The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393307948" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393307948"><bdi>978-0393307948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+%22Manchurian+Candidate%22%3A+The+CIA+and+Mind+Control&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0393307948&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Church Committee; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/html/ChurchB1_0199b.htm">p. 390</a> "MKUltra was approved by the DCI [Director of Central Intelligence] on April 13, 1953"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109061412/http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals"</a>. <i>Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Committee+on+Human+Radiation+Experiments+Final+Report&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%2C+part+4%3A+Supreme+Court+Dissents+Invoke+the+Nuremberg+Code%3A+CIA+and+DOD+Human+Subjects+Research+Scandals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eh.doe.gov%2Fohre%2Froadmap%2Fachre%2Fchap3_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span> "MKUltra, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean uses of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a>, concluded that '[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2007" class="citation journal cs1">Price, David (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://file.wikileaks.org/file/AT-june07-Price-PT1.pdf">"Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropology Today</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8322.2007.00510.x">10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00510.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Today&rft.atitle=Buying+a+Piece+of+Anthropology%3A+Human+Ecology+and+unwitting+anthropological+research+for+the+CIA&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8322.2007.00510.x&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffile.wikileaks.org%2Ffile%2FAT-june07-Price-PT1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620105003/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1950/mkultra/Hearing05.htm">"Retrieved 25 April 2008"</a>. Druglibrary.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/e1950/mkultra/Hearing05.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retrieved+25+April+2008&rft.pub=Druglibrary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2FHistory%2Fe1950%2Fmkultra%2FHearing05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supremecourt-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supremecourt_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supremecourt_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331150116/http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals"</a>. <i>Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap3_4.html">the original</a> on March 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Committee+on+Human+Radiation+Experiments+Final+Report&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%2C+part+4%3A+Supreme+Court+Dissents+Invoke+the+Nuremberg+Code%3A+CIA+and+DOD+Human+Subjects+Research+Scandals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hss.doe.gov%2Fhealthsafety%2Fohre%2Froadmap%2Fachre%2Fchap3_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span> (identical sentence) "Because most of the MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 ... MK-ULTRA and the related CIA programs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Cornwell1999" class="citation news cs1">Rupert Cornwell (March 16, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sidney-gottlieb-1080920.html">"Obituary: Sidney Gottlieb"</a>. <i>The Independent (London)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Sidney+Gottlieb&rft.date=1999-03-16&rft.au=Rupert+Cornwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-sidney-gottlieb-1080920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-question-torture-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-question-torture_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-question-torture_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2006" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Alfred (2006). <i>A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the War on Terror</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. pp. 8, 22, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805080414" title="Special:BookSources/0805080414"><bdi>0805080414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Torture%3A+CIA+Interrogation+from+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8%2C+22%2C+30&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0805080414&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shock-doctrine-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shock-doctrine_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein, Naomi</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockdoctriner00unse"><i>The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</i></a></span>. New York: Picador. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockdoctriner00unse/page/47">47</a>–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312427993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312427993"><bdi>978-0312427993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shock+Doctrine%3A+The+Rise+of+Disaster+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0312427993&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshockdoctriner00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanelagh1988" class="citation book cs1">Ranelagh, John (March 1988). <i>The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA</i>. Sceptre. pp. 208–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340412305" title="Special:BookSources/0340412305"><bdi>0340412305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agency%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=208-210&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1988-03&rft.isbn=0340412305&rft.aulast=Ranelagh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arts.rpi.edu-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arts.rpi.edu_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arts.rpi.edu_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128230208/http://www.arts.rpi.edu/~pellr/lansberry/mkultra.pdf">"Senate MKUltra Hearing: Appendix C – Documents Referring to Subprojects, (p. 167, in PDF document page numbering)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources. August 3, 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.rpi.edu/~pellr/lansberry/mkultra.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+MKUltra+Hearing%3A+Appendix+C+%E2%80%93+Documents+Referring+to+Subprojects%2C+%28p.+167%2C+in+PDF+document+page+numbering%29.&rft.pub=Senate+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence+and+Committee+on+Human+Resources&rft.date=1977-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.rpi.edu%2F~pellr%2Flansberry%2Fmkultra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel01unit#page/390/mode/2up"><i>Book 1: Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office. April 26, 1976. p. 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+1%3A+Final+report+of+the+Select+Committee+to+Study+Governmental+Operations+with+Respect+to+Intelligence+Activities%2C+United+States+Senate%3A+together+with+additional%2C+supplemental%2C+and+separate+views&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffinalreportofsel01unit%23page%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheflin1978-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheflin1978_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheflinOpton1978" class="citation book cs1">Scheflin, Alan W. Jr.; Opton, Edward M. (1978). <i>The mind manipulators: a non-fiction account</i>. New York: Paddington Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0448229775" title="Special:BookSources/978-0448229775"><bdi>978-0448229775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mind+manipulators%3A+a+non-fiction+account&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Paddington+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0448229775&rft.aulast=Scheflin&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Opton%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1989-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1989_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1989" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Gordon (1989). <i>Journey into madness: the true story of secret CIA mind control and medical abuse</i>. 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June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, <i>The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020131081305/http://www.michael-robinett.com/declass/c011.htm">"Declassified"</a>. Michael-robinett.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michael-robinett.com/declass/c011.htm">the original</a> on January 31, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Times Books. chapters 3 and 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812907736" title="Special:BookSources/0812907736"><bdi>0812907736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Manchurian+Candidate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books.+chapters+3+and+7&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0812907736&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchformanchur00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020428104652/http://www.michael-robinett.com/declass/c078.htm">"Declassified"</a>. 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March 31, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=The+Sleep+Room&rft.date=1998-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0138104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shock-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shock_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein, N.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0KIy92V58wC&pg=PA37"><i>The Shock Doctrine</i></a>. 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Retrieved 13 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-many_other_unofficial_sites-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-many_other_unofficial_sites_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-many_other_unofficial_sites_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quote from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/rockrep.cfm#hallucinogens">"Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Half A Century", part F. Hallucinogens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813164326/http://gulfweb.org/bigdoc/rockrep.cfm#hallucinogens">Archived</a> 2006-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 103rd Congress, second Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Report prepared for the committee on veterans' affairs December 8, 1994 John D. Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, Chairman. Online copy provided by gulfweb.org, which describes itself as "Serving the Gulf War Veteran Community Worldwide Since 1994". (The same document is available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22installing+several+telephone+hotlines.+As+of+September+1994%2C+86%22">many other (unofficial) sites</a>, which may or may not be independent.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albarelli-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albarelli_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-albarelli_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Albarelli, H. P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 221–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195146943" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195146943"><bdi>978-0195146943</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Neuroscience%3A+A+History+of+Explorations+Into+Brain+Function&rft.pages=221-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0195146943&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GMeW9E1IB4C%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PommervilleAlcamo2012-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PommervilleAlcamo2012_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_C._PommervilleI._Edward_Alcamo2012" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey C. Pommerville; I. Edward Alcamo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf_Hl3Exti8C&pg=PA734"><i>Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 734–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449605940" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449605940"><bdi>978-1449605940</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcamo%27s+Fundamentals+of+Microbiology%3A+Body+Systems+Edition&rft.pages=734-&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1449605940&rft.au=Jeffrey+C.+Pommerville&rft.au=I.+Edward+Alcamo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf_Hl3Exti8C%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_483" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 483">483</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/483/669/">669</a> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_District_Court,_Northern_District_of_California2024" class="citation book cs1">"Findings of Fact and Conclusion of Law Re: Motion for Judgment on Partial Findings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.28985/gov.uscourts.cand.28985.250.0.pdf"><i>Ritchie v. United States of America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Court case). No. C 00-3940 MHP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.28985/gov.uscourts.cand.28985.250.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Findings+of+Fact+and+Conclusion+of+Law+Re%3A+Motion+for+Judgment+on+Partial+Findings&rft.btitle=Ritchie+v.+United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtlistener.com%2Frecap%2Fgov.uscourts.cand.28985%2Fgov.uscourts.cand.28985.250.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgelko2005" class="citation web cs1">Egelko, Bob (April 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Bid-to-sue-over-LSD-rejected-2687007.php">"Bid to sue over LSD rejected"</a>. <i>SFGate</i>. Hearst Communications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Bid+to+sue+over+LSD+rejected&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft.aulast=Egelko&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FSAN-FRANCISCO-Bid-to-sue-over-LSD-rejected-2687007.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1991" class="citation book cs1">Marks, John (1991). <i>The search for the "Manchurian candidate"</i>. New York: Norton. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30794-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30794-8"><bdi>0-393-30794-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23973516">23973516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+search+for+the+%22Manchurian+candidate%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23973516&rft.isbn=0-393-30794-8&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeShlain1992" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992). <i>Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond</i>. USA: Grove Press. pp. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802130623" title="Special:BookSources/0802130623"><bdi>0802130623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acid+Dreams%3A+The+Complete+Social+History+of+LSD%3A+The+CIA%2C+the+Sixties%2C+and+Beyond&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0802130623&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft.au=Shlain%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt2001" class="citation news cs1">Lehmann-Haupt, C (November 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/11/nyregion/ken-kesey-author-of-cuckoo-s-nest-who-defined-the-psychedelic-era-dies-at-66.html?pagewanted=1">"Ken Kesey, Author of 'Cuckoo's Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ken+Kesey%2C+Author+of+%27Cuckoo%27s+Nest%2C%27+Who+Defined+the+Psychedelic+Era%2C+Dies+at+66&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.aulast=Lehmann-Haupt&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Fken-kesey-author-of-cuckoo-s-nest-who-defined-the-psychedelic-era-dies-at-66.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally2002" class="citation book cs1">McNally, DA (2002). <i>A Long Strange Trip: The Inside History of the Grateful Dead</i>. <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxA5sA–HA2UC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false">42–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767911865" title="Special:BookSources/0767911865"><bdi>0767911865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+Strange+Trip%3A+The+Inside+History+of+the+Grateful+Dead&rft.pages=42-3&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0767911865&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brutal-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brutal_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2007" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Kevin (2007). <i>Brutal: The Untold Story Of My Life Inside Whitey Bulger's Irish Mob</i>. Harper Collins. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061148064" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061148064"><bdi>978-0061148064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brutal%3A+The+Untold+Story+Of+My+Life+Inside+Whitey+Bulger%27s+Irish+Mob&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0061148064&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulger2017" class="citation web cs1">Bulger, James "Whitey" (May 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozy.com/true-story/whitey-bulger-i-was-a-guinea-pig-for-cia-drug-experiments/76409">"I'm Whitey Bulger. Here's How the CIA Used Me for Drug Experiments"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27m+Whitey+Bulger.+Here%27s+How+the+CIA+Used+Me+for+Drug+Experiments.&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Bulger&rft.aufirst=James+%22Whitey%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozy.com%2Ftrue-story%2Fwhitey-bulger-i-was-a-guinea-pig-for-cia-drug-experiments%2F76409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindwars-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mindwars_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2012" class="citation book cs1">Moreno, Jonathan (2012). <i>Mind Wars: Brain Science and the Military in the 21st Century</i>. Bellevue Literary Press, NYU School of Medicine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934137437" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934137437"><bdi>978-1934137437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Wars%3A+Brain+Science+and+the+Military+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Bellevue+Literary+Press%2C+NYU+School+of+Medicine&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1934137437&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mkultra-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mkultra_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122053010/http://www.theweek.co.uk/86961/mkultra-inside-the-cias-cold-war-mind-control-experiments">"MKUltra: Inside the CIA's Cold War mind control experiments"</a>. <i>The Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweek.co.uk/86961/mkultra-inside-the-cias-cold-war-mind-control-experiments">the original</a> on November 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=MKUltra%3A+Inside+the+CIA%27s+Cold+War+mind+control+experiments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2F86961%2Fmkultra-inside-the-cias-cold-war-mind-control-experiments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNABOM-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNABOM_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2000" class="citation web cs1">Chase, Alston (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/06/harvard-and-the-making-of-the-unabomber/378239/">"Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821120634/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/06/harvard-and-the-making-of-the-unabomber/378239/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Harvard+and+the+Making+of+the+Unabomber&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Alston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2000%2F06%2Fharvard-and-the-making-of-the-unabomber%2F378239%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreno-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moreno_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2012" class="citation web cs1">Moreno, Jonathan D (May 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/impromptu-man/201205/harvards-experiment-the-unabomber-class-62">"Harvard's Experiment on the Unabomber, Class of '62"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Harvard%27s+Experiment+on+the+Unabomber%2C+Class+of+%2762&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fimpromptu-man%2F201205%2Fharvards-experiment-the-unabomber-class-62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas" class="citation web cs1">Haas, Michaela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/life-tips/my-brother-the-unabomber-1ea71ea1f7af">"My Brother, the Unabomber"</a>. <i>Life Tips</i>. Medium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409134205/https://medium.com/life-tips/my-brother-the-unabomber-1ea71ea1f7af">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+Tips&rft.atitle=My+Brother%2C+the+Unabomber&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Flife-tips%2Fmy-brother-the-unabomber-1ea71ea1f7af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2003" class="citation news cs1">Gitlin, Todd (March 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/03/02/a-dangerous-mind/b003b569-3159-47da-bf95-17bef527f8bb/">"A Dangerous Mind"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Dangerous+Mind&rft.date=2003-03-02&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F2003%2F03%2F02%2Fa-dangerous-mind%2Fb003b569-3159-47da-bf95-17bef527f8bb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2008" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, H.E. (November 19, 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html">"The 30 greatest conspiracy theories"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Telegraph Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+30+greatest+conspiracy+theories&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F3483477%2FThe-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_D._CollinsPhillip_D._Collins2020" class="citation book cs1">Paul D. Collins; Phillip D. Collins (November 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txQMEAAAQBAJ&dq=marshall+applewhite+CIA+mk+ultra&pg=PT860"><i>Invoking the Beyond: The Kantian Rift, Mythologized Menaces, and the Quest for the New Man</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781663213549" title="Special:BookSources/9781663213549"><bdi>9781663213549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invoking+the+Beyond%3A+The+Kantian+Rift%2C+Mythologized+Menaces%2C+and+the+Quest+for+the+New+Man&rft.date=2020-11-22&rft.isbn=9781663213549&rft.au=Paul+D.+Collins&rft.au=Phillip+D.+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtxQMEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmarshall%2Bapplewhite%2BCIA%2Bmk%2Bultra%26pg%3DPT860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPMacCIf11k"><i>An Evening With Margaret Singer and Jolly West</i></a>. International Cultic Studies Association – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Evening+With+Margaret+Singer+and+Jolly+West&rft.pub=International+Cultic+Studies+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqPMacCIf11k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Conrad2019" class="citation news cs1">Peter Conrad (July 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jul/07/chaos-charles-manson-cia-secret-history-sixties-tom-oneill-dan-piepenbring-review">"Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA and the Secret History of the Sixties by Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (Review).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chaos%3A+Charles+Manson%2C+the+CIA+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+Sixties+by+Tom+O%27Neill+with+Dan+Piepenbring&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft.au=Peter+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fjul%2F07%2Fchaos-charles-manson-cia-secret-history-sixties-tom-oneill-dan-piepenbring-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1hv5P4SwbU"><i>Was Charles Manson a CIA Asset? w/Tom O'Neill | Joe Rogan</i></a>. JRE Clips.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Charles+Manson+a+CIA+Asset%3F+w%2FTom+O%27Neill+%7C+Joe+Rogan&rft.pub=JRE+Clips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dr1hv5P4SwbU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sidney Gottlieb". <i>The Times (London)</i>. March 12, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%28London%29&rft.atitle=Sidney+Gottlieb&rft.date=1999-03-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, P (2003). <i>Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 2</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA490">490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576078124" title="Special:BookSources/1576078124"><bdi>1576078124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+theories+in+American+history%3A+an+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1576078124&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonestv.pbworks.com/w/page/10717790/2x20transcript">"Bones / 2x20transcript"</a>. <i>bonestv.pbworks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bonestv.pbworks.com&rft.atitle=Bones+%2F+2x20transcript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonestv.pbworks.com%2Fw%2Fpage%2F10717790%2F2x20transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallerico2017" class="citation web cs1">Tallerico, Brian (December 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2017/12/wormwood-errol-morris-netflix-guide.html">"7 Key Questions to Help You Understand Wormwood"</a>. <i>Vulture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=7+Key+Questions+to+Help+You+Understand+Wormwood&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Tallerico&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2017%2F12%2Fwormwood-errol-morris-netflix-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?464648-1/poisoner-chief">Presentation by Stephen Kinzer on <i>Poisoner in Chief</i>, October 3, 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poisoner_in_Chief:_Sidney_Gottlieb_and_the_CIA_Search_for_Mind_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control">Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control</a></i>, Henry Holt and Co., by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250140432" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250140432">978-1250140432</a></li> <li><i>The Secret History of Fort Detrick, the CIA's Base for Mind Control Experiments</i>, by Stephen Kinzer, Politico, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotash2015" class="citation book cs1">Potash, John L. (2015). <i>Drugs as Weapons Against Us</i>. Trine Day LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1937584924" title="Special:BookSources/978-1937584924"><bdi>978-1937584924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+as+Weapons+Against+Us.&rft.pub=Trine+Day+LLC.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1937584924&rft.aulast=Potash&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/contents.htm">"U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Congress%3A+The+Select+Committee+to+Study+Governmental+Operations+with+Respect+to+Intelligence+Activities%2C+Foreign+and+Military+Intelligence+%28Church+Committee+report%29%2C+report+no.+94-755%2C+94th+Cong.%2C+2d+Sess.+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+GPO%2C+1976%29%2C+394&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fchurch%2Freports%2Fbook1%2Fcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1950/mkultra/index.htm">"U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3, 1977"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Joint+Hearing+before+The+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence+and+The+Subcommittee+on+Health+and+Scientific+Research+of+the+Committee+on+Human+Resources%2C+95th+Cong.%2C+1st+Sess.+August+3%2C+1977&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Fhistory%2Fe1950%2Fmkultra%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks.htm">"The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control: The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+%22Manchurian+Candidate%22%3A+The+CIA+and+Mind+Control%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Flsd%2Fmarks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMKUltra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Acid: The Secret History of LSD</i>, by David Black, London: Vision, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1901250113" title="Special:BookSources/1901250113">1901250113</a>. Later edition exists.</li> <li><i>Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond</i> by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, New York: Grove Press, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802130623" title="Special:BookSources/0802130623">0802130623</a></li> <li><i>The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA</i>, by John Ranelagh, pp. 208–10.</li> <li><i>80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time</i>, by Jonathan Vankin and John Whalin, chapter 1, "CIAcid Drop".</li> <li><i>In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada</i>, Anne Collins, Lester & Orpen Dennys (Toronto), 1988.</li> <li><i>Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse</i>, by Gordon Thomas, NY: Bantam, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553284134" title="Special:BookSources/0553284134">0553284134</a></li> <li><i>Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Government's War Against Its Own People</i>, by W H Bowart, New York: Dell, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0440167558" title="Special:BookSources/0440167558">0440167558</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Men_Who_Stare_at_Goats" title="The Men Who Stare at Goats">The Men Who Stare at Goats</a></i>, by Jon Ronson, Picador, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330375482" title="Special:BookSources/0330375482">0330375482</a></li> <li><i>The Search for the Manchurian Candidate</i>, by John Marks, W.W. Norton & Company Ltd, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393307948" title="Special:BookSources/0393307948">0393307948</a></li> <li><i>Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream</i>, by Jay Stevens, New York: Grove Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802135870" title="Special:BookSources/0802135870">0802135870</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_MKUltra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/cia-mkultra-collection/">Entire Four CD-ROM set of CIA / MKUltra Declassified documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), image format</a>, <i>The Black Vault</i></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/mkultrafiles" class="extiw" title="iarchive:mkultrafiles">MKUltra Declassified documents, PDF format</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121227172157/http://laws.findlaw.com/us/471/159.html">U.S. Supreme Court, <i>CIA v. Sims</i>, 471 U.S. 159 (1985) 471 U.S. 159</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Findlaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Findlaw">Findlaw</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121227171939/http://laws.findlaw.com/us/483/669.html">U.S. Supreme Court, <i>United States v. Stanley</i>, 483 U.S. 669 (1987) 483 U.S. 669</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Findlaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Findlaw">Findlaw</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612210310/http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/gall.html">Mind Control and MKULTRA</a> by Richard G. Gall</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618232600/http://pw1.netcom.com/~ncoic/cia_info.htm#Project%20NKNAOMI">Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421233209/http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/church-committee-drugtesting-report.htm">XXVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307031543/http://www.nemasys.com/rahome/library/programming/mkultra.shtml">List of MKULTRA Unclassified Documents including subprojects</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="United_States_chemical_weapons_program" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._chemical_weapons" title="Template:U.S. chemical weapons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._chemical_weapons" title="Template talk:U.S. chemical weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._chemical_weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. chemical weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_chemical_weapons_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_chemical_weapons_program" title="United States chemical weapons program">United States chemical weapons program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units, formations,<br />centers and institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Chemical_Battalion_(United_States)" title="2nd Chemical Battalion (United States)">2nd Chemical Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Corps" title="Chemical Corps">U.S. Army Chemical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Chemical_Biological_Center" title="Edgewood Chemical Biological Center">U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_Institute_of_Chemical_Defense" title="United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense">U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense</a> (USAMRICD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Chemical_Materials_Activity" title="United States Army Chemical Materials Activity">U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Executive_Office,_Assembled_Chemical_Weapons_Alternatives" title="Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives">Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_mortar_battalion" title="Chemical mortar battalion">Chemical mortar battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Industrial facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_Army_Depot" title="Anniston Army Depot">Anniston Army Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_Chemical_Activity" title="Anniston Chemical Activity">Anniston Chemical Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Grass_Army_Depot" title="Blue Grass Army Depot">Blue Grass Army Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Chemical_Depot" title="Deseret Chemical Depot">Deseret Chemical Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Chemical_Activity" title="Edgewood Chemical Activity">Edgewood Chemical Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Army_Depot" title="Hawthorne Army Depot">Hawthorne Army Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll_Chemical_Agent_Disposal_System" title="Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System">Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Chemical_Depot" title="Newport Chemical Depot">Newport Chemical Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Chemical_Activity" title="Pine Bluff Chemical Activity">Pine Bluff Chemical Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Chemical_Depot" title="Pueblo Chemical Depot">Pueblo Chemical Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooele_Chemical_Agent_Disposal_Facility" title="Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility">Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatilla_Chemical_Depot" title="Umatilla Chemical Depot">Umatilla Chemical Depot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations<br />and projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments" title="Edgewood Arsenal human experiments">Edgewood Arsenal human experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Top_Hat" title="Operation Top Hat">Operation Top Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_112" title="Project 112">Project 112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_SHAD" title="Project SHAD">Project SHAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_LAC" title="Operation LAC">Operation LAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHASE" title="Operation CHASE">Operation CHASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Davy_Jones%27_Locker" title="Operation Davy Jones' Locker">Operation Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Geranium" title="Operation Geranium">Operation Geranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Box" title="Operation Steel Box">Operation Steel Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Hat" title="Operation Red Hat">Operation Red Hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/CB_military_symbol" title="CB military symbol">Agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate</a> (BZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_difluoride" title="Methylphosphonyl difluoride">Methylphosphonyl difluoride</a> (DF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QL_(chemical)" title="QL (chemical)">QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> (GB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Mustard gas</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Munitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLU-80/B_Bigeye_bomb" title="BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb">BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_chemical_mine" title="M1 chemical mine">M1 chemical mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M104_155_mm_projectile" title="M104 155 mm projectile">M104 155 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M110_155_mm_projectile" title="M110 155 mm projectile">M110 155 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M121_155_mm_projectile" title="M121 155 mm projectile">M121 155 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M125_bomblet" title="M125 bomblet">M125 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M134_bomblet" title="M134 bomblet">M134 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M138_bomblet" title="M138 bomblet">M138 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M139_bomblet" title="M139 bomblet">M139 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_mortar" title="M2 mortar">M2 mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_chemical_mine" title="M23 chemical mine">M23 chemical mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M34_cluster_bomb" title="M34 cluster bomb">M34 cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M360_105_mm_projectile" title="M360 105 mm projectile">M360 105 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M426_8-inch_shell" title="M426 8-inch shell">M426 8-inch shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M43_BZ_cluster_bomb" title="M43 BZ cluster bomb">M43 BZ cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M44_generator_cluster" title="M44 generator cluster">M44 generator cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_(rocket)" title="M55 (rocket)">M55 rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_105_mm_projectile" title="M60 105 mm projectile">M60 105 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M687_155_mm_projectile" title="M687 155 mm projectile">M687 155 mm projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM736_8-inch_projectile" title="XM736 8-inch projectile">XM736 8-inch projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC-1_bomb" title="MC-1 bomb">MC-1 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M47_bomb" title="M47 bomb">M47 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weteye_bomb" title="Weteye bomb">Weteye bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Protective equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Agent_Identification_Set" title="Chemical Agent Identification Set">CAIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPz_Fuchs" title="TPz Fuchs">M93 Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOPP_(protective_gear)" title="MOPP (protective gear)">MOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_sniffer" title="People sniffer">People sniffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1135_nuclear,_biological,_and_chemical_reconnaissance_vehicle" title="M1135 nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance vehicle">M1135 NBCRV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CB_military_symbol" title="CB military symbol">CB military symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugway_sheep_incident" title="Dugway sheep incident">Dugway sheep incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="MKULTRA">MKULTRA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135143390">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/757571/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00066794">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Project MKULTRA"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20221158189&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011416242305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Template:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Template talk:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Intelligence Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Intelligence_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a> (CIA Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence" title="George Bush Center for Intelligence">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Analysis" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Operations_(CIA)" title="Directorate of Operations (CIA)">Directorate of Operations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Division" title="National Resources Division">National Resources Division</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Directorate of Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Support_Branch" title="Operations Support Branch">Operations Support Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_the_Americas" title="Template:CIA activities in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Russia_and_Europe" title="Template:CIA activities in Russia and Europe">Russia and Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Africa" title="Template:CIA activities in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CIA_activities_in_Asia" title="Template:CIA activities in Asia">Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Alleged drug trafficking</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_involvement_in_Contra_cocaine_trafficking" title="CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking">Involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_activities_in_counterproliferation" title="CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation">Arms control, WMD, and proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">Black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIA_controversies" title="List of CIA controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_counter-terrorism_activities_of_the_CIA" title="International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities" title="CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities">Crime and illicit drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_health_and_economic_activities" title="CIA transnational health and economic activities">Health and economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">Influence on public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Souers" title="Sidney Souers">Sidney Souers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raborn" title="William Raborn">William Raborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stansfield_Turner" title="Stansfield Turner">Stansfield Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">R. James Woolsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(CIA_officer)" title="John Brennan (CIA officer)">John Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major international operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Operation Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Operation PBSuccess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Secret War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rubicon" title="Operation Rubicon">Operation Rubicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">United States intervention in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Operation Neptune Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Government" title="The Invisible Government">The Invisible Government</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men" title="All the Shah's Men">All the Shah's Men</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Ashes_(book)" title="Legacy of Ashes (book)">Legacy of Ashes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unexpected_Spy" title="The Unexpected Spy">The Unexpected Spy</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CIA activities by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Angola" title="CIA activities in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Cambodia" title="CIA activities in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Canada" title="CIA activities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Chad" title="CIA activities in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Colombia" title="CIA activities in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_France" title="CIA activities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_Germany" title="American espionage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Guatemala" title="CIA activities in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Honduras" title="CIA activities in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Hungary" title="CIA activities in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Italy" title="CIA activities in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Libya" title="CIA activities in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Myanmar" title="CIA activities in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_North_Korea" title="CIA activities in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan" title="CIA activities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Peru" title="CIA activities in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Somalia" title="CIA activities in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Sudan" title="CIA activities in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Turkey" title="CIA activities in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="CIA activities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_States" title="CIA activities in the United States">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Yemen" title="Drone strikes in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_reports_by_the_U.S._Government_on_the_CIA" title="Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA">Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MKUltra&oldid=1127462865">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MKUltra&oldid=1127462865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Project_MKUltra" title="Category:Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_establishments_in_the_United_States" 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